Ryszard Korycki,
*Halina Szafranska
Department of Techanical Mechanics
and Computer Science,
Lodz University of Technology,
ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
E-mail: ryszard.korycki@p.lodz.pl
*Department of Shoes and Clothing Technology,
Radom Technical University,
Radom, Poland
Modelling of the Temperature Field
within Textile Inlayers of Clothing Laminates
Abstract
Inlayers are introduced to improve the aesthetic qualities and stiffness against the creasing
of clothing laminates. The laminate is created by the thermoplastic polymer glue between
the inlayer and clothing material, softened by the heat. The connection is secured by the
adhesive properties of the polymer and the pressure applied. The state variable is temperature. The heat transfer is described by the heat transport equation as well as by the set of
boundary and intial conditions. The temperature distributions within the inlayers are determined by the numerical simulation for different temperatures of the heating plates. The
temperature maps are shown by means of the graphical modulus of the program ADINA.
The mean temperature of the polymer layer is next calculated.
Key words: heat transfer, modelling, inlayer, clothing laminates.
Nomenclature
A
matrix of heat conduction
coefficients, W/(m K),
c
heat capacity, J/(kg K)
h
surface film conductance, W/
(m2 K),
q
vector of heat flux density, W/
m2,
q* vector of initial heat flux
density, W/m2,
qn = n·qheat flux density normal to
the surface defined by the unit
normal vector n, W/m2
T
temperature, K/ºC,
T0 prescribed value of
temperature, K/ºC,
T∞ surrounding temperature, K/ºC,
t
real time, s,
Vm
volume of fibres, m3,
Vf
volume of interfiber spaces
filled by air or the glue, m3,
λm; λf heat conductivity coefficients of
the material (m) and filling (f),
W/(m K),
ξm; ξf volume coefficients of the fibres
of volume Vm and the interfibre
spaces of volume Vf,
σ
Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
W/(m2 K4).
nIntroduction
Inlayers are introduced to improve the
aesthetic qualities and material stiffness
against creasing of clothing laminates [6,
7, 10, 12]. Practical aspects of the lamination are discussed by different authors.
Some maintenace parameters influencing the form durability within clothing
laminates are introduced and discussed
by Pawłowa and Szafranska [10, 12].
118
Wiezlak, Elmrych-Bochenska, and Zielinski [13] discuss basic parameters of the
textile laminate during contact heating
– technological parameters, characteristics of the material package, and characteristics of the polymer applied. Sroka
and Koenen [11] discuss typical heating
systems applied to soften the polymer
during lamination. Some technological
information is given by the manufacturers of heating devices and fusion presses.
The important technological parameters
of the inlayer material within clothing
laminates are as follows: the temperature, heating time, pressure applied after
heating, external material characteristics,
the kind of polymer glue, and the heater
system.
mined by the means of 27 points within
each polymer element, which makes the
analysis accurate. The mean temperature
obtained is compared with the temperature from the previous 2D model, cf. [6, 7].
The main idea of the paper presented is
to determine the temperature distribution
within the inlayer, the clothing material and polymer layer during the heating
phase. The heat transfer is described by
the heat transfer equation as well as by
the set of boundary and initial conditions,
see Li [9], Dems and Korycki [2], Korycki and Szafranska [6, 7] for examples.
The transient heat transfer equation can
be solved by integration within the structure and in the time domain, as described,
for example, by Kosma [8], Kacki, Malolepszy, and Romanowicz [4].
Basic parameters of the glue
connection within clothing
laminates
The analysis presented is the continuation of previous works concerning heat
transfer problems within inlayer materials and clothing laminates [6, 7]. The current paper introduces the new point-wise
distribution of the polymer. The side surface of the inlayer is additionally secured
by thermal isolation (the thermal housing), which gives considerable protection
against heat loss. Thus the space 3D heat
transfer model should be applied. The
mean temperature is consequently deter-
The literature analysed does not contain
a description of the temperature distribution, numerical simulation of the heat
transfer, nor a sensitivity analysis of the
heat transport within clothing laminates.
The main goal of the paper is also to analyse the heat transfer mechanism as well
as determine the temperature distribution within the clothing laminate and the
mean temperature of the polymer layer
between the inlayer and clothing material.
Technologically speaking, the clothing insert creates a durable laminate by
means of the glue, which is softened by
the heat transfer. The factors determining the glue connection are discussed in
[6]. Let us discuss the basic technological
parameters to describe the correct heat
transfer model. The temperature applied
should be in the range 90 – 120 °C [11,
13]. The heating time most applied should
be in the range (10 – 18)s [11,13], which
ensures an adequate polymer structure.
The short time causes polymer hardness
and low adhesivity in the inlayer material. The pressure should be in the range
3 – 30·10-4 N/m2 [11,13]. Small pressure
causes unsatisfactory lamination (i.e. the
inlayer connection) whereas big pressure
leads to penetration within the material
and over-flatting of the polymer points.
Thermoplastic glue has the form of polymer powder and the diversified spread
Korycki R, Szafranska H. Modelling of the Temperature Field within Textile Inlayers of Clothing Laminates.
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2013; 21, 4(100): 118-122.
1)
a)
2)
Figure 1. Point-wise spread procedure of polymer [1]; 1) head,
2) heating device with conveyor system.
Figure 2. Regular and irregular polymer point distribution for different scales [1]; a) ‚mesh’ parameter, b) „computer point“ parameter.
procedure. Let us introduce the pointwise spread procedure and a uniform
amount of the polymer at each point. The
typical solution is aspread head equipped
with holes of specified dimensions and
distribution, cf. Figure 1. A regular net
is defined by the “mesh” parameter, i.e.
the number of points within the section
of the length prescribed, cf. Figure 2.a.
The irregular distribution determines the
“computer point” parameter (CP), i.e. the
number of points within the square of
1 cm2 (10-4 m2), cf. Figure 2.b. The irregular distribution is random, fieldprogrammable by the user, which secures
against the interference of points. The
same polymer rate influences the inlayer properties in the same CP scale: the
higher the scale the lower the elementary
point rate. Thus low CP parameters can
be applied for thick textiles of uneven
surface. High CP parameters can be used
to laminate thin delicate products of even
surface.
each chemical lexicon. The melting point
is equal to 110 – 120 °C, and the melt
flow index 15 – 40·10-3 kg/10 min. Hard
polyamides are applied to inlayers made
of woven fabrics, and soft ones in knitted fabrics. Low-melting polyamide can
be used to glue leathers and furs, with the
melting point being equal to 90 – 100 °C.
The inlayers are made of textiles selected
with respect to the application expected.
Woven fabrics are applied to laminate
outerwear, for example mantles, uniforms
etc. The laminates have the hard feel of
cloth. Knitted fabrics are used as inlayers
for products of middle surface mass (the
jackets, the mantles) and in lightweight
clothing (ladies jackets). Nonwovens
have a low surface mass 30·10-2 kg/m2
and are applied to laminate thin textiles.
Examples are ladies ready-made clothes,
the collars and cuffs of shirts, the inlayers
of the front of jackets etc.
The heating devices applied are characterised by different heating systems. The
The polymer glue most applied has a
powdery consistence and its choice depends on the properties expected. The
most popular is polyamide of high adhesion to fibres, even though the surface is
waterproof prepared by siliceous organic
compounds. The parameters are found in
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2013, Vol. 21, No. 4(100)
Polyethylene can be applied to shirt inlayers because the laminates are washresistant to a temperature of 90 °C. The
melting point is equal to 120 °C and the
melt flow index 15·10-3 kg/10 min. The
disadvantage is the big pressure applied
during the lamination process.
Polyester has characteristics similar to
those of poliamide. These polymers have
high adhesion to artificial silk and are
used in ladies ready-made clothes. The
laminates are wash-resistant to a temperature of 40 °C.
Pair of high pressure roller
Pressure cooling
station
Belt cleaning
b)
temperature determines the viscotic state
of the polymer glue and the optimal adhesion properties. The one-sided heater
is cheap and ensures non-uniform temperature distribution within the material
cross-section. The two-sided heating system creates a durable laminate because
the softened glue is located between the
heaters. The overheating and low viscosity of the polymer deteremine correct
penetration within the material and next
material impregnation. The upper and
lower plates in a traditional continuous
automatic fusion press (cf. Figure 3)
are heated simultaneously, whereas the
Multi-Star system is determined by consecutive heat transfer from the lower and
upper sides. The effect expected is the
equalisation of the temperature course vs.
time, the uniform softening of the polymer glue and the correct connection between the inlayer and textile material. Let
us assume that the polymer is softened by
simultaneous heat transport from the upper and lower plates.
Transport belt
Pre-pressure roller
Belt control
Operating display
Preparation storage
Contact heater
Preparation
station
Cooling plate
Return belt
Pressure cylinder
Drive
Cooling
compressor
Fast stacker
Figure 3. Traditional continuous automatic fusion press KFH 600 for shirt and blouse
fusion with pressure cooling station at the output [11].
119
a)
1
2
3
4
b)
1
2
3
8
at the beginning of the process. The set
of boundary and initial equations has the
following form for the (i)-th layer of the
structure
9
(i )

(i )
(i ) ∂T
divq = c
∂
t
x ∈ Ω;

q (i ) = A (i ) ⋅ ∇T (i ) + q *(i )

x 
x= 
y 
(2)
T (i ) (x, t ) = T 0 (x, t ) x ∈ ΓT ;
5
6
7
6
5
7
(x, t ) = h[T(x, t ) - T∞ (x, t )]
(x, t ) = ó[T(x, t )]4 x ∈ Γr ;
(i )
(i +1)
q n (x, t ) = q n (x, t ) x ∈ Γi ;
(i )
(i )
T (x,0 ) = T0 x ∈ (Ω ∪ Γ ).
qnC
nC
qn
Figure 4. Material layers within the contact heater with; a) homogenized glue layer (2D
problem), b) separate polymer points (3D problem); 1 – heating elements, 2, 7 – heating
devices, 3 – inlayer, 4 – homogenised polymer layer, 5 – side thermal housing, 6 – outer
fabric, 8 – polymer point, 9 – air layer between glue points.
Γ C: qn=q n conv
q n=q nr
Γi
q n(i) =q n(i+1)
Γ C: q n=q n conv
qn=q nr
Γi
q n(i) =q n(i+1)
ΓC: qn=q n conv
qn=q nr
Γ T T=T 0
Γi
ΓC: qn=q n conv
r
qn=q n
Γ T T=T 0
Γi
(i )
r (i )
x ∈ ΓC ;
The heat transport equation can be solved
for consecutive temperatures of the heaters and different forms of the glue aggregation. The equation can be integrated
within the inlayer structure and in time
by means of any analytical method, for
example the Gauss procedure.
n Numerical solution of problem
ΓT T=T 0
Γ T T=T
0
Figure 5. Boundary conditions during heat transfer; a) homogenised glue layer, b) nonhomogenised glue layer.
n Modelling of heat transfer
The state variable is temperature T. Let
us homogenise the glue layer and next
introduce the same geometry and heat
transport conditions within the structure.
The heat transport can now be simplified
to a 2D plane and analysed within an optional cross-section of the structure, cf.
Figure 4.a. The alternative is the space
structure of the polymer points, determined as a 3D problem, cf. Figure 4.b.
The fundamental component of the laminate is the polymer glue. The glue layer
can be defined by means of homogenisation as homogeneous layer 4. The alternative method is the precise analysis of heat
transfer at polymer points 8 and the air
between material 9. The external thermal
isolation are the side housings 5, which
ensure constant temperature during the
process. The heat transport mechanisms
are different in both cases.
The textile materials of the clothing and
inlayer have a periodically repeteable
structure. Modelling of the heat transfer
needs a structure made of the homogeneous layer. There are a few effective
homogenisation methods described in
different sources, cf. for example [2, 5].
The most applied is the rule of mixture
method, defined by the formula:
120
Vm
λ λ ξ λ ξ ; ξ 
;ξ
z
m
m
f
f
m
Vm  Vf
f

Vf
Vm  Vf
(1)
The connecting polymer layer can be defined by means of homogenisation (see
Figure 4.a) as well as by the glue points
and air between them (see Figure 4.b).
Heat is transported through the polymer
points as well as in the air between the
glue. Each component is homogeneous
(the air/glue).
The heat transfer is defined by a secondorder differential equation with respect
to the temperature and a first-order with
respect to time. The boundary conditions are shown in Figure 5. The upper
and lower boundaries are subjected to
temperatures of the values T0 prescribed.
These portions, ΓT , are subjected to firstkind conditions. The side boundaries of
the structure as well as the housing come
into contact with the surroundings. It follows that the boundaries ΓC are subjected
to third-kind conditions. The important
factor is the radiation heat flux density
in portion Γr. The radiation is now described convenctionally [5] as the fourth
power of the temperature. Fourth-kind
conditions introduce the same heat flux
densities to the internal boundaries Γi.
The initial condition describes the temperature distribution within the strucutre
Let us assume a woven fabric and cotton
inlayer of isotropic heat transfer properties. Both textiles should be first homogenised, the material parameters of which
are defined according to [3] and [9].
The matrix of heat transfer coefficients
now has one component A(i) = |l(i)| = l;
i = 1, 2, 3. The cotton has a constant heat
transfer coefficient λ = 0.052 W/(mK).
The glue has a temperature-dependent
heat transfer coefficient assumed to
be: λ = 0.08 W/(mK) for T < 115 °C,
λ = 0.10 W/(mK), for 116 °C < T < 125 °C;
λ = 0.11 W/(mK) for 126 °C < T < 135 °C;
λ = 0.12 W/(mK) for 136 °C < T < 145 °C.
The heat transfer capacity for the cotton
is equal to c = 1320 J/(kgK), whereas for
the polymer c = 1200 J/(kgK). The porosity of the cotton fabric is assumed to be
constant ε = 0.850. The free spaces are
filled by air of constant heat transfer coefficient λ = 0.028 W/(mK) and constant
heat transfer capacity c = 1005 J/(kgK).
The surrounding temperature within the
housing is assumed to be T∞ = 25 °C. The
surface film conductance has the same
constant value for the surfaces defined
h = 0.1 W/(m2 K).
The strucutral shapes are approximated
by a 3D space Finite Element Net of
4-nodal elements. Both cases are solved
as space problems because the boundary convection and radiation are defined
within the ADINA-program as a space
function. The heat transfer equation can
be next integrated numerically by using
the standard Gauss procedure, cf. [4]. FE
Nets are shown for the homogenised polFIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2013, Vol. 21, No. 4(100)
ymer layer in Figure 6.a and for separate
glue points in Figure 6.b. Examples of
temperature distribution within the inlayer for the value of the heating plates prescribed are shown in Figures 6.c – 6.f.
The temperature maps are similar for both
cases, although the heat transfer mechanisms are different. The side surfaces
have different shapes (cf. Figures 6.c,
6.d) and both are subjected to heat convection as well as heat radiation. The
temperature maps are always symmetric
across the laminate, which additionally
confirms the correctness of calculations.
The temperatures are considerably higher for the homogenised glue layer than
those within the separate glue points. The
free spaces filled by air within the nonhomogenised structure are heat isolators
and prevent heat transfer. The central
layer has reduced temperature caused by
heat convection and radiation, which can
influence the stability of the laminate created. Thus the crucial problem is to define and introduce heat loss mechanisms
on the side surfaces.
The temperature maps obtained are the
starting point to create adiagram of the
mean temperature within the glue layer
vs. the temperature of the plate within the
heating device. First the mean value of
temperature is determined by means of
27 points located symmetrically within
each 3D space polymer element, cf. Figure 7 (see page 122). Next, the mean value of the homogenised glue layer made
of polymer/air can be determined at 27
points. Thus the points are now located
symmetrically within the rectangular
prism of the homogenised layer. Finally
we determine two diagrams of the mean
temperature for two different models of
the polymer layer, shown in Figure 8
(see page 122).
The structure optimised is subjected to
boundary convection and radiation on the
side surfaces, the temperature within the
housing is constant and equal to 25 °C.
We see at once that the mean temperature
of the homogenised layer is considerably
higher than for the separate glue points
and the air between these points (i.e. the
non-homogenised layer). There is a near
linear dependence between the tempratures within the homogenised glue layer
and the plate in the heating device. The
same course for the separate glue points
is non-linear. The maximal values within
the polymer layer are higher than 90 °C,
i.e. the minimal temperature of the meltFIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2013, Vol. 21, No. 4(100)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Figure 6. Finite Element Nets and examples of temperature distribution; a) Finite Element
Net for homogenised layer of polymer, b) Finite Element Net for separate polymer points,
c) homogenized layer of polymer, temperature of upper and lower surfaces T = 110 °C;
temperature in housing T∞ = 25 °C; d, e, f) separate polymer points, temperature of upper
and lower surfaces T = 110 °C; temperature in housing T∞ = 25 °C.
121
z-z
z
z
z
z
z
z
cases of steady heat transfer are solved
analytically.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by structural funds
within the framework of the project entitled
Figure 7. Points to determine the mean temperature; z-z cross section of the space element.
„Development of research infrastructure of
innovative techniques of the textile clothing
Mean temperature of polymer layer, °C
industry” CLO–2IN–TEX, financed by Operative Program INNOVATIVE ECONOMY,
120
non-homogenized layer
Action 2.1.
homogenized layer
100
80
References
60
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3. Haghi AK. Mechanism of heat and
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Numerical methods for engineers (in
Polish), Technical University of Lodz,
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and Mass Transfer 2006; 49: 20332043.
6. Korycki R, Szafrańska H. Modeling of
heat transfer within clothing laminates.
In: Autex 2011, 11th World Textile
Conference, 08-10 June 2011 Mulhouse,
France, pp. 598-603.
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of heat transfer in clothing laminates
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In: Autex 2012, 12th World Textile
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97-101.
11. Sroka P, Koenen K. Handbook of Fusible
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40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Temperature of plate in heating device, °C
Figure 8. Mean temperature of polymer layer.
ing point for low-melting polyamide. Of
course, we can create a durable laminate
for the disadvantageous boundary conditions, i.e. the unsatisfactory temperature
within the housing.
The crucial fact is to introduce a complete description of the heat transport as
well as correct values of the heat parameters. The heat transfer model introduces
convection and radiation on the side surfaces of the inlayer structure. The participation of radiation is significant because
there is the fourth power of temperature.
Let us assume, for example, the side temperature is from 40.71 °C to 110.00 °C
(Figure 6.c) and 55.61 °C to 110.00 °C
(Figures 6.d – 6.f). The heat radiation is
now considerably higher than that transported by convection. The heat transfer
density caused by radiation is approximated by the Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
whereas for the convection it is by the
surface film conductance of the value
h = 0.1 W/(m2 K). Thus the temperature
maps obtained are always similar even
though the values are different.
nConclusions
The heat transfer modelling presented
seems to be an effective tool to determine
the temperature distribution within the
inlayer structure during the heating phase
122
of the lamination process. The temperature maps give additional information
about the extremal values of the state
variable within the polymer layer. Next
the mean temperature is determined by
means of 27 points within each glue element, which makes the analysis accurate.
We have proved more, namely that the
polymer glue reaches the melting point
for unfavourable boundary conditions
(i.e. relatively low temperature of the
surroundings). The above conclusion is
technologically important.
Practical application of the analysis presented needs some expensive experiments and is beyond the scope of the
paper. Practical analysis and temperature
distribution within the inlayer material can be the subject of the next paper.
Consecutive theoretical work should be
devoted to modelling and analysing the
sensitivity of heat transfer with respect to
the different technological components.
Mathematically speaking, we can next
analyse the sensitivity of the problem
with respect to different connection parameters. The analysis can be consequently applied to optimise heat transfer
conditions within the inlayer material.
We obtain a space 3D optimal structure
with respect to the different lamination parameters. The problem should be
solved numerically because only basic
Received 28.06.2012
Reviewed 04.09.2012
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2013, Vol. 21, No. 4(100)