AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Yunus Ab-Wahab for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering
presented on February 16. 1993.
Title: Development of The Simplified Method to Evaluate Dynamic Mechanical
Analysis Data on Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
Redacted for privacy
Abstract approved:
Dr. Chris A. Bell
Testing of asphalt binders and asphalt-aggregate mixtures using dynamic
mechanical analysis is becoming popular with improvements in high-speed
computers, precision equipment, and computer software. Researchers are trying
to describe the behavior of asphalt binders and asphalt-aggregate mixtures in
terms of their time- and temperature-dependent linear viscoelastic behavior.
The objectives of this thesis were to develop a simplified pneumatic test to
perform dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), to evaluate the performance of the
pneumatic and hydraulic test systems using the computer software developed to
perform DMA tests, and, to develop a simplified method to evaluate the
experimental data obtained from DMA tests on aged asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
A simplified pneumatic test system was developed to perform DMA.
Computer software was also developed to perform DMA testing on both the
simplified pneumatic and hydraulic test systems. DMA was performed on both
test systems to compare their performance, and on aged asphalt-aggregate
mixtures to evaluate the application of the simplified method.
The results from the pneumatic and hydraulic test systems show that there
is about a 20 percent difference in the complex modulus, especially at high loading
frequencies. This is due to the compressibility of the air used in the pneumatic
test system. The compressibility of air is greater at warmer temperatures than at
cooler temperatures. Therefore, the application of the pneumatic test system to
perform dynamic testing should be limited to low frequencies ( < 2 Hz), low
temperatures ( < 25°C), and low load ( < 454 kg (1000 lbs.)) applications unless
a modification can be made to increase the pneumatic cylinder's response time to
match the hydraulic cylinder's response time.
The simplified analysis method developed in this thesis divides the DMA
results into four complex modulus and five phase angle parameters. These
parameters describe the shapes of the master stiffness and phase angle curves and
distinguished between the different asphalt-aggregate mixtures and the aging
methods performed on the aged asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The phase angle
parameters were reduced into two variables, peak frequency and peak angle,
which vary with the aging of each asphalt-aggregate mixture. The peak frequency
and peak angle decrease as the aging severity increases and the change of peak
frequency and peak angle vary with the asphalt-aggregate mixture and aging
treatment. Therefore, the complex modulus parameters and peak frequency and
peak angle may be good indicators to describe how a master curve's shape varies
with asphalt, aggregate, and aging type.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD TO EVALUATE
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS DATA ON ASPHALT-AGGREGATE
MIXTURES
by
Yunus Ab-Wahab
A THESIS
submitted to
Oregon State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Completed February 16, 1993
Commencement June, 1993
APPROVED:
Redacted for privacy
Chris A. Bell, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, in charge of major
Redacted for privacy
Wayne C. fiber, Ph.D.
Head of ljpartment of Civil Engineering
v
Redacted for privacy
Thomas
Dean o
aresh, Ph.D.
duate School
Date thesis is presented
Typed by
February 16. 1993
Yunus Ab-Wahab
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was made possible through a contract with the Strategic
Highway Research Program (SHRP) Project A-003A "Performance-Related
Testing and Measuring of Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions and Mixtures", the
University of California at Berkeley, and Oregon State University (OSU).
I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Chris A. Bell for his support,
guidance, and encouragement during the course of my study. I would also like to
thank my graduate committee members, Dr. Gary Hicks, Dr. Mike Schuyler, Dr.
Dave Rogge, and my graduate school representative, Dr. John Garland, for their
time, assistance, and guidance in driving me through the maze of the unknown.
Special thanks to all my friends and the "aging" team for their support and
encouragement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
2.0
PROBLEM DEFINITION
OBJECTIVE
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
8
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on Asphalt Binders
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on Asphalt-Aggregate
Mixtures
AGING OF ASPHALT-AGGREGATE MIXTURES
AGING METHODS
No Aging
Short-Term Oven Aging (STOA)
Long-Term Oven Aging (LTOA)
Low Pressure Oxidation Aging (LPO)
TEST PROGRAM
MATERIALS
SAMPLE PREPARATION
Aggregate Processing
Mixing and Compaction
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
4.1
5
2.3.1
2.3.2
3.4.1
3.4.2
4.0
3
5
5
6
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.3
3.4
1
VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL RESPONSE
VISCOELASTIC TESTS
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS TEST
3.0 EXPERIMENT DESIGN
3.1
1
17
20
30
30
31
31
32
33
34
39
39
39
43
46
TEST METHOD
46
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
46
49
50
Pneumatic Test System
Hydraulic Test System
Computer Software
4.2
4.3
4.4
TEST PROCEDURES
DATA ANALYSIS
4.3.1
Calculation of the Complex Modulus and Phase
4.3.2
4.3.3
Angle
Master Curve Construction
Phase Shift Calculation
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
5.0
Complex Modulus Master Curve
Phase Angle Master Curve Model
Statistical Analysis
SUMMARY
LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Results
AGING OF ASPHALT-AGGREGATE MIXTURES
5.2.1
5.2.2
6.0
7.0
Aging Test Results
Discussion of the Aging Test Results
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND USE OF DMA
SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1
6.2
63
68
71
73
74
74
74
Discussion of the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test
Results
5.3
5.4
61
COMPARISON BETWEEN PNEUMATIC AND
HYDRAULIC TEST SYSTEMS
5.2
58
60
61
EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS (FREQUENCY SWEEP) DATA
4.5
54
58
76
92
92
101
104
107
109
109
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND USE
112
OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
REFERENCES
114
APPENDICES
Appendix A Sample Preparation Protocol
Appendix B Short-Term Oven Aging Aging of AsphaltAggregate Mixtures
Appendix C Long-Term Oven Aging of Asphalt-Aggregate
Mixtures
Appendix D Low Pressure Oxidation Aging of AsphaltAggregate Mixtures
Appendix E Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test Procedures
Appendix F Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test Results
Appendix G Plots of Master Stiffness and Phase
Angle Curves
Appendix H Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters
Appendix I Calculated Phase Angle Parameters
Appendix J Statistical Analysis Results
Appendix K SHIFTP Program Listing
Appendix L Frequency Sweep Program Listing
119
128
133
139
148
152
226
273
281
289
296
302
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
9
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (Goodrich, 1991)
11
Master Curve Shifting Procedure (Finn, 1967)
Test Geometries for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
13
(Reese and Goodrich, 1993)
Hyperbola Model for the Linear Viscoelastic
Figure 2.4
Behavior of Paving Asphalt in Simple Shear
15
(Dickinson and Witt, 1974)
Figure 2.5
Characteristic Parameters of Asphalt Binder
16
Master Curve (Christensen and Anderson, 1992)
Data Acquisition and Control Schematic (Sousa
Figure 2.6
18
and Monismith, 1987)
19
Figure 2.7
The Dynamic Loading System (DLS) (Sousa, 1986)
26
Short-Term Oven Aging Results (Bell et al., 1991)
Figure 3.1
27
Figure 3.2
Extended Mixing Results (Bell et al., 1991)
Long-Term
Oven
Aging
for
Asphalt
AAK-1
(Bell
et
al.,
1991)
29
Figure 3.3
Long-Term Oven Aging for Asphalt AAG-1 (Bell et al., 1991) 29
Figure 3.4
47
Figure 4.1
Pneumatic System Configuration
48
Figure 4.2
Load Frame for Pneumatic System
Figure 4.3
Data Collection Module Flowchart
51
Figure 4.4
Report Module Flowchart
52
Figure 4.5
Specimen with Yokes
56
Figure 4.6
An Example of Master Curve Plot using SHIFTP
62
SAS Program Listing for Master Curve Model
66
Figure 4.7
Process to Analyze DMA Experimental Data
Figure 4.8
67
Figure 4.9
Master Stiffness Curve Plot of Experimental and
Regression Data
69
Figure 4.10 Phase Angle Curve Plot of Experimental and
70
Regression Data
Complex Modulus for Specimen 7W6049 at 25°C
77
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Complex Modulus for Specimen 6049W25 at 0 and 25°C
78
Figure 5.3
Complex Modulus for Specimen 3ADMS at 0, 25, and 40°C
79
Complex Modulus for Specimen 4ADMS at 0, 25, and 40°C
80
Figure 5.4
81
Figure 5.5
Complex Modulus for Specimen 6ADMS at 0, 25, and 40°C
Figure 5.6
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Master Curves for
84
Specimen 3ADMS
Figure 5.7 Pneumatic and Hydraulic Master Curves for
Specimen 4ADMS
85
Figure 5.8
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Master Curves for
86
Specimen 6ADMS
Figure 5.9
Combined Master Curves for All Specimens
87
88
Figure 5.10 Combined Plot of Phase Angle Curves
95
Figure 5.11 Complex Modulus Parameter a for All Aggregates
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 5.12
Figure 5.13
Figure 5.14
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.16
Figure 5.17
Complex Modulus Parameter b for All Aggregates
Complex Modulus Parameter xo for All Aggregates
Complex Modulus Parameter yo for All Aggregates
Phase Angle Peak Frequency for All Aggregates
Phase Angle Peak Angle for All Aggregates
Limits for Dynamic Modulus and Phase Angle to
Control Thermal Cracking, Fatigue and Deformation
96
97
98
99
100
106
LIST OF APPENDICES FIGURES
PAGE
Bitumen Test Data Chart
Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and
Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-2 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-3 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and
Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-4 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-5 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and
Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-6 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-7 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and
Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-8 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAA-1
Figure G-9 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and
Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-1 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-11 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and
Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-12 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-13 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and
Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-14 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-15 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and
Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-16 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAD-1
Figure G-17 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and
Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-18 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-19 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and
Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-20 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-21 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and
Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-22 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-23 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and
Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-24 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-25 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and
Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-26 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAG-1
Figure A-1
Figure G-1
127
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
Figure G-27 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and
Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-28 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-29 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and
Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-30 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAG-1
Figure G-31 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and
Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-32 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-33 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and
Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-34 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-35 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and
Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-36 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-37 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and
Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-38 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RI and Asphalt AAK-1
Figure G-39 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and
Asphalt AAM-1
Figure G-40 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAM-1
Figure G-41 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and
Asphalt AAM-1
Figure G-42 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAM-1
Figure G-43 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and
Asphalt AAM-1
Figure G-44 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAM-1
Figure G-45 Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and
Asphalt AAM-1
Figure G-46 Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAM-1
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 1.1
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Evaluation of Test Methods for Asphalt-Aggregate
Mixtures (Bell, 1989)
Summary of Moduli and Compliances (Ferry, 1980)
Evaluation of Short-Term Aging Methods (Bell,
1989).
Table 2.3
Table 3.4
Table 3.5
Table 3.6
Table 3.7
Table 3.8
Table 3.9
Table 3.10
Table 3.11
Table 3.12
Table 3.13
Table 3.14
Table 3.15
Table 3.16
Table 3.17
Table 4.1
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 53
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
23
Evaluation of Long Term Aging Methods (Bell,
1989).
Table 33
4
7
Aging Methods Considered for DMA
Asphalts and Aggregates Used for DMA Test Program
Sequence of DMA Test Frequencies and Temperatures
The Control Variables for No Aging
The Control Variables for Short-Term Oven Aging
The Control Variables for Long-Term Oven Aging
for 5 days at 85°C
The Control Variables for Long-Term Oven Aging
for 2 days at 100°C
The Control Variables for Low Pressure Oxidation
at 60 and 85°C
List of Asphalts and Aggregates Used
Physical Properties of Aggregates
Summary of Asphalt Binder Properties (from MRL)
Target Gradation for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
Equiviscous Temperatures for Mixing
Equiviscous Temperatures for Compaction
Percent Air Voids for Each Asphalt-Aggregate
Combination
An Example of Stresses and Strains at Each Test
Temperature and Frequency
Test Temperatures for the Pneumatic and Hydraulic
Test Systems
Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters for
the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems
Calculated Phase Angle Parameters for the
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems
Average Percent Difference of Complex Modulus for
the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems
Significant Variables for Complex Modulus
Parameters, Peak Frequency, and Peak Angle
24
35
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
40
41
42
44
44
45
57
75
82
83
90
94
LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES
PAGE
Table F-1
Table F-2
Table F-3
Table F-4
Table F-5
Table F-6
Table F-7
Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test for Unaged Specimens
Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens
Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 60°C (5 days)
Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 85°C (5 days)
Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test for Long-Term Oven Aging at 85°C (5 days)
Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Test for Long-Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days)
Complex modulus and Phase Angle Results for
the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems
153
170
196
200
204
209
223
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD TO EVALUATE
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS DATA ON ASPHALT-AGGREGATE
MIXTURES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing is gaining in popularity for
asphalt binder and asphalt mixture testing as researchers try to understand the
complete rheological behavior and performance of these binders and mixtures.
The development of high-speed computers and high-precision equipment has
made it easier to conduct DMA testing, which measures the response of a
material to a dynamic stress or rate of strain. Dynamic analysis allows one to
"fingerprint" the viscous and the elastic characteristics of asphalt binders over a
wide range of temperatures and loading times (Goodrich, 1988). During the test,
a dynamic stress or rate of strain, usually in the form of a sinusoidal wave, is
applied and the strain or stress response is measured. If a material is a perfectly
elastic solid, the strain response will be in phase with the stress. If a material is
a perfectly viscous liquid, the stress response will be 90 degrees out of phase
(lagging) with the rate of strain (Tayebali, 1990). The DMA test has been used
extensively in the study of rheological behaviors of polymers (Ferry, 1980). The
rheological behavior of a material is characterized by its strain or stress response
when subjected to a stress or rate of strain over a range of loading frequencies or
temperatures.
Dynamic testing has been used to investigate the rheological behavior of
asphalt binders (Christensen and Anderson, 1991, 1992; Goodrich, 1988) and
asphalt-aggregate mixtures (Sousa, 1986; Tayebali, 1990; Alavi, 1992). DMA
2
testing on asphalt binders and asphalt-aggregate mixtures can be performed using
many different test configurations and test methods. The DMA test is very easy
to perform, in principle. A test setup for asphalt binders is usually a package
system purchased from a proprietary vendor. The test system includes the
computer controller, the loading head, and the analysis software. The cost for an
asphalt binder test system can range from $50,000 to $100,000, depending on the
capability and complexity of the system.
A test setup for asphalt-aggregate mixtures consists of a loading system, a
controller system, and a data collection system. The loading system should have
a high loading capability and a fast loading response. This is usually a hydraulic
system that can load up to 9979 kg (22,000 lb) and can respond quickly to a
change in loading frequency. The controller system can be either electronic
hardware-based or computer-based. The electronic hardware-based system usually
has built-in functions that electronically control the loading system. The data
collection system is a separate unit and is synchronized with the loading system to
collect data at the proper time. This system is usually operated manually and
requires a lot of user interfacing to perform a complete DMA test. The data
analysis is usually performed separately from the system, although it can also be
performed manually on a personal computer.
A computer-based system is much easier to operate. The test system can
be either fully controlled or semi-controlled by the computer. Most systems are
fully controlled. The loading control and data collection are performed by the
computer. Data analysis software is usually provided with the system so that users
can easily analyze the data. A computer-based DMA test system is very expensive
and can cost up to $200,000. Some of this equipment is still under development
at this time.
3
A pneumatic system was used to test the diametral resilient modulus and
fatigue of several asphalt-aggregate mixtures in a study of cold-in-place recycling
of asphalt concrete pavements in Oregon (Scholz, 1989). A pneumatic system with
a computer- controlled system, developed at the University of California, Berkeley
(Sousa, 1986), was used to perform triaxial resilient modulus in the development
of a test procedure for the water sensitivity of asphalt-aggregate mixtures (AlSwailmi, 1992). The cost to develop a pneumatic test setup is considerably lower
than the costs for the hydraulic test setup. Furthermore, the test equipment can
be made small and portable for testing in the field. This system also meets the
criteria developed for test methods for investigating the effects of aging on
asphalt-aggregate mixtures shown in Table 1.1 (Bell, 1989). Therefore, the
pneumatic test system was considered to test asphalt-aggregate mixtures
dynamically since all dynamic tests on asphalt-aggregate mixtures have been
performed on the hydraulic test system.
1.2
OBJECTIVE
This research effort was conducted as part of the Strategic Highway
Research Program (SHRP) Project A-003A "Performance-Related Testing and
Measuring of Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions and Mixtures." The primary
objective of the A-003A contract was to validate the relationships between asphalt
binder properties and pavement performance. A secondary objective was to
develop accelerated mixture performance test procedures to be incorporated into
standard design specifications.
The objectives of this thesis are: 1) to develop a simplified pneumatic and
hydraulic test systems to perform dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing; 2)
to evaluate the performance of the pneumatic and hydraulic test systems using the
computer software developed to perform DMA tests; and 3) to develop a
4
Table 1.1. Evaluation of Test Methods for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
(Bell, 1989).
Criterion
Resilient
Modulus
Indirect
Tensile Test
Dynamic
Modulus
Creep
1.
Comparison
with Field
Data
Not
established
Not
established
Not established
Not established
2.
Ease of use
An
established
and
standardize
d test,
moderately
An
established
test,
straightforw
and
Not
significantly
different to
resilient
modulus
An established
test
straightforward
, but takes
time
difficult
3.
Cost of
equipment
High
Moderate
High
Moderate
4.
Existing
experience
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
5.
Reliability
or
.
accuracy
Varies with
equipment
Unknown
Varies with
equipment
Unknown
6.
Sensitivity
to mix
variables
Excellent
Good
Not established
Good
7.
Sample size
Varies with
mode of
testing
Usually 4"
dia. by 2.5"
high
Often 4" dia.
by 2.5" high,
Varies with
mode of testing
Destructive
Nondestruc
Destructive
Nondestructive
Nondestructive
vs.
tive
Has potential
to establish the
effect of
asphalt
Analogous to a
viscosity test
8.
preferably
higher
Nondestruct
ive
9.
Other
Representa
tive of
repeated
loading in
the field
Note: Only the resilient modulus is standardized by the ASTM as method D4123
(ASTM, 1988). As of 1988, no precision and bias statements have been
established for this test.
5
simplified analysis method to evaluate the experimental data obtained from DMA
tests of aged asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL RESPONSE
Asphalt binders are neither elastic (Hookean) solids nor viscous
(Newtonion) fluids, but are somewhere between the two extremes (Mase, 1970).
The behavior of an asphalt binder is a blend of both elastic and viscous
characteristics that is referred to as "viscoelastic behavior." Asphalt binders and
asphalt mixtures can be idealized as viscoelastic materials since they do not
maintain a constant deformation under constant stress (creep) and do not
maintain a constant stress under constant strain (stress relaxation) (Ferry, 1980).
Viscoelastic materials are considered to be linear when the strain and the rate of
strain are small and the time-dependent stress-strain response can be described
with a constant coefficient (Ferry, 1980; Tscheogl, 1989). It is believed that this
can be achieved if the applied stress level is very small (Ferry, 1980). Therefore,
the test and analysis procedures presented in this thesis will consider the asphalt-
aggregate mixture to behave as a linear viscoelastic material.
2.2
VISCOELASTIC TESTS
The creep test is the most commonly used test method to determine the
viscoelastic properties of viscoelastic materials, including asphalt binders and
asphalt-aggregate mixtures. During a creep test, a constant stress is applied
uniaxially to a specimen, and the strain response as a function of time is recorded
(Tayebali, 1990). The relaxation modulus is calculated by dividing the stress with
the strain as a function of time (Christensen and Anderson, 1992):
E(t) = c;0 / E(t)
where:
E(t)
= relaxation modulus at time t, kPa (psi),
t
= loading time, sec,
a0
= applied uniaxial stress, kPa (psi), and
e (t)
= resulting uniaxial strain at time t, mm/mm (in/in).
The relaxation modulus shown above is a uniaxial property for uniaxial or
extensional strain and stress responses. The uniaxial relaxation modulus can be
related to the uniaxial creep compliance (D(t)), by taking the inverse of the
uniaxial relaxation modulus. Similarly, the creep test in shear is performed to
determine the shear relaxation modulus (G(t)), and the shear creep compliance,
J(t), using a relationship similar to the one shown above. Table 2.1 gives a
summary of the various moduli and compliances for infinitesimal deformations
(Ferry, 1980).
2.3
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS TEST
Dynamic mechanical analysis testing, alternatively referred to as frequency
sweep testing, is performed by applying different loading rates over a range of
frequencies and temperatures. There are two types of frequency sweep test
methods: controlled-strain and controlled-stress. During a controlled-strain test,
a sinusoidal strain is applied at various frequencies and the corresponding stress
is monitored. During a controlled-stress test, a sinusoidal stress is applied at
various frequencies and the resulting strain is monitored. The responses obtained
from the test are complex modulus (Es), storage modulus (E '), loss modulus (E"),
and loss tangent (tan S).
Table 2.1. Summary of Moduli and Compliances (Ferry, 1980).
Bulk Longitudinal
B(t)
Simple Extension'
E(t)
D(t)
G*(0
K*(4))
E*(rd)
41*(0
G'(0))
K(Z))
E'(4.)
M'(6))
G"(ed)
K"(0))
E"(C))
M"(0
.1*(0
B*(6))
D*(&))
--
./(&))
g(g9
D'(&)
--
1.(0
B"(a)
D"(ev)
--
G,
Ke
Me
Gg
Kg
E,
Eg
4
Be(=P)
De
--
Jg
re
Bg
Dg
--
--
D°,
--
Steady -Flow Viscosityb
no
--
rio
--
Dynamic Viscosity
n'(0
77%,(0
fiY0
n,(0
Deformation
Relaxation Modulus
Simple Shear
Bulk Compression
G(t)
K(t)
Creep Compliance
Complex Modulus
Storage Modulus
Loss Modulus
Complex Compliance
Storage Compliance
Loss Compliance
Equilibrium Modulus
Glasslike Modulus
Equilibrium Modulus
Glasslike Compliance
Steady-Flow Compliance
J(t)
M(t)
--
Mg
a For this type of deformation each modulus may be called a Young's modulus (relaxation Young's modulus,
storage Young's modulus, etc.).
b At vanishing shear rate.
8
The dynamic complex modulus, Es, is computed as a function of frequency
and temperature as follows:
peak stress
peak strain
(2.2)
The storage modulus (E ), loss modulus (E"), and loss tangent (tan 5) are
computed as follows:
Storage Modulus:
E = Es cos 5
Loss Modulus:
E" = Es sin (5
Loss Tan = tan 5
where 6 is the phase angle between the applied stress and the measured strain.
Loss Tangent:
Figure 2.1 shows the relationships of the dynamic mechanical analysis.
2.3.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on Asphalt Binders
Dynamic mechanical analysis testing on asphalt binders and asphaltaggregate mixtures can be performed using many different test configurations and
methods. Goodrich (1988) performed the dynamic test using a parallel plate
configuration on conventional asphalt binders and polymer-modified asphalts that
had undergone aging from the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO, ASTM D-2872)
and Long Term Durability (LTD) tests. The test induced sinusoidal strains in the
form of oscillatory shears on the asphalt specimen and recorded the stress
response. The strains were kept small at low temperatures and were increased at
higher temperatures, but were kept within the linear viscoelastic region. The
frequency sweep was from 0.1 to 10 radians/sec (0.0159 to 1.59 Hz). Parallel
plates with different diameters were used for the different aging types and
temperature ranges (Goodrich, 1988). At cold temperatures, asphalt behaves
almost as a perfectly elastic solid, where the stress follows the sinusoidal input
9
COMPLEX MODULUS
*
Peak Stress
Peak Strain
STRESS
STORAGE MODULUS
,
E
.
E* cos 8
LOSS MODULUS
1111
I11111- PHASE SHIFT ANGLE
I
E ".
E
*
sin 8
Peak Strain
i
STRAIN
1
LOSS TANGENT
tan 8 = E"/E'
TIME
E
Figure 2.1. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (Goodrich, 1991).
10
strain. At high temperatures, asphalt behaves almost as a perfectly viscous liquid,
where the peak stress lags 90 degrees behind the peak input strain. For a
viscoelastic material, such as asphalt, the peak stress can lag anywhere from 0 to
90 degrees behind the maximum applied strain (Tayebali, 1990).
The time (frequency)-temperature superposition principle is applicable for
dynamic testing of asphalt (Brodnyan, 1958; Dickinson and Witt, 1974) and asphalt
concrete (Papazian, 1962; Pagen, 1962; Monismith et al., 1966) in the viscoelastic
region. The time-temperature superposition principle, simply stated, says that the
results obtained at higher or lower temperatures can be equated simply and
graphically with lower and higher frequencies, respectively. Conversely, results
obtained at higher and lower frequencies can be transposed into lower and higher
temperatures, respectively (Tayebali, 1990).
An example of the master curve construction technique using the time-
temperature superposition principle is shown in Figure 2.2. Using the
superposition principle and considering T2 as the reference temperature, the
modulus curves obtained at temperatures To and T1 are shifted to the left along
the reduced time axis. The modulus curves obtained at temperatures 1'3 and T4
are shifted to the right. These shifts define a complete master curve. The shift
factor (ar) is defined as:
aT = tT
(2.3)
t2
where tT is the time required to observe a phenomenon at temperature T and t,
is the time required to observe a phenomenon at temperature T2. By using this
principle, the data collected over a small time range at different test temperatures
can be reduced to a reference temperature. The master curve can be constructed
11
Convenient
Time Range
1
I
0
rl
di
I
I
i
0
0.
0
0
Reduced Tine, g - aT
(log scale)
Figure 2.2. Master Curve Shifting Procedure (Finn, 1967).
12
at the reference temperature to define the modulus for a wider range of time than
could be tested practically in the laboratory (Finn, 1967).
Christensen and Anderson (1991) used the parallel plate geometries at high
temperatures and the torsional bar geometry, similar to that used by Reese and
Goodrich (1993)(Figure 2.3), at low temperatures to characterize the behavior of
asphalt binders. The test was performed at ten temperatures ranging from -35 to
60°C. The time-temperature superposition principle was used to produce master
curves and shift factors for each asphalt binder tested.
Several analysis methods have been proposed by asphalt binder researchers
(Dobson, 1967, 1969; Jongepier and Kuilman, 1969; Dickinson and Witt, 1974) to
describe the viscoelastic behavior of asphalt binders.
Dobson proposed an
analytical expression for the relationship which consists of two equations. The
first equation is a linear equation relating log of complex shear modulus with log
of transformed frequency which holds below a certain complex shear modulus
level. The second equation is a modified exponential equation which holds above
this complex shear modulus level.
Jongepier and Kuilman (1969) proposed complex relationships between log
of transformed frequency and the real and imaginary parts of complex shear
modulus which were based on the assumption that the distribution of relaxation
times is "log Gaussian" (Dickinson and Witt, 1974). They used integral equations
to describe the various viscoelastic functions in terms of the relaxation spectrum.
Dickinson and Witt (1974) proposed a hyperbolic model equation that
relates log of complex shear modulus and log of transformed frequency for master
curves of asphalt binders in simple shear as:
13
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
STRAIN INPUT
(at FREQUENCY U)
STRESS RESPONSE OF
IDEAL VISCOUS FLUID
(90 DEGREE PHASE SHIFT)
7
Parallel Disk
STRESS RESPONSE OF
IDEAL ELASTIC SOUD
(0 DEGREE PHASE SHIFT)
7
Rectangular-Bar
Figure 2.3. Test Geometries for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (Reese and
Goodrich, 1993).
14
log
I Gr* I
= 4-
( log 61
V( log GI. )2 + ( 2B )2 )
(2.4)
where I G: I is the relative complex shear modulus defined by I G: I /G,,, and or
is the relative angular frequency defined by coaTno/G.,, where no is the "limiting"
viscosity at an infinitely low shear rate and G., is the shear modulus at an infinitely
high shear rate. The constant B is the distance between the origin of the
hyperbola and the point at which it cuts the log I G: I axis (Figure 2.4)
Christensen and Anderson (1992) proposed a mathametical function to
describe the complex shear modulus data as:
( .0 n
log 2
G * (o)) = gG [1 + (=) R
R
log 2
I
(2.5)
CO
where G*(w) is the complex dynamic modulus (Pa) at frequency (a (rad/s), G, is
the glassy modulus (typically 1Gpa), wo is the crossover frequency (rad/s), and R
is the rheological index. The phase angle, S, was described as:
90
log 2
(2.6)
CO
[1+(
)
R
[
CO
where S(w) is the phase angle (degrees) at frequency w (rad/s). The rheological
index, R, is described as:
(log 2) log[ G * ( (o) l
G
R
log ( 1
190
(2.7)
)
The characteristic parameters of the dynamic master curve is shown in Figure 2.5.
15
e-90
-80
-70
-60
ELASTIC ASYMPTOTE
//
P\
/
)B-
/
s
\\
/
0 1.-
.er
/
9
16=451 O,
\ 0.
2
fOl
I
44'
-3
\
P.'
ev-
Vibration test data
Sliding plate viscometer
E ClUATION (1 )
5
/
-4
-3
LOG kir
-2
0
1
Or =a:1144/qm )
2
3
Figure 2.4. Hyperbola Model for the Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Paving
Asphalt in Simple Shear (Dickinson and Witt, 1974).
16
GLASSY MODULUS
CD
RHEOLOGICAL
INDEX, R
LOG (0.)
LOG REDUCED FREQUENCY
LOG (1/t)
Figure 2.5. Characteristic Parameters of Asphalt Binder Master Curve
(Christensen and Anderson, 1992).
17
2.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
Sousa (1986) developed a closed-loop dynamic loading system (DLS) to test
asphalt-aggregate mixtures using a hydraulic servoram. The test system was
configured to test specimens in axial, shear, or both axial and shear modes. The
dynamic axial test is performed on a cylindrical specimen and the combined axial
and shear test is performed on a hollow cylindrical specimen (Sousa, 1986;
Tayebali, 1990; Alavi, 1992). Figure 2.6 shows the data acquisition and control
scheme for the dynamic loading system (Sousa, 1986). Figure 2.7 shows the load
frame configuration using a hydraulic servoram for the dynamic loading system
(Sousa, 1986).
Dynamic tests have been completed recently on asphalt-aggregate mixtures
(using systems similar to that developed by Sousa) to investigate their rheological
properties and permanent deformation characteristics (Tayebali, 1990; Alavi,
1992). Tayebali (1990) performed dynamic tests on asphalt-aggregate mixtures
with modifiers. The tests were performed on cylindrical specimens with axial
loads using a sinusoidal loading stress of 207 kPa (30 psi), loading frequencies
ranging from 0.01 to 16 Hz, and two test temperatures (20 and 40°C). The
complex moduli and phase angles were obtained as a function of frequency.
Sousa (1986) and Alavi (1992) performed dynamic tests on hollow
cylindrical specimens by subjecting axial and/or shear loads, separately or
simultaneously, on the specimens. Alavi (1992) investigated the use of dynamic
testing to describe the viscoelastic properties and permanent deformation
characteristics of asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
18
Vertical Servoram
/NM
Axial and
Torsional Load
Strain Gage s
Cell
Horizontal
S ervoram
Lvdts
Sp e cimen
"Ale lJJ zrzz, z
4.4.1110. Signal
Conditioning
Interface Box
Signal Conditioning
Interface Board
Das16
IBM PC/AT
i
4,
Graphics
Printer
11=1IMINIMMII,
11111111
Graphics
Display
Figure 2.6. Data Acquisition and Control Schematic (Sousa and Monismith,
1987).
19
Axial S ervoram
Frame Top
Plate
Rotalin
MI, PI
B e acing
Housing
_All
H orizont
S ervoram
Torque
Arm
Spheric al
Bearings
Rotalin
Bearing
2" Dia.
in
Ste el
Threaded
Rod
Lo ad Cell
Cap Ring
Sp ecimen
Figure 2.7. The Dynamic Loading System (DLS) (Sousa, 1986).
20
2.4 AGING OF ASPHALT-AGGREGATE MIXTURES
Asphalt pavements have been used in the United States for about 100 years
(Krchma and Gag le, 1974) and in Europe for more than 140 years (Croney, 1977).
Asphalt concrete is a mixture of asphalt binder and aggregate. Asphalt binder is
a dark brown to black cementitious material, natural or manufactured, consisting
of high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Asphalt can be mined (Trinidad Lake
asphalt and Gilsonite) or produced from fractional distillation of crude oil at
petroleum refineries (Corbett, 1984). The refinery is the primary source of asphalt
today. Different crude oils are brought from different parts of the world and
combined to produce gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, lube oil, and asphalt binder
(Corbett, 1984).
Aggregates are usually obtained from naturally occurring deposits and are
either quarried, or removed from stream beds, sand and gravel bars, and alluvial
fans. There are many types of aggregates, including basalts, sandstones, dredged
materials, and sands or gravels. The different sources of asphalt binder and
aggregate contribute to the different chemical and physical properties which
influence the performance of asphalt mixtures (Peterson, 1990).
The interaction between asphalt binders and aggregates is complex and not
fully understood. This problem is complicated when similar asphalt types are
found to react differently, depending on the sources of a particular aggregate
(Petersen, 1990). The matter becomes more complicated when other variables
that influence the final product are added, such as construction factors. Much
research has been devoted to investigating the performance of asphalt pavements
and the different distress modes which cause asphalt pavements to fail. These
distress modes include fatigue, rutting, thermal cracking, and the loss of adhesion
and cohesion in the presence of water.
21
Aging, also called "age hardening" or "embrittlement," is one phenomenon
that is related to the distress modes mentioned above. The aging of asphalt
pavements occurs through two distinct processes, short-term and long-term aging.
Short-term asphalt aging is mainly due to volatilization during construction. Long-
term asphalt aging is due to the oxidation of the asphalt pavement in the field.
This oxidation is attributed largely on the presence of atmospheric oxygen,
although other gases may also contribute to the changes in asphalt mixture
properties. As the oxidation time increases, the viscosity of the asphalt binder in
the pavement increases, which increases the asphalt pavement's stiffness. The
viscosity increase in aged asphalt binder was found to vary by orders of magnitude
for different asphalt types (Petersen, 1990). Even though aging is often thought
to be detrimental, increases in asphalt pavement stiffness can also be beneficial.
Asphalt pavements with high stiffness are less susceptible to permanent
deformation or rutting than pavements with low stiffness.
However, asphalt
pavements with low stiffness resist fatigue and thermal cracking better. A detailed
review on aging of asphalt binders and asphalt-aggregate mixtures has been done
by Bell (1989).
Research on asphalt mixture aging dates back to 1903 when Dow aged
asphalt mixtures for thirty minutes at 149°C to investigate the change in weight
and penetration of the recovered asphalt (Welborn, 1984). An extensive literature
review of aging methods and test procedures to evaluate aging of asphaltaggregate mixtures was reported in the "Summary Report on Aging of AsphaltAggregate Systems" (Bell, 1989). The report summarized the research performed
on asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures, the aging methods, and the test
procedures used to evaluate aging. To establish which aging methods to use, the
following criteria were selected (Bell, 1989):
1) ability to simulate field conditions,
2) ease of use,
22
3) low cost,
4) existing experience,
5) reliability,
6) sensitivity to mix variables, and
7) other relevant factors.
Tables 2.2 and 2.3 provide evaluations of various methods for short- and long-term
aging of asphalt mixtures.
The test method criteria used to evaluate asphalt-aggregate mixture aging
are similar to the criteria established for the aging methods and include:
1) ability to correlate with field data,
2) ease of use,
3) low cost,
4) existing experience,
5) reliability,
6) sensitivity to mix variables,
7) sample size,
8) destructive versus nondestructive, and
9) other relevant factors.
Table 1.1 shows evaluations of the test methods used to determine the effects of
aging on asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
The investigation of pavement performance in the laboratory, using
accelerated laboratory test methods, can aid engineers in understanding the
behavior of asphalt-aggregate mixtures and can assist them to predict mixture
performances before actual construction. This can improve long-term pavement
performance and reduce premature pavement failure. Methods to predict the
23
Table 2.2. Evaluation of Short-Term Aging Methods (Bell, 1989).
Criterion
Oven Heating
Extended Mixing
Microwave
Treatment
Simulate field
conditions
Good based
on data from
Von Quintas
et al. (1988)
Simulates plant
2.
Ease of use
Easy to use -no special
equipment
needs
Easy to use -could use lab
mixers or
modified RTFOT
Easy to use
3.
Cost of
equipment
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
4.
Existing
experience
Very little
with mixtures
None
Very little
5.
Reliability or
accuracy
Not
established -may require a
standard oven
Not established -- Not
would require
established
standardization of
equipment
6.
Sensitivity to
mix variables
Not
established
Not established
Not
established
7.
Other
Analogous to
Analogous to
RTFOT
May
1.
the TFOT
mixing
Not the
same
promote
structuring
24
Table 2.3. Evaluation of Long Term Aging Methods (Bell, 1989).
Criterion
Pressure
Oven Aging
Oxygen
Ultraviolet
Treatment
Treatment
1.
2.
Interaction of
Moisture
Conditioning
Simulation Preliminary
Preliminary tests
of field
tests show that show that
conditions similar levels significant aging
of aging are can be achieved
achieved
but at higher
temp. than field
Difficult to assess
-- in service
pavements are
subject to heat,
light, and
oxidation
Ease of
Moderate, could Difficult
use a
weatherometer or
lamps
use
Moderate,
Easy to use, no
needs careful special
attention to
equipment needs
safe handling
True
representation
of climatic
cycles
of oxygen
Cost of
Moderate to
equipment high
Moderate
4.
Existing
Very little
experience
Very little
Little with
mixtures
None
5.
Reliability Questionable
or
based on data
accuracy from AAMAS
study
Questionable
based on data
from AAMAS
study
Not established
Not established
6.
Sensitivity Preliminary
Not established Not established
Not established
3.
7.
to mix
variables
tests indicate
promising
performance
Other
Good
experience of
several studies
with asphalt
indicates
potential for
this method
Moderate to high Moderate to
high
Analogous with
an extended
TFOT or
RTFOT
25
effects of aging on asphalt-aggregate mixtures are not available now, since much
of the research has been done on asphalt binders only (Guan and Ruth, 1990;
Bell, 1989).
Bell et al. (1990, 1991, 1992a) summarized the results from laboratory tests
to evaluate the effects of short- and long-term aging methods on asphalt-aggregate
mixtures. The short-term aging methods used on loose mixes were oven aging and
extended mixing. Aging temperatures were 135 and 163°C and the aging durations
were 4, 6, 8, and 15 hours. Long-term aging methods used on compacted
specimens were pressure oxidation vessel aging (POV), triaxial cell aging, and
long-term oven aging. For pressure oxidation vessel aging, oxygen and compressed
air were used at pressures of 690 kPa and 2070 kPa (100 and 300 psi) to provide
an oxygen enrichment environment. The pressure oxidation vessel aging was
performed at 25 and 60°C for 0, 2, and 7 days. For triaxial cell aging, oxygen and
compressed air were passed through the specimens during aging. Triaxial cell
aging was performed at 25 and 60°C for 0, 2, 7 days. Finally, for long-term oven
aging, the specimens were heated at 107°C for 0, 2, or 7 days with prior
conditioning period at temperatures of 40 or 60°C for 2 days. Four asphaltaggregate mixtures, fabricated at targeted air void levels of 4% and 8%, were
tested using the diametral modulus test (ASTM D 4123-82). The results obtained
for each aging method are summarized below:
1) Short-term oven aging -- significant aging occurred, as indicated by an
increase in resilient modulus with aging duration (Figure 2.8).
The
advantage of this aging method is that several trays of material can be aged
simultaneously. An aging temperature of 135°C for 4 to 8 hours was
recommended to simulate short-term aging in the field.
2) Extended mixing -- the aging was similar to that produced by short-term
oven aging (Figure 2.9).
However, this is not a viable method for
production testing since several rolling thin film ovens would be needed.
26
MODULUS RATIO
MODULUS RATIO
4
KBO -8135 C
KBO 78163 C
4
3.5
KB 1 -a 163 C
3.5
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
KLO -8135 C
KLO -8163 C
KL1
C
1
0.50
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0.50
AGING TIME (HOURS)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
AGING TIME (HOURS)
(a) Asphalt AAK-1 and Aggregate RB
(b) Asphalt A/41(-1 and Aggregate RL
MODULUS RATIO
6
MODULUS RATIO
GBO -8135 C
6
GLO -8135 C
GL 1 8135 C
GB 1 -43135 C
GB1 76,163 C
5
GL 1
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
AGING TIME (HOURS)
AGING TIME (HOURS)
(c) Asphalt MG-1 and Aggregate RB
C
(d) Asphalt MG-1 and Aggregate RL
Figure 2.8. Short-Term Oven Aging Results (Bell et al., 1991).
27
MODULUS RATIO
MODULUS RATIO
4
KBO 7-.135 C
KBO 70.163 C
4
KLO .135 C
KLO .163 C
3.5
KB1 A163 C
3.5
KL 1 -7A.163 C
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.50
0.5
60 120180240300360
MIXING TIME (Minutes)
0 60 120180240300360
MIXING TIME (Minutes)
(a) Asphalt AAK-1 and Aggregate RB
(b) Asphalt AAK-1 and Aggregate RI.
MODULUS RATIO
6
MODULUS RATIO
GBO .135 C
GB1
:(:GB1
6
GLO .135 C
GL1 -135 C
GL1 A163 C
C
6 163 C
5
4
3
A
___
2
1
0 60 120 180240300360
MIXING TIME (Minutes)
(C) Asphalt AAG-1 and Aggregate RB
0 60 120 180240300360
MIXING TIME (Minutes)
(d) Asphalt AAG-1 and Aggregate RI.
Figure 2.9. Extended Mixing Results (Bell et al., 1991).
28
3) Isigi -term oven aging -- this method produced an increase in resilient
modulus. The increase was affected by aging duration and temperature
(Figures 3.3 and 3.4). This is the easiest method to conduct for production
testing.
4) Pressure oxidation vessel with oxygen -- the results showed that the
resilient modulus decreased as temperature, aging duration, pressure, or air
void content increased. This was contrary to the increase in resilient
modulus that was expected as the samples aged. It was found that the
specimens deteriorated as pressure and temperature increased.
5) Pressure oxidation vessel with compressed air -- the results were similar
to those found for POV with oxygen.
6) Triaxial cell aging -- this method showed a moderate increase in resilient
modulus as aging duration and temperature increased. This aging method
is safer than the pressure oxidation vessel method, since the required
pressure is much lower ( < 345 kPa (50 psi)).
The recommended aging procedures were: 1) the short-term oven aging at
135°C for four hours, 2) the long-term oven aging at 85°C for five days, and 3) the
triaxial cell aging (low pressure oxidation) at 85°C for five days (Bell et al., 1991).
29
7
- KEY:
LOW VOIDS MEDIUM VOIDS
6
0
55
Aig:Ftl_
f2 4
cn
m
AgA% RS
AgA_FtS
RI
AgA111-
NIARB
'1 3
0
0
22
1
oo
2
4
6
8
DURATION (Days)
Figure 2.10. Long-Term Oven Aging for Asphalt AAK-1 (Bell et al., 1991).
7
6
F55
g
co
KEY:
LOW VOIDS
AR111111.
Agifi RS
4
D
_1
D3
0
0
22
1
oo
2
4
6
8
DURATION (Days)
Figure 2.11. Long-Term Oven Aging for Asphalt AAG-1 (Bell et al., 1991).
30
3.0 EXPERIMENT DESIGN
The test program described in this section is a subset of a full test program
conducted to evaluate several test methods to compare the aging of asphalt
binders and asphalt-aggregate mixtures (SHRP Project A-003A). The test
evaluation methods for the full test program were diametral resilient modulus,
triaxial resilient modulus, and indirect tensile strength and strain. The full test
program is described in "Validation of A-002A Hypothesis for Aging" (Bell and
Sosnovske, 1992b). The full test program tested 32 asphalt-aggregate combinations
(eight asphalts and four aggregates) using the above test methods. The test
program for this thesis will emphasize only on the dynamic mechanical analysis
test using a selected set of asphalt-aggregate combinations (six asphalts and four
aggregates).
3.1 AGING METHODS
From the recommendations given in Section 2.4, five different aging
methods were considered for the full test program. All of the specimens were
tested using the diametral resilient modulus and triaxial resilient modulus method
at 25°C.
Selected specimens were chosen from the full test program for the
dynamic mechanical analysis test. This was done because the dynamic test can
only test about six specimens per 12-hour day at temperatures of 0, 25, and 40°C
and at load frequencies from 0.01 to 15 Hz.
described below.
The aging methods used are
31
3.1.1 No Aging
All of the test specimens were fabricated in accordance with ASTM
procedures D 1560-81a, D 1561-81a, and D 3202 with some modifications as
indicated Appendix A.
The unaged specimens were prepared to compare changes in asphaltaggregate mixtures properties between specimens subjected to various aging
methods. The preparation of the unaged specimens was similar to that used for
the other aging methods, except that the unaged specimens were compacted
immediately after mixing at one of the equiviscous temperatures shown in Section
3.4 corresponding to a viscosity of 170 ± 20 cS.
The loose mixtures were then brought to the compaction temperatures
(also indicated in Section 3.4). The specimens were compacted using the
California kneading compactor according to the SHRP protocol. The unaged
specimens were tested dynamically at temperatures of 0, 25, and 40°C and at
eleven loading frequencies from 0.01 to 15 Hz.
3.1.2 Short-Term Oven Aging (STOA)
Short-term oven aging (STOA) was performed on loose asphalt-aggregate
mixtures at 135°C for 4 hours. The aggregate and asphalt were heated to the
mixing temperature corresponding to a viscosity of 170 ± 20 cS based on the
original asphalt properties (± 2°C) as shown in Section 3.4.
Mixing was done for four minutes in a Cox mechanical mixer and the loose
mixture was spread into a metal baking pan with a surface area of about 1097
cm' (170 in2 ). The mixtures were stirred every hour with a spoon or spatula.
32
The placement of the mixtures in the oven was changed after each stirring to
reduce the effects of varying temperature and air flow in the forced-draft oven.
After four hours, the loose mixtures were cooled or heated to an equiviscous
compaction temperature of the unaged asphalt corresponding to a viscosity of six
poises (665 ± 80 cS), as shown in Section 3.4.
Compaction proceeded using a California kneading compactor in
accordance with ASTM D 1561-81a, with an effort to produce specimens that met
the target air voids of 8 ± 1 percent. The specimens were 102 mm-high by 102 mm- diameter (4-inch-high by 4-inch-diameter) cylinders.
The short-term oven aged specimens were tested dynamically at
temperatures of 0, 25, and 40°C and at loading frequencies from 0.01 to 15 Hz.
3.1.3 Long-Term Oven Aging (LTOA)
Long-term aging was performed at different temperatures and for different
aging periods to investigate the effects of temperature and duration on the severity
of the aging of the asphalt-aggregate mixtures. Specimens were subjected to the
short-term oven aging procedure before undergoing any long-term aging. Longterm oven aging was performed for 5 days at 85°C or for 2 days at 100°C.
The long-term oven aging was performed using a forced-draft oven. The
specimens were equally spaced on the oven shelves. The specimens were inverted
and their positions changed every 24 hours to eliminate any variation in aging due
to temperature and air flow variation inside the forced-draft oven. The inversion
was also performed to achieve uniform aging at the top and bottom of the
specimens and to reduce deformation near their bottoms.
33
After long-term oven aging, the specimens were retested dynamically at
temperatures of 0, 25, and 40°C and at loading frequencies from 0.01 to 15 Hz.
The complete methods for short and long-term oven aging are included in
Appendices B and C.
3.1.4 Low Pressure Oxidation Aging (LPO)
Low pressure oxidation (referred to as triaxial cell aging previously) was
performed at temperatures of 60 and 85°C for 5 days. The specimens were sealed
in a modified triaxial cell that was submerged in a water bath to control
temperature. Oxygen was passed through the specimen at a constant flow rate of
31.5 cm3 /s (4 ft3/hr).
The LPO specimens were placed on a specimen holder so that a clear
rubber silicone sealant could be applied in the middle of the specimen. The
silicone sealant was applied with a bead large enough to uniformly cover a surface
38 mm (1.5 inches) high on the middle of the specimen wall. A cylindrical rubber
membrane 38 mm (1.5 inches) wide and 102 mm (4 inches) in diameter was
placed over the silicone bead. The encapsulated silicone was molded to a uniform
thickness.
The specimen was allowed to cure overnight or longer, until the
silicone was completely dry. Two strips of paper were used to cover the exposed
portions of the specimen. This was important where large surface voids or sharp
edges were present, as the rubber membrane might otherwise have ruptured under
the confining pressure at high temperatures.
The specimen was placed on a perforated teflon disk which was located on
top of a grooved bottom end plate. A cylindrical rubber membrane 152 mm (6
inches) wide and 102 (4 inches) in diameter was used to envelop the specimen.
A similar teflon disk and end plate was placed on top of the specimen. 0-rings
34
were used to keep the rubber membrane in place. The oxygen tubes were
connected to the top plate and the specimen was placed within the load frame.
The pressure vessel wall was placed over the specimen, the top plate placed in
position, and the screws keeping the vessel sealed were tightened. The confining
pressure inside the LPO cell was monitored by a pressure gage fixed on the top
plate. The oxygen flow was monitored with a flow meter attached to the oxygen
tubes.
The confining pressure in the cell was turned on, followed by the oxygen
flow.
The oxygen flow was stabilized at 31.5 cm3 /s (4 ft3/hr) and the
corresponding oxygen pressure was monitored.
The confining pressure was
monitored and adjusted to about 34.5 to 69 kPa (5 to 10 psi) greater than the
oxygen pressure. The LPO cell was placed in a heated water bath at 60 or 85°C
for 5 days. The oxygen flow was monitored to ensure a continuous supply.
At the end of 5 days, the oxygen flow was stopped and the confining
pressure released. The LPO cell was removed from the water bath and left to
cool overnight to 25°C. The specimen was removed from the cell, and the rubber
membrane and the silicone were then removed from the specimen. The specimen
was tested dynamically at temperatures of 0, 25, and 40°C and at loading
frequencies from 0.01 to 15 Hz. A complete method for short-term oven aging
and low pressure oxidation aging is included in Appendices B and D.
3.2
TEST PROGRAM
Table 3.1 shows the aging methods used for the dynamic mechanical
analysis test. The asphalt-aggregate combinations used for the DMA tests are
shown in Table 3.2. The test temperatures and loading frequencies are shown in
Table 3.3. Tables 3.4 to 3.8 show the control variables for each aging method.
35
Table 3.1. Aging Methods Considered for DMA.
Duration
Temperature (°C)
Short-Term Oven Aging*
4 hours
135
Long-Term Oven Aging"
5 days
85
Long-Term Oven Aging"
2 days
100
Low Pressure Oxidation"
5 days
60
Low Pressure Oxidation"
5 days
85
Aging Methods
Unaged (No Aging)
Note: Unaged specimens were compacted after mixing without being aged.
Loose mix
Compacted mix
Table 3.2. Asphalts and Aggregates Used for DMA Test Program.
Aggregate
Asphalt
Aging Methods
RC, RD, RH, RJ
AAA, AAD, AAF,
AAG, AAK, AAM
STOA 4 hours @ 135°C
RC, RD, RH, RJ
AAA, AAD, AAF,
AAG, AAK, AAM
LTOA 2 days @ 100°C
RC, RH
AAD, AAF, AAM
LPO 5 days @ 60/85°C
LTOA 5 days @ 85°C
Table 3.3. Sequence of DMA Test Frequencies and Temperatures.
Temperatures (°C)
Frequencies (Hz)
0, 25, 40
15, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01
36
Table 3.4. The Control Variables for No Aging.
Control Variables
Levels
Asphalt
6 levels (AAA-1, AAD-1, AAF-1, AAG-1,
AAK-1, and AAM-1)
Asphalt Content
1 level (Optimum)
Aggregates
4 levels (RC, RD, RH, and RJ)
Air Void Content
1 level (target 8 ± 1 percent)
Replicates
2 samples for mixes with RH, RD, RC, RI
and AAA-1, AAD-1, AAF-1, AAG-1, AAK1, and AAM-1
1 additional sample for mixes with RH, RD
and AAD-1, AAF-1, and AAM-1
Table 3.5. The Control Variables for Short-Term Oven Aging.
Control Variables
Levels
Asphalt
6 levels (AAA-1, AAD-1, AAF-1, AAG-1,
AAK-1, and AAM-1)
Asphalt Content
1 level (Optimum)
Aggregates
4 levels (RC, RD, RH, and RJ)
Air Void Content
1 level (target 8 ± 1 percent)
Aging Period
1 level (4 hours)
Aging Temperature
1 level (135°C)
Replicates
2 samples for mixes with RD, RC, RH, RI
and AAA-1, AAD-1, AAF-1, AAG-1, AAK1, and AAM-1
6 additional samples for mixes with RH, RD
and AAD-1, AAF-1, and AAM-1
37
Table 3.6. The Control Variables for Long-Term Oven Aging for 5 days at
85°C.
Control Variables
Levels
Asphalt
3 levels (AAD-1, AAF-1, and AAM-1)
Asphalt Content
1 level (Optimum)
Aggregates
2 levels (RC, and RH)
Air Void Content
1 level (target 8 ± 1 percent)
Aging Period
1 level (5 days)
Aging Temperature
1 level (85°C)
Replicates
2 samples each
Table 3.7. The Control Variables for Long-Term Oven Aging for 2 days at
100°C.
Control Variables
Levels
Asphalt
6 levels (AAA-1, AAD-1, AAF-1, AAG-1,
AAK-1, and AAM-1)
Asphalt Content
1 level (Optimum)
Aggregates
4 levels (RC, RD, RJ, and RH)
Air Void Content
1 level (target 8 ± 1 percent)
Aging Period
1 level (2 days)
Aging Temperature
1 level (100°C)
Replicates
2 samples each
38
Table 3.8. The Control Variables for Low Pressure Oxidation at 60 and
85°C.
Control Variables
Levels
Asphalt
3 levels (AAD-1, AAF-1, and AAM-1)
Asphalt Content
1 level (Optimum)
Aggregates
2 levels (RC, and RH)
Air Void Content
1 level (target 8 ± 1 percent)
Aging Period
1 level (5 days)
Aging Temperature
2 levels (60 and 85°C)
Replicates
2 samples each
Table 3.9. List of Asphalts and Aggregates Used.
Asphalt
Aggregate
Code
RC
RD
RH
RJ
Description
Limestone (high absorption)
Limestone (low absorption)
Greywacke
Conglomerate
Code
Grade
AAA-1
AAB-1
AAC-1
AAD-1
AAF-1
AAG-1
AAK-1
AAM-1
150/200
AC-10
AC-8
AR-4000
AC-20
AR-4000
AC-30
AC-20
39
3.3 MATERIALS
The asphalts and aggregates used for this test program were selected from
the SHRP Materials Reference Library (MRL) and are summarized in Table 3.9.
The aggregates that were used represented a broad range of aggregates, from high
absorption crushed limestone to river run gravel. Similarly, the asphalts that were
used covered a broad range of asphalt grades and types. The physical properties
of the aggregates are shown in Table 3.10. Table 3.11 summarizes the asphalt
binder properties used in this test program.
3.4 SAMPLE PREPARATION
The preparation of test specimens was in accordance with the procedures
outlined in Appendix A. The document includes protocols for: 1) aggregate
batching and handling, 2) asphalt concrete mixing and curing, 3) compaction
methods, and 4) procedures for air voids determination.
3.4.1 Aggregate Processing
The aggregates were handled and processed in accordance with ASTM
procedures and the procedures outlined in Appendix A. The aggregates were
initially oven-dried and passed through a series of ASTM standard sieves
consisting of 3/4", 1/2", 3/8", #4, #8, #16, #30, #50, and #100 sieves. The
aggregates were stored in separate containers and batched according to the target
gradation. Wet sieve analyses were performed on representatives of the processed
aggregate batches to adjust the batch gradation to the actual target gradation.
The target gradation is shown in Table 3.12.
Table 3.10. Physical Properties of Aggregates (MRL).
RC
RD
RJ
RH
Limestone
Limestone
Gravel
Graywacke
L.A. Abrasion, % wear
39.1
23.4
29.5
H2O Absorption, %
3.7
0.3
0.7
Bulk
2.536
2.704
2.625
Saturated Surface Dry
2.595
2.717
2.646
Apparent
2.682
2.739
2.680
22.6
34.7
9.6
Source
Specific Gravity:
Flakiness Index, %
Data for aggregate RH was never available.
Table 3.11. Summary of Asphalt Binder Properties (from MRL).
AAA-1
AAD-1
AAF-1
AAG-1
AAK-1
AAM-1
150/200
AR-4000
AC-20
AR-4000
AC-30
AC-20
Lloydminster
California
W. Tx Sour
California
Boscan
W.Tx Inter
Viscosity (140°F, poises)
864
1055
1872
1862
3256
1992
Viscosity (275°F, cS)
283
309
327
243
562
569
Penetration (77°F, 100g, 5s)
160
135
55
53
70
64
R & B Softening Point, °F
112
118
122
120
121
125
-0.3115
-0.8102
-0.0921
-0.1799
-0.5483
+0.0516
Viscosity (140°F, poises)
1901
3420
4579
3253
9708
3947
Viscosity (275°F, cS)
393
511
472
304
930
744
Viscosity Ratio (140°F)
2.20
3.24
2.45
1.75
2.98
1.98
Asphaltenes (N-heptane), %
18.3
23
14.1
5.8
21.1
3.9
Polar Aromatics, %
37.3
41.3
38.3
51.2
41.8
50.3
Saturates, %
10.6
8.6
9.6
8.5
5.1
1.9
Asphalt Grade
Crude
Original Asphalt Properties:
Aged Asphalt
Mass Change, %
Component Analysis:
42
Table 3.12. Target Gradation for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures.
Nominal Size
Percent Retained
Percent Passing
1"
0.0
100.0
3/4"
5.0
95.0
1/2"
15.0
80.0
3/8"
12.0
68.0
#4
20.0
48.0
#8
13.0
35.0
#16
10.0
25.0
#30
8.0
17.0
#50
5.0
12.0
#100
4.0
8.0
#200
2.5
5.5
PAN
5.5
0.0
43
3.4.2 Mixing and Compaction
All of the test specimens were mixed and compacted in accordance with
ASTM procedures D 1560-81a, and D 3202, modified as outlined in Appendix A.
The materials and equipment were heated to the mixing temperature
(corresponding to a viscosity of 170 ± 20 cS based on original asphalt properties),
as shown in Table 3.13 (all within ± 2°C). After mixing, the unaged mixture was
brought the compaction temperature corresponding to an equiviscous temperature
of 665 ± 80 cS (within ± 2°C)(Table 3.14) and compacted, while the short-term
aged mixture was placed in metal pans and aged in an oven for 4 hours at 135°C
(short-term oven aging). Then, the short-term aged mixtures were compacted at
a temperature corresponding to an equiviscous temperature of 665 ± 80 cS
(within ± 2°C), as shown in Table 3.14.
The mixtures were compacted using the California kneading compactor
(ASTM D1561-81a). The specimens were allowed to cure for 1.5 hours at 60°C.
Tertiary compaction (axial, with a maximum static load of 5715 kg (12,600 lbs))
was then applied to level the ends of the specimens. The specimens were then
extruded from the molds at room temperature. The specimens were 102-mmdiameter by 102-mm-high (4-inch-diameter by 4-inch-high cylinders. All unaged,
short-term oven aged, and long-term aged specimens were tested for bulk-specific
gravity and permeability. The air voids content for each specimen was determined
based on the Rice Gravity of the mixture. A summary of the specimens' air
voids content is shown in Table 3.15.
44
Table 3.13. Equiviscous Temperatures for Mixing.
Table 3.14.
ASPHALT
TYPE
TEMPERATURE
AAA-1
146
AAD-1
148
AAF-1
148
AAG-1
142
AAK-1
160
AAM-1
160
( °C)
Equiviscous Temperatures for Compaction.
ASPHALT
TYPE
TEMPERATURE
AAA-1
119
AAD-1
122
AAF-1
124
AAG-1
119
AAK-1
133
AAM-1
133
( °C)
45
Table 3.15.
Percent Air Voids for Each Asphalt-Aggregate Combination.
Percent Air Voids
Aggregate
Asphalt
No. of
Average
MM.
Max.
Standard
Deviation
RC
RD
AAA-1
4
8.6
8.0
9.0
0.37
AAA-1
4
8.1
7.4
8.7
0.58
RH
RJ
RC
RD
RH
RJ
RC
RD
RH
RJ
RC
RD
RJ
RC
RD
RH
RJ
RC
RD
RH
RJ
AAA-1
4
7.2
7.1
7.3
0.07
AAA-1
4
7.5
6.5
8.5
0.95
AAD-1
11
8.9
8.1
9.6
0.46
AAD-1
AAD-1
AAD-1
4
7.8
6.9
8.2
0.52
11
7.2
5.6
8.9
0.96
4
8.0
7.1
9.2
0.82
AAF-1
11
9.1
7.8
9.9
0.52
AAF-1
AAF-1
4
9.1
8.9
9.6
0.30
11
7.3
6.5
8.0
0.47
AAF-1
4
8.7
8.4
9.0
0.30
AAG-1
AAG-1
AAG-1
AAK-1
4
10.5
9.9
11.0
0.46
4
8.3
8.0
8.5
0.19
4
7.8
7.0
8.9
0.67
4
8.9
8.0
9.6
0.61
AAK-1
4
8.1
7.2
9.3
0.78
AAK-1
AAK-1
4
7.4
6.9
8.0
0.42
4
8.6
7.8
9.6
0.42
AAM-1
10
8.6
7.9
9.2
0.42
AAM-1
4
7.7
5.5
8.6
1.29
AAM-1
11
6.5
4.6
7.4
0.87
AAM-1
4
7.6
6.6
8.6
0.71
46
4.0 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the development of pneumatic and hydraulic test systems
are described. The computer software to perform DMA test is also described in
this chapter.
The test procedures are summarized.
Data analysis and the
construction of master stiffness and phase angle curves are also presented below.
4.1
TEST METHOD
Two system configurations, pneumatic and hydraulic, were considered. The
pneumatic system has not previously been used for dynamic mechanical analysis
testing. However, it has been used for diametral and triaxial resilient modulus
testing on asphalt-aggregate mixtures (Scholz, 1989; Al-Swailmi, 1992).
The
hydraulic system, however, has been successfully used for dynamic mechanical
analysis (Sousa, 1986; Tayebali, 1990; Alavi, 1992). Consequently, the hydraulic
system's performance was compared to the pneumatic system's performance while
performing DMA testing to evaluate the aging effects on asphalt-aggregate
mixtures.
4.1.1
Pneumatic Test System
The pneumatic system configuration is shown in Figure 4.1. The system
consisted of a load frame, a double-acting pneumatic cylinder, a servo-valve, a
servo-valve control amplifier, a signal conditioner, and a computer with a data
acquisition card. The load frame was made of two 30-mm-thick (1-3/16-inchthick) steel plates supported by four 22-mm-diameter (7/8-inch-diameter) threaded
steel rods. The thick steel plates were required to reduce the amount of vibration,
noise, and deflection on the load frame (Figure 4.2).
The double-acting
pneumatic cylinder has a diameter of 203 mm (8 inches) and a stroke length of
47
ENVIRONMENT CHAMBER
DOUBLE-ACTING
SERVO-VALVE
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
n
AIR
=masa
FRAME
LVDT
LVDT
A
LOAD CELL
A
SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
SERVO-DRIVER
UNIT
0 0 0 02 I=
COMPUTER
DMA
c-1-
I
I
Figure 4.1. Pneumatic System Configuration.
48
LOAD RAM
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
(DOUBLE-ACTING)
A
SERVOVALVE
LOAD FRAME
Figure 4.2. Load Frame for Pneumatic System.
AIR
49
38 mm (1.5 inches). The pneumatic cylinder produced a maximum static load of
862 kg (1900 pounds) at a constant air pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi). The servo-
valve was driven by the servo-valve control amplifier which controlled the
pneumatic cylinder. The air flow capacity of the servo-valve was 4720 cm3 /s (10
standard cubic feet per min (SCFM)) at a constant air pressure of 690 kPa (100
psi). A high-speed 486 computer with a data acquisition card controlled the test
system. The computer collected data from the load cell and from a pair of linear
voltage differential transducers (LVDTs) as it controlled the pneumatic cylinder.
The control software is explained in Section 4.1.3.
4.1.2
Hydraulic Test System
The hydraulic test system was made by the MTS System Corporation (MTS
System Corporation, 1974).
The system consists of the MTS load frame, a
hydraulic cylinder, and a system controller. A high-speed 486 computer and a
computer software developed by the author were used to control the test system
and to collect data from the load cell and a pair of LVDTs. The computer
controlled the hydraulic system by sending the signals to the MTS servo-controller.
The MTS function generator was bypassed since it could not generate the sine
wave required for dynamic testing. The computer sent a series of sinusoidal
voltage signals to the MTS servo-controller, which converted the voltage signals
into current signals to the MTS servo-valve. The MTS servo-valve controlled the
flow of hydraulic oil in the hydraulic cylinder, which in turn controlled the
positioning of the loading ramp. This method is easier than the closed-loop
method used by Tayebali (1990) and Alavi (1992). An initial attempt to use the
ATS closed-loop software was abandoned, since the software could not operate
the MTS hydraulic system as planned. The ATS software was not able to
maintain constant static load between frequency sequence. The static load would
increase as the frequency sequence changed.
50
4.13
Computer Software
Computer software was specifically developed by the author to perform
dynamic mechanical analysis testing using the pneumatic test system. The
computer software was written and compiled in Quick Basic (Microsoft, 1988).
The computer program listing is included in Appendix L. The software was
divided into two modules, a data collection module and a report generation
module. The data collection module controlled the test system, collected data
from a load cell and a pair of LVDTs, and saved data to files. The data collection
module flowchart is shown in Figure 4.3. The report module analyzed the
collected data and printed the results to a computer screen, printer, or output file.
Figure 4.4 shows the flowchart for the report module. The output files can be
imported into a word processor or spreadsheet.
The data collection module controlled the test system using the Metrabyte
Das16 data acquisition card (Metrabyte Corporation, 1986).
A closed-loop
subroutine was developed to continuously correct the command signals sent to the
pneumatic cylinder by comparing the data collected from the load cell to the
setpoint value. A new command value was calculated and sent to the servo-valve
to correct the pneumatic cylinder's loading position. This closed-loop operation
produced a continuous sinusoidal load at various frequencies. Data collected from
the load cell and the pair of LVDTs were saved to a data file after every loading
sequence.
4.1.3.1
Closed-Loop Feedback Control
The closed-loop feedback method was used to control the loading of the
pneumatic test system. A closed-loop feedback method is a method that uses a
system's output to regulate inputs to the system, thus keeping the output value
51
start
Apply Static Load
and
Maintain Static Load
Input Sequence
File
Calculate timer for
each sweep sequence
(Timer.Set)
set all user keys
Input Das16
Configurations
File
Input
Default.tst
Set Variables
Initialization
set user defined
interrupt (UEVENT)
(Setint)
run n cycle
sequence
save da
Initialize Das16 Card
(Card.Setup)
reset UEVENT
Prepare mode setup for
Das16
(Mode.Setup)
Set up screen
display
(Graph.Display)
nt)
( Setint)
unload piston
terminate Das16
operation
return to main menu
Figure 4.3. Data Collection Module Flowchart.
52
start
retrieve filenames
in directory
sort data files
by names
display filenames
on display
select file
to process
retrieve data for
n sequence
calculate stress, strain,
and phase angle
for each cycle
calculate averages
for n sequence
print results
return
Figure 4.4. Report Module Flowchart.
53
closer to the desired value (setpoint) (Auslander et al., 1974). The system's output
(feedback) was the data collected from the load cell, while the system's input was
the voltage command generated by the computer and sent to the pneumatic
cylinder. The closed-loop subroutine continuously corrected the command signals
by comparing the feedback data to the setpoint value. The corrected command
signals were calculated using the general proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
transfer function (Quinn-Curtis, 1991),
m(i) = K *e
Kd
t
+ T*Ki Ee(k) + (-= * [e(i)
k=0
T
e(i-1)])
(4.1)
where:
T = sampling interval
e(i) = error at ith sampling rate = S(t) - X(t)
e(i -1) = error at previous sampling interval
m(i) = controller output deviation
S(t) = setpoint value at time t
X(t) = feedback value at time t
1 = proportional gain
= integral action time
Kd = derivative action time
The more specific PID function used in the closed-loop subroutine is
K,,
m(i) = Kc*e(i)+T*Ki*[e(i)-2*e(i-1)+e(i-2)]+-2= *[e(i)-e(i-1)]
(4.2)
T
where the sampling interval, T, was considered as one interval. This function
calculated a new corrected command signal during every data conversion cycle.
The data conversion cycle was generated by the interrupts from the Dash-16 card.
These interrupts were timed by the clock on the Dash-16 card.
54
4.1.3.2
Configuration files
The data collection module required three setup files to operate properly.
The file names were:
1) DAS16.CFG,
2) DEFAULTS.TST, and
3) SEQUENCE.FS3.
The first file consisted of initialization information for the Metrabyte Das16 data
acquisition card (Metrabyte Corporation, 1986), including the base address,
interrupt level, and direct-memory-access level. The second file contained the
default setup from the previous test, including the load cell and LVDT calibration
factors, default static load value, and maximum pulse load value. The third file
listed the sequence of frequency sweep information.
The frequency sweep
information included the sequence number, the loading frequency, the number of
loading cycles, and the number of points collected during each loading cycle. All
of the files can be edited using any word processor that is capable of generating
a DOS (Microsoft, 1991) readable file (ASCII file).
4.2
TEST PROCEDURES
The DMA was performed by applying a sinusoidal repeated axial load to
a specimen, with no confining pressure, using a method similar to the standard test
method for dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures (ASTM D3497-79). The load
frequency sequence went from 15 to 0.01 Hz and the test temperatures were 0, 25,
and 40°C. The loading frequencies were applied from the highest frequency to the
lowest frequency, beginning with the coldest temperature and proceeding to the
warmer temperatures. Load and vertical deformation were monitored during the
55
test. Load was measured by a load cell at the bottom of the specimen. Vertical
deformation was measured by two linear voltage differential transducers (LVDTs)
attached to the side of the specimen with a set of yokes (Figure 4.5).
The yokes were separated by four 51-mm (2-inch) spacers before they were
glued to the specimen with cyanoacrylate adhesive. The glue was allowed to set
for 15 minutes at room temperature (25°C) before the specimen was cooled to 0°C
in an environmental cabinet. A specimen with an imbedded thermocouple was
also placed in the cabinet as a control specimen. When the control specimen
reached 0°C, the other specimens in the cabinet were ready for testing. A
dynamic test on a particular specimen takes about 25 minutes at each
temperature. A set of six specimens can be tested at all three temperatures in one
12-hour day.
After the test at 0°C was completed, the specimen was placed in another
environmental cabinet set at 25°C. A control specimen was again used to monitor
the temperature of the other specimens in this cabinet. As before, once the
control specimen reached the next test temperature, the other specimens were
ready for testing.
During the test program, the load cell and LVDTs were calibrated at
various temperatures. It was found that the calibration factors were constant
within the range of testing temperatures. This test was non-destructive with the
total recoverable deformation limited to 5 microns (200 A-inches) at both the
lowest frequency (0.01 Hz) and the highest test temperature (40°C). The test was
performed by adjusting the load to produce a recoverable strain of 25 A-strain at
1 Hz. The stress required to induce the 25 A-strain at 1 Hz was used as the
applied stress throughout the dynamic test. This ensured that the strain level did
not exceed 100 p- strain (51-mm (2-inch) yoke spacing) at any other frequency or
56
Loading Piston
Lead to Signal
Conditioner
LVDT
LVDT
Yoke
Adjustment
Screw
19,
Lead to Signal
Teflon
Conditioner
Disk
Load cell
Figure 4.5. Specimen with Yokes.
57
Table 4.1. An Example of Stresses and Strains at Each Test Temperature and
Frequency.
0
Frequency (Hz)
Stress (psi)
Strain (A-strain)
15
52.8
55.4
57.5
57.8
57.4
57.4
57.3
57.3
57.3
57.3
57.2
7.2
15.9
17.5
19.5
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
25
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
40
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
8.3
9.3
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
1.1
1.7
2.4
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
22.2
24.7
27.3
31.9
36.5
41.8
51.4
60.0
6.7
8.7
12.1
17.5
21.8
28.1
39.1
49.7
62.0
81.7
98.7
4.1
7.3
12.7
19.1
23.4
27.4
34.3
39.8
45.1
53.0
57.6
58
temperature. An example of the stresses and strains developed at each test
temperature and frequency is shown in Table 4.1. The collected data were
processed to generate dynamic moduli and phase angles.
4.3
DATA ANALYSIS
Data from DMA testing on asphalt-aggregate mixtures have been
graphically presented by Tayebali (1990), Goodrich (1991), and Alavi (1992).
Methods to mathematically describe the data have not been presented, though.
A mathematical method that describes the behavior of a master curve can be used
to predict asphalt pavement behavior during mixture design, pavement design, or
performance modeling. The method used to describe complex modulus and phase
angle curves using a personal computer is described below.
The evaluation of DMA data on asphalt-aggregate mixtures presented here
is similar to that proposed by Dickinson and Witt (1974) for asphalt binders. The
proposed equation for the complex modulus master curve is a modified equation
based on the inverse hyperbolic sine function in logarithmic terms. The proposed
analysis method used the SAS statistical package's non-linear regression model
procedure to produce the parameters that characterized the complex modulus
master curve's shape. A similar process was performed to produce parameters for
the phase angle curve based on a fourth-order polynomial equation. Descriptions
of the master curve and phase angle curve equations are given below.
4.3.1
Calculation of the Complex Modulus and Phase Angle
The calculation of the complex modulus and phase angle was achieved
using the Fourier Series equation provided by Tayebali (1992). In the following
f is a sine wave of known frequency w, and, f is of the form:
59
f (x) = 11 + a sin(27r cox + 41)
where:
a = half amplitude of f
A = mean of f
4) = phase of f
6) = known frequency.
The formulas for a, 1.1, and 4) are given in this section. If T = 1/6) be the period
of f, then
for cos(27m)x) sin(27c6)x) dx = f oT cos(27r6)x) dx = f T sin(27r6)x) dx = 0
o
and
T
1.
cos(2n cox)2 dx = f T sin(2n6)x)2 dx = T
o
2
fix) = v + a sin(27c cox) cos(4) + a cos(27c cox) sin(4)
S = f 02- f(x) sin(2n cox) dx = 51' cos(4))
2
C = foT fix) COS(27C cox) dx = aT sin(4)
2
I = f or f(x) dx = RT
a = 2co V C2 + S2
p. = co/
60
sin(4)
IC2
C
cos(4)
s2
C2
s2
Therefore, the problem of finding a, A, and cp is now reduced to computing S, C,
and I.
An approximate method calculates S, C, and I using integrals for a set of
n given points
L of f. For a set of equidistant points covering the entire
period where f = f(iT In) for i = 1...n, the values of S, C, and I can be
approximately computed by
I
S=
C=
T
n
n
T
R
E
(4.4)
n i.1
sin(27c6) [i
I T
(4.5)
1] T)
(4.6)
i =1
T
E
ft
i =1
f cos(27E6) [i
2
2
The formulas given above were used in the report module to calculate complex
modulus and phase angle values. The calculations were performed on five cycles
for each loading frequency by the report module subroutine.
4.3.2
Master Curve Construction
The complex modulus and phase angle master curves were constructed
using a computer program called SHIFIP. This program constructed the master
curves by retrieving data collected at three test temperatures and displaying them
on the computer display. The user manually shifts the collected data to match the
61
data at the reference temperature. This was performed graphically on the
computer display. Once the transformation was completed, the data was output
to a data file for further processing. The SHIFTP program code (developed by
the author) is provided in Appendix K. A SHIFTY display example is shown in
Figure 4.6.
4.3.3
Phase Shift Calculation
The phase shift factor, ay, is defined as
tr.
aT
=-
(4.7)
t2
where tT is the time required to observed a phenomenon at temperature T and
t2
is the time required to observe a phenomenon at temperature T2 (Finn, 1967).
The phase shift factor was computed for each data set every time the user
manually shifted data on the computer screen. These factors are shown on the
computer screen for all three curves at each test temperature (Figure 4.6).
4.4
EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (FREQUENCY
SWEEP) DATA
The method used to describe complex modulus and phase angle curves
using a personal computer is described in the following sections (Section 4.4.1 and
Section 4.4.2).
The complex modulus master curve is characterized by four
parameters. These parameters were estimated using a non-linear curve fit
procedure developed by the SAS Institute (1991). A similar process was
performed on the phase angle curve to produce parameters that characterized the
behavior of that curve.
Temperature: 40°C
Shift: 8.01
P.Shift:
+3.60
+8.00
-1 77
Complex Mod.
Input File
:
CALOTHS\AMMM-M.DAT
[<- ->1 MoveLine [Ill TempChg [Spcl ShiftChg [PgUp] PhsAgl [0] Output
[Esc] Quit
63
4.4.1
Complex Modulus Master Curve
Basic Equation
4.4.1.1
An equation was formed to analyze the experimental data from the DMA
tests. The complex modulus data were fitted through this equation to produce
four parameters that described the master curve's shape. These parameters were
calculated using the SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, 1991).
The equation was based on the basic inverse hyperbolic sine function
(Spiegel, 1990). This function is written as
y
(4.8)
x
=
This function can also be written using the natural logarithmic function as
y
=
ln( x + /x2 + 1
(4.9)
)
The modified function for the master stiffness curve using the natural logarithmic
function equation is:
y
=
a * ln[ b * (x
xo) +
b2 * (x- x0)2 + 1
]
+ yo
(4.10)
where y and x are normal logarithmic values.
4.4.1.2
Complex Modulus Parameters
Equation 4.9 was selected because its shape is similar to the master curve's
shape.
The inflection point of equation 4.9 is located at the origin, (0,0).
Equation 4.9 was modified with four parameters to take into account changes in
the master curve's shape. The master curve's shape varies as the asphalt type,
64
aggregate type, or aging type changes. Parameters xo and yo represent the offset
of the curve's inflection point from the origin, (0,0). Parameters xo and yo move
the curve horizontally or vertically on the master curve plot's x-y coordinate
system. Parameter a multiplies the master curve's height, making it taller or
shorter, while parameter b is also a multiplier that expands or shrinks the curve's
width. These parameters vary depending on the asphalt, aggregate, or aging type.
Parameters a and b are related to one another. Parameter a is a multiplier for
the sinh function and parameter b is a multiplier inside the modified sinh function
for the x axis values.
Smaller a value means that the master curve's height is shorter, which
indicates that the complex modulus difference from low frequency (high
temperature) to high frequency (low temperature) is relatively small. Complex
modulus difference relates to the mixture's temperature susceptibility. Large a
indicates a large complex modulus difference which implies that the mixture is
susceptible to temperature change. While, small complex modulus difference
indicates low temperature susceptibility.
Parameter b is also relates to the mixture's temperature susceptibility.
High b indicates that the master curve's width shrinks on the horizontal axis in
relation with parameter a. When the master curve's width shrinks, the master
curve's slope at the inflection point increases. Steeper slope indicates higher rate
of complex modulus change from high frequency (low temperature) to low
frequency (high temperature). The rate of complex modulus change relates to the
temperature susceptibility of the mixture, where steep slope shows high
temperature susceptibility and gradual slope shows low temperature susceptibility.
Therefore, small b indicates high temperature susceptibility and large b indicates
low temperature susceptibility.
65
4.4.1.3
Parameter Calculations
These complex modulus parameters were fitted using the non-linear
regression model procedure using the multivariate secant method, or false position
model. An example of the SAS program listing is shown in Figure 4.7. The
calculated complex modulus parameters are included in Appendix H. The
complex modulus data were processed and transformed into master stiffness
curves using the time-temperature superposition principle. A computer program
(SHIFTY) was developed to graphically shift the complex modulus curves. The
computer program listing is included in Appendix K. The shift factor was used to
shift the test data to the reference temperature as described in Section 2.3.1. The
master curve was plotted with the vertical axis representing the complex modulus
(MPa)(ksi) and the horizontal axis representing the transformed frequency (Hz).
The experimental data collected at three temperatures were combined and
retrieved by SHIP IP. The program SHIFT? was used to manually shift the data
collected at 40°C to the right and the data collected at 0°C to the left, according
to the time-temperature superposition principle. After the two curves were
aligned to the data at the reference temperature, 25°C, the master curve data were
saved to an output file. This file was retrieved directly by the SAS regression
model for analysis. The values were converted into normal logarithmic values and
fitted by equation 4.10 using the non-linear regression model procedure in SAS.
The process to analyze the experimental data collected from three test
temperatures is summarized in Figure 4.8.
Several methods to fit a non-linear equation, such as the Newton method,
the modified Gauss-Newton method, the Marquardt method, and the steepestdescent or gradient method, were described in detail by the SAS manual (SAS
Institute, 1990). The multivariate secant (false position) model converged the
fastest and produced the best-fitting parameters. The curves generated from the
66
TITLE 'DMA Master Curve Non-Linear Regression';
/* input data from data file (ASCII file) */
data dmareg;
infile 'b:datal.prn';
input x y @@;
run;
/* run nlin procedure */
proc nlin data = dmareg method = dud g4singular;
parms a = -2 b = -2 x0=-1 y0=5;
difx = x-x0;
square = sqrt(b**2*difx**2+ 1);
model y = a*log(b*difx+ square) + y0;
output out =p p = predict;
run;
/* setup to plot graphs on screen */
goptions device =vga
rotate =landscape;
symbol1 c =red v =square i=sm6Ops;
*/
/* vga fx85 hpljs2 */
/* printing with landscape on printer */
/* i= sm .. interpolation of line sorted
symbol2 c = white v= triangular i=sm5Ops;
axis1 order = -4 to 5 by 1
/* order define range on x axis */
label= (f =swiss h =1 'Log Transformed Frequency');
axis2 order= 4 to 7 by 1
label = (f = swiss h =1 a = 90 'Log Complex Modulus (psi)'); /* align vertically
*/
proc gplot;
plot y*x =1 predict *x =2 / overlay
haxis = axisl
autohref
vaxis = axis2
autovref;
/* horizontal label */
/* horizontal grid spacing */
/* vertical label */
/* vertical grid spacing */
run;
Figure 4.7. SAS Program Listing for Master Curve Model.
67
FREQUENCY SWEEP
AT 3 TEMPERATURES
COLLECT DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
0°C
25°C
40° C
COMBINED DATA
SHIFTP
PRODUCES
TRANSFORMED
DATA
SAS
PRODUCES
FITTED
CURVES
Figure 4.8. Process to Analyze DMA Experimental Data.
68
estimated parameters were visually verified using plots of predicted data and
experimental data. A sample complex modulus plot of the experimental data and
regression plots for unaged, short-term aged, and long-term aged data are shown
in Figure 4.9. The predicted and original data were so close that the sum of
squares values were less than 0.0001.
Other forms of equations were considered based on the basic inverse
hyperbolic sine function and it was found that equation 4.10 produced the bestfitting equation.
4.4.2
Phase Angle Master Curve Model
Various equation forms were considered for the phase angle curve model.
The fourth-order polynomial equation was found to fit the data for most of the
phase angle curves. The general equation for the fourth-order polynomial
equation is
y= a + b*x + c*x2 + d*x3 + e*x4
(4.11)
where y is the phase angle (degrees) and x is the normal log of transformed
frequency (Hz). The third-order polynomial equation was considered, but this
equation did not fit the curves very well. The fourth-order equation was used to
describe the shape of the phase angle curves. Figure 4.10 shows the phase angle
curves for the experimental and regression data for unaged, short-term aged, and
long-term aged specimens. The tail end of phase angle curves at high frequency
and low frequency region which curved upward was not representative of the test
data and was excluded manually in the plots of phase angle curves in Appendix
G.
69
MASTER STIFFNESS CURVE
5,000
UNAGED
FITTED
,----.
F;)-
2,000
...._.
cn
UNAGED
1,000
EXP.
500
STOA
D
D-
-0
0
x
,a)
Q ---
E
0
0
FITTED
200
STOA
EXP.
0
100
LTOA
FITTED
50
LTOA
20
10e-4
10e-2
100
10,000
Transformed Frequency (Hz)
EXP.
1
Figure 4.9. Master Stiffness Curve Plot of Experimental and Regression Data.
70
PHASE ANGLE CURVE
60
UNAGED
FITTED
AGGREGATE_
50
ASPHALT AA
UNAGED
EXP.
40
STOA
FITTED
< 30
STOA
cn
EXP.
0 20
_c
LTOA
FITTED
0
10
LTOA
EXP.
0
10e-4
10e-2
1
100
10,000
Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure 4.10. Phase Angle Curve Plot of Experimental and Regression Data.
71
4.4.3
4.4.3.1
Statistical Analysis
Complex Modulus
A statistical analysis of the complex modulus parameters was performed to
investigate whether any of the complex modulus parameters are significant in
explaining the differences among different types of aggregates, asphalts, aging
methods, and aging temperatures.
The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure, one of the statistical
procedures available from the SAS statistical software package, was used to
perform all of the statistical analyses. This procedure provides two types of sums
of squares, Type I and Type III. A Type I sum of square value indicates the
influence of a variable after the effects of the variables listed before it in the
model have been removed. A Type III sum of square indicates the influence of
a variable after the effects of all of the other variables in the model have been
removed. Only Type III sums of squares are considered for these analyses. The
analyses were performed with a = 0.05, so that those variables or interaction
variables with Pr > F values less than 0.05 are significant. A significant Pr > F
value indicates that the mean of those variables or interaction variables is
different from the total mean of all specimens.
The method used was to:
1)
consider the full model, including all possible variables,
2)
perform an analysis of covariance for the full model,
3)
eliminate the least significant factor in the full model,
4)
repeat the analysis for the reduced model, and
72
5)
repeat steps 3 and 4 until all of the insignificant factors are
eliminated, producing a model containing only the significant
factors.
The results of the analysis are presented and discussed in Chapter 5.
4.4.3.2
Phase Angle
Similar analyses of covariance were also performed on the calculated peak
angle and peak frequency. The peak angle is the angle where the phase angle
curve reaches its maximum point. The peak frequency is the frequency at the
curve's maximum point. The peak angle and peak frequency were calculated from
the phase angle parameters obtained using the fourth-order polynomial equation.
This equation was differentiated to find the curve's maximum point, which occurs
at one of the points where the curve's slope is zero. The differentiated equation
is a third-order polynomial equation. The roots of the third-order equation were
calculated using the standard method described by Speigel (1991). The roots are
the frequencies where the curve's slope is zero. The peak frequency was the root
with the greatest angle value in the range of the phase angle plot. The peak angle
was calculated by solving the fourth-order equation using the selected peak
frequency.
The calculated peak frequency and peak angle were used in an
analysis of covariance method similar to the one described in Section 4.4.3.1.
The peak angle value indicates the magnitude of the loss modulus value.
Small peak angle value indicates that the mixture's loss modulus is small. Small
loss modulus value means that the mixture's storage modulus is large and the
mixture is stiff.
Therefore, small peak angle value relates to mixture's
susceptibility to thermal fatigue and large peak angle value relates to mixture's
susceptibility to permanent deformation.
73
4.5
SUMMARY
A pneumatic test systems to perform DMA test was developed. The
computer software to perform DMA test was also described in this chapter, which
included the equipment control and data processing. Data analysis using the
complex modulus and phase angle equations simplifies the analysis of DMA data
on asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
74
5.0 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
In this chapter, experimental data from the pneumatic and hydraulic test
systems are presented. The results from the two systems are compared. The data
collected from aged specimens are presented. Analysis results on aged asphaltaggregate mixtures are discussed.
5.1
COMPARISON BETWEEN PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC TEST
SYSTEMS
5.1.1
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Results
Five specimens were dynamically tested using the pneumatic and hydraulic
test systems. Three of these specimens were mixed using aggregate RD and
asphalt AAA-1 and the other two specimens were mixtures from Washington site
6049. The specimens from Washington site 6049 were prepared as part of the
field validation test program (Bell et al., 1992c). These specimens were randomly
selected for the comparison study between the two test systems. Table 5.1 shows
the testing temperatures for each specimen. The loading sequence was from 15
to 0.01 Hz. The tests were performed from the coldest temperature to the
warmest temperature.
Specimens tested at 0°C were cooled in the 0°C environmental cabinet. A
control specimen with an imbedded thermocouple was used to monitor the
temperature of the specimens. Once the control specimen reached the test
temperature, all of the specimens were ready to be tested. Tests were performed
on all specimens at 0°C using the pneumatic test system, followed by testing using
the hydraulic test system. After the tests at 0°C were completed, the specimens
were placed in the 25°C environmental cabinet. A control specimen was used to
75
Table 5.1. Test Temperatures for the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test
Systems.
Specimen
Number of Tests at Each Temperature
0°C
25°C
40°C
7W6049
--
4
--
6049W25
1
1
--
3ADMS
1
1
1
4ADMS
1
1
1
6ADMS
1
1
1
Note: -- = no specimen tested at this temperature.
76
monitor the temperature of the specimens. Once the control specimen reached
the second test temperature, the specimens were tested on both the pneumatic
and hydraulic test systems. After the tests at 25°C were completed, the specimens
were placed in an environmental cabinet set at 40°C. Again, a control specimen
was used to monitor the temperature of the specimens. Once the specimens
reached 40°C, they were tested on the pneumatic and hydraulic test systems.
Data were collected and processed from both test systems. The complex
modulus and phase angle results for the pneumatic and hydraulic test systems are
tabulated in Table F-7. Figures 5.1-5.5 summarize the results for the tests
performed at 0, 25, and 40°C. Figure 5.1 illustrates the repeatability of tests
performed at 25°C using the pneumatic and hydraulic test systems. Four tests
were performed using specimen 7W6049 at 25°C on both test systems.
The complex modulus curves in Figures 5.2-5.5 were shifted using the
computer program SHIFFP to produce the master curve for each specimen tested
on each test system.
These master curves were fitted using the non-linear
regression procedure to produce the complex modulus and phase angle
parameters. These parameters are tabulated in Tables 5.2 and 5.3, respectively.
The master curves for the specimens mixed with aggregate RD and asphalt AAA-1
and tested on the pneumatic and hydraulic test systems are shown in Figures
5.6-5.8. Figure 5.9 shows a plot of the combined master curves for the three
specimens. The phase angle curves are shown in Figure 5.10.
5.1.2
Discussion of the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Results
Figure 5.1 shows that the dynamic test for both systems is repeatable. The
average standard deviation of the pneumatic data for all loading frequencies is 1.5
percent, and the average standard deviation of the hydraulic data for all loading
77
Pneu.
Hyd.
2,000
*(75
' 1,000
(I)
D
-0
500
0
x
200
E
100
a)
o
U
20
0.01 0.03
0.1
0.3
1
3
10
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 5.1. Complex Modulus for Specimen 7W6049 at 25°C.
Coil?pler itioctolos
for
at 0 eik, 2S°C.
79
Figure 5.3. Cun/p/ex Modulus for Specimen 3401VIS at 0, 25, and 40°C.
80
S.4. Coinpiex Atodiriks
for
4.4414 at 0, 2S, earl 40t:
Specimen
81
Pig Ore S.S.
Table 5.2. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters for the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems.
Sample
Test System
a
b
xo
Yo
3ADMS
Pneumatic
-0.6933
-0.3412
-0.7852
2.4010
3ADMS
Hydraulic
-0.4564
-0.8596
-1.0697
2.4910
4ADMS
Pneumatic
-0.8091
-0.3494
-0.4450
2.5656
4ADMS
Hydraulic
-0.4625
-0.8859
-0.3230
2.7270
6ADMS
Pneumatic
-0.4964
-0.5991
-0.9394
2.6118
6ADMS
Hydraulic
-0.4168
-1.0319
-0.6748
2.6663
Average
Pneumatic
-0.6663
-0.4299
-0.7232
2.5261
Average
Hydraulic
-0.4412
-0.9258
-0.6892
2.6281
Table 5.3. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters for the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems.
Phase Angle Peak
Sample
Test
System
a
3ADMS
Pneumatic
28.5385
-3.8245
-2.6128
0.3053
3ADMS
Hydraulic
39.9315
-6.9103
-2.8922
4ADMS
Pneumatic
29.7620
-0.1104
4ADMS
Hydraulic
41.3306
6ADMS
Pneumatic
6ADMS
Hydraulic
b
c
d
e
log x
(Hz)
x (Hz)
y (deg.)
0.2179
-0.703
0.20
29.9
0.4931
0.1347
-1.026
0.09
43.6
-1.5713
0.0050
0.0372
-0.035
0.92
29.8
-0.2988
-2.1862
-0.0296
0.0642
-0.068
0.85
41.3
29.4319
-3.8157
-1.5130
0.0867
0.0538
-1.268
0.05
31.8
38.1907
-1.6709
-2.0373
0.0971
0.0860
-0.404
0.34
38.5
84
MASTER STIFFNESS CURVE
5,000
Aggregate RD
Asphalt AAA-1
(7) 2,000 Trans. Temp. 25 C
._..
1,000
Sample 3ADMS
500
200
100
50
2010e-4
10e-2
100
TRANSFORMED FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
10,000
Figure 5.6. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Master Curves for Specimen 3ADMS.
85
MASTER STIFFNESS CURVE
5,000
*(7)
2,000
_Y
`,....-/
Cl)
D
_i
D
Sample 4ADMS
1,000
0
o
500
xw
200
_J
a_
100
o
o
50
20
10e-4
10e-2
100
TRANSFORMED FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
10,000
Figure 5.7. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Master Curves for Specimen 4ADMS.
86
MASTER STIFFNESS CURVE
5,000
*iii 2,000
;)
D
___I
D
c)
1,000
500
o
xw
cl_
2
00
2M
100
50
2010e-4
10e-2
100
TRANSFORMED FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
10,000
Figure 5.8. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Master Curves for Specimen 6ADMS.
87
MASTER STIFFNESS CURVE
5,000
.7)2,000
01,000
_J
0 500
200
a_
100
50
20
10e-4
10e-2
1
100
TRANSFORMED FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 5.9. Combined Master Curves for All Specimens.
10,000
88
PHASE ANGLE CURVE
60
50
----,
0
..__..
LL
40
___,
z 30
<
i
L_Li
(f)
20
a_
10
0
10e-4 10e-2
100
10,000
TRANSFORMED FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
Figure 5.10. Combined Plot of Phase Angle Curves.
89
frequencies is 5 percent. The average standard deviation was the average of the
standard deviation values of the complex modulus (MPa)(ksi) at each loading
frequency divided by the average complex modulus at the loading frequency for
each test system. These values are small, considering that the percent error
accepted for these tests is about 10 percent.
Table 5.4 shows the average percent difference between the pneumatic and
hydraulic test systems calculated for all loading frequencies. The percent
difference was calculated by taking the difference between the two systems'
complex moduli divided by the hydraulic system's complex modulus. The percent
difference values for all loading frequencies were averaged to calculate the
average percent difference. Each average percent difference was calculated for
each specimen at each test temperature. The mean value of the average percent
difference is about 20 percent, except for specimens 3ADMS and 4ADMS tested
at 25°C, which were 48 and 36 percent, respectively.
The average percent
difference at 25°C is higher than the average percent difference at 0 or 40°C.
Figures 5.2-5.5 also show that the difference between complex moduli is greater
at high frequencies, especially at 25°C. This is due to the compressibility of the
air used in the pneumatic test system. Air is more compressible than the oil in
the hydraulic test system. As the test temperature increases, the compressibility
of air also increases. The degree of air compressibility determines the response
time of the pneumatic cylinder. Response time is the time required for the piston
to compress the air in the cylinder before the cylinder starts to apply the load to
the specimen. Therefore, as the compressibility of air increases, the response time
of the pneumatic cylinder also increases. This is illustrated clearly by Figures
5.2-5.5, especially for tests performed at 25°C. At high loading frequencies, the
time required to compress the air to produce the required load is greater than the
loading time; thus, the pneumatic cylinder could not produce the set load. Hence,
the load applied during high frequency loading is less than the load applied during
90
Table 5.4. Average Percent Difference of Complex Modulus for the
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems.
Specimen
Average Percent Difference
0°C
7W6049
25°C
40°C
20
6049W25
20
23
3ADMS
27
48
17
4ADMS
20
36
25
6ADMS
8
16
14
AVERAGE
19
29
19
91
low frequency loading. Therefore, the calculated complex modulus at high
frequency is lower for the pneumatic test system, as Figure 5.10 shows.
Tests performed at 0°C show more deviation in the high frequency region
than in the low frequency region.
As the test temperature increases, the
differences between the two systems also increase, especially in the high frequency
region. However, the tests performed at 40°C have less deviation than the tests
performed at 25°C. This is because the load required for the test at 40°C is much
lower than for the test at 25°C, since the initial test load is the load required to
induce 25 A-strain on the specimen at 1 Hz. Therefore, the response time to
produce the required load at 40°C is less, which decreases the deviation between
the two test systems at 40°C.
The pneumatic master curves shown in Figure 5.9 are flatter than the
hydraulic master curves. The differences between complex moduli obtained at low
frequencies (high temperatures) are smaller than the differences in the high
frequency region, which were contributed by the greater deviations at 25°C. These
differences are shown in Figure 5.10.
Table 5.2 shows that the average of parameter a for the pneumatic test
system is higher than the average a for the hydraulic test system. As the a value
increases, the master curve expands alongs the vertical axis (y-axis). High a values
increase the slope of the master curve at the inflection point. This trend is shown
in Figures 5.6-5.9.
The average parameter b for the hydraulic test system is higher than the
average parameter b for the pneumatic test system. As the b value increases, the
master curve shrinks alongs the horizontal axis (x-axis), increasing the master
curve's slope at the inflection point. This trend is illustrated in Figures 5.6-5.9.
92
The combined phase angle curves are shown in Figure 5.10. The curves
have been fitted using the fourth-order polynomial equation. The phase angle
parameters, calculated peak angles, and peak frequencies are tabulated in Table
5.3. The hydraulic peak angles are higher than the pneumatic peak angles, due
to the compressibility property of air, which increases the response time and
decreases the pneumatic cylinder's loading time. When the piston's response time
is greater than the loading time, the piston does not have enough time to apply
the set load to the specimen. As smaller loads are applied to the specimen, the
strains produced are lower and the phase angle lags are smaller, which apparently
shows that the specimen is more elastic. This phenomenon is shown in Figure
5.10, where the the pneumatic system peak angles are lower than the hydraulic
peak angles. The peak frequency for both systems occurred between 0.05 Hz and
0.92 Hz. It does not appear that the test systems have any influence on the peak
frequency of the phase angle curve.
5.2
AGING OF ASPHALT-AGGREGATE MIXTURES
5.2.1
Aging Test Results
Dynamic mechanical tests were performed on asphalt-aggregate mixtures
as described in the test program (Section 3.3). Data were collected for unaged,
short-term aged, and long-term aged specimens. Dynamic tests were performed
on each specimen both after the short-term oven aging and after the long-term
aging.
Tests were also performed on the unaged specimens. Four long-term
procedures were considered in the test program: 1) long-term oven aging for five
days at 85°C, 2) long-term oven aging for two days at 100°C, 3) low pressure
oxidation for five days at 60°C, and 4) low pressure oxidation for five days at 85°C.
Three test temperatures were used, 0, 25, and 40°C. The loading frequencies were
15, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, and 0.01 Hz.
93
Data collected at each test temperature were processed and the complex
moduli and phase angles were calculated. Master curves were produced using the
computer program SHIFTY, which transformed all of the test data at 0 and 40°C
to a standard temperature of 25°C. The master curve data were processed using
SAS procedures to produce the complex modulus and phase angle parameters.
The complex modulus master stiffness and phase angle curves are included in
Appendix G. The calculated parameters are tabulated in Appendices H and I.
The complex modulus parameters were analyzed using the analysis of covariance
(ANOVA) in SAS. The statistical analysis procedure was described in Section
The summary of the analysis of covariance on the complex modulus
parameters is tabulated in Table 5.5. Table 5.5 also tabulates the significant
4.4.3.
variables from the analysis of covariance on the peak angle and peak frequency
for the phase angle curves. The significant variables are tabulated by order of
significance, where the first variable is the most significant and the seventh is the
least significant.
The final statistical model for the analyses is included in
Appendix J.
Figures 5.11-5.14 show the calculated complex modulus parameters for all
of the asphalt-aggregate mixtures tested. Each figure consists of four plots of the
parameters a and b and the inflection point coordinates xo and yo, separated by the
mixtures' aggregate type. Each plot is sorted by asphalt type.
Figures 5.15 and 5.16 are plots of peak frequency and peak angle separated
by aggregate type. Each figure consists of four plots sorted by the asphalt type.
Table 5.5. Significant Variables for Complex Modulus Parameters, Peak Frequency, and Peak Angle.
Phase Angle
Complex Modulus Parameters
Factor
a
b
xo
Yo
Peak
Frequency
Peak Angle
(degree)
(Hz)
aggregate
3
asphalt
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
1
3
1
5
6
2
2
4
5
7
4
6
7
aggregate*asphalt
aging
2
1
aggregate*aging
4
3
asphalt*aging
4
aggregate*asphalt*aging
Note: Scale of significance:
2
5
1
7
most significant
least significant
2
95
0
Aggregate RC
0
stga
Aggregate RD
unwed
Itoa2/ 100
0
0.4
(1.>
0.
A
0
9
A
IpoV85
IpoW60
IpoW60
ItoaV85
Ito1/85
`
A
A
0.4
A
o
O
0
0
al
00_ 0.6
Itoa2(21 100
0.2
IpoV85
0.2
A
0
(2.
4
0
0.6
A
0.8
0.8
- 1
MA-1 MT-1 IkAl< -1
MO-1 M6-1 WA-1
AAA-1
AW-1 NW-1
NO-1 N4-1 NW-1
Asphalt Type
Asphalt Type
0
Aggregate RH
0.2
0
stpa
Aggregate RJ
uniged
Itoa2/ 100
Ipo1/85
IpoW60
IpoW60
ItoaV85
0.4
0.4
15
0
15
0
c) 0.6
stga
uniged
Itoa21100
IpoV85
0.2
Ito1/85
o
stga
unged
E
-o
a_
0.6
A
2
6o
A
0.8
0.8
1
MA-1 NW-1 MM -1
MO-1 NW -1
Asphalt Type
AAA-
MT-1
AUK -1
MO-1 M4-1 MW -1
Asphalt Type
Figure 5.11. Complex Modulus Parameter a for All Aggregates.
96
0
Aggregate RC
0.5
unwed
Itoo21100
IpoW85
IpoW60
0
Aggregate RD
0.5
A
A
ItooV85
I
0
spa
2
.0
4
q9a
unwed
Itoa21100
IpoW85
IpoW60
ItoaW85
O
0
1
1
*
A
0
1.5
*
*
*
AM - 1
AAA- 1
1.5
MK - 1
-AAA- 1
MD -1 MG -1 MM -1
Aggregate RH
Asphalt Type
qi)o
unwed
ltoa21100
IpoW85
IpoW60
0.5
MK -1
AAF- 1
MD -1 MG -1 MM -1
Asphalt Type
0
4
*
0
Aggregate RJ
st90
unwed
Roc:0,2(100
IpoW85
0.5
Itoai/85
IpoV60
O 0
O O
ltoaW85
in,
1
0
*
*
1.5
2
*
*
*
1.5
I
I
MF- 1 AAM- 1
MD- 1 AAK - 1
AAA- 1
Asphalt Type
*
7 I
-AM- 1
AAF- 1
MK -1
MD -1 MG- 1 MM -1
Asphalt Type
Figure 5.12. Complex Modulus Parameter b for All Aggregates.
97
1
1
Aggregate RC
sWa
Aggregate RD
unwed
lb::121100
0
0
0
Ipo%/85
Ipo%(60
Itoa;/85
O
Ipo85
4
11)(1/60
-0
Itoc1/85
A
1
0
0
02
*A o
E
0
L
E
0
3
O
2
4MA-1
MA-1
MF- 1
AAK- 1
MD-1 MG-1
MM -1
MM -1
MG -1
Asphalt Type
1
1
Aggregate RH
stRa
Aggregate RJ
unwed
Itoa21100
0
* p
01/85
-A
ipo%/60
Itoa;/85
0
1
0
Ipo%/85
4)(11(60
0
O
3
AAF - 1
AAM - 1
MK- 1
Asphalt Type
8
0
A
3
1
unwed
Itoc;/85
2
MD -1
4
O
2
AAA-
stEa
It0021100
21
g
0
0
MK-1
AAF - 1
MD-1
Asphalt Type
0
x
O
3
4
0
A. g.
.o
A
A0
a)
sWa
uniged
Itoa21100
4MA-1
PAF - 1
MD-1
AAK - 1
MG- 1
MM- 1
Asphalt Type
Figure 5.13. Complex Modulus Parameter xo for All Aggregates.
98
3
Aggregate RC
2.8
3
spa
Aggregate RD
unged
Itoa2/100
IpoW85
Ipo§/60
ItooW85
0
Itoo2r/ 100
ItooV85
*
0
2.4
A
o
2.2
2MA-
AAF - 1
1
MD -1
A
0
* *0
0
A
-0
#A *
4'6 2.4
0
2.6
8
a_
Ipo1/85
Ipo§/60
2.8
0>-
>- 2.6
sq)ci
uncliged
2MA-
MM-
Aggregate RH
AAK - 1
MM-
MG -1
Asphalt Type
3
sqx,
unved
Aggregate RJ
Itoa2/100
Ipo1/85
IpoW60
2.8
AAF - 1
1
MD -1
Asphalt Type
3
A
2.2
AAK - 1
MG -1
°- -A-
A
Itoo2r/ 100
IpoW85
2.8
IpoV60
Itoq/85
0
stga
wigged
ItoaW85
0
>- 2.6
>- 2.6
0
A
E
0
t 2.4 o gs
a_
a
0
A
A
*
0
'45
2.2
ti 2.4 0
a.
2.2
2AAA
-1
AAF -1
AAD-1
AAK
AAM -1
-1
Asphalt Type
0
A *
A
0
2t-
6
2
*
A
2ay.
-I
NW-1 NW-1
NO-1 M6-1 MM -1
Asphalt Type
Figure 5.14. Complex Modulus Parameter yo for All Aggregates.
99
1
1
Aggregate RC
1
*
*
0
Ipo%/85
Ipo%/60
a
0
Roc4/85
A
*
C
O
Roc1/85
*
0O
L
2
A
0
A
A
4
lL
0
(1)
0rn
sa
unwed
Itoa21100
A
Ipo%/85
Ipo%(60
N
Aggregate RD
.
unved
Itoa21100
0
I
sisa
A
2t
0
O
A
0
3
0
_J
4
4
0
5
5
Am-1
MT-1
Md< 1
MO-1
AAG 1 AJW-1
Am-1
MT-1
AAK
NO-1 AAG 1 MW
Asphalt Type
Asphalt Type
1
1
.*Aggregate RH
0 A
unved
Itoo21100
*
Aggregate RJ
slE°
0
Ipo /85
N
o
1
A
A
o2
A.
8
Ipo%/85
Ipo%/60
*
Itoa;/85
A
unved
Itoa21100
IpoW60
V
stsla
Roci/85
0
A
0
A
O
O
O
0
0
$
aa) _3
0
CD
0
4
4
5
MA-1
MT-1 M11-1
MO-1 MK -1
Asphalt Type
5
AM 1
ME -1
MK 1
MD -1
MG -1
MM -1
Asphalt Type
Figure 5.15. Phase Angle Peak Frequency for All Aggregates.
100
50
50
stga
stc)a
unwed
unwed
Roo2c(100
40
*
A
*
a)
L
5;30
0
0
A
o
*
A
1 'A
Roa2c(100
IpoV85
IpoW60
ItoaV85
2
*
40
'A
A
a)
Ipo85
A
0
0
A
A
Ipo%/60
Roo;/85
T30
CI
-0
4)
rn
20
20
0
10
10
Aggregate RC
AM-1
AW -1
MO-1
Aggregate RD
MA-1
AW -1
AW -1
NO-1
M4-1
MW -1
AAK -1
M4-1
MM -1
Asphalt Type
50
Asphalt Type
50
sioa
stgo
unwed
*
0
Roo2c(100
40
n
4)
(1)
o
4
A
1
L
O
IpoW85
A
rn
20
0
0
r 30
cr,
A
0
a)
-o
Ipo%/60
A
-2 A
-o
Roo2c1100
*
L
F30
*
0
40
4)0;4/85
Ipo%/60
Roa;/85.
unwed
*
20
0
10
10
,Aggregate RH
(DAAA-1
Aw -1
MO-1
MW -1
AAK -1
Asphalt Type
Aggregate RJ
0
AAA-1
AW -1
NO-1
AAK -1
MO-1
MW -1
Asphalt Type
Figure 5.16. Phase Angle Peak Angle for All Aggregates.
Roa/85
101
5.2.2
Discussion of the Aging Test Results
Statistical analyses using the ANOVA method were performed on all of the
complex modulus parameters and on the phase angle curve's peak angle and peak
frequency.
52.2.1
Complex Modulus Parameter a
The analysis of covariance result on the complex modulus parameter a is
shown in Table 5.5. The significant variables are aggregate, asphalt, aging,
aggregate*aging, and aggregate *asphalt *aging. The most significant variables are
asphalt, aging and aggregate. The asphalt variable is the most significant, since
the average a value for mixtures with the same asphalt type is different than the
average a value for all mixtures. The absolute a values for aggregate RC are
smaller than the absolute a values for all other aggregate types, as shown in
Figure 5.11. Smaller a values means that the height of the master curves for
aggregate RC mixtures is shorter, which indicates that the change in complex
modulus from low frequency to high frequency is small. Figures in Appendix G
also illustrate this behavior.
The aging variable is also significant. The absolute value of parameter a
increases as the aging severity increases, from the short-term aging to long-term
aging, although the increase in parameter a depends on the aggregate and asphalt
types. The absolute value of a for the unaged specimens is smaller than the
absolute value of a for short-term aged and long-term aged specimens, as Figure
5.11 shows. Larger a values mean that the master curve is taller, which increases
the slope of the master curve at the inflection point. An increase in a indicates
that a specimen becomes stiffer as it is aged.
102
5.2.2.2
Complex Modulus Parameter b
The analysis of covariance result on complex modulus parameter b is shown
in Table 5.5.
The most significant variables are aging, aggregate, and
aggregate*aging. As the aging severity increases (Figure 5.12), the absolute value
of b decreases. The reduction in b varies with the asphalt and aggregate types.
The decrease in b indicates that the master curve expands on the horizontal axis,
producing a flatter master curve. When the aging severity increases, the asphalt-
aggregate mixture becomes stiffer and the complex moduli at low frequencies
increase, as the figures in Appendix G show. The values of b vary for different
aggregate types.
This demonstrates the importance of aggregate type in
determining the behavior of asphalt-aggregate mixture properties.
5.2.2.3
Complex Modulus Parameters xo and yo
The parameters x0 and yo represent the coodinates of the master curve's
inflection point. The analysis of covariance was performed on both parameters.
The most significant variables for parameter xo are aggregate, aging, asphalt, and
asphalt*aging. The most significant variables for parameter yo are asphalt, aging,
and aggregate.
Figure 5.13 shows that parameter x0 varies with aggregate type. This means
that the inflection point changes with aggregate type. Figure 5.13 also shows that
parameter xo becomes more negative as the aging severity increases. As xo
becomes more negative, the inflection point moves towards the lower frequency
region (higher temperature), which indicates the mixture becomes stiffer as aging
severity increases. Figures in Appendix G illustrate this trend, as the aging
severity increases for all asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
103
Parameter yo varies with aggregate, asphalt, and aging type. There is no
typical trend shown in Figure 5.14 for parameter yo. This is because the inflection
point moves vertically or horizontally and the shape of the master curve changes
with the different types of asphalt, aggregate, and aging. The parameters a, b, and
xo have greater influence in describing the shape of the master curve than does
parameter yo. This reduces the significance of parameter yo.
5.2.2.4
Peak Frequency and Peak Angle
The peak angle is the angle at which the phase angle curve reaches its
maximum point. The peak frequency is the frequency at which the phase angle
curve reaches its maximum point. The statistical analysis on peak angle and peak
frequency showed that all of the variables were significant. The most significant
variables for peak angle are aggregate, aging and asphalt, while the most
significant variables for peak frequency are asphalt, aging, and aggregate. Figure
5.15 shows that the peak frequency decreases as the aging severity increases. The
peak frequency value varies with different aggregate types. The change in peak
frequency values after agings also varies with different aggregate types. The peak
frequency values move toward the lower frequency region as the aging severity
increases, which indicates that the mixture becomes stiffer as it is aged.
The peak angle varies with asphalt, aging, and aggregate type. Figure 5.16
shows that the peak angle decreases as the aging severity increases. This indicates
the asphalt-aggregate mixture becomes stiffer as the aging severity increases. The
difference in peak angle before and after the long-term aging also varies with
asphalt and aggregate type. From the observations above, the peak angle, the
peak angle difference before and after aging, and the change of peak frequency
104
may be good indicators of aging for asphalt-aggregate mixtures. These trends are
shown in the figures of phase angle curves for all asphalt-aggregate mixtures after
aging.
5.3
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND USE OF DMA
The simplified analysis method can analyze the DMA test results and
describe the viscoelastic behavior of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The graphical
transformation method described in Section 4.3.2 was the same method used by
Tayebali (1990) and Alavi (1992) to describe their DMA results. These analysis
methods could be used by agencies to predict asphalt-aggregate mixtures
performance.
The DMA tests outlined in this thesis have been performed on a 12-hourday schedule which is longer than the regular eight-hour-day working schedule.
The DMA test may be simplified by testing at two different test temperatures.
For example, a specimen could be prepared and conditioned at the first test
temperature overnight, DMA tested for 25 minutes, conditioned at the second test
temperature for about 31/2-hours, and tested again at the second temperature for
another 25 minutes. In this manner, a complete DMA could be performed during
an eight-hour-day schedule.
The two test temperatures should be selected such that the complex
modulus results at both temperatures can overlap between one another when they
are transformed into master curve. If the resulting master curve determined does
not show the flattening shape at low and high frequency similar to those shown
in Appendix G, the tests may have to be performed at three different
temperatures as outlined in this thesis.
105
The DMA tests could also be expedited for production testing by allocating
a specific temperature cabinet and test system for each test temperature. For
example, three test systems set at three different test temperatures can expedite
DMA testing, while several temperature cabinets are used to condition asphalt-
aggregate specimens at different test temperatures.
This method would be
expensive initially because of the need to purchase three test systems. However,
it would expedite the testing and enable more specimens to be tested in an eighthour-day schedule.
In order to use the DMA data to correlate with the performance of
asphalt-aggregate mixtures, a statistical analysis may be required. This would
determine which of the dynamic moduli (complex modulus, storage modulus, or
loss modulus), complex modulus parameters, phase angle parameters, or their
relationships, show strong relationships between thermal cracking, fatigue, and
rutting of asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
The statistical analysis may require the use of the analysis of variance
(ANOVA), scatterplot, or Pearson correlation, which has been used by Coplantz
and Tayebali (1992) to analyze the flexural fatigue relationships between asphalt
binder and mixture properties. The relationships obtained from the statistical
analysis can be used to set the maximum and minimum limits of dynamic moduli
(complex modulus, storage modulus, or loss modulus), phase angle, or their
relationship to control thermal cracking, fatigue and rutting of asphalt-aggregate
mixtures using DMA test results.
Figure 5.17 illustrates possible limits for dynamic modulus and phase angle
to control thermal cracking, fatigue, and deformation.
Complex modulus
represents both the viscous and elastic components of asphalt-aggregate mixture
stiffness. From the results shown in Appendix G, the complex modulus of a
106
Upper limit to control thermal
cracking and fatigue
Lower limit to
control deformation
frequency
limit for thermal cracking and fatigue
Limits for
deformation
frequency
Figure 5.17. Limits for Dynamic Modulus and Phase Angle to Control
Thermal Cracking, Fatigue, and Deformation.
107
specimen increases as it is aged. This shows that the specimen loses its viscous
component (loss modulus) and increases its elastic component (storage modulus).
High elastic component (storage modulus) means the specimen becomes more
brittle as it is aged, and the specimen is more susceptible to thermal cracking and
fatigue failure. A maximum limit of complex modulus or storage modulus at a
certain high frequency value could serve as a limit to control thermal cracking and
fatigue because this value represents the mixture's elastic behavior at very cold
temperature or at very fast loading time which is susceptible to thermal cracking
and fatigue. Similarly, a minimum limit of complex modulus or loss modulus at
a certain low frequency value could serve as a lower limit to control deformation
at warm temperature or at very long loading time because this value represents
the mixture's viscous behavior which relates to deformation.
A range of frequency limits for phase angle peak may also serve as a
control for thermal cracking, fatigue, and deformation since phase angle value
represents the amount of viscous and elastic components of the mixture's stiffness.
Possible limits are illustrated in Figure 5.17. The maximum peak angle may also
serve as a control for deformation since high peak angle indicates that the viscous
component is high, which means that the specimen potentially more susceptible
to deformation. These maximum and minimum limits could be used in an asphalt-
aggregate mixture specification for application in the field.
5.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS
The analysis of the test results shows that the complex modulus parameters
and the peak frequency and peak angle vary with asphalt, aggregate, and aging
type. The plots of master and phase angle curves (Appendix G) also show that
the unaged, short-term aging, and long-term aging master curves vary with asphalt
and aggregate type, which strongly suggests that the effect of aging varies with the
108
different type of asphalts and aggregates.
Therefore, the aging of asphalt-
aggregate mixtures using short-term oven aging only may not necessarily predict
its long-term performance in the field.
109
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1
CONCLUSIONS
The objectives of this study were to develop a simplified pneumatic and a
hydraulic test systems to perform dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing, to
evaluate the performance of the pneumatic and hydraulic test systems using the
computer software developed to perform DMA tests, and to develop a simplified
method to evaluate the experimental data obtained from DMA tests on aged
asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
To achieve these objectives, a simplified pneumatic test system was
developed to perform DMA testing. Computer software was also developed to
perform DMA testing on both the simplified pneumatic test system and the
hydraulic test system. DMA tests were performed on both test systems to
compare their performances. DMA tests were also performed on aged asphaltaggregate mixtures to evaluate the application of the simplified method to analyze
the DMA test results. The major conclusions resulting from this study are
presented below:
1.
DMA test results for the aged asphalt-aggregate mixtures using the
hydraulic test system were obtained. The test results were analyzed using the
simplified analysis method developed in this thesis.
The simplified method
summarized the results of each specimen tested at three temperatures into four
complex modulus and five phase angle parameters. These parameters were able
to describe the shapes of the master stiffness and phase angle curves of aged
asphalt-aggregate mixtures.
110
2.
The complex modulus parameters were able to distinguish between
the different asphalt-aggregate mixtures and the aging methods performed on the
aged specimens.
3.
The complex modulus parameter a varies with asphalt, aging, and
aggregate type. The absolute value of a increases as the aging severity increases.
When the absolute value of a increases, the master curve becomes taller and the
master curve's slope at the inflection point increases. An increase in a indicates
that a specimen becomes stiffer as it is aged.
4.
The complex modulus parameter b varies with aging and aggregate
type. The absolute value of b decreases as the aging severity increases. The
change in b varies with asphalt and aggregate type. When the absolute value of
b decreases, the master curve becomes flatter as the aging severity increases,
which means that a specimen's stiffness has increased.
5.
The complex modulus parameters xo and yo vary with asphalt, aging,
and aggregate type. Parameter xo decreases as the aging severity increases. As
x0 becomes more negative, the inflection point moves toward the lower frequency
(high temperature) region, which indicates the mixture's stiffness has increased.
There is no typical trend shown by parameter yo because parameters a, b, and xo
have greater influence in describing the master curve's shape than does parameter
yo. This reduces the significance of parameter yo.
6.
The phase angle parameters were reduced into two variables, peak
frequency and peak angle. The peak frequency and peak angle vary with the
different aging methods performed on each asphalt-aggregate mixture. As the
severity of aging increases, the peak frequency and peak angle decrease. The
change in peak frequency and peak angle vary with the asphalt-aggregate mixture
111
and aging treatment. Therefore, the complex modulus parameters and the peak
frequency and peak angle may be good indicators to describe how a master curve's
shape which varies with asphalt, aggregate, and aging type.
7.
The results from the pneumatic and hydraulic test two systems show
that there is about a 20 percent difference between the results collected from the
two systems, especially at high loading frequencies. This is due to the
compressibility of the air used in the pneumatic test system. Air is more
compressible than the oil used in the hydraulic test system. The compressibility
of air is greater at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures. At high
loading frequencies, the loading time is very small.
The time required to
compress the air in the pneumatic cylinder is greater than the set loading time,
which results in a smaller load than desired being applied to the specimen. At
higher temperatures, the response time of the pneumatic cylinder is greater, which
decreases the amount of load applied to the test specimen. The smaller load
applied to the specimen caused the response strain to be smaller and the phase
angle difference between the load and the response strain to be smaller. Small
phase angles indicate that a specimen is more elastic.
8.
The application of the pneumatic test system to perform dynamic
testing should be limited to low frequencies ( < 2 Hz), low temperatures ( < 25°C),
and low load ( < 454 kg (1000 lbs)) applications unless the pneumatic cylinder can
be modified by increasing the response time of the pneumatic cylinder to match
the response time of the hydraulic cylinder. This can be done by either reducing
the volume of air in the pneumatic cylinder or by substituting other less
compressible mediums such as water or oil for the air.
112
6.2
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND USE OF
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
Based on the results presented in this study, it is recommended that:
1.
The simplified pneumatic test system be modified to improve its
response time. This can be achieved by substituting less compressible liquids such
as water or oil for the air in the pneumatic cylinder, and by modifying the
computer software to include the loading frequency and temperature changes.
2.
The results from the simplified method should be correlated with the
data collected from the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST). The
TSRST was developed at Oregon State University under the SHRP A-003A
contract as an accelerated laboratory test to evaluate the thermal or low
temperature cracking resistance of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. This test
investigates the relationships between the fracture temperatures and the complex
moduli, loading frequencies, peak frequencies, and peak angles. It is possible that
the fracture temperature for asphalt-aggregate mixtures can be predicted using the
master stiffness curve by knowing the fracture stiffness and calculating the fracture
loading frequency. The fracture loading frequency could be transformed into the
fracture temperature using the time-temperature superposition principle.
3.
The master stiffness curve presented in this thesis is not the only
method to describe DMA test results.
The isochronal curve described by
Christensen and Anderson (1992) can also be used to describe DMA test results.
An isochronal curve is a plot of complex modulus versus temperature, instead of
frequency, which shows the change of complex modulus with test temperatures at
a selected loading frequency. To develop an isochronal curve, tests at more than
113
three test temperatures are required to enable a well define curve to be
constructed.
4.
A radial strain measurement can be added to the test systems to
calculate poisson's ratio, which describes the lateral and radial movement of
asphalt-aggregate mixtures, to investigate the poisson's ratio change due to the
different test temperatures and loading frequencies.
5.
The simplified analysis method can analyze DMA test results to
describe the viscoelastic behavior of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The graphical
transformation method described in Section 4.3.2 is the same method used by
Tayebali (1990) and Alavi (1992) to describe their DMA results. These analysis
methods can be used by agencies to predict the asphalt-aggregate mixtures
performance. In order to correlate the complex modulus and phase angle values
to fatigue and rutting, a statistical analysis may be required to determine the
relationship between dynamic moduli, phase angle and their
parameters. The resulting relationships can be used to set maximum and
significant
minimum limits of dynamic moduli, phase angle, or their relationship to predict
fatigue and rutting and use it in an asphalt-aggregate mixtures specification.
6.
The DMA test procedures described in this thesis can be simplified
by testing at two different test temperatures. These test temperatures should be
selected such that the complex modulus results at both temperatures can overlap
between one another when they are transformed into master curve. If the results
fail to overlap, the test cannot be simplified and three or more test temperatures
will be required. The DMA tests can also be expedited for production testing by
allocating a specific temperature cabinet and test system for each test
temperature.
114
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Al-Swailmi, S. H. (1992), "Development of A Test Procedure for Water Sensitivity
of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures," Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University.
Alavi, S. H. (1992), "Viscoelastic and Permanent Deformation Characteristics of
Asphalt-Aggregate Mixes Tested as Hollow Cylinders and Subjected to Dynamic
Axial and Shear Loads," Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
ASTM (1988), "1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards," Vol. 04.03, Road and
Paving Materials, Traveled Surface Characteristics, American Society for Testing
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Auslander, D. M., Takahashi, Y. and Rabins, M. J. (1974), Introducing Systems and
Control, Mc Graw Hill, Inc.
Bell, C. A. (1989), "Summary Report on Aging of Asphalt-Aggregate Systems,"
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Bell, C. A., AbWahab, Y., and Cristi, M. E. (1990), "Laboratory Aging of Asphalt-
Aggregate Mixtures," Serviceability and Durability of Construction Materials,
Proceedings, First Materials Engineering Congress, American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE), pp. 254-282.
Bell, C. A., AbWahab, Y., and Cristi, M. E. (1991), "Investigation of Laboratory
Aging Procedures for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures," Transportation Research
Record 1323, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,
Washington, D.C., pp. 32-47.
Bell, C. A., AbWahab, Y., Kliewer, J., Sosnovske, D., and Wieder, A. (1992a),
"Aging of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures," Proccedings, 7th International Conference
on Asphalt Pavements: Design, Construction and Performance, Nottingham,
England, Vol. 2, pp. 1-15.
115
Bell, C. A., AbWahab, Y., Cristi, M. E., and Sosnovske, D. (1992b), "Final Report
on Selection of Laboratory Aging Procedures for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures,"
Strategic Highway Research Program TM-OSU-A003A-92-22, National Research
Council, Washington, D.C.
Bell, C. A., Wieder, A., and Fe llin, M. (1992c), "Selection of Laboratory Aging
Procedures for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures," TM-OSU-A003A-92-22, Final Task
Report to the Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C.
Bell, C. A. and Sosnovske, D. (1992), "Validation of A-002A Hypothesis for
Aging," Final Summary Report to SHRP: 92-24, Strategic Highway Research
Program, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Brodnyan, J. G. (1958), "Use of Rheological and Other Data in Asphalt
Engineering Problems," Highway Research Board Bulletin, No. 192, Highway
Research Board, pp. 1-19.
Christensen, D. W. and Anderson, D. A. (1991), "Rheological Evidence
Concerning the Molecular Architecture of Asphalt Cement," Proceedings,
International Symposium: Chemistry of Bitumens, Volume II, Rome, Italy, pp.
568-595.
Christensen, D. W. and Anderson, D. A. (1992), "Interpretation of Dynamic
Mechanical Test Data for Paving Grade Asphalt Cements," Journal of the
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Charleston, SC, Vol. 61, pp.67-116.
Coplantz, J. S. and Tayebali, A. A. (1992), "Statistical Analysis of Flexural Fatigue
Validation Testing," Strategic Highway Research Program TM-ARE-A003A-92-2,
National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Corbett, L. W. (1984), "Refinery Processing of Asphalt Cement," Transportation
Research Record 999, Transportation Research Board, National Research
Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 1-5.
Croney, D. (1977), "The Design and Performance of Road Pavements," Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England.
Dickinson, E. J. and Witt, H. P. (1974), "The Dynamic Shear Modulus of Paving
Asphalts as a Function of Frequency," Transaction of the Society of Rheology,
Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 591-606.
116
Dobson, G. R. (1967), "An Apparatus for Measuring the Dynamic Elastic
Properties of Bitumens," Journal of Scientific Instrumentation, Vol. 44, pp. 375378.
Dobson, G. R. (1969), 'The Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Bitumen,"
Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 38, pp. 123-139.
Ferry, J. D. (1980), Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
third edition.
Finn, F. (1967), "Factors Involved in the Design of Asphaltic Pavement Surfaces,"
National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 39, Highway Research
Board.
Goodrich, J. L. (1988), "Asphalt and Polymer Modified Asphalt Properties Related
to the Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixes," Proceedings, Association of
Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 57, pp. 116-175.
Goodrich, J. L. (1991), "Asphalt Binder Rheology, Asphalt Concrete Rheology and
Asphalt Mix Properties," Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologists, Seattle, WA., Vol. 60, pp.80-120.
Guan, L. and Ruth, B. E. (1990), "Asphalt Age Hardening -- Trends and
Predictions," Serviceability and Durability of Construction Materials, Proceedings,
First Materials Engineering Congress, American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), Denver, Colorado, pp. 263-272.
Krchma, L. C. and Gagle D. W. (1974), "A USA History of Asphalt Refined from
Crude Oil and Its Distribution," Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologists 50th Anniversary Historical Review, Vol. 43A, pp. 26-88.
Jackson, N. M. (1992), "Analysis of Thermal Fatigue Distress of Asphalt Concrete
Pavements," Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University.
Jongepier, R., and Kuilman, B. (1968), "Characteristics of the Rheology of
Bitumens," Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 38, pp.
98-122.
Mase, G. E. (1970), Theory and Problems of Continuum Mechanics, Schaum's
Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.
Metrabyte Corporation (1986), Dash-16/16F Manual, Metrabyte Corporation,
Taunton, MA.
117
Microsoft MS-DOS (1991), User's Guide and Reference, Version 5.0, Microsoft
Corporation, Redmond, WA.
Microsoft QuickBASIC (1988), Programming in BASIC, Version 4.5, Microsoft
Corporation, Redmond, WA.
Monismith, C. L., Alexander, R. L., and Secor, K. E. (1966), "Rheological
Behavior of Asphalt Concrete," Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologists, Vol. 35, pp. 400-450.
MTS Hardware Product Manual (1974), MTS System Corporation, Minneapolis,
Minnesota.
Pagen, C. A. (1965), "Rheological Response of Bituminous Concrete," Bituminous
Materials and Mixes, Highway Research Record No. 67, Highway Research Board,
pp. 1-26.
Papazian, H. S. (1962), "The Response of Linear Viscoelastic Materials in the
Frequency Domain with Emphasis on Asphaltic Concrete ," Proceedings,
International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 454-463.
Petersen, J. C. (1990), "Effects of Physical and Physicochemical Factors on Asphalt
Oxidative Aging," Serviceability and Durability of Construction Materials,
Proceedings, The First Materials Engineering Congress, American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE), Denver, Colorado, pp. 244-254.
Quinn-Curtis (1991), Real-Time Graphics and Measurement/Control Tools for
Microsoft/QuickC, Version 3.0, Needham, MA.
Reese, R. E. and Goodrich, J. L. (1993), "California Desert Test Road: A Step
Closer to Performance Based Specifications," Prepared for presentation at 1993
AAPT Technical Session, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
SAS/STAT User's Guide (1990), Volume 2, GLM-VARCOMP, Version 6, Vol.
2, Fourth Edition, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
SAS/STAT Users Guide (1991), Release 6.03 Edition, SAS Institute Inc., Cary,
NC.
Scholz, T. (1989), "Evaluation of Cold-In-Place Recycling of Asphalt Concrete
Pavements in Oregon," Master's thesis, Oregon State University.
118
Sousa, J. (1986), "Dynamic Properties of Pavement Materials," Ph.D. dissertation,
University of California, Berkeley.
Sousa, J. B. and Monismith, C. L. (1987), "Dynamic Response of Paving
Materials," Transportation Research Record 1136, Transportation Research Board,
National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 57-68.
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Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Tayebali, A. (1990), "Influence of Rheological Properties of Modified Asphalt
Binders on the Load-Deformation Characteristics of the Binder-Aggregate
Mixtures," Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
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of the Art," Transportation Research Record 999, Transportation Research Board,
National Research Council, Washington, D.C. pp. 31-36.
APPENDICES
119
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE PREPARATION PROTOCOL
120
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Test Specimens of Bituminous Mixtures
by Means of Laboratory Kneading Compaction
AASHTO DESIGNATION: T ###-YY
(ASTM DESIGNATION: D####-YY)
This document is the draft of a test method being developed by researchers at
Oregon State University for the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). The
information contained herein is considered interim in nature and future revisions are
expected. It is also recognized that this document may lack details with respect to the
test equipment (schematics, dimensions, etc.); more details will be provided after the
test procedure is finalized. This version represents the state of the test procedure as of
March 1, 1993
The test method is in a format similar to the test methods contained in the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO)
standard specifications. At the conclusion of SHRP, selected test methods will be
submitted to AASHTO for adoption into its standard specifications.
1.
SCOPE
1.1
This method describes the mixing and compaction procedures to
produce cylindrical specimens (approximately 101.6 mm in height x 101.6 mm in
diameter) of bituminous concrete in the laboratory by means of a mechanical
kneading compactor as it varies from ASTM D 1561-81a, Preparation of
Bituminous Mix Test Specimens by Means of California Kneading Compactor.
It also describes the procedure for determining the air void content of the
specimens obtained.
2.
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
2.1
AASHTO Test Methods:
T 11-85
Amount of Material Finer than 75-Am Sieve in
Aggregate
T 27-84
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
121
T 246-81
2.2
Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of
Bituminous Mixtures by Means of Hveem Apparatus
ASTM Test Methods:
C 117-90
Materials Finer than 75-Am (No. 200) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing
C 136-84a
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
D 1561-81a
Preparation of Bituminous Mix Test Specimens by
Means of California Kneading Compactor
D 2041-78
Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific
Gravity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures
D 2493-91
3.
Standard Viscosity Temperature Chart for Asphalts
APPARATUS
Miscellaneous Apparatus - In addition the apparatus required by
ASTM D 1561-81a, the following are required:
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
Digital thermometers with thermocouple probe
Parafilm (manufactured by American National Can Co., Greenwich,
CT)
4.
MATERIAL PREPARATION
Aggregate - Aggregate to be used for specimen preparation should
4.1
be prepared in accordance with AASHTO T-11 and T-27. After the aggregate has
dried to a constant weight, remove the aggregate from the oven, and cool to room
temperature. Then sieve into the separate size fractions necessary for accurately
recombining into test mixtures conforming with specified grading requirements.
4.2
Material quantities The appropriate amount of aggregate and
asphalt to give a 4 in. in height x 4 in. in diameter specimen at the appropriate air
void level. Recombine aggregate according to mix design information for the
particular mix being prepared. Aggregate for a single specimen will be stored in
a paper bag until time for mixing.
122
43
Breaking down asphalt cement - For asphalts supplied in 5 gal. (19
1) epoxy coated containers, it must first be heated to 135°C (275°F) in a forced
draft oven. The container should be loosely covered with a metal lid. This first
heating is to subdivide the 5 gal. (19 1) sample into smaller containers for
subsequent use. After approximately 1.5 h, remove the sample from the oven, and
stir with a large spatula or metal rod. The sample should be stirred every half
hour to ensure uniform heating. Typically, a 5 gal. (19 1) sample will require
approximately 5 h for the entire heating cycle.
Note 1: - Watch for signs of blue smoke from the asphalt. This would indicate overheating.
If a noticeable quantity of smoke is observed, then the oven temperature should be reduced by 10°
to 15°F.
Place protective paper or newsprint on the floor in a well-ventilated area.
Place empty and clean 1 liter containers on the paper in a sequence convenient
for pouring the hot asphalt. Different sized containers may also be used. It is
important that the containers be properly labelled with self-adhesive labels or a
diamond-tipped pencil prior to pouring.
Remove the 5 gal. (19 1) container from the oven and stir the asphalt for
approximately 1 minute. Fill all the containers on the floor, taking care that the
labels on the containers are not obliterated. After filling, close all containers
tightly, and allow to cool to room temperature, then store at a temperature of
10°C (50°F). Closing the containers prior to cooling will produce a vacuum seal.
4.4
Determination of mixing temperature
The mixing temperatures can
be estimated from a Bitumen Test Data Chart (Figure 1). The temperature
selected should correspond to a viscosity of 170 ± 20 cS (based on the original
asphalt properties).
Determination of compaction temperature
The compaction
temperatures can be estimated from a Bitumen Test Data Chart (Figure 1). The
temperature selected should correspond to a viscosity of 665 ± 80 cS (based on
the original asphalt properties).
4.5
5.
MIXING
Preparation for Mixing At least 6 hours prior to mixing, set oven to
the mixing temperature as determined in Section 4.4.
5.1
5.1.1 Place all mixing equipment and tools in the ovens at least 4 hours
prior to mixing. These include:
123
Mixing bowls with lids and scrapers
At least two spatulas and the scraper spoon
Metal pans
5.1.2
Place the aggregate in the oven at least four hours prior to mixing.
5.1.3 Place a sufficient number of 1 liter cans of asphalt in the oven at
least 2 hours prior to mixing. The lid to the can should remain loosely in place.
The asphalt must be periodically stirred throughout the heating process to ensure
uniform heating as well as to prevent burning. Also, asphalt that has been at its
equiviscous temperature for 3.5 hours or more or asphalt that is burning should
not be used and should be discarded.
Note 2: - This constitutes the second heating of the asphalt. Any asphalts that have been
heated more than twice must be discarded.
5.1.4 Set a forced draft oven to 135° C. This is an oven other than the
one set at the mixing temperature.
Mixing - Mixing will proceed as specified in ASTM D 1561 with the
following amendments.
5.2
After one (1) minute of mixing, stop the mixer, remove the bowl,
remove its lid, and scrape any unmixed asphalt off the scraper and spade it into
the mix using a spatula.
5.2.1
5.2.2
Scrape any material off the spatula (into the bowl), rotate the
scraper by hand to ensure that it is in the bottom of the bowl, and replace its lid.
5.2.3
Place the bowl in the mixer and resume mixing for three (3) more
minutes.
Remove the bowl from the mixer and transfer it to the workbench.
Measure and record the temperature of the mix.
5.2.4
5.2.5
Remove a metal pan from the oven and place it next to the bowl.
5.2.6
Remove the lid of the bowl and scrape all material from the tines
of the lid into the metal pan using a spatula. Repeat this for the
scraper.
5.2.7 Dump the remaining mix from the bowl into the cake pan and
scrape out all remaining material from the bowl using the scraper spoon.
124
Shake the cake pan back and forth to ensure uniform depth of the
mix, label it accordingly. The mixture shall cover an area of the pan such that the
mix is distributed over an area of 80 in.2 per kg of mixture. The mixture shall be
evenly distributed over the entire area.
5.2.8
5.2.9
Repeat the above steps until all mixes have been prepared.
Place the pans of loose mixture in an oven set
at a temperature of 135° ± 1°C (275°F) for 4 h ± 1 min. Stir the mixture once an
hour. The mixture shall remain distributed over an area of approximately 80 in.2
per kg of mixture after each stirring.
5.3
6.
Short Term Aging
COMPACTION
6.1
Preparation for Compaction
6.1.1
At least 4 hours prior to compacting, set the ovens to the
compaction temperature as determined in Section 4.5.
6.1.2 Place all compaction equipment into oven set at the compaction
temperature at least 4 hours prior to compaction.
Place loose mixtures into ovens 'set to compaction temperature 2
hours prior to compaction.
6.1.3
6.2
Compaction
Compaction will proceed in accordance with ASTM
D 1561-81a.
7.
EXTRUSION
After the specimens have cooled to room temperature place the
mold with specimen on a plunger such that the specimen is oriented with the
minimum distance that the sample must be pushed through the mold facing
7.1
upward.
7.2
Place the extrusion collar on top of the mold and center the
arrangement in the extrusion device.
Load the arrangement until the specimen is pushed out of the mold
and into the extrusion collar.
7.3.
125
7.4
Unload the apparatus until there is enough room for the next
mold-plunger-collar arrangement.
Disassemble the arrangement, remove and label the specimen, and
repeat steps 1 through 5 until all specimens have been extruded.
7.5
8.
CALCULATE THE AIR VOID CONTENT
Weigh the dry, unwrapped, 25° C (77° F) temperature stabilized
specimen and record this as Mass in Air, A.
8.1
Wrap the specimen in parafilm so that it is completely watertight
with no air bubbles between the parafilm and the specimen. Use the minimum
amount of parafilm necessary. Weigh the specimen in air and record this as Mass
8.2
in Air with Parafilm, B.
8.3
Weigh the wrapped specimen suspended in water at 25°C (77°F),
taking the reading as soon as the balance stabilizes. Record this as the Mass in
Water with Parafilm, C.
8.4
Determine the specific gravity of parafilm at 25°C (77°F) or assume
a value of 0.9. Record this as D.
8.5
Calculate the bulk specific gravity of the specimen as follows:
(1)
G
[B-C -Aril
D
where:
A
B
C
D
8.6
=
=
=
=
Mass of dry uncoated specimen in air, g
Mass of parafilm coated specimen in air, g
Mass of parafilm coated specimen in water, g
Specific gravity of parafilm at 25°C (77°F)
Determine the theoretical maximum specific gravity, G. in
accordance with ASTM D 2041.
8.7
Calculate the air void content as follows:
126
Air Voids
9.
G...,
=[1.-(--=-*
G.
100%
(2)
REPORT
9.1
The report shall include the following information:
9.1.1
Bituminous Mixture Description bitumen type, bitumen content,
aggregate type, aggregate gradation, and air void percentage.
9.1.2 Mix and compaction temperatures, °C.
9.1.3 Mass of specimen in air, g (A)
9.1.4 Mass of specimen in air with parafilm, g (B)
9.1.5 Mass of specimen in water with parafilm, g (C)
9.1.6 Specific gravity of parafilm (D)
9.1.7 Bulk specific gravity, Gmb
9.1.8 Maximum Specific gravity, Gm,,,
9.1.9 Air void content of specimen, %
9.1.10 Height of Specimen, in.
9.1.11 Time of mixing, min
9.1.12 Time of compaction, min
9.
PRECISION
9.1
A precision statement has not yet been developed for this test
method.
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128
APPENDIX B
SHORT-TERM AGING OF ASPHALTAGGREGATE MIXTURES PROTOCOL
129
SHRP # 1025
Standard Practice for
Short-Term Aging of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
AASHTO DESIGNATION: T ###-YY
(ASTM DESIGNATION: D ####-YY)
1. SCOPE
This standard is used to simulate the short-term aging of asphalt
concrete mixtures. Short-term aging considers the aging undergone by asphalt
1.1
concrete mixtures during field plant mixing operations.
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems
1.2
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The
values in parentheses are for information only.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1 AASHTO Documents:
M ###
R 11
Performance Graded Asphalt Binders
Practice for Indicating Which Places of Figures are to
be Considered Significant in Specifying Limiting
T2
Values
Method of Sampling Aggregates
T 27
Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
T 40
T 201
Aggregates
Method of Sampling Bituminous Materials
Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
2.1 ASTM Documents:
D8
E1
Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Materials
for Roads and Pavements
Specification for Thermometers
130
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Desired Mixing Temperature - the target temperature for mixing asphalt
binder and aggregate in the laboratory. The desired mixing temperature selected
should be equivalent to the anticipated field plant mixing temperature. If field
mixing temperatures are unknown, select a temperature which corresponds to a
kinematic viscosity of 170 ± 20 cS for the asphalt binder which is used.
Definitions for many terms common to asphalt are found in the
3.2
following documents:
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
Standard Definitions D 8
Performance Graded Asphalt Binder M ###
Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts T 201
4. SUMMARY OF PRACTICE
4.1 A mixture of aggregate and asphalt binder is aged in a forced draft
oven for 4 hour at 135°C. The oven aging is designed to simulate the aging the
mixture will undergo during field plant mixing operations.
5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The short-term aging practice simulates the aging asphalt concrete
mixtures undergo during field plant mixing operations.
5.2 The properties and performance of asphalt concrete mixtures may be
more accurately predicted by using aged test samples.
6. APPARATUS
6.1 Aging Test System A system which consists of a forced draft oven
which possesses the requirements specified in Table 1.
Table 1. Minimum Aging Test System Requirements
Range, °C
Temperature
Measurement
10 -260
Resolution,
Accuracy,
*C
°C
<1
±1
131
Temperature
Control
25 - 250
< 0.1
± 0.1
6.2 Oven - Any oven which is thermostatically controlled and capable of
being set to maintain any desired temperature from room temperature to 260°C.
The oven shall be used for heating aggregates, asphalt binders or laboratory
equipment.
6.3 Mixing Apparatus - Any type of mechanical mixer which: 1) can be
maintained at the required mixing temperatures, 2) will provide a well coated,
homogenous mixture of the required amount of asphalt concrete in the allowable
time, and 3) allows essentially all of the mixture to be recovered.
6.4 Miscellaneous Apparatus:
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
One metal oven pan for heating aggregates
One shallow metal oven pan for heating uncompacted asphalt
concrete mixtures
Thermometers having a range from 50 to 260°C and conforming to
the requirements for ASTM Thermometer
as prescribed in E
1
6.4.4
6.4.5
Metal spatula or spoon
Oven gloves
7. HAZARDS
7.1 Warning - This test method involves the handling of hot asphalt binder,
aggregate and asphalt concrete mixtures which can cause severe burns if allowed
to contact skin. Proper precautions must be taken to avoid burns.
8. SAMPLING
8.1 The asphalt binder shall be sampled in accordance with T 40.
8.2 The aggregate shall be sampled and tested in accordance with T 2 and
T 27, respectively.
9. SPECIMEN PREPARATION
9.1 Preheat the aggregate for a minimum of 2 hour at the desired mixing
temperature. The amount of aggregate preheated shall be of sufficient size to
obtain a mixture specimen of the desired size.
132
9.2 Preheat the asphalt binder to the desired mixing temperature. The
amount of asphalt binder preheated shall be of sufficient size to obtain the desired
asphalt binder content to be tested.
NOTE 1- Asphalt binders held for more than 2 hours at the desired mixing temperature should be
discarded.
9.3 Mix the heated aggregate and asphalt binder at the desired asphalt
content.
10. PROCEDURE
10.1
Place the mixture on the baking pan and spread it to an even
thickness of approximately 21 to 22 kg/m2. Place the mixture and pan in the
forced draft oven for 4 hours ± 5 min at a temperature of 135°C ± 1°C.
10.2 Stir the mixture every hour to maintain uniform aging.
10.3 After 4 hours, remove the mixture from the forced draft oven. The
aged mixture is now ready for further conditioning or testing as required.
11. REPORT
11.1 Report the following information:
11.1.1
Asphalt Binder Grade
11.1.2
Asphalt Binder Content - in % to the nearest 0.1 %
11.1.3
Aggregate Type and Gradation
11.1.4
Mixing Temperature - in *C to the nearest 1°C
11.1.5
Aging Temperature
11.1.6
Aging Duration
in *C to the nearest 1°C
in min to the nearest 1 min
12. KEYWORDS
12.1 Asphalt concrete, bituminous mixtures, bituminous paving mixtures,
aging, asphalt concrete aging, short term aging.
133
APPENDIX C
LONG-TERM OVEN AGING OF ASPHALT-AGGREGATE MIXTURES
PROTOCOL
134
SHRP # 1030
Standard Practice for
Long-Term Oven Aging of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
AASHTO DESIGNATION: T ###-YY
(ASTM DESIGNATION: D ####-YY)
1. SCOPE
1.1
This standard is used to simulate the long term aging of asphalt
concrete mixtures. Long-term considers the total aging undergone by compacted
asphalt concrete mixtures during a service of 5 to 10 years.
1.2
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The
values in parentheses are for information only.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1 AASHTO Documents:
M ###
R 11
Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt
Binders
Practice for Indicating Which Places of Figures are to
be Considered Significant in Specifying Limiting
Values
T 27
T 164
T 168
T 201
T 269
T ###
Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates
Method for Quantitative Extraction of bitumen from
Paving Mixtures
Method of Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense
and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures
Practice for Short Term Aging of Asphalt Concrete
Mixtures
135
T ###
T ###
Method for Preparation of Asphalt Concrete
specimens by Means of the SHRP Gyratory
Compactor
Method for Preparation of Asphalt Concrete
Specimens by Means of the Rolling Wheel Compactor
2.1 ASTM Documents:
D8
Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Materials
for Roads and Pavements
D3549
Method for Thickness of Height of Compacted
E1
Bituminous Paving
Specification for Thermometers
Mixture Specimens
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Desired Mixing Temperature - The target temperature for compacting
asphalt concrete mixtures in the laboratory. The desired mixing temperature
selected should be equivalent to the anticipated field compaction temperature.
If field compaction temperatures are unknown, select a compaction temperature
which corresponds to a kinematic viscosity of 665 ± 80 cS for the asphalt binder
which is used.
3.2
Definitions for many terms common to asphalt are found in the
following documents:
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
Standard Definitions D 8
Performance Graded Asphalt Binder M ###
Short Term Aging of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures T ###
Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts T 201
4. SUMMARY OF PRACTICE
4.1 A compacted mixture of aggregate and asphalt binder is aged in a
forced draft oven for 5 days at 85*C. The oven aging is designed to simulate the
total aging the compacted mixture will undergo during a 5 to 10 year service life
after field placement and compaction.
5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The long-term aging practice simulates the in service aging of asphalt
concrete mixtures after field placement and compaction.
136
The properties and performance of asphalt concrete mixtures and
5.2
pavements may be more accurately predicted by using aged test samples.
6. APPARATUS
Aging Test System - A system which consists of a forced draft oven
which possesses the requirements specified in Table 1.
6.1
Table 1. Minimum Aging Test System Requirements
Range, *C
Resolution,
Accuracy,
'C
°C
Temperature
Measurement
10
260
<1
±1
Temperature Control
25
250
<0.1
±0.1
6.2 Oven - Any oven which is thermostatically controlled and capable of
being set to maintain any desired temperature from room temperature to 260*C.
The oven shall be used for heating aggregates, asphalt binders or laboratory
equipment.
6.3 Miscellaneous Apparatus:
6.3.1
One shallow metal oven pan for heating uncompacted asphalt
6.3.2
concrete mixtures
Thermometers having a range from 50 to 260°C and conforming to
the requirements for ASTM Thermometer
as prescribed in E
1
6.33 Metal spatula or spoon
63.4 Oven gloves
7. HAZARDS
7.1 Warning - This test method involves the handling of hot asphalt binder,
aggregate and asphalt concrete mixtures which can cause severe burns if allowed
to contact skin. Proper precautions must be taken to avoid bums.
8. SAMPLING
137
8.1 Field asphalt concrete mixtures shall be sampled in accordance with
T 168. Laboratory prepared asphalt concrete mixtures shall be prepared and
short-term aged in accordance with T-###.
8.2 Compacted roadway samples shall have a cut test specimen size which
is 102 ± 6 mm (4 ± 0.25 in.) in diameter by 152 ± 6 mm (6 ± 0.25 in.) in height.
9. SPECIMEN PREPARATION
9.1 Uncompacted Laboratory Mixture Samples
9.1.1
Heat the asphalt concrete to the desired compaction temperature.
9.1.2
Compact a sufficient amount of mixture to give the desired specimen
size in accordance with T ###.
NOTE 1 Compact a sufficient amount of material to ensure that the fmal test specimen
size after 9.1.4 is 102 ± 6 mm in diameter by 152 ± 6 mm in height.
9.13 Cool the compacted test specimen to 60'C ± l'C in an oven set
to 60'C. This will take approximately 2 hour for a specimen that is 102 ± 6 mm
in diameter by 152 ± 6 mm in height.
9.1.4
After cooling the test specimen, apply a static load at a rate of
16,000 lbs/rnin to a maximum value of 5715 (12,600 lb), then release the load at
the same rate. This procedure is to level the ends of the specimen.
9.1.5 After cooling the test specimen at room temperature over night,
extrude the specimen from the compaction mold.
10. PROCEDURE
10.1 Place the compacted test specimen on a rack in the forced draft oven
for 120 ± 0.5 hour at a temperature of 85'C ±
10.2 After 120 hours, turn the oven off, open the doors and allow the test
specimen to cool to room temperature. Do not touch or remove the specimen
until it has cooled to room temperature. It will take approximately overnight to
cool a specimen that is 102 ± 6 mm in diameter by 152 ± 6 mm in height.
103 After cooling to room temperature, remove the test specimen from
the oven. The aged specimen is now ready for testing as required.
138
11. REPORT
11.1 Report the following information:
11.1.1 Asphalt Binder Grade
11.1.2 Asphalt Binder Content - in % to the nearest 0.1 %
11.1.3 Aggregate Type and Gradation
11.1.4 Short-Term Aging Conditions - the following information is
applicable:
11.1.4.1 Plant Mixing Temperature - in °C to the nearest 1°C
11.1.4.2 Laboratory Mixing Temperature - in *C to the nearest 1'C
11.1.4.3 Short-Term Aging Temperature in Laboratory - in *C to the
nearest 1'C
11.1.4.4 Short-Term Aging Duration in Laboratory - in min to the
nearest 1 min
11.1.5 Compaction Temperature - in 'C to the nearest 1'C
11.1.6 Compacted Specimen Height - in mm to the nearest 1 mm
11.1.7 Compacted Specimen Diameter - in mm to the nearest 1 mm
11.1.8 Compacted Specimen Density - in kg/m2 to the nearest 1 kg/m2
11.1.9 Compacted Specimen Air Voids - in % to the nearest 0.1 %
11.1.10 Long-Term Aging Temperature - in *C to the nearest 1*C
11.1.11 Long-Term Aging Duration - in min to the nearest 1 min
12. KEYWORDS
12.1 Asphalt concrete, bituminous mixtures, bituminous paving mixtures,
aging, asphalt concrete aging, long term aging.
139
APPENDIX D
LONG TERM AGING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES
USING LOW PRESSURE OXIDATION CELL
140
SHRP # 1030
Standard Practice for
Long Term Aging of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Using Low Pressure Oxidation Cell
AASHTO DESIGNATION: T ###-YY
(ASTM DESIGNATION: D ####-YY)
1. SCOPE
1.1
This standard is used to simulate the long term aging of asphalt
concrete mixtures. Long-term considers the total aging undergone by compacted
asphalt concrete mixtures during a service of 5 to 10 years.
1.2
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The
values in parentheses are for information only.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1 AASHTO Documents:
M ###
R 11
Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt Binders
Practice for Indicating Which Places of Figures are to
be Considered Significant in Specifying Limiting
Values
T 27
T164
T 168
T 201
T 269
Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates
Method for Quantitative Extraction of bitumen from
Paving Mixtures
Method of Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense
and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures
141
T ###
T ###
T ###
Practice for Short Term Aging of Asphalt Concrete
Mixtures
Method for Preparation of Asphalt Concrete
specimens by Means of the SHRP Gyratory
Compactor
Method for Preparation of Asphalt Concrete
Specimens by Means of the Rolling Wheel Compactor
2.1 ASTM Documents:
D8
Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Materials
for Roads and Pavements
D3549
Method for Thickness of Height of Compacted
E1
Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens
Specification for Thermometers
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Desired Mixing Temperature
The target temperature for compacting
asphalt concrete mixtures in the laboratory. The desired mixing temperature
selected should be equivalent to the anticipated field compaction temperature.
If field compaction temperatures are unknown, select a compaction temperature
which corresponds to a kinematic viscosity of 665 ± 80 cS for the asphalt binder
which is used.
3.2 Definitions for many terms common to asphalt are found in the
following documents:
3.2.1 Standard Definitions D 8
3.2.2 Performance Graded Asphalt Binder M ###
3.2.3 Short Term Aging of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures T ###
3.2.4 Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts T 201
4. SUMMARY OF PRACTICE
4.1 A compacted mixture of aggregate and asphalt binder is aged in a low
pressure oxidation cell for 5 days at 85'C. The low pressue oxidaiton cell aging
is designed to simulate the total aging the compacted mixture will undergo during
a 5 to 10 year service life after field placement and compaction.
5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
142
5.1 The long-term aging practice simulates the in service aging of asphalt
concrete mixtures after field placement and compaction.
The properties and performance of asphalt concrete mixtures and
pavements may be more accurately predicted by using aged test samples.
5.2
6. APPARATUS
6.1 Aging Test System - A low pressure oxidation cell and oxygen supply
system which are capable of passing oxygen at a constant flow rate through a
compacted asphalt concrete specimen and meet the requirements specified in
Table 1. The oxygen supply system (0 to 690 kPa) (0 to 100 psi) shall be
equipped with a suitable pressure regulator and gage. The low pressure oxidation
cell shall be equipped with the following:
Load Frame Assembly - A load frame assembly shall posses
equipment capable of measuring the confining pressure within the cell and
6.1.1
providing and measuring oxygen flow to the test specimen.
6.1.2 Perforated Teflon Disks
Table 1. Minimum Aging Test System Requirements
Range, *C
Resolution,
Accuracy,
*C
*C
Oxygen Flow Control
1 - 10 scfh
< 0.5 scfh
± 0.5 scfh
Oxygen Flow Measurement
1 - 10 scfh
< 0.5 scfh
± 0.25 scfh
Oxygen Pressure
Measurement
0 - 600 psi
20 psi
10 psi
100 psi
2 psi
± 1 psi
0 - 100 psi
2 psi
± 1 psi
Confining Pressure Control
Confining Pressure
Measurement
0
1 psi = 6.9 kPa
scfh is standard ft3/hr = 0.0283 m3/hr
6.2 Oven - Any oven which is thermostatically controlled and capable of
being set to maintain any desired temperature from room temperature to 260'C.
143
The oven shall be used for heating aggregates, asphalt binders or laboratory
equipment.
6.3 Water Bath - A water bath which is at least 457 mm (18 in.) deep and
is thermostatically controlled so as to maintain the bath at 85 ± 1'C. The tank
requires a perforated false bottom or to be equipped with a shelf for supporting
specimens 51 mm (2 in.) above the bottom of the bath. The water bath should
also be equipped such that a constant flow of water is available to replenish any
water loss from evaporation. This will maintain a constant water level.
6.4 Miscellaneous Apparatus:
6.4.1
6.4.2
One shallow metal oven pan/sheet about 305 by 457 mm (12 by 18
in.) for heating uncompacted asphalt concrete mixtures
Thermometers having a range from 50 to 260*C and conforming to
the requirements for ASTM Thermometer
as prescribed in E
1
Waterproof marking sticks for identifying specimens
Paper labeling tags
Metal spatula or spoon
Oven gloves
36 cm (14 in.) long by 38 mm wide strip of butcher paper
38 mm (1.5 in.) of 102 mm (4 in.) diameter rubber membrane
152 mm (6 in.) of 102 mm (4 in.) diameter rubber membrane
6.4.10 One specimen holder
6.4.11 Two 102 mm (4 in.) by 1.8 in. thick 0-rings
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
6.4.8
6.4.9
7. MATERIALS
7.1 The following materials are required:
7.1.1
7.1.2
Oxygen for Aging Test System
Clear rubber silicone
8. HAZARDS
8.1 Warning - This test method involves the handling of hot asphalt binder,
aggregate and asphalt concrete mixtures which can cause severe burns if allowed
to contact skin. Proper precautions must be taken to avoid burns.
9. SAMPLING
144
9.1 The asphalt concrete mixtures shall be sampled in accordance with T
168, or shall consist of specimens which have sampled and short term aged in
accordance with T ###.
9.2 Compacted roadway samples shall have a cut test specimen size which
is 102 ± 6 mm (4 ± 0.25 in.) in diameter by 152 ± 6 mm (6 ± 0.25 in.) in height.
10. SPECIMEN PREPARATION
10.1 Uncompacted Laboratory Mixture Samples
10.1.1 Heat the asphalt concrete to the desired compaction temperature.
10.1.2 Compact an amount of asphalt concrete mixture sufficient to give
the desired specimen size in accordance with T ###.
NOTE 1- Compact a sufficient amount of material to ensure that the final test specimen
size after 9.1.4 is 102 ± 6 mm in diameter by 152 ± 6 mm in height.
10.13 Cool the compacted test specimen to 60*C ± 1*C.
10.1.4 After cooling the test specimen to 60*C, level the specimen ends by
applying a static load to the specimen at a rate of 7260 ± 5 kg/min (16,005 ± 11
lb/min). Release the load at the same rate when the specimen ends are level or
when the load applied reaches a maximum of 5715 kg (12,600 lb).
10.1.5 After cooling the test specimen at room temperature over night,
extrude the specimen from the compaction mold.
10.2
Sealing Compacted Laboratory and Roadway Specimens
10.2.1 Place the specimens in a specimen holder and apply a sufficient
bead of silicone around the circumference of the specimen at mid height. Apply
a large enough bead to uniformly cover a 38 mm (1.5 in.) strip of the specimen
at mid height. Cover the bead with the 38-mm length of cylindrical rubber
membrane and mold the encapsulated silicone to a uniform thickness with your
fingers. Allow the specimen to stand at room temperature, overnight or longer,
until the silicone is dry.
10.3.1 After the silicone has dried, cover the exposed portion (i.e. portion
not covered with the rubber membrane) of the specimen with 2 strips of butcher
paper.
145
NOTE 2 - Covering the exposed portions of the specimen is extremely important as large air voids
or sharp edges may cause the rubber membrane to rupture under confining pressures at high
temperatures. If the rubber membrane ruptures during testing, the specimen should be discarded.
11. PROCEDURE
11.1 Place the 152-mm length of cylindrical rubber membrane around the
specimen. Place one 0-ring around each end of the membrane to hold it in place
over the specimen.
11.2 Place a perforated teflon disk on top of the grooved surface on the
bottom end platen.
113 Place the specimen vertically on top of the teflon disk and bottom end
platen.
11.4 Place a perforated teflon disk on top of the specimen and place the
top end platen on top of the disk.
11.5 Place the specimen and platen assembly within the load frame and
place the walls of the pressure vessel over the specimen.
11.6 Connect the oxygen tubes between the top end platen and the top
plate of the load frame. With the top plate of the load frame in place tighten the
screws until the cell is sealed.
11.7 Turn on the confining pressure within the cell and then turn on the
oxygen flow. Stabilize the oxygen flow at 32 ± 4 cm3/s (4 ± 0.5 ft3/h) and
monitor the corresponding pressure. Monitor and adjust the confining pressure
until it is 34 to 69 kPa (5 to 10 psi) greater than the oxygen pressure.
11.8
Place the entire cell in a 85 ± VC bath for 5 days ± 0.5 h.
Periodically monitor the oxygen flow to ensure that there is a continuous supply.
11.9 After 5 days, turn off the oxygen flow and release the confining
pressure. Remove the cell from the water bath and allow the entire assembly to
cool to 25*C.
11.10
Remove the specimen from the cell.
Remove the rubber
membranes and silicone from the specimen. The aged specimen is now ready for
further testing as required.
12. REPORT
146
12.1 Report the following information:
12.1.1
Asphalt Binder Grade
12.1.2
Asphalt Binder Content - in % to the nearest 0.1 %
12.1.3
Aggregate Type and Gradation
12.1.4
Short-Term Aging Conditions - the following information is
applicable:
in *C to the
12.1.4.1
Plant Mixing Temperature
nearest 1'C
12.1.4.2
Laboratory Mixing Temperature - in 'C to the
-
nearest l'C
12.1.4.3
Short -Term Aging Temperature in Laboratory -
in 'C to the nearest 1°C
12.1.4.4
Short-Term Aging Duration in Laboratory
in
min to the nearest 1 min
12.1.5
Compaction Temperature
12.1.6
Compacted Specimen Height - in mm to the nearest 1 mm
12.1.7
Compacted Specimen Diameter - in mm to the nearest 1 mm
12.1.8
Compacted Specimen Density - in kg/m2 to the nearest 1
kg/m2
12.1.9
Compacted Specimen Air Voids - in % to the nearest 0.1 %
12.1.10
Long-Term Aging Oxygen Flow - in cm3/s to the nearest 236
cm3/s
12.1.11
Long -Term Aging Oxygen Pressure - in kPa to the nearest 69
in 'C to the nearest 1 °C
kPa (10 psi)
12.1.12
Long -Term Aging Confining Pressure
in kPa to the nearest
6.9 kPa (1 psi)
12.1.13
Long-Term Aging Duration - in min to the nearest 1 min
147
12.1.14
Long-Term Aging Bath Temperature - in 'C to the nearest
1.0
13. KEYWORDS
13.1 Asphalt concrete, bituminous mixtures, bituminous paving mixtures,
aging, asphalt concrete aging, long term aging, low pressure oxidation cell.
148
APPENDIX E
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS TEST PROCEDURES
149
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test Procedures
1)
Set an environmental cabinet at 0°C.
2)
Measure and record the diameter of the specimen.
3)
Assemble the LVDT yokes to include the four spacers with wing nuts
snugly in place but without the LVDTs.
4)
Clamp the yokes around the specimen such that the yokes are centered at
mid-height of the specimen. The holes for the LVDTs should be in the top
ring of the yoke.
5)
Use small rubber bands to hold the yoke securely around the specimen.
Check to ensure that the portion of the yoke rings which grips the
specimen makes full contact with the specimen and adjust if necessary.
6)
Place a small drop of cyanoacrylate ("superglue") at the yoke-specimen
interface to help secure the yoke rings to the specimen.
7)
Allow the glue to cure for 15 minutes at 25°C before placing the specimen
in the 0° C environmental cabinet.
8)
Repeat steps 2-7 if more than one specimen was prepared.
9)
Place the control specimen with an imbedded thermocouple in the 0°C
environmental cabinet.
10)
Place the specimen with the yoke in the 0°C and allow to cool. Once the
control specimen reached 0°C, the other specimens in the cabinet are ready
for testing.
150
Test System Setup.
1)
Turn on the air flow to the servo-valve.
2)
Turn on the power to the computer, the printer, the signal conditioner, and
the servo-valve amplifier.
3)
Type FS to run the frequency sweep program.
4)
Select Run Test from the main menu.
5)
Type the filename to save the data. The filename usually is named using
the specimen name followed by a period and then followed by three
characters (usually test temperature).
6)
Enter the maximum load desired for the pulse load. This load can be
changed during the test.
7)
Enter the static load desired. This load is also changeable during the test.
8)
Place a teflon disk on the bottom platen. Place the specimen on the teflon.
The teflon disk reduce the friction between the specimen and the bottom
and top platens. Mount both LVDTs in the holes and take out all the
spacers before loading the specimen.
9)
Place a teflon disk on top of the specimen before placing the top platen.
8)
Press [C] to continue with the testing. Watch the loading ram slowly
coming in contact with the top platen. Align the specimen such that it is
centered with the loading ram.
10)
A static load is maintained on the specimen. The static load can be
151
changed by using the up or down arrow keys.
11)
Press [T] to start testing. A loading of one Hz is applied on the specimen.
Increase or decrease the pulse load by pressing left or right arrow until the
desired strain is achieved. A stress at 25 micro-strain is used as a stress
level for the test.
12)
Press [S] to start the frequency sweep. The test will last for 25 minutes.
13)
At the termination of the test, the computer will unload the loading ram
to the up position automatically.
14)
Repeat steps 4-13 if more than one specimen are tested.
15)
Place the specimen in the next environmental cabinet if additional test at
other temperatures is required.
152
APPENDIX F
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS TEST RESULTS
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens.
ID
1
9ACMB
25
40
2
10ACMB
RC AAA-1
8.8
UNAGED
0
25
40
3
7ADMB
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
RC AAA-1
8
UNAGED 0
Aggr. Asp.
RD AAA-1
7.6
UNAGED
0
15
10
5
2
1636
1535
1389
1191
Delta 20.2
19.1
19.8
608
509
Delta 33.7
0.5
0.2
0.1
1064
927
353
256
147
20.9
21.9
23.3
44.8
39.2
36.8 32.9 32.5
413
289
232
179
138
117
104
32.7
33.5
33.5
35.4
33.9
33.5
34.2
34.6 35.6 33.7
544
337
206
138
122
110
97
93
Delta 32.3
42.4
37.0
32.1
29.7
28.0
26.3
25.7
27.9 28.3 30.0
E* 1560
1494
1351
1183
1069
956
813
710
611
Delta 17.1
16.7
16.7
17.9
18.7
19.5
21.5
23.5
26.0 29.9 32.6
570
450
352
241
195
151
110
89
Delta 33.4
35.5
35.4
34.8
36.1
35.9
34.9
34.2
353
256
147
100
86
71
60
52
Delta 44.8
39.2
36.8
32.9
32.5
31.0
30.3
29.7
28.0 28.7 27.6
E* 2774
2563
2306
1961
1760
1542
1260
1081
906
Delta 19.0
18.8
19.0
20.3
21.6
23.3
25.6
27.6
30.0 33.3 35.0
1710
1202
765
465
337
249
174
136
108
Delta 43.1
44.5
44.8
41.9
40.8
38.4
36.1
34.1
32.6 31.5 30.4
433
236
151
107
90
77
67
60
Delta 35.4
40.5
36.6
30.7
29.3
27.0
25.2
24.2
E*
E*
E*
E*
25
40
E*
1
0.05 0.02 0.01
95
73
100
88
85
86
81
85
488 415
57
49
33.3 33.5 32.1
48
55
43
41
706 591
83
50
70
48
23.2 22.5 23.0
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
ID
4
8ADMB
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
RD AAA-1
7.4
UNAGED 0
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
5
7AHMB
RH AAA-1
7.3
UNAGED
0
25
40
6
8AHMB
RH AAA-1
7.1
UNAGED
0
25
40
7
7AJMB
RJ AAA-1
6.6
UNAGED
0
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
E* 2225
2074
1849
1596
1429
1247
1045
898
763
Delta 18.8
18.0
17.9
19.3
20.8
21.8
24.1
26.2
28.7 32.2 34.2
E* 1253
876
587
375
275
203
138
106
Delta 41.7
42.6
40.8
39.6
39.4
38.3
36.3
35.7
322
242
135
93
80
68
58
53
Delta 42.4
30.4
38.5
34.1
32.9
30.9
28.1
27.3
25.2 24.9 24.1
E* 1910
1753
1593
1358
1167
1007
809
675
558
Delta 21.6
21.1
20.9
22.3
23.9
25.3
28.4
30.7
33.5 38.0 39.9
828
559
366
212
152
113
79
63
Delta 37.0
50.2
48.2
45.1
44.4
41.8
38.1
35.7
281
267
128
74
58
48
40
36
Delta 54.2
26.8
44.2
37.8
36.3
32.8
28.9
27.9
27.1 27.8 27.3
E* 2605
2497
2231
1881
1655
1431
1126
918
753
Delta 17.8
17.7
18.2
20.1
21.9
24.2
27.4
30.5
33.5 38.8 41.9
E* 1855
1097
600
334
227
158
99
74
Delta 32.1
55.2
53.6
48.9
46.4
43.2
39.0
36.0
202
157
80
52
40
34
27
25
Delta 44.4
29.2
43.6
35.5
35.3
30.3
28.6
27.2
28.2 27.2 29.7
E* 3091
2878
2474
2176
1917
1562
1214
1031
872 652 551
E*
E*
E*
E*
83
599 509
63
52
34.3 33.3 32.7
48
53
43
40
426 359
43
38
33.5 31.5 29.7
34
56
32
31
552 456
42
34
33.7 31.8 30.7
23
20
19
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
25
40
8
8AJMB
RJ AAA-1
6.5
UNAGED
0
25
Frequency (Hz)
10
5
2
Delta 27.7
25.2
24.6
25.8
E* 1532
912
479
Delta 30.1
53.7
496
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
27.8
28.8
30.4
32.0
35.2 39.6 41.9
285
196
144
102
84
54.8
50.0
47.1
43.8
39.1
36.9
338
127
82
66
55
45
41
Delta 40.4
33.8
49.9
38.4
33.4
30.2
27.1
24.5
22.8 21.7 21.9
E* 1863
1749
1580
1368
1229
1056
864
720
613
Delta 21.2
21.3
21.3
22.5
24.8
26.8
30.2
33.3
35.6 40.9 43.1
800
589
378
249
202
154
113
93
Delta 39.3
44.4
42.6
41.5
43.0
41.7
39.6
38.9
305
231
127
94
84
76
71
66
Delta 47.1
40.4
33.6
28.3
29.4
27.9
29.1
30.0
31.4 35.0 38.1
E* 2049
2029
1826
1601
1469
1328
1127
984
845
Delta 11.5
10.2
12.1
12.4
13.5
14.8
17.2
19.6
22.5 27.0 30.4
549
467
387
269
220
172
128
104
Delta 25.5
28.1
29.3
30.3
32.4
33.1
32.7
32.3
147
198
149
105
86
72
57
50
Delta 56.9
31.2
29.6
28.1
27.3
26.4
24.9
23.5
22.6 21.7 20.8
2251
2141
1965
1758
1619
1468
1265
1113
967
Delta 13.9
14.0
13.9
14.7
15.6
17.0
19.1
21.6
24.1 28.8 31.5
15
E*
E*
40
9
9DCMS
RC AAD-1
8.2
UNAGED
0
25
40
10
10DCMS
RC AAD-1
8.1
UNAGED
0
E*
1
70
56
50
35.2 33.7 33.4
37
79
33
470
65
31
401
59
37.5 38.0 36.8
65
88
58
55
672 548
71
63
30.9 31.4 30.8
45
40
37
784 668
U'
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
11
11DCMS
RC AAD-1
8.5
UNAGED
0
25
40
12
7DDMB
RD AAD-1
8.1
UNAGED
0
25
40
13
8DDMB
RD AAD-1
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type ( °C)
(%)
6.9
UNAGED
0
25
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
E* 1109
934
675
440
324
239
161
122
Delta 30.7
32.5
37.2
38.8
39.9
40.0
39.1
38.1
204
181
128
99
83
69
56
48
Delta 52.4
31.3
29.3
25.9
26.6
24.9
23.5
22.6
22.8 22.2 23.5
E* 1594
1517
1380
1218
1102
983
840
738
645
Delta 14.6
13.7
14.0
14.9
16.1
17.2
19.3
21.2
23.5 27.3 30.7
843
699
527
352
272
205
145
113
Delta 27.0
29.3
33.6
34.4
36.9
36.7
36.2
36.0
171
146
113
81
68
57
47
41
Delta 28.5
27.8
26.2
25.1
25.3
23.9
22.2
21.4
20.4 19.9 22.1
E* 2576
2430
2213
1911
1718
1517
1279
1101
952
Delta 16.5
16.0
16.4
17.2
17.8
19.0
21.5
23.4
25.7 29.3 31.8
E* 1550
1075
729
458
342
257
179
141
111
Delta 39.5
45.8
40.9
38.9
38.4
37.1
35.6
34.9
34.1 34.5 34.9
266
193
109
77
63
54
46
42
Delta 34.3
39.6
37.4
33.9
29.3
27.5
24.8
22.3
21.5 21.7 21.6
E* 2731
2632
2314
1946
1688
1475
1238
1072
925
Delta 20.9
23.1
22.0
21.0
20.9
20.9
21.9
23.3
24.7 27.9 29.7
E* 2716
1745
1148
707
518
375
250
189
146
15
E*
E*
E*
E*
0.05 0.02 0.01
94
69
55
37.1 35.8 34.6
43
90
38
37
530 457
68
56
35.5 35.8 35.3
37
38
32
31
770 669
85
35
70
34
758 685
111
92
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
40
14
9DHMS
RH AAD-1
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
6.2
UNAGED
0
15
10
5
2
1
0,5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 46.0
45.7
44.1
42.4
42.6
41.1
39.5
38.0
35.7 33.2 32.6
311
232
157
110
91
77
64
57
Delta 43.9
40.1
35.6
29.9
28.4
26.5
24.0
23.0
22.4 21.0 21.5
E* 2284
2216
2037
1753
1577
1377
1122
943
778
Delta 11.9
12.1
13.0
15.2
16.7
18.6
21.9
24.7
27.6 32.1 35.3
602
545
402
255
187
139
98
78
Delta 30.7
33.3
33.9
35.3
36.6
36.3
34.2
32.4
168
153
122
92
68
58
49
46
Delta 64.7
26.8
25.8
22.8
23.7
21.6
20.7
21.8
22.0 20.9 18.9
2301
2173
2012
1770
1587
1415
1192
1029
874
Delta 12.4
12.1
12.9
14.0
15.2
16.9
19.2
21.5
25.1 29.2 32.2
566
477
369
255
197
153
112
91
Delta 31.1
31.1
32.2
32.3
31.6
30.6
28.5
27.1
160
129
102
79
68
61
54
50
Delta 43.1
26.2
23.9
20.7
19.4
17.4
15.8
14.5
12.8 12.1 12.6
1933
1843
1680
1473
1310
1156
954
821
687
Delta 12.5
12.7
12.8
14.9
16.4
18.0
20.8
23.3
26.2 29.7 32.6
775
612
468
314
235
172
116
88
Delta 31.7
32.6
33.6
34.0
35.3
35.7
34.6
33.3
E*
25
40
15
10DHMS
RH AAD-1
6.9
UNAGED
0
25
40
16
11DHMS
RH AAD-1
5.6
UNAGED
E*
0
25
E*
E*
52
64
47
582
51
45
460
45
30.2 28.5 26.4
45
75
40
687
61
40
567
53
25.8 24.3 24.2
45
68
42
41
538 442
50
41
31.7 30.3 28.6
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
55
48
42
39
35
22.1
19.5
18.4
17.9
16.8
15.9 18.1 15.6
1895
1631
1469
1293
1071
906
755
16.2
16.7
18.5
20.2
22.2
25.7
28.3
31.6 36.6 39.8
1194
678
435
273
205
154
109
86
Delta 41.8
42.7
41.3
38.1
37.3
36.1
34.1
32.7
344
397
228
116
98
80
65
56
Delta 63.3
33.9
37.5
30.7
31.6
30.2
30.9
33.0
32.2 36.7 37.8
E* 1789
1716
1552
1370
1231
1082
892
748
625
Delta 17.5
17.0
17.1
18.5
19.6
21.3
24.6
27.1
29.9 29.3 35.7
724
535
393
257
192
142
97
74
Delta 42.5
40.5
38.2
37.6
38.7
38.3
37.4
36.7
265
226
118
67
51
39
29
23
Delta 48.5
39.5
41.3
34.4
31.4
29.3
26.4
23.5
22.1 20.8 21.2
E* 3171
3106
2942
2754
2586
2426
2212
2044
1860 1607 1403
5.2
5.8
6.5
7.2
7.8
8.8
10.4
11.7 15.1 18.2
1300
1157
1015
793
692
543
377
281
207
Delta 20.5
20.6
22.7
24.7
29.9
34.1
38.2
40.5
39.5 40.0 37.9
382
280
188
139
104
75
61
15
10
5
2
1
150
125
84
64
Delta 31.1
25.7
23.8
E* 2210
2061
Delta 16.7
40
17
7DJMB
RJ AAD-1
7.1
UNAGED
0
25
40
18
8DJMB
RJ AAD-1
7.6
UNAGED
0
25
40
19
9FCMS
RC AAF-1
9
UNAGED
0
E*
E*
E*
Delta 3.6
25
40
E*
435
70
32
579
54
31
479
45
31.4 30.6 30.4
51
56
42
39
501 407
41
33
36.2 36.7 36.3
19
51
16
142
43
14
110
39
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
20
10FCMS
Aggr. Asp.
RC AAF-1
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
9.9
UNAGED
0
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
35.7
34.1
30.9
28.5
25.7 23.3 21.4
1707
1604
1517
1392
1303
1212 1081 978
9.0
8.9
9.3
9.3
10.3
10.9
12.3 15.3 18.0
878
763
586
499
401
296
229
181
22.6
23.8
25.5
28.6
31.2
34.2
37.0
38.3 40.6 40.9
334
278
214
141
110
89
68
56
Delta 35.9
32.7
32.4
34.3
32.0
30.6
28.2
26.5
26.0 24.7 25.0
3179
3076
2869
2690
2534
2386
2197
2055
1900 1680 1526
Delta 12.1
11.2
10.2
9.9
10.0
10.1
10.7
11.4
13.0 15.3 18.0
E* 1751
1558
1324
1015
849
669
470
356
268
Delta 21.7
23.0
24.5
26.8
31.0
34.2
37.6
40.1
41.3 42.8 41.6
568
429
318
210
157
122
91
75
Delta 30.3
32.5
33.9
34.8
34.7
33.4
30.8
28.7
26.9 26.4 25.2
E* 3693
3562
3399
3200
3014
2849
2620
2427
2230 1980 1786
9.9
9.8
10.5
11.3
11.7
12.7
13.6
15.2 18.0 20.6
2006
1807
1546
1147
939
721
495
370
278
Delta 24.4
24.9
25.7
28.8
32.4
35.4
38.0
39.2
39.5 40.5 39.0
530
363
236
144
110
84
64
54
Delta 42.9
40.7
43.4
38.8
35.9
33.0
30.1
27.4
10
Delta 32.5
33.6
34.4
36.1
E* 1953
1900
1805
9.4
961
Delta 22.4
Delta 9.8
25
40
21
11FCMS
RD AAF-1
9.1
UNAGED
40
22
9FDMB
RD AAF-1
9.6
UNAGED
E*
E*
0
25
0
E*
Delta 10.0
25
40
2
15
E*
5
1
49
65
47
131
42
186
55
194
40
106
39
146
51
151
37
25.1 22.1 21.7
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
23
10FDMB
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
4167
3865
3644
3421
3220
2932
2728
2553 2288 2085
Delta 12.4
12.6
12.9
12.9
13.5
14.2
14.8
16.0
17.5 20.2 22.8
1715
1533
1293
996
830
648
456
344
258
Delta 28.8
28.4
28.1
31.0
34.5
36.8
39.7
41.2
41.9 42.0 40.7
E* 1212
848
481
280
195
140
95
74
Delta 37.3
47.4
47.8
43.0
39.0
34.9
30.1
28.0
25.8 25.0 25.6
E* 4280
4171
3978
3672
3449
3231
2935
2676
2421 2071 1831
9.6
9.3
9.4
9.9
10.8
12.6
14.0
16.6 20.3 23.7
E* 1485
1442
1165
847
670
492
316
223
157
Delta 18.7
22.1
24.8
28.6
34.1
38.6
42.5
44.1
43.5 43.1 40.5
274
207
156
98
72
53
37
29
Delta 39.7
35.9
37.4
37.8
37.7
36.1
33.3
29.5
26.3 23.9 19.5
E* 3161
3087
2974
2808
2611
2470
2280
2107
1935 1692 1515
6.5
6.4
6.8
7.4
8.1
9.0
10.1
12.5 16.0 18.8
1414
1239
1084
801
677
522
356
264
195
Delta 22.3
22.3
23.9
26.6
30.6
34.6
38.0
39.7
40.1 39.3 36.7
316
257
183
125
97
78
62
54
Delta 41.0
38.0
35.4
32.6
30.1
27.7
23.7
20.5
17.9 15.6 13.1
E* 3619
3529
3341
3135
2930
2777
2548
2377
2202 1963 1767
25
40
24
9FHMS
RH AAF-1
7.2
UNAGED
0
Delta 9.3
25
40
25
10FHMS
RH AAF-1
7.2
UNAGED
0
Delta 6.4
25
40
26
11FHMS
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
15
(%)
8.9
UNAGED 0
E* 4430
RD AAF-1
Aggr. Asp.
RH AAF-1
6.5
UNAGED
0
59
24
47
179
46
102
21
135
42
137
40
77
19
105
40
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
27
7FJMB
RJ
AAF-1
9
UNAGED
40
8FJMB
RJ AAF-1
8.4
UNAGED
0
25
40
29
9GCMB
RC AAG-1
11
UNAGED
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 6.6
5.9
6.2
6.1
6.9
7.5
8.1
9.1
10.6 13.0 16.2
E* 1471
1341
1185
907
767
599
417
310
230
Delta 20.4
20.6
21.9
25.2
29.6
33.0
36.5
38.5
39.3 39.5 37.9
372
325
234
156
118
94
73
64
Delta 41.6
36.4
36.9
33.6
31.1
27.7
22.8
19.5
16.3 14.8 13.6
2738
2671
2510
2361
2207
2088
1926
1771
1648 1470 1345
Delta 10.8
10.6
10.0
10.5
10.9
11.4
12.5
13.8
15.4 18.1 21.2
E* 1355
1170
976
716
604
459
312
226
166
Delta 31.0
29.6
29.4
32.1
37.2
39.9
43.2
45.5
46.5 47.8 47.2
885
771
410
190
134
94
63
49
Delta 55.1
40.8
51.3
47.6
44.5
41.0
36.1
32.9
30.4 28.3 26.8
4662
4344
4081
3777
3519
3313
3003
2773
2513 2179 1967
Delta 14.9
14.2
13.9
13.6
14.4
14.4
15.3
16.9
18.8 22.9 24.3
1643
1456
1238
906
778
589
393
284
204
Delta 24.8
25.0
25.1
29.2
35.0
39.2
43.9
46.8
48.7 51.0 49.0
603
472
268
155
114
86
64
55
Delta 45.0
49.3
48.3
42.2
40.8
38.7
34.1
31.0
29.8 26.8 26.7
E* 2863
2802
2676
2517
2376
2256
2082
1931
1788 1590 1420
5.9
5.9
6.8
7.3
7.9
9.7
11.0
13.5 17.0 21.2
E*
0
25
28
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
0
E*
Delta 6.4
58
39
48
155
54
109
31
131
42
118
51
80
27
98
38
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
634
477
325
245
194
29.5
35.2
37.1
40.5
41.3
40.5 39.8 37.6
293
211
183
157
141
125
111
37.9
35.0
31.7
31.9
29.9
31.7
24.7
26.4 31.4 29.1
2571
2455
2348
2234
2136
1995
1880
1766 1587 1449
6.5
6.4
6.8
7.1
7.5
8.8
9.2
11.1 14.1 17.6
E* 1228
1078
924
668
548
404
266
193
142
Delta 24.8
25.6
27.3
30.8
36.4
39.6
41.9
42.8
42.0 41.4 39.5
359
275
192
130
104
85
68
60
Delta 42.3
38.5
36.5
33.9
32.7
30.2
27.9
26.7
24.9 25.6 24.6
E* 5346
5209
5042
4797
4579
4353
4033
3781
3523 3110 2784
5.6
6.0
6.5
6.9
7.9
8.9
10.3
12.1 15.6 19.9
E* 2355
2073
1739
1195
945
670
420
298
215
Delta 27.4
29.2
30.3
34.2
40.2
43.0
44.6
44.5
43.2 41.3 38.6
737
435
276
175
133
104
79
67
Delta 48.6
45.9
44.3
39.6
36.0
32.5
28.5
25.6
23.2 21.1 19.4
E* 3423
3337
3230
3050
2909
2762
2553
2380
2199 1943 1756
6.5
6.3
7.1
7.5
8.2
9.5
10.8
13.0 16.2 20.1
1414
1181
857
682
501
324
232
168
15
10
5
2
1338
1211
1063
766
Delta 24.6
25.4
27.0
489
388
Delta 35.4
E* 2616
25
40
30
10GCMB
RC AAG-1
9.9
UNAGED
0
E*
Delta 6.5
25
40
31
9GDMB
RD AAG-1
8
UNAGED
0
Delta 5.8
25
40
32
10GDMB
RD AAG-1
8.4
UNAGED
0
E*
Delta 6.8
25
E* 1581
1
54
61
146
101
99
48
148
54
115
125
100
78
46
115
50
88
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
40
33
7GJMB
RH AAG-1
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
7.5
UNAGED
0
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 25.6
26.3
28.6
31.9
36.1
38.9
40.5
40.3
39.3 37.1 35.0
367
282
197
123
93
73
57
50
Delta 41.2
42.4
40.5
36.7
35.2
32.0
27.4
24.9
22.4 20.3 18.8
E* 3605
3531
3393
3243
3053
2878
2644
2479
2270 1952 1746
7.5
7.8
8.6
9.2
10.2
11.9
13.7
16.3 21.6 25.3
1569
1392
1182
770
606
427
265
184
133
Delta 28.8
31.0
33.0
35.8
42.3
45.1
46.5
46.8
45.2 43.0 40.2
953
554
311
177
125
92
66
53
Delta 53.2
50.3
48.6
41.1
38.6
35.4
31.7
30.8
30.7 31.1 29.5
3819
3775
3589
3394
3189
3012
2749
2540
2312 1998 1765
6.9
7.6
8.2
9.0
9.9
11.7
13.2
15.9 20.2 24.5
1423
1290
1074
692
543
364
214
142
Delta 26.7
30.1
33.6
37.4
46.0
49.5
51.1
51.1
318
242
157
93
71
54
42
35
Delta 41.5
48.0
47.4
40.3
39.5
35.9
32.0
29.4
28.0 26.9 25.8
E* 2589
2424
2185
1914
1740
1588
1397
1251
1104 930
Delta 18.9
18.2
16.6
16.3
16.4
17.1
18.7
19.8
21.9 24.5 27.5
936
833
660
478
397
312
227
178
142
Delta 32.6
32.3
32.4
33.1
35.5
37.3
38.4
39.4
E*
Delta 8.2
25
40
34
8GJMB
RJ AAG-1
7.1
UNAGED
0
Delta 6.9
25
40
35
9KCMB
RC AAK-1
9.2
UNAGED
0
25
E*
E*
44
43
98
39
91
36
63
37
71
32
47
49.5 47.5 43.5
32
28
105
26
820
86
40.2 41.3 42.1
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
40
36
10KCMB
RC AAK-1
8
UNAGED
0
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
636
395
257
163
127
100
74
62
53
Delta 32.1
40.4
41.8
37.5
36.1
34.4
31.8
30.2
29.5 31.3 27.4
E* 2692
2607
2460
2277
2106
1944
1741
1581
1437 1242 1115
9.6
10.1
10.6
11.3
12.2
13.8
15.1
16.7 19.9 23.1
E* 3247
2689
2209
1561
1244
957
673
502
371
Delta 29.9
30.4
30.0
31.6
34.4
36.5
38.2
39.4
40.3 41.6 41.4
1652
1181
600
324
231
170
118
93
Delta 44.5
47.0
52.7
46.5
45.2
42.1
38.8
37.2
34.8 32.0 30.0
E* 3458
3304
3022
2685
2444
2201
1911
1689
1480 1224 1065
Delta 13.0
12.6
12.9
13.8
15.0
16.0
18.1
19.9
22.5 26.3 29.5
1160
964
769
540
429
323
227
176
139
Delta 32.8
33.4
33.5
34.9
36.0
36.6
36.3
36.2
36.0 35.9 35.4
487
336
206
134
112
91
72
62
Delta 37.1
39.5
39.9
34.8
33.0
31.2
28.5
26.5
26.5 25.1 24.5
1880
1852
1793
1699
1593
1514
1378
1276
1184 1041 944
8.6
8.7
9.3
9.9
11.0
12.8
14.6
16.5 20.5 24.1
899
793
660
503
424
335
243
192
151
Delta 26.1
26.2
26.7
28.7
31.9
34.2
35.8
36.8
37.3 37.1 37.3
329
214
141
114
94
75
64
E*
Delta 10.0
25
40
37
9KDMB
RD AAK-1
9.3
UNAGED
0
25
40
38
101(13MB
RD AAK-1
8.3
UNAGED
E*
0
Delta 9.1
25
40
E*
E*
435
75
56
55
47
256
61
105
49
114
48
45
193
53
86
46
93
44
i
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
39
9KHMB
Aggr. Asp.
RH AAK-1
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
7.5
UNAGED
0
25
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 39.7
38.6
37.8
33.7
33.8
32.0
29.3
28.3
27.2 25.3 25.6
E* 2296
2217
2067
1862
1712
1568
1363
1207
1052 854
Delta 10.9
11.0
11.4
12.7
14.1
15.6
17.9
20.5
23.5 28.0 31.2
843
689
525
360
272
201
138
104
Delta 41.3
37.3
36.0
36.7
37.7
37.9
37.2
36.6
185
178
116
72
58
46
37
32
Delta 29.8
32.6
39.5
32.7
31.9
30.0
27.2
26.2
24.1 22.2 21.9
E* 2031
1924
1774
1567
1424
1283
1091
953
819
Delta 13.8
14.0
14.6
16.0
17.0
18.4
21.0
23.7
26.5 30.4 33.8
897
737
550
368
287
213
146
111
Delta 41.2
37.0
35.0
35.3
37.0
37.2
37.2
37.6
290
214
137
95
79
65
51
44
Delta 39.2
34.3
37.5
29.3
27.5
26.7
26.4
27.3
28.9 32.8 36.2
3300
3138
2908
2559
2325
2103
1835
1621
1424 1154 985
Delta 15.3
14.8
14.5
15.4
16.6
17.6
19.1
21.4
23.9 28.3 31.2
E* 1506
1143
834
533
409
295
196
146
113
Delta 43.5
43.5
43.8
42.8
46.0
46.0
44.9
43.9
42.5 41.6 40.2
557
374
183
109
82
64
48
40
Delta 57.8
44.7
46.6
39.6
36.9
34.0
31.2
28.9
E*
40
40
10KHMB
RH AAK-1
6.9
UNAGED
0
25
40
41
7KJMB
RJ AAK-1
7.9
UNAGED
E*
0
25
40
E*
80
59
727
47
35.7 34.4 33.1
28
86
25
668
63
22
587
52
37.6 38.3 37.4
39
35
33
83
30
30
68
27
27.5 28.4 28.0
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
42
8KJMB
25
40
43
9MCMS
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
7.8
UNAGED 0
RJ AAK-1
Aggr. Asp.
RC AAM-1
8.3
UNAGED
15
10
5
2
3961
3753
3444
3096
Delta 17.1
16.6
15.5
E* 1602
1249
Delta 40.7
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
2886
2660
2325
2077
1803 1477 1277
16.7
17.8
18.3
20.0
21.9
24.5 28.3 31.2
923
591
460
342
230
172
132
41.5
41.4
40.5
42.7
43.1
42.6
42.5
42.4 42.9 41.5
607
460
235
143
114
92
71
63
Delta 45.7
43.2
46.0
40.2
40.9
38.5
36.6
35.4
35.3 36.7 41.0
1586
1574
1509
1443
1373
1328
1249
1171
1089 976 904
Delta 6.6
6.8
6.7
7.0
7.6
8.3
9.2
10.4
12.4 16.0 16.7
893
777
681
514
452
367
276
222
183
Delta 21.9
21.4
23.3
24.7
27.9
30.4
30.3
31.7
33.4 34.0 31.3
357
307
248
192
174
156
116
103
102
Delta 27.5
27.5
27.7
26.0
25.5
24.8
20.1
19.4
19.3 15.4 10.7
1639
1592
1525
1444
1360
1289
1198
1122
1051 944 869
Delta 8.7
8.6
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.3
12.0 13.4 17.2
E* 863
787
665
512
433
350
257
202
159
Delta 20.6
22.3
24.5
26.0
29.5
31.5
34.1
36.2
37.6 39.8 40.5
217
181
129
98
81
67
54
46
Delta 35.3
29.5
30.8
29.3
29.3
27.8
26.2
25.8
24.6 24.0 22.7
E* 2580
2500
2342
2204
2056
1926
1738
1612
1484 1313 1189
E*
0
25
40
44
10MCMS
RC AAM-1
9
UNAGED
0
25
40
45
11MCMS
RC AAM-1
7.9
UNAGED
E*
0
E*
1
57
40
95
51
145
97
115
35
77
48
129
94
92
33
ON
ON
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
46
9MDMS
RC AAM-1
5.5
UNAGED
0
25
40
47
10MDMS
RC AAM-1
8.6
UNAGED
0
25
40
48
7MHMS
RH AAM-1
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
5.8
UNAGED
0
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 8.1
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.9
9.3
10.2
10.7
12.4 14.1 16.6
879
783
660
504
424
342
253
200
158
Delta 21.3
21.9
23.8
25.5
28.3
29.9
32.7
34.5
36.1 39.5 40.5
265
229
163
113
90
70
53
44
Delta 35.2
34.2
31.3
32.7
32.9
30.8
29.3
27.5
25.5 24.4 23.6
E* 3992
3873
3677
3393
3150
2936
2639
2443
2230 1939 1722
Delta 12.6
11.3
11.2
11.0
11.8
12.2
13.0
13.8
14.9 17.1 19.7
E* 1546
1291
1027
741
603
468
332
256
199
Delta 34.4
34.3
35.0
35.1
37.6
39.4
40.9
42.3
42.9 44.0 43.5
1160
899
380
212
155
122
93
77
Delta 49.9
35.4
47.7
44.9
43.7
41.3
37.6
36.5
35.1 33.8 34.3
E* 3255
3178
2975
2738
2542
2391
2158
2000
1830 1611 1447
Delta 12.3
11.7
11.3
11.6
11.9
12.4
12.7
13.4
14.7 16.3 18.3
1211
1001
811
597
502
400
302
243
197
Delta 35.5
33.5
32.9
32.2
34.0
34.8
35.9
37.1
37.7 39.8 40.1
E* 1219
967
424
221
166
130
100
83
Delta 41.8
29.0
44.6
39.4
35.9
34.7
34.2
33.1
33.1 32.1 32.0
2846
2763
2568
2361
2192
2039
1844
1699
1553 1359 1226
8.4
8.5
9.3
9.6
10.4
11.4
12.6
14.5 17.6 20.8
E*
E*
Delta 8.1
38
67
68
113
31
143
56
148
90
28
116
53
124
55
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
920
842
699
525
429
341
248
194
153
Delta 21.9
22.6
24.4
26.4
28.9
30.1
32.0
33.2
33.5 33.6 33.0
302
251
189
129
99
78
60
50
Delta 39.0
30.9
32.6
30.9
29.4
28.1
25.4
23.8
21.1 18.8 16.2
2768
2680
2567
2399
2226
2097
1918
1780
1648 1467 1321
7.9
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.7
9.2
10.2
11.8 14.2 17.2
E* 1103
993
848
641
551
439
324
257
206
Delta 21.1
22.5
23.3
24.9
28.2
30.4
32.2
33.6
34.2 35.5 35.3
262
218
175
131
122
107
94
82
Delta 33.9
30.9
29.7
25.3
26.1
25.8
27.8
18.0
21.7 26.1 24.6
E* 5163
5059
4826
4463
4120
3839
3470
3173
2887 2520 2243
7.5
7.9
8.7
9.2
9.9
10.9
12.3
13.8 16.3 19.2
E* 1323
1190
994
741
606
468
327
249
190
Delta 24.6
26.1
27.3
29.1
33.0
35.3
37.5
39.0
39.9 41.6 41.6
278
234
167
115
91
74
59
51
Delta 39.3
38.4
36.3
31.5
29.0
27.3
24.3
25.2
21.7 20.5 19.1
4496
4317
4041
3654
3353
3095
2754
2490
2243 1924 1683
Delta 15.0
14.7
14.2
14.2
14.7
15.2
15.5
16.2
17.4 19.6 21.8
E* 1306
1061
834
596
490
385
280
219
176
25
40
49
8MHMS
RH AAM-1
5.1
UNAGED
0
Delta 8.0
25
40
50
9MHMS
RH AAM-1
4.6
UNAGED
0
E*
Delta 8.3
25
40
51
9MJMB
RJ AAM-1
6.8
UNAGED
0
25
E*
42
75
49
113
37
154
68
91
34
128
66
133 105
44
128
41
105
00
Table F-1. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Unaged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
40
52
10MJMB
RJ AAM-1
Frequency (Hz)
Temp.
Air Void Aging Type (°C)
(%)
6.6
UNAGED
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 38.0
37.1
35.8
35.3
37.2
38.5
39.8
41.2
42.2 43.7 43.5
E* 1488
1255
472
227
156
112
79
61
Delta 38.0
38.5
52.3
47.5
43.1
40.6
37.0
35.4
33.9 32.8 32.9
2156
2065
1911
1785
1667
1568
1447
1338
1239 1109 1012
Delta 16.1
15.4
14.7
14.5
14.6
14.9
14.7
15.6
16.6
19.0 21.0
E* 1143
897
684
483
399
314
229
181
145
108
Delta 39.6
39.0
37.1
35.3
37.0
38.1
38.7
39.5
40.5 41.5 41.2
747
670
293
147
110
87
68
57
49
Delta 35.0
36.9
50.3
43.1
39.1
36.8
33.7
31.0
31.2
0
25
40
E*
49
38
41
30
90
36
31.3 31.4
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens.
ID
1
7ACMS
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
1727
1608
1402
1253
1107
926
797
676
Delta 10.2
10.4
11.1
12.5
13.9
15.4
18.0
20.3
22.6 27.4 30.9
573
525
421
306
239
189
140
113
Delta 24.1
26.1
27.6
29.1
30.4
30.7
31.0
30.8
217
184
148
103
84
68
53
47
Delta 40.2
27.1
29.0
27.9
28.0
27.4
25.8
26.1
23.7 23.3 22.8
E* 2146
2031
1904
1710
1540
1383
1176
1026
879
9.0
10.0
11.8
12.9
14.3
17.0
19.7
22.2 26.9 30.4
570
481
396
283
221
170
123
98
Delta 24.3
24.6
27.6
29.0
31.2
32.2
32.5
32.5
213
179
141
103
88
74
59
51
Delta 28.9
29.2
29.0
26.8
27.8
25.0
23.3
22.5
22.2 23.5 31.2
E* 2915
2741
2491
2149
1896
1639
1346
1142
971
Delta 12.1
11.7
12.7
14.5
16.2
18.0
20.7
23.1
25.8 30.4 33.4
624
531
416
288
222
172
126
101
Delta 28.2
29.2
32.0
33.6
34.3
33.9
32.4
31.1
250
212
157
96
79
66
56
50
Delta 35.3
31.1
34.8
33.0
35.3
33.0
29.8
28.1
25
40
2
8ACMS
RC AAA-1 8.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 9.1
25
40
3
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
15
(°C)
(%)
4 hrs 0
E* 1809
RC AAA-1 9 STOA 135
Aggr. Asp.
12ADMS RD AAA-1 8.7 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
E*
0.05 0.02 0.01
93
536
72
454
62
30.2 30.2 29.1
41
79
35
698
60
33
580
50
32.2 32.2 31.8
44
83
38
756
66
36
629
57
29.5 27.4 26.2
44
41
39
28.4 24.1 19.4
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
4
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
5
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
4 hrs
0
15ADMS RD AAA-1 8.6 STOA 135
ID
11AHMS RH AAA-1 7.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
2911
2696
2476
2156
1907
1672
1384
1177
989
Delta 10.5
11.7
11.7
13.2
14.8
16.5
19.3
21.9
24.8 29.2 31.9
747
636
478
321
241
181
127
100
Delta 28.9
30.1
32.8
34.0
35.3
35.3
34.9
33.5
256
200
133
82
61
48
36
29
Delta 32.5
35.0
34.8
34.8
34.5
33.9
28.7
26.9
27.5 21.9 20.3
E* 2706
2588
2343
2038
1793
1558
1267
1065
884
Delta 13.4
13.5
14.2
16.1
18.0
20.0
23.0
25.7
28.7 33.6 36.5
608
513
369
249
189
142
100
78
Delta 30.4
32.3
34.1
34.2
35.5
34.7
33.4
32.3
147
152
115
65
47
35
28
24
Delta 38.5
46.9
36.3
36.0
34.1
31.5
28.1
25.7
22.4 22.9 20.7
E* 3236
3037
2725
2289
1990
1709
1377
1152
957
Delta 14.7
14.6
15.1
17.0
18.3
20.3
22.7
24.6
27.2 30.9 33.7
652
557
417
269
209
158
112
90
Delta 33.9
34.2
37.1
36.2
37.5
36.3
34.3
33.3
121
116
80
48
34
25
18
16
Delta 49.6
39.5
32.9
36.3
35.0
32.5
28.5
28.1
24.2 25.4 22.1
E* 3634
3404
3032
2513
2224
1904
1518
1262
1035 781 633
E*
E*
25
40
6
14AHMS RH AAA-1 7.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
7
11AJMS
RJ AAA-1 8.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
0.05 0.02 0.01
15
E*
E*
E*
80
769 634
64
53
31.9 30.6 29.4
27
62
24
20
669 546
48
41
31.0 29.1 27.5
20
75
17
18
733 606
60
52
31.6 31.1 29.9
13
12
12
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
8
12AJMS
RJ AAA-1 8.5 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
9
1DCMS
RC AAD-1 9.3 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
10
2DCMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RC AAD-1 8.8 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 18.0
18.2
17.8
19.1
20.3
22.1
24.9
27.3
29.6 34.0 37.2
774
654
461
305
228
172
122
97
Delta 32.2
34.1
35.5
35.5
35.0
34.1
32.4
30.9
211
176
140
105
90
76
64
56
Delta 34.1
27.9
26.0
23.3
22.5
21.0
19.2
18.7
17.9 18.1 18.4
E* 2574
2407
2166
1900
1686
1497
1251
1079
916
Delta 15.2
14.3
15.4
15.9
16.9
18.1
20.3
22.1
24.6 28.7 32.1
676
539
416
285
219
168
119
94
Delta 27.9
28.9
32.5
33.2
34.4
34.2
33.5
32.3
132
112
83
59
48
39
32
28
Delta 37.6
30.4
28.9
27.8
26.0
24.5
22.0
20.0
18.6 17.5 16.5
E* 1731
1648
1540
1403
1298
1195
1055
947
845
Delta 14.0
13.2
12.5
12.6
13.2
13.9
15.9
17.4
19.6 22.9 25.5
494
430
352
258
210
167
124
99
Delta 27.5
27.0
29.1
29.7
31.7
32.7
33.1
33.6
244
207
164
114
92
72
58
49
Delta 28.4
30.8
31.5
30.7
30.2
30.7
29.3
31.1
29.1 28.8 28.9
E* 2223
2139
2002
1825
1681
1549
1354
1206
1053 877 745
Delta 11.1
10.3
9.9
10.8
11.9
12.8
14.9
16.7
19.3 22.0 24.9
E*
E*
E*
E*
E*
E*
79
63
52
29.1 27.3 26.7
50
76
45
42
724 600
59
51
30.5 29.5 27.3
25
81
22
20
712 621
62
53
33.5 34.9 33.6
45
38
36
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
699
616
504
369
300
239
177
143
115
Delta 24.9
25.6
27.1
28.3
30.0
30.5
30.4
30.5
30.3 30.5 30.3
313
270
205
155
126
107
88
78
Delta 25.7
26.6
26.2
27.2
25.9
26.8
26.0
27.2
25.2 26.3 26.5
E* 2334
2228
2056
1855
1702
1551
1340
1183
1035 851
Delta 10.2
10.4
10.0
11.2
12.1
13.4
15.6
17.5
19.8 23.4 26.7
815
710
578
430
340
267
200
161
135
Delta 25.1
26.5
28.0
28.7
29.5
30.6
32.5
33.3
33.5 34.0 33.3
309
257
202
139
119
97
78
68
Delta 32.8
30.2
31.7
30.1
32.2
30.6
29.8
29.2
27.7 28.1 28.5
E* 2070
2003
1901
1734
1599
1475
1317
1182
1039 847 689
5.2
6.1
7.2
8.0
9.3
11.7
14.3
17.3 21.7 25.1
807
720
583
432
346
271
197
153
124
Delta 24.7
26.3
26.9
29.0
30.4
31.1
31.9
32.4
32.2 32.1 32.2
372
317
258
192
162
131
103
87
Delta 27.1
25.4
26.6
26.3
26.8
26.6
26.7
26.4
25.9 26.2 25.8
E* 2106
2062
1953
1776
1664
1536
1363
1240
1109 942
6.9
6.9
7.6
8.6
9.4
11.3
12.7
14.5 17.9 20.9
613
518
378
309
243
177
141
113
25
40
11
3DCMS
RC AAD-1 9.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
12
4DCMS
RC AAD-1
9
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 5.1
25
40
13
5DCMS
RC AAD-1 8.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
E*
Delta 6.8
25
E*
673
72
59
75
90
62
104
51
92
62
85
76
58
719
90
46
76
55
811
70
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
30.4
31.5
32.6
33.2
33.0 33.3 32.6
141
125
102
73
62
32.5
29.9
32.3
29.0
26.9
28.0
27.6 28.1 27.0
2183
2054
1847
1716
1571
1377
1236
1095 909
10.7
9.2
10.1
10.9
12.1
14.1
15.6
17.5 21.2 25.6
944
834
694
516
423
337
251
202
165
Delta 22.6
24.4
25.5
27.1
29.1
30.7
31.6
32.4
32.2 32.5 31.9
116
105
89
67
60
50
41
37
Delta 26.8
25.9
25.7
23.2
24.3
24.1
23.5
23.9
24.0 25.4 25.3
E* 1972
2116
1864
1665
1532
1392
1212
1088
945
9.0
9.6
10.2
11.4
12.7
14.3
16.4
19.0 22.0 24.5
765
675
560
417
344
273
200
161
135
Delta 24.2
25.3
27.5
28.8
30.3
31.4
32.5
33.7
33.5 33.4 32.0
239
220
165
116
91
74
60
53
Delta 33.3
26.7
30.6
31.6
31.8
31.0
29.5
30.7
28.1 27.7 28.1
E* 2090
1964
1808
1647
1514
1389
1217
1086
959
Delta 11.9
11.7
11.6
12.1
12.4
13.3
14.9
16.4
18.2 20.8 23.4
795
699
563
420
339
269
197
157
126
Delta 24.4
24.4
25.9
27.3
29.3
30.3
31.4
32.0
32.5 32.4 30.8
10
5
2
Delta 23.4
24.3
26.4
27.9
283
244
200
Delta 30.5
30.5
2313
15
40
14
6DCMS
RC AAD-1 9.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 9.4
25
40
15
7DCMS
RC AAD-1 9.3 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
E*
Delta 9.6
25
40
16
8DCMS
RC AAD-1
9
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
E*
E*
E*
1
56
34
48
47
44
751
128 109
30
28
778 655
106
41
93
38
801 690
95
78
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
310
259
200
134
106
84
63
51
43
Delta 31.8
29.3
33.2
31.3
31.9
31.8
29.9
28.9
28.2 27.8 25.3
2471
2412
2314
2172
2006
1820
1573
1390
1205 1013 884
Delta 4.7
4.6
4.3
5.4
6.2
7.6
10.1
12.4
16.5 20.5 23.8
901
780
617
435
341
261
186
145
116
Delta 26.9
28.4
30.3
32.0
33.5
34.5
34.5
34.2
33.3 32.6 31.1
332
286
193
130
102
81
63
55
Delta 47.1
36.5
35.9
33.3
32.0
29.9
27.4
28.0
24.5 22.4 24.6
E* 2961
2864
2677
2439
2246
2051
1817
1635
1467 1252 1094
7.9
9.0
9.8
10.5
11.2
12.6
14.1
15.8 18.8 21.4
838
744
603
446
359
282
206
164
130
Delta 24.8
25.9
26.8
28.5
30.7
32.2
32.7
32.7
31.9 30.7 30.4
392
330
255
171
132
103
78
65
Delta 31.4
30.1
30.9
30.0
29.5
27.8
25.6
24.7
23.0 21.2 20.7
1648
1534
1379
1162
1045
900
731
619
530
Delta 17.5
18.0
17.4
18.9
20.7
22.8
25.7
27.6
29.3 31.9 33.0
570
491
388
277
221
171
124
99
Delta 29.4
29.7
30.7
31.6
32.9
32.9
32.3
31.4
127
99
74
64
52
45
41
40
17 12DDMS
RD AAD-1
8
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
18 13DDMS
RD AAD-1 8.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 8.6
25
40
19
1DHMS
RH AAD-1 6.3 STOA 135
4 hrs
E*
E*
0
25
40
E*
160
49
56
81
35
88
41
100
47
30
73
38
83
42
426 384
64
55
30.1 28.5 27.0
40
37
36
cn
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
20 2DHMS
Aggr. Asp.
RH AAD-1 8.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
21
3DHMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RH AAD-1 8.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
24.9
22.7
21.8
21.7
23.6 23.3 25.0
2789
2563
2303
1968
1721
1476 1191 977
14.5
14.0
15.0
16.2
17.8
19.5
21.5 25.2 27.9
857
662
430
315
227
147
108
36.9
38.7
39.4
41.2
42.0
41.5
40.9
479
290
221
125
110
86
73
56
Delta 54.5
30.8
42.9
35.4
46.4
46.8
43.5
50.1
36.6 48.0 46.8
4031
3848
3509
3125
2814
2530
2136
1861
1586 1259 1007
Delta 13.1
11.8
11.7
12.1
12.9
14.2
16.2
17.7
20.0 23.5 27.1
E* 1364
1135
886
605
457
343
233
176
134
Delta 30.4
31.7
32.6
33.8
35.4
36.3
36.6
36.3
35.8 34.9 33.8
213
189
144
106
84
71
58
52
Delta 23.6
27.1
27.6
26.9
28.0
28.5
29.2
32.1
31.7 32.2 37.2
3249
3064
2814
2438
2185
1946
1638
1411
1194 935 746
Delta 15.0
14.0
12.3
13.0
13.6
14.8
17.0
19.2
21.0 24.6 27.4
832
752
595
428
325
248
176
138
108
Delta 31.5
30.0
30.5
32.5
33.3
33.2
32.7
31.6
30.1 28.4 26.3
308
233
168
113
88
68
51
44
Delta 36.9
36.6
35.6
33.7
31.9
30.0
26.6
25.3
15
10
5
2
Delta 32.0
30.7
29.5
25.5
E* 3874
3564
3242
Delta 16.6
15.4
E* 1054
Delta 43.5
E*
0
25
40
22 4DHMS
RH AAD-1 7.3 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
E*
E*
1
81
57
46
39.4 38.3 35.7
59
48
37
42
97
41
82
32
41
77
36
67
29
23.4 21.4 19.5
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
23
5DHMS
25
40
24 6DHMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RH AAD-1 8 STOA 135 4 hrs 0
Aggr. Asp.
RH AAD-1 7.8 STOA 135
4 hrs
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
2368
2199
2004
1690
1519
1321
1079
918
773
Delta 14.1
13.9
14.0
15.1
17.0
18.9
21.7
24.4
26.9 31.0 33.1
623
551
446
306
248
195
151
127
109
Delta 29.4
30.4
33.0
32.4
34.4
34.5
33.6
33.1
28.6 29.3 27.4
183
148
114
77
59
46
40
37
Delta 36.0
31.1
30.6
30.2
28.2
27.4
24.0
22.6
20.1 18.1 18.1
1308
1234
1135
984
907
805
672
577
490
Delta 14.4
14.1
14.2
15.0
16.9
18.8
21.3
24.0
27.4 31.9 34.7
361
311
255
171
142
114
88
75
Delta 31.5
32.2
34.0
33.1
36.0
36.5
36.5
36.8
97
78
56
48
37
31
28
Delta 26.2
28.8
30.2
25.3
24.9
23.8
21.5
21.9
23.0 24.7 25.0
E* 3028
2825
2624
2358
2135
1913
1615
1388
1179 924 746
Delta 11.6
10.8
10.9
12.4
13.9
15.8
18.3
20.8
23.4 28.1 31.5
E* 1040
864
679
435
318
229
152
116
Delta 31.2
30.5
33.6
35.7
37.9
39.0
38.7
37.9
253
188
132
87
78
65
51
45
Delta 34.6
31.8
34.6
30.5
37.5
37.6
40.6
42.7
26.2 35.5 30.5
3081
2886
2590
2228
1991
1758
1457
1240
1033 797 629
E*
E*
0
25
E*
40
25
7DHMS
RH AAD-1 6.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
26
8DHMS
RH AAD-1 6.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
0.05 0.02 0.01
15
121
E*
35
62
603 503
88
32
80
31
379 314
50
46
31.0 34.1 32.1
28
90
25
67
25
55
35.8 34.3 32.5
44
35
36
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
25
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 13.1
13.1
13.2
14.1
15.4
17.1
19.3
22.3
24.7 29.0 32.5
E* 1108
929
710
477
352
261
177
134
104
Delta 29.7
30.4
33.6
35.2
36.7
36.7
35.6
34.6
32.5 29.7 28.0
238
169
114
93
77
62
53
Delta 74.7
31.2
33.2
31.1
29.9
28.5
27.0
24.4
25.1 21.8 22.7
E* 3162
3058
2815
2487
2256
2018
1719
1500
1295 1048 885
Delta 10.8
11.4
11.4
12.6
13.6
14.9
17.3
18.9
21.6 25.9 29.6
896
789
670
504
436
353
267
219
182
Delta 24.9
25.4
25.4
25.9
28.8
30.2
32.2
34.1
36.3 42.5 45.1
158
146
117
83
72
59
47
40
Delta 21.7
24.3
27.8
26.1
28.7
29.7
30.0
29.8
31.7 38.4 37.8
E* 3090
2980
2750
2487
2276
2088
1833
1645
1460 1225 1055
Delta 9.3
9.5
9.5
10.3
11.0
12.0
13.6
15.0
17.2 20.8 24.5
993
894
774
576
501
398
293
235
189
Delta 22.3
22.3
24.2
25.7
29.5
31.4
33.3
35.2
37.1 41.0 40.9
305
262
193
138
110
88
67
56
Delta 36.9
28.7
30.5
29.4
29.5
28.4
27.1
25.9
25.0 26.1 24.7
E* 2799
2743
2621
2468
2357
2219
2053
1914
1777 1593 1458
6.9
6.6
6.9
7.2
7.8
9.2
10.1
11.3 14.0 16.2
40
27
12DJMS
RJ AAD-1 8.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
7
25
40
28
13DJMS
RJ AAD-1 9.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
25
40
29
1FCMS
RC AAF-1 9.3 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 8.0
46
35
49
78
40
140
28
142
41
64
37
119
27
120
37
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
1260
1066
843
717
585
433
338
260
Delta 19.6
21.5
22.5
24.4
27.3
29.9
33.0
35.4
37.0 39.2 38.5
591
506
415
295
247
200
156
129
112
Delta 26.4
27.5
28.9
28.9
30.8
31.0
27.3
26.5
26.8 27.9 26.5
2716
2639
2515
2375
2276
2161
2019
1902
1791 1622 1499
7.1
6.3
6.7
6.9
6.8
8.2
8.7
9.4
13.3 15.1
E* 1282
1167
975
785
654
536
402
315
247
177
Delta 21.5
21.4
22.4
24.7
26.9
28.8
31.4
33.2
34.2 35.4 35.9
759
661
546
384
321
240
171
134
113
Delta 25.3
26.8
29.4
30.3
32.9
33.6
34.9
35.2
33.0 31.6 28.8
4183
4016
3803
3581
3413
3262
3005
2832
2629 2367 2122
6.1
5.9
5.6
6.0
6.3
7.2
8.1
9.1
11.1 13.6
E* 1741
1612
1443
1171
1019
836
625
484
371
258
Delta 15.4
15.3
17.1
20.1
24.0
27.6
32.1
35.6
38.2 41.5 42.2
E* 1142
951
749
490
371
275
192
151
127
Delta 28.4
31.3
34.3
35.4
38.5
39.0
38.5
37.5
35.1 33.4 31.9
2990
2880
2768
2600
2472
2348
2160
2019
1865 1658 1505
5.1
4.9
5.3
5.7
6.4
7.5
8.6
10.3 11.7 12.4
1688
1538
1265
1107
926
707
570
459
40
30
2FCMS
RC AAF-1 8.8 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 7.7
25
40
31
3FCMS
RC AAF-1 7.8 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 7.1
25
40
32
4FCMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
15
(°C)
(%)
E* 1357
25
RC AAF-1 9.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 5.3
25
1781
182
98
88
101
338
141
90
136
77
199
94
274
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
22.6
25.0
28.2
30.5
32.2 34.9 35.5
419
329
243
174
133
109
33.3
34.3
37.6
38.1
36.7
35.8
33.0 29.9 28.6
2861
2726
2594
2513
2410
2242
2126
2005 1827 1687
7.1
6.4
5.7
6.3
6.4
7.4
8.4
8.8
10.7 13.5
E* 1378
1284
1163
956
845
712
553
447
363
270
Delta 14.5
15.2
16.4
18.5
21.3
24.1
27.6
30.6
32.9 36.2 37.2
556
473
395
281
223
170
120
97
Delta 23.9
27.9
30.9
30.1
32.4
32.5
33.4
33.3
31.5 30.4 28.1
E* 2822
2795
2678
2554
2426
2317
2160
2039
1942 1777 1660
7.2
5.7
5.9
6.3
6.9
7.6
8.1
10.0 12.0 14.6
E* 1584
1524
1360
1124
989
826
631
501
394
Delta 14.6
15.8
16.4
18.6
22.1
25.1
29.8
33.5
36.2 40.3 41.8
939
807
674
473
387
288
194
147
118
Delta 25.8
29.0
29.8
30.9
34.4
36.4
38.2
38.3
37.3 36.3 36.8
2045
2267
2168
2053
1933
1842
1712
1602
1477 1324 1188
7.6
6.7
7.0
7.4
7.2
7.9
8.4
10.5 12.4 14.8
E* 1247
1125
979
799
682
570
435
346
272
Delta 19.5
20.9
19.9
21.9
24.3
26.7
29.8
32.2
34.1 36.5 36.4
15
10
5
2
Delta 14.3
15.6
16.8
19.5
955
815
630
Delta 26.2
29.1
E* 2959
40
33
5FCMS
RC AAF-1
9
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 7.6
25
40
34
6FCMS
RC AAF-1
9
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 7.1
25
40
35
7FCMS
RC AAF-1 9.1 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 16.7
25
1
84
84
66
278
89
75
219
58
216
78
194 151
00
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
40
36
8FCMS
RC AAF-1 9.7 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
37
7FDMS
RD AAF-1 8.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
40
8FDMS
RD AAF-1 8.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
677
678
559
385
317
240
167
131
106
Delta 29.5
26.3
29.1
30.3
33.3
32.5
32.9
33.1
32.6 31.4 28.8
E* 3763
3590
3374
3139
2952
2788
2551
2389
2178 1940 1701
Delta 11.5
11.2
9.1
8.7
8.8
9.2
9.8
10.7
11.5 13.7 16.8
E* 2241
2038
1733
1361
1150
931
678
524
400
Delta 20.6
22.0
22.0
24.1
27.1
29.7
33.1
35.9
37.5 39.6 39.5
E* 1041
878
684
457
339
247
165
124
Delta 26.8
28.8
32.1
35.1
38.2
39.1
37.8
36.4
34.0 31.4 28.5
1106
1108
1076
1083
1081
1082
1080
1069
1047 1030 1009
Delta 11.7
10.5
9.6
80.4
81.3
81.5
82.7
83.7
85.0 88.0 88.0
921
875
815
665
619
524
405
323
265
Delta 9.1
11.0
12.5
15.5
20.7
26.1
32.8
38.9
38.8 45.8 46.2
477
413
331
236
209
154
112
94
Delta 27.1
27.9
30.6
29.5
33.4
30.6
30.4
31.2
31.7 30.4 28.0
4520
4434
4241
4043
3827
3620
3429
3273
3068 2781 2502
6.6
7.0
6.6
6.9
6.8
6.0
6.5
8.0
10.7 15.3
E* 1721
1572
1438
1133
995
807
591
458
353
249
Delta 17.3
17.5
19.2
21.7
25.8
29.2
33.6
36.7
38.7 41.4 41.7
846
728
551
353
264
192
132
104
E*
0
25
38
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
0
E*
Delta 7.1
25
40
97
82
83
83
70
276 206
74
186
71
66
62
156
65
194
58
00
o-k
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
39
1FHMS
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(70)
RD AAF-1 6.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
Frequency (Hz)
15
10
5
2
Delta 29.1
33.5
35.5
36.7
2577
2508
2362
8.4
E* 1221
Delta 18.9
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
37.9
37.2
34.9
32.9
29.7 26.7 24.5
2234
2138
2030
1894
1779
1651 1495 1373
7.9
7.4
8.0
8.0
8.9
9.9
11.3 12.6 14.2
1123
995
808
719
601
450
360
282
19.2
20.2
22.4
25.3
27.8
31.2
33.5
35.5 38.2 38.4
432
358
259
171
132
104
78
66
Delta 30.6
32.6
34.9
35.1
35.0
32.5
30.1
26.6
24.3 22.8 21.2
4987
4671
4383
3960
3688
3427
3054
2819
2566 2188 1978
Delta 12.6
12.3
11.9
12.6
12.7
13.6
15.5
16.8
19.4 24.4 26.7
E* 2036
1896
1649
1305
1111
898
654
506
388
Delta 21.8
23.2
23.5
25.7
28.8
31.6
35.3
38.2
40.3 43.4 43.8
760
623
456
302
226
170
122
98
Delta 32.9
33.5
35.5
36.3
36.6
35.6
33.0
30.2
27.5 23.7 20.7
E* 3921
3837
3672
3447
3267
3120
2880
2702
2524 2279 2073
6.1
5.8
6.0
6.4
6.7
7.2
7.9
9.1
11.4 14.0
E* 1547
1480
1311
1065
944
786
604
484
378
273 215
Delta 15.8
17.5
18.2
20.3
23.3
26.4
30.4
32.7
35.9 39.6 41.2
719
617
477
309
228
157
95
65
Delta 29.3
30.2
37.8
38.5
44.5
45.8
46.6
46.2
0
Delta 9.3
25
40
40
2FHMS
RH AAF-1
8
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
41
3FHMS
RH AAF-1 7.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
E*
0
E*
Delta 6.7
25
40
E*
1
56
80
46
202
159
49
268
66
30
204
59
23
43.7 40.4 36.7
00
N
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
42
4FHMS
Aggr. Asp.
RH AAF-1
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
8
STOA 135
4 hrs
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
266
4361
4185
3964
3712
3512
3231
3023
2802 2518 2254
5.0
4.9
5.1
5.6
6.0
6.9
7.7
9.3
11.1 14.3
196
1459
1300
1064
918
757
574
457
355
251
Delta 8.2
13.5
15.7
18.2
21.2
23.8
28.0
31.1
34.0 37.4 39.5
5
422
278
205
151
98
76
Delta 30.1
21.0
35.3
34.0
37.5
39.2
39.6
38.4
35.4 32.6 29.2
2368
2199
2004
1690
1519
1321
1079
918
773
Delta 14.1
13.9
14.0
15.1
17.0
18.9
21.7
24.4
26.9 31.0 33.1
623
551
446
306
248
195
151
127
109
Delta 29.4
30.4
33.0
32.4
34.4
34.5
33.6
33.1
28.6 29.3 27.4
183
148
114
77
59
46
40
37
Delta 36.0
31.1
30.6
30.2
28.2
27.4
24.0
22.6
20.1 18.1 18.1
2494
2416
2319
2180
2097
2006
1865
1743
1636 1474 1324
5.9
5.4
5.3
5.7
6.4
7.2
9.0
9.2
12.3 13.2
1002
934
838
645
564
454
330
254
194
134
Delta 17.3
18.3
20.2
23.0
27.6
31.4
35.4
38.4
40.0 42.4 41.8
469
409
365
234
197
144
101
81
Delta 26.5
28.6
33.4
31.5
35.6
36.3
35.9
35.0
33.1 31.6 29.8
E* 3494
3442
3232
2983
2791
2604
2346
2158
1964 1705 1552
0
Delta 11.5
25
E*
40
43
5FHMS
RH AAF-1 6.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
44
6FHMS
RH AAF-1 7.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
44
E*
E*
0
Delta 6.4
25
40
45
7FHMS
RH AAF-1 7.5 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
62
35
69
46
190
39
603 503
88
32
55
80
31
104
48
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
25
40
46
8FHMS
RH AAF-1 7.5 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Frequency (Hz)
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
9.4
10.3
11.2
12.6
14.3
16.5 20.2 23.4
1505
1139
941
727
508
375
272
23.6
25.5
27.5
31.4
34.7
37.6
40.6
42.6 44.6 44.0
507
407
252
176
124
82
64
30.1
34.2
37.4
40.5
41.0
38.5
36.4
32.0 29.5 26.1
2689
2544
2340
2206
2053
1866
1718
1566 1352 1199
10.1
9.3
9.4
10.5
11.3
13.0
14.5
16.7 20.3 22.8
E* 1306
1164
972
727
610
477
335
252
189
Delta 22.6
23.4
25.5
27.9
31.3
34.5
37.4
39.8
40.7 41.4 39.5
586
499
412
277
209
152
108
84
Delta 23.3
26.4
30.1
31.7
33.3
34.3
34.5
33.5
28.8 23.4 29.7
E* 2715
2649
2510
2371
2237
2118
1961
1833
1718 1549 1434
7.0
6.7
7.3
7.4
8.0
8.9
9.9
11.0 14.0 16.7
E* 1276
1173
1046
814
724
588
439
345
272
Delta 17.3
18.8
19.5
21.7
25.8
29.3
32.9
35.8
37.6 40.2 40.1
356
290
228
160
124
95
68
55
Delta 29.1
29.7
31.6
31.9
33.0
33.0
32.0
30.2
27.7 24.3 21.7
E* 3312
3272
3099
2901
2739
2582
2378
2220
2055 1868 1702
6.2
6.4
6.7
7.2
7.5
8.6
9.2
11.0 12.9 16.5
15
10
5
2
Delta 8.3
8.6
8.7
E* 1972
1795
Delta 23.1
E* 630
Delta 27.1
E* 2840
Delta 9.1
25
40
47
12FJMS
RJ AAF-1 8.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 7.1
25
40
48
13FJMS
RJ AAF-1
9
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 6.6
52
68
45
180
42
129
53
196
37
133
36
98
45
158
32
i
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(%)
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
1299
1185
1044
799
710
570
413
318
245
Delta 19.1
20.4
20.8
23.3
28.1
31.7
35.8
39.1
41.3 44.1 43.2
441
374
265
171
126
95
69
56
Delta 42.2
34.2
38.3
38.8
38.9
38.1
33.3
30.6
27.3 22.2 21.9
E* 3608
3621
3483
3308
3141
2966
2751
2564
2372 2080 1844
Delta! 4.6
4.2
4.4
5.3
6.0
6.7
8.0
9.1
10.6 14.2 18.0
E* 1626
1497
1313
990
822
620
416
304
229
Delta 17.1
18.8
21.8
25.9
31.8
36.2
39.8
41.2
39.8 38.1 35.0
564
465
352
219
159
118
85
70
Delta 39.6
35.5
38.6
37.6
36.2
34.6
30.7
27.3
23.3 20.0 17.9
3287
3231
3180
3035
2905
2751
2536
2375
2209 1974 1790
4.2
4.3
4.8
5.5
5.8
7.2
8.1
10.3 13.1 17.2
E* 1538
1429
1254
962
808
623
420
307
225
Delta 16.3
17.9
20.0
24.3
29.7
34.3
38.7
41.0
41.1 40.8 39.2
583
498
370
240
177
133
93
76
Delta 32.1
33.9
35.3
36.1
35.6
34.7
32.4
30.4
28.0 25.8 23.2
E* 3869
3858
3727
3576
3452
3316
3099
2925
2754 2473 2266
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.5
5.3
6.6
7.7
9.4
12.6 16.0
2079
1853
1371
1159
865
562
399
284
187
25
40
49
7GCMS
RC AAG-1 10.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
50
8GCMS
RC AAG-1 10.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
E*
Delta 4.5
25
40
51
7GDMS
RD AAG-1 8.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 4.2
25
0.05 0.02 0.01
15
(°C)
E* 2237
48
64
63
171
40
162
55
152
53
137
36
130
51
116
48
141
00
cn
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
40
52
8GDMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RD AAG-1 8.5 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 16.1
18.8
21.6
25.6
32.1
37.2
42.1
44.4
44.5 43.8 40.9
720
615
442
279
199
144
102
83
Delta 33.5
34.3
37.7
38.9
39.1
36.4
32.2
28.6
25.2 21.6 20.0
E* 5898
5901
5651
5396
5047
4749
4331
4007
3655 3190 2827
1.0
1.3
1.9
2.6
3.2
5.0
6.0
8.0
12.1 15.4
2170
1969
1719
1229
1004
729
463
325
229
150
Delta 20.0
20.4
23.7
28.1
35.0
39.3
43.3
45.0
45.0 43.8 40.5
616
514
375
241
178
135
98
81
Delta 32.3
34.9
37.4
36.8
35.8
33.5
29.8
26.6
24.1 21.7 20.0
E* 3507
3442
3305
3090
2904
2713
2486
2297
2097 1820 1610
4.8
5.6
6.5
7.2
7.9
9.5
11.0
13.6 17.6 21.6
E* 1356
1234
1063
739
600
426
258
174
120
Delta 21.2
23.3
27.3
30.7
38.8
44.0
48.4
50.0
49.4 48.1 45.2
327
272
195
120
89
68
51
43
Delta 41.1
40.9
40.0
37.8
35.5
31.8
27.6
25.0
22.0 21.1 21.3
4419
4324
4120
3885
3675
3447
3151
2916
2680 2343 2071
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.5
7.1
8.4
9.8
11.5 14.4 18.0
E* 1737
1582
1381
969
803
570
350
237
163
Delta 20.2
21.9
25.0
28.8
38.2
43.5
47.5
49.4
49.2 48.5 46.0
E*
Delta 0.8
25
40
53
12GJMS
RJ AAG-1 8.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 5.7
25
40
54
13GJMS
RJ AAG-1 7.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 5.1
25
71
69
38
61
60
78
33
103
57
113
56
58
31
76
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
40
55
7KCMS
RC AAK-1 9.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
40
8KCMS
RC AAK-1 8.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
382
308
229
139
102
75
52
40
33
Delta 45.4
37.0
40.5
38.5
39.1
37.3
34.0
31.0
28.6 25.9 23.1
1983
1954
1858
1754
1647
1550
1427
1324
1228 1097 996
Delta 6.9
6.9
6.7
6.9
7.2
7.7
8.4
9.0
10.7 13.0 15.6
935
875
762
610
516
421
317
252
201
Delta 17.7
18.5
19.8
22.5
24.6
26.9
29.6
31.6
33.0 35.3 36.2
432
374
300
215
172
135
98
79
Delta 25.3
26.8
28.4
29.7
31.5
32.3
31.8
31.7
30.1 30.5 29.9
E* 2559
2481
2349
2211
2066
1954
1804
1686
1567 1395 1275
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.6
8.4
8.9
10.0
10.9 13.7 16.8
E* 1187
1095
960
767
650
534
400
318
253
Delta 16.2
18.2
19.5
22.0
24.8
27.3
30.3
32.3
34.0 36.3 37.0
596
512
411
295
236
186
139
114
Delta 24.4
27.0
27.2
28.7
30.1
30.3
29.5
29.3
28.3 27.3 25.6
1617
1687
1687
1670
1636
1583
1459
1348
1241 1105 1015
0.5
0.3
1.5
1.6
87.4
86.6
85.0
83.6 38.8 11.9
1418
1270
1055
767
618
477
339
261
204
Delta 21.5
23.3
25.3
27.9
30.9
32.5
34.6
36.0
36.1 36.7 36.0
500
441
326
224
177
142
108
90
E*
0
25
56
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
0
E*
E*
Delta 7.8
25
40
57
7KDMS
RD AAK-1 7.7 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 0.9
25
40
65
95
75
28
148
51
185
77
150
61
26
118
45
149
67
121
52
00
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
58
8KDMS
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RD AAK-1 7.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Frequency (Hz)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 23.2
26.3
30.1
30.3
31.1
30.6
29.4
28.9
27.5 28.1 27.0
E* 5037
4934
4628
4210
3878
3561
3141
2831
2509 2120 1826
6.4
7.4
8.2
9.2
10.3
12.2
13.3
16.4 19.1 22.6
1687
1531
1310
989
809
639
462
362
286
Delta 18.6
20.5
22.5
25.1
28.2
30.4
32.5
33.7
34.0 34.5 33.6
546
457
332
219
181
148
118
103
Delta 26.2
29.1
32.9
32.3
32.5
31.6
29.6
28.3
26.7 25.8 24.8
E* 4196
4070
3852
3579
3276
2997
2652
2382
2125 1795 1561
5.3
6.2
6.9
7.8
8.8
10.7
12.7
14.9 18.6 22.1
E* 1404
1278
1069
810
643
499
352
271
209
Delta 20.4
22.2
24.0
27.4
29.8
31.5
32.7
32.8
32.1 30.3 27.2
550
459
352
240
184
142
106
86
Delta 32.5
32.1
31.6
31.2
30.6
29.1
26.7
24.5
22.1 20.2 18.5
E* 2910
2850
2691
2463
2261
2091
1851
1667
1498 1260 1099
6.9
7.9
9.0
9.8
10.7
12.9
14.7
17.1 20.8 24.3
E* 1071
909
745
536
420
316
214
160
120
Delta 23.8
26.3
28.5
31.2
34.8
36.7
38.4
39.0
38.8 37.9 36.7
364
301
233
162
126
102
79
69
Delta 35.9
31.6
31.4
30.5
29.5
29.1
28.8
29.3
Delta 6.8
25
40
59
7KHMS
RH AAK-1
8
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 5.3
25
40
60
8KHMS
RH AAK-1 7.1 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
Delta 7.5
25
40
E*
90
72
62
212
76
153
57
85
53
173
72
122
49
68
49
27.3 28.1 23.9
i--,
00
00
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
61
11KJMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
°C)
(%)
0
RJ AAK-1 9.7 STOA 135 4 hrs
Aggr. Asp.
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
2128
1948
1714
1544
1376 1157 1014
8.7
10.1
11.0
13.0
14.6
17.0 20.6 23.6
679
487
419
323
232
181
146
24.5
25.9
27.0
30.7
33.1
35.3
37.3
38.0 39.3 38.8
298
235
224
124
94
72
53
43
Delta 32.8
28.4
30.0
32.4
32.5
31.6
30.7
29.1
28.1 27.3 25.2
E* 3833
3691
3482
3193
2963
2734
2438
2220
1997 1696 1508
7.8
8.1
9.1
9.7
10.8
12.7
14.3
16.7 19.9 22.8
E* 1429
1275
1051
775
619
473
324
240
178
Delta 21.3
22.8
25.3
28.0
31.6
34.3
36.9
38.6
39.4 40.4 40.0
324
280
209
144
111
84
60
48
Delta 47.8
31.1
33.4
33.0
33.5
33.6
31.8
31.3
28.9 30.3 28.8
E* 1442
1336
1225
1087
993
902
789
706
639
Delta 15.8
14.7
14.4
14.9
15.6
16.1
17.0
18.2
19.4 21.8 24.1
788
690
580
447
371
302
228
184
148
Delta 25.6
25.2
25.6
26.1
27.3
28.4
29.6
30.5
31.2 32.5 32.9
322
267
211
154
123
102
81
70
Delta 28.7
30.3
30.2
28.6
28.2
28.0
27.5
27.4
25.9 24.6 23.8
2457
2293
2181
2019
1911
1794
1642
1520
1404 1246 1137
5
2
2717
2547
2319
Delta 7.6
7.4
8.1
862
783
Delta 22.9
25
40
62 12KJMS
RJ AAK-1
9
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
15
10
2831
Delta 7.9
25
40
63
1MCMS
RC AAM-1 8.9 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
64 2MCMS
RC AAM-1 8.1 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
1
36
37
63
109
29
121
29
91
25
91
26
552 507
112
54
91
49
00
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
25
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 10.0
8.9
8.5
8.2
8.5
9.2
10.8
11.9
13.4 16.3 18.2
E* 1055
956
835
664
558
459
351
282
226
Delta 18.6
19.0
20.1
22.4
24.5
26.1
28.0
29.4
30.3 31.3 30.8
522
428
338
249
209
163
126
107
Delta 28.4
29.3
30.1
28.9
29.2
28.2
28.5
27.6
26.6 25.0 23.4
E* 2534
2453
2318
2146
2033
1912
1738
1606
1466 1293 1148
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.6
8.2
9.4
10.6
12.1 14.3 17.6
993
888
775
610
524
435
336
275
225
Delta 19.0
20.1
20.1
22.2
24.0
26.1
27.8
29.5
30.4 32.2 32.5
575
494
396
263
212
169
131
113
Delta 23.1
27.8
30.5
30.4
30.5
30.9
31.6
31.2
31.1 29.9 28.6
2397
2473
2341
2156
2018
1896
1725
1591
1443 1260 1109
Delta 11.0
8.6
7.5
7.8
8.5
9.0
10.1
11.2
12.4 14.2 16.1
E* 1061
953
797
618
518
423
322
259
209
Delta 20.6
21.6
23.3
24.8
26.4
27.8
29.4
30.7
31.6 33.0 33.7
388
321
241
164
130
103
79
66
Delta 27.9
30.2
33.1
33.6
34.7
36.0
35.7
34.4
32.7 31.6 30.3
E* 1928
1903
1817
1707
1634
1560
1443
1355
1268 1147 1039
6.4
5.7
6.2
6.4
6.9
7.8
8.6
15
40
65
3MCMS
RC AAM-1
8
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 7.6
25
40
66 4MCMS
RC AAM-1 8.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
40
RC AAM-1 8.5 STOA 135
4 hrs
E*
0
25
67 SMCMS
E*
0
E*
Delta 6.5
96
97
57
9.9
170
82
171
81
157
46
139
75
142
73
128
40
11.6 13.4
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
25
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
815
735
644
520
448
375
293
241
198
Delta 16.6
17.5
19.0
20.4
22.2
24.0
26.1
27.7
28.9 30.6 31.3
366
330
274
208
182
142
106
89
Delta 23.0
24.5
26.6
25.3
27.9
26.5
26.5
27.7
27.8 26.6 25.5
E* 1703
1685
1587
1482
1401
1322
1198
1109
1019 896 803
6.7
6.8
7.2
7.8
8.5
9.7
10.9
12.5 15.1 17.5
766
718
630
514
453
385
309
256
212
Delta 16.6
17.2
17.9
19.6
21.5
23.9
25.7
27.1
30.1 33.6 34.7
107
313
271
213
203
169
135
119
107
Delta 10.3
21.8
22.2
21.6
24.5
22.5
21.7
24.4
27.2 29.4 29.0
2397
2351
2245
2122
2010
1900
1765
1661
1551 1424 1311
5.9
6.2
6.1
6.6
6.4
7.1
7.2
8.1
9.7 12.3
1074
977
833
665
565
468
360
293
236
178
Delta 18.7
19.1
19.8
21.8
23.9
25.5
27.3
28.8
30.6 32.1 32.3
426
376
287
203
163
130
100
83
Delta 38.7
27.9
29.3
29.3
30.1
29.8
28.6
27.8
26.0 24.3 23.0
3826
3715
3488
3239
3002
2801
2545
2341
2134 1876 1689
Delta 7.6
7.2
7.6
8.1
8.3
8.6
9.6
10.2
12.0 13.9 15.8
862
789
680
519
438
351
259
205
160
E*
40
68
6MCMS
RC AAM-1 9
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 7.4
25
40
69
7MCMS
RC AAM-1 9.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
E*
Delta 6.2
25
40
71
7MDMS RD AAM-1 8.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
0.05 0.02 0.01
15
78
70
152
64
166
93
57
117
125
57
142
88
146
50
95
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
21.2
22.8
25.0
27.9
30.0
32.7
34.3
36.0 37.9 38.7
296
228
190
125
108
82
61
51
Delta 41.6
31.0
31.8
30.0
33.3
33.0
32.6
32.6
29.8 29.7 28.1
E* 3845
3772
3575
3332
3110
2911
2642
2430
2225 1966 1763
Delta 7.2
6.9
7.1
7.8
8.0
8.7
10.0
10.9
12.6 14.8 17.9
993
904
770
579
488
388
285
224
178
Delta 21.7
22.5
24.2
25.5
28.2
30.5
32.8
34.3
35.1 36.8 36.6
387
317
248
171
137
107
80
66
Delta 29.8
31.3
31.2
30.0
31.0
30.3
29.1
28.3
26.1 23.9 23.4
E* 2005
1892
1714
1517
1387
1253
1089
974
872
Delta 13.6
13.1
12.6
12.9
14.0
15.2
17.1
18.9
21.0 24.4 27.5
808
664
545
402
325
260
191
151
121
Delta 27.1
26.5
28.1
29.1
30.6
31.3
32.3
32.7
32.8 33.5 32.8
332
285
222
143
113
96
77
69
Delta 27.7
29.1
30.3
28.5
28.2
27.7
26.5
26.0
23.5 23.0 21.0
E* 2955
2784
2590
2361
2210
2056
1857
1720
1585 1387 1240
Delta 12.6
12.1
11.2
11.0
11.5
11.9
12.9
14.3
15.8 18.4 21.3
E* 1018
900
729
538
444
356
261
206
164
Delta 25.0
26.6
27.5
28.8
30.7
32.0
33.2
34.2
34.8 36.2 36.1
15
Delta 20.4
40
72
8MDMS RD AAM-1 8.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
25
40
73
1MHMS RH AAM-1 6.8 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
74 2MHMS
RH AAM-1 7.4 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
E*
42
58
62
34
131
47
31
106
43
734 666
91
55
74
53
122 100
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
398
322
253
177
159
116
85
74
68
Delta 39.9
30.7
31.9
29.8
33.6
29.7
28.7
29.9
30.6 31.3 31.9
E* 3077
2979
2798
2538
2325
2142
1890
1688
1502 1267 1088
8.6
8.6
9.1
9.8
10.8
12.3
13.5
15.1 17.8 20.3
207
813
675
516
421
336
249
198
160
Delta 22.2
23.1
24.8
26.0
27.9
29.3
30.3
31.1
31.2 31.7 31.2
384
314
250
177
164
136
113
96
Delta 35.4
29.3
31.1
27.9
32.0
32.4
33.5
23.2
26.5 29.8 26.3
3241
3122
2938
2656
2429
2224
1961
1777
1572 1338 1142
8.4
7.9
8.8
9.6
10.5
11.9
13.0
14.5 16.9 19.1
E* 1013
915
768
580
471
371
269
210
164
Delta 25.9
24.7
26.1
27.3
29.3
30.7
32.2
33.5
34.0 34.8 34.5
271
214
171
120
95
78
61
53
Delta 30.8
30.1
31.3
29.6
29.8
29.5
29.9
28.7
27.9 28.7 28.7
E* 2648
2579
2430
2195
2024
1869
1671
1508
1349 1156 1015
Delta 9.7
9.1
8.8
9.4
10.2
10.8
12.0
13.4
14.8 16.8 19.3
907
833
697
543
4.46
349
252
197
156
Delta 23.9
24.7
25.6
27.5
28.9
29.8
30.9
31.4
31.4 31.9 31.7
247
207
156
102
73
56
43
36
40
75
3MHMS RH AAM-1 7.1 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
Delta 9.6
25
40
76
4MHMS RH AAM-1 7.2 STOA 135
4 hrs
E*
E*
0
Delta 9.3
25
40
77
5MHMS RH AAM-1 6.6 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
E*
81
47
30
59
55
122 102
73
120
40
115
24
71
95
38
92
22
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
ID
78 6MHMS
Aggr. Asp.
RH AAM-1 6.5 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
79 7MHMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RH AAM-1 7.1 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 33.1
34.7
35.1
34.4
35.4
33.8
31.1
29.0
26.0 23.9 21.4
E* 2604
2500
2300
2034
1858
1670
1450
1291
1139 957 839
Delta 11.4
11.4
11.3
12.0
12.8
14.0
15.6
17.2
19.0 22.1 24.5
E* 1105
975
810
600
487
384
280
223
187
Delta 24.2
24.0
25.0
26.3
28.7
30.5
33.0
35.1
33.5 36.4 35.9
240
201
155
103
82
66
53
46
Delta 30.4
31.1
32.1
31.3
31.9
31.5
29.4
28.9
26.8 25.7 24.7
E* 2344
2286
2132
1961
1836
1698
1532
1405
1336 1152 1031
7.3
7.9
7.9
8.6
9.3
10.9
13.0
14.6 17.9 20.9
789
715
609
468
392
315
232
183
144
Delta 18.7
19.5
20.8
23.4
26.4
28.4
30.6
32.3
33.1 34.7 34.7
250
206
173
129
117
100
76
66
Delta 34.7
27.3
29.6
27.7
31.5
32.6
22.4
21.8
25.5 24.3 23.8
E* 1881
1835
1725
1596
1491
1398
1268
1169
1066 934 840
2.3
3.2
3.9
4.4
5.0
6.3
8.2
9.8
12.1 14.4
734
656
548
412
344
283
217
174
140
102
Delta 22.1
22.4
23.9
25.9
28.0
30.0
33.0
35.1
36.9 40.4 41.8
149
145
108
74
59
46
35
28
Delta 17.8
30.7
31.2
29.1
31.7
30.6
29.5
29.2
E*
Delta 7.6
25
40
80 8MHMS
RH AAM-1 7
STOA 135
4 hrs
0
E*
E*
Delta 1.9
25
40
E*
E*
41
61
24
140
35
104
57
20
121
32
83
54
82
18
27.6 27.3 26.7
Table F-2. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Short-Term Oven Aged Specimens (Continued).
81
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
ID
Aggr. Asp. Void Type Temp Period (°C)
15
(°C)
(%)
4 hrs
0
E* 3273
7MJMS RJ AAM-1 7.6 STOA 135
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
3194
2949
2710
2498
2322
2080
1918
1739 1510 1359
9.3
9.4
9.9
10.1
10.5
11.3
11.7
13.2 15.7 18.9
1012
868
733
533
458
364
263
207
164
Delta 22.9
23.4
25.4
26.4
29.8
31.9
32.8
34.9
36.9 39.5 39.4
308
230
173
124
100
85
68
59
Delta 39.6
30.9
28.1
26.9
27.8
28.8
28.3
29.5
27.1 25.3 25.2
933
909
877
843
813
788
766
743
711
665 624
Delta 2.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.8
4.1
5.2
6.1
7.5
10.0 13.0
821
721
614
461
388
308
222
172
135
Delta 23.4
23.8
24.9
26.2
29.8
32.1
35.2
37.5
39.1 42.3 43.7
247
217
172
118
99
79
61
51
Delta 34.2
30.0
31.2
29.6
32.2
32.1
30.5
30.1
Delta 9.8
25
40
82
8MJMS
RJ AAM-1 7.5 STOA 135
4 hrs
0
25
40
Frequency (Hz)
E*
E*
E*
E*
10
Notes:
Data for specimen 8MCMS was lost due to operator error.
Mix combination AAG-1 and RH was never made due to insufficient supply of aggregate RH.
53
43
122
46
97
37
101
42
78
34
29.3 28.7 30.1
Table F-3. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 60°C (5 days).
ID
1
Aggr. Asp.
3DCMS RC AAD-1 9.6
LPO
60
5 days
40
4DCMS RC AAD-1
9
LPO
60
5 days
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
2963 2718 2518
2329
2077
1897
1720 1509 1364
10.9
11.0
10.9
11.3
11.6
12.3
12.9
13.7 15.2 17.5
E* 1439
1293
1111
894
758
631
490
404
333
Delta 18.2
20.9
20.8
23.4
25.1
26.6
28.3
29.9
30.9 32.1 32.6
506
439
348
260
222
187
151
130
114
Delta 28.0
26.7
27.1
26.8
27.3
26.7
26.2
25.7
25.4 26.3 26.6
3672
3624
3394 3171 2954
2764
2511
2297
2102 1839 1653
15
10
3247
3170
Delta 12.5
0
25
2
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
E*
0
Delta 10.3
25
40
3
3DHMS RH AAD-1 8.9
LPO
60
5 days
40
2
1
260 219
97
88
9.5
9.5
9.9
10.0
10.4
11.1
11.9
13.3 15.3 17.8
E* 1466
1261
1080
850
713
584
443
358
290
Delta 22.1
21.9
22.4
24.1
26.1
27.2
28.5
29.5
30.0 30.5 30.6
550
478
359
259
206
165
130
107
Delta 28.3
29.3
28.9
28.9
28.8
28.4
27.6
26.8
26.3 24.8 24.2
2039
1937
1766 1591 1441
1311
1153
1033
926
Delta 15.9
15.0
14.8
15.1
15.1
15.9
17.0
18.2
20.0 22.6 25.8
724
633
499
351
284
222
160
126
102
Delta 27.6
28.6
31.1
31.5
33.4
34.2
34.5
34.5
33.6 34.2 33.3
236
202
162
115
94
76
60
51
Delta 31.3
31.3
30.6
29.8
30.3
29.3
27.9
26.0
E*
0
25
5
E*
E*
92
45
222
76
183
70
781 684
78
39
65
36
25.3 24.5 23.4
Table F-3. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 60°C (5 days) (Continued).
4
2463
Delta 15.7
15.1
14.8
903
731
553
Delta 30.5
25
40
5
3FCMS
RC AAF-1 7.8
LPO
60
5 days
0.2
0.1
2236 2018 1822
1650
1440
1279
1128 938
14.8
15.2
16.2
17.4
18.8
20.6 23.5 26.0
388
302
234
167
132
105
32.5
33.0 33.3
34.1
34.1
33.8
33.4
32.8 32.5 31.9
205
169
129
72
59
47
39
Delta 37.9
31.3
31.2 30.4
29.6
30.3
28.4
26.7
26.1 27.2 28.0
3370
3464
3195 2975 2803
2655
2427
2271
2162 2132 2305
88.8
88.8
89.3
89.3
89.6 89.1 69.4
E*
E*
0
25
40
4FCMS
RC AAF-1 9.4
LPO
60
5 days
7
3FHMS RH AAF-1 7.4
LPO
60
5 days
0
1.1
5
2.6
2
90
1.6
1
34
79
29
818
65
26
574 467
2158
1963 1666 1502
1313
1070
903
752
Delta 14.1
13.7
14.5
16.4
18.5
20.8
24.0
27.0
29.6 33.6 35.6
748
669
563
417
350
275
202
160
131
Delta 20.9
23.2
25.9 28.2
31.7
33.1
33.6
33.7
32.4 31.3 30.0
4248
4160
3978 3823 3628
3500
3295
3146
2989 2783 2609
4.0
4.0
4.5
5.2
6.8
403 334
E*
Delta 4.7
40
10
E* 2329
0
25
0.05 0.02 0.01
0.5
Delta 2.3
6
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Aggr. Asp. Void Type Temp Period (°C)
ID
15
(°C)
(%)
0
E* 2563
4DHMS RH AAD-1 7.3 LPO 60 5 days
4.2
3.9
3.6
3.9
102
88
9.5
E* 1470
1411
1282 1112 1004
883
729
621
522
Delta 12.0
12.7
13.4
15.0
17.0
19.5
22.7
26.0
28.6 32.8 35.2
822
719
570
420
333
260
192
154
127
Delta 25.2
27.0
28.2 30.2
31.7
33.2
33.0
33.4
31.4 30.5 29.2
2254
2214
2120 2024 1930
1843
1735
1646
1556 1432 1345
E*
99
85
Table F-3. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 60°C (5 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 7.7
7.6
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.5
8.1
8.4
9.4
11.3 13.9
1121
1034
932
764
681
569
438
350
281
202 162
Delta 17.0
18.0
19.0
21.2 24.4
27.0
31.1
34.8
36.7 40.1 41.3
504
413
337
219
171
124
84
65
Delta 15.6
25.6
35.1
35.1
42.6
41.9
40.8
39.3
38.5 37.9 34.1
E* 2679
2607
2494 2371 2227
2111
1992
1876
1776 1627 1515
25
40
8
4FHMS RH AAF-1
8
LPO
60
5 days
0
E*
Delta 7.1
25
40
9
3MCMS RC AAM-1
8
LPO
60
5 days
10
4MCMS RC AAM-1 8.6
LPO
60
5 days
0
32
6.3
6.9
6.7
7.4
8.1
9.8
12.4 15.3
214
1262
1122 910
803
664
502
395
308
Delta 17.1
17.0
18.9 20.9
24.6
27.7
32.1
35.5
38.6 42.7 43.9
564
498
375
246
183
135
92
71
Delta 29.8
31.8
34.6 36.1
37.6
36.5
34.3
32.7
31.0 30.1 29.3
2403
2321
2199 2093 1982
1892
1764
1661
1558 1422 1325
E*
Delta 7.5
40
6.4
38
E* 1353
0
25
5.7
50
56
43
166
36
7.4
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.4
7.3
7.9
8.0
8.5 10.4
997
940
844
704
619
535
433
365
305
238
Delta 16.3
16.8
17.1
18.7
19.9
21.7
23.7
25.6
27.6 30.3 32.1
569
506
395
289
236
189
143
116
Delta 27.4
28.1
27.6 27.7
29.3
29.2
29.5
29.0
28.7 28.3 27.7
E* 2010
1979
1899 1811 1709
1634
1534
1458
1384 1284 1205
6.2
6.5
6.5
E*
Delta 7.1
6.3
6.6
6.1
6.3
96
7.5
76
198
66
8.5 10.1
Table F-3. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 60°C (5 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
11
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
3MHMS RH AAM-1 7.1
LPO
60
5 days
0
25
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
E* 1102
1048
945
795
700
607
494
416
348
Delta 15.9
15.4
16.2
17.3
18.8
20.4
22.9
24.7
26.7 29.7 31.9
477
426
356
267
224
183
139
114
Delta 24.5
25.7
25.5
25.7 27.7
28.8
29.6
30.5
30.6 31.9 32.2
E* 2839
2708
2494 2326 2164
2034
1864
1741
1624 1463 1357
Delta 13.4
12.2
11.2
10.6
10.6
10.7
11.0
11.3
12.4 14.6 16.4
E* 1222
1071
897
689
578
470
356
287
231
Delta 23.4
23.9
24.8
26.1
28.1
29.6
31.2
32.7
33.7 35.3 35.8
453
356
269
178
140
110
82
68
Delta 41.1
33.6
34.0 32.9
33.5
32.3
30.9
30.1
27.9 26.3 25.2
E* 2668
2637
2546 2348 2181
2055
1884
1751
1627 1463 1344
15
E*
40
12
4MHMS RH AAM-1 7.2
LPO
60
5 days
0
58
74
173
48
223
62
140
43
Delta 11.8
8.4
9.5
10.0
9.6
9.9
10.1
10.7
11.6 14.0 16.0
1128
992
842
657
552
451
343
276
222
Delta 23.0
23.9
24.5 25.8
27.7
29.2
30.8
32.2
33.3 34.7 34.5
686
578
389
246
182
135
95
75
Delta 43.4
37.2
36.8 36.9
37.1
36.2
33.8
32.3
25
40
94
271
E*
59
166
47
134
40
30.5 28.6 27.2
Table F-4. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 85°C (5 days).
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
15
(°C)
(%)
0
E* 4551
85 5 days
1DCMS RC AAD-1 9.3 LPO
ID
1
Aggr. Asp.
Delta 8.4
25
40
2
2DCMS RC AAD-1 8.8
LPO
85
5 days
0
40
3
1DHMS RH AAD-1 6.3
LPO
85
5 days
0
40
4314
7.8
5
2
1
4069 3823 3585
7.6
7.7
7.6
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
3394
3180
2998
2825 2578 2378
7.4
7.4
7.8
8.6
10.1 12.2
475 396
1885
1687 1399 1218
1045
845
712
598
Delta 16.7
16.5
17.8
19.1
20.3
21.6
23.6
24.7
25.7 27.1 28.8
735
677
572
446
373
307
237
197
165
Delta 21.6
21.2
21.7 22.8
24.3
25.1
25.6
26.0
26.4 26.8 27.1
E* 4036
3929
3795 3622 3435
3268
3067
2894
2721 2504 2319
7.4
7.3
7.6
8.3
8.9
10.0 12.0
433 356
E*
8.2
7.6
7.1
134 116
E* 1959
1782
1593 1331 1164
993
794
667
553
Delta 16.2
16.9
17.3
18.9
20.5
22.0
23.8
25.4
26.9 28.5 30.0
879
812
669
509
415
334
250
203
166
Delta 22.9
22.2
23.6 25.1
26.7
27.5
28.2
28.6
28.4 28.6 28.6
2496
2428
2287 2086 1950
1808
1616
1475
1339 1174 1055
E*
Delta 8.4
25
10
E* 2049
Delta 9.6
25
Frequency (Hz)
130
110
8.1
7.7
8.5
8.6
9.6
10.8
12.0
13.6 15.9 18.3
1007
904
767
594
488
395
293
235
188
Delta 23.1
22.1
24.2 25.6
27.2
28.8
30.3
30.9
31.6 32.3 30.8
359
308
253
172
138
110
83
67
Delta 29.5
29.4
31.8 29.6
30.4
29.7
28.6
28.2
56
141
45
115
39
27.5 28.0 27.8
Table F-4. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 85°C (5 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
2DHMS RH AAD-1 8.4
15
(°C)
(%)
4
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
LPO
85
5 days
0
E* 2996
Delta 10.2
5
1FCMS
RC AAF-1 9.3
LPO
85
5 days
0
40
6
2FCMS
RC AAF-1 8.8
LPO
85
5 days
0
40
7
1FHMS RH AAF-1 6.9
LPO
85
5 days
0
1
2694 2509 2328
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
2175
1973
1836
1711 1528 1386
9.7
9.4
9.7
10.1
10.4
11.5 13.5 14.9
1355
1238
1064
829
705
578
437
352
284
Delta 21.7
22.0
23.1
23.9 26.1
27.9
30.1
31.9
33.1 35.4 35.7
595
503
390
273
218
171
126
105
Delta 30.8
30.3
32.3
32.9
33.4
33.7
32.9
33.2
31.1 31.2 31.1
E* 3801
3671
3551 3434 3299
3193
3066
2942
2829 2647 2530
7.4
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.7
8.5
696 583
E*
8.3
7.7
7.3
87
212
70
174
62
10.5
E* 1894
1888
1825 1628 1482
1321
1143
998
865
Delta 12.5
12.1
14.6
15.5
16.5
17.8
19.2
21.1
23.1 26.4 29.1
614
589
515
419
351
291
222
180
146
Delta 13.0
14.2
15.8
18.7
21.0
23.1
25.2
26.8
27.3 28.5 27.7
E* 3857
3810
3658 3530 3403
3291
3155
3052
2945 2743 2679
6.4
6.3
6.1
7.8
8.0
797 659
E*
Delta 9.7
25
2
9.0
Delta 9.0
25
2878
5
9.5
25
40
10
8.1
6.9
6.5
6.5
114
96
9.8
E* 2496
2316
2198 1938 1756
1577
1340
1167
999
Delta 13.6
12.2
12.7
14.0
15.2
16.8
19.1
21.1
23.6 27.0 29.8
E* 1218
1100
931
720
594
479
355
282
227
Delta 19.0
19.7
21.6 24.0
26.3
28.3
30.0
30.7
30.9 30.5 30.0
E* 3474
3366
3217 3093 2925
2790
2656
2527
2399 2238 2113
173
142
Table F-4. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 85°C (5 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
8
2FHMS RH AAF-1
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(%)
8
LPO
85
5 days
0
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
8.5
8.5
8.6
9.0
10.5 11.5 14.5
1293 1083
972
834
669
553
460
15.3
16.5
18.1
20.6
23.2
27.1
30.2
32.9 36.7 39.1
647
540
436
295
252
196
144
118
Delta 22.6
27.6
34.2 33.0 38.7
38.9
38.5
37.1
36.0 35.6 36.1
E* 4811
4700
4462 4292 4118
3973
3787
3603
3434 3211 3023
6.6
6.5
7.6
8.2
8.9
538 427
10
5
2
Delta 10.7
10.2
9.4
9.0
E* 1511
1420
Delta 15.2
15
E*
Delta 7.7
25
40
9
1MCMS RC AAC-1 8.9
LPO
85
5 days
LPO
85
5 days
0
6.9
10.9
2060 1743 1551
1337
1075
891
726
Delta 14.7
14.3
15.6
17.2
19.1
21.1
24.4
27.5
30.5 34.8 36.0
887
797
659
491
400
314
223
170
131
Delta 22.3
23.7
26.7
29.0 31.9
34.4
36.3
36.8
36.2 35.9 34.1
1940
1897
1831 1741 1661
1593
1512
1443
1371 1281 1197
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.5
6.5
7.3
8.3 10.2
420
E*
6.3
6.1
95
77
1522
1397
1267 1083
963
850
706
609
522
Delta 14.6
14.4
14.8
15.9
16.9
18.4
20.1
21.4
22.8 24.6 26.1
972
866
726
564
465
378
289
236
194
Delta 20.1
21.2
22.4
23.5
25.2
26.0
26.9
27.2
27.2 27.7 27.7
E* 3770
3756
3602 3436 3284
3166
3003
2865
2740 2585 2434
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
25
2MCMS RC AAC-1 8.1
7.1
62
2287
Delta 6.8
10
7.1
74
E* 2393
0
40
7.6
95
348 282
E*
Delta 7.5
7.0
6.5
5.8
6.6
153
7.1
352
127
8.4
Table F-4. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Low Pressure Oxidation at 85°C (5 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
Frequency (Hz)
0.2
0.1
1855 1619 1464
1303
1100
961
825
13.1
14.2
15.5
16.5
18.4
19.9
21.5 23.9 25.9
1036
897
714
607
503
395
327
271
Delta 18.5
19.3
20.0
21.8
23.7
25.0
26.4
27.3
28.2 28.9 29.9
3383
3293
3086 2902 2698
2571
2389
2245
2114 1925 1783
10
2124
2032
Delta 13.0
13.2
E* 1155
25
40
11
1MHMS RH AAC-1 6.8
LPO
85
5 days
0
Delta 10.2
25
40
12 2MHMS
RH AAC-1 7.4
LPO
85
5 days
0
25
40
5
2
0.05 0.02 0.01
0.5
15
1
669
214
562
179
9.2
9.2
8.8
8.6
8.7
8.7
9.1
10.6 12.2 14.6
766
708
631
526
480
421
350
301
259
Delta 19.0
19.7
19.7
21.1
22.7
24.6
27.1
29.6
31.8 35.8 37.0
549
455
360
270
227
189
153
131
113
Delta 26.1
26.5
26.7 25.8
26.4
26.1
26.4
26.9
26.4 27.6 27.9
E* 4301
4018
3664 3386 3131
2954
2743
2593
2445 2245 2063
Delta 17.2
16.2
15.6
13.8
13.5
13.4
13.1
14.3 15.3 19.1
E* 2503
2276
1927 1523 1297
1077
835
682
556
Delta 21.2
21.3
21.6 22.5
23.9
25.4
27.4
29.0
30.2 32.9 34.6
823
723
566
385
298
230
166
132
107
Delta 27.0
29.0
31.3 31.8
33.7
32.9
32.4
31.2
31.0 29.2 27.8
E*
E*
E*
14.6
205
94
177
83
424 343
85
72
Table F-5. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long-Term Oven Aging at 85°C (5 days).
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
15
(°C)
(%)
5DCMS RC AAD-1 8.9 LTOA 85 5 days
0
E* 3812
ID
1
Aggr. Asp.
Delta 8.5
25
40
2
6DCMS RC AAD-1 9.4 LTOA 85
5 days
3
5DHMS RH AAD-1
8
LTOA 85
5 days
0
25
40
3706
8.1
5
2
1
3536 3373 3194
7.5
7.5
7.4
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
3055
2862
2716
2559 2349 2186
7.8
7.9
8.4
9.5
10.7 12.8
430 350
1857
1656 1368 1193
1017
808
674
555
Delta 13.7
15.8
17.0
18.5
20.3
22.0
24.1
25.9
27.5 29.8 31.4
788
699
556
405
328
264
198
161
132
Delta 25.1
25.9
27.4 27.8
29.0
29.0
29.6
29.6
29.3 30.5 30.1
3504
3409
3206 2988 2805
2633
2432
2264
2107 1904 1740
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.4
9.9
10.9 12.5 14.2
E*
Delta 10.4
40
10
E* 1998
0
25
Frequency (Hz)
9.5
9.1
106
91
E* 1604
1505
1329 1092
939
796
631
523
436
Delta 16.8
18.4
19.6
20.9
22.2
23.5
25.2
26.6
27.9 29.9 31.2
730
629
500
379
310
252
192
162
135
Delta 24.6
25.3
25.7 26.1
27.2
27.7
28.1
28.7
28.8 29.2 29.5
4272
4076
3740 3332 3002
2712
2334
2060
1787 1477 1283
Delta 13.0
12.4
12.1
13.4
14.4
15.5
17.4
19.2
21.2 24.5 26.7
E* 1235
1061
859
625
499
391
282
222
176
Delta 27.4
27.7
29.0
30.2
31.6
32.2
32.7
33.0
33.4 33.8 33.6
324
271
216
157
127
102
79
67
Delta 27.3
27.2
29.2
27.8
28.2
26.7
25.1
24.9
E*
57
341
108
283
93
132 107
48
43
23.4 24.4 23.6
Table F-5. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 85°C (5 days) (Continued).
4
10
5
2
1214
1099
Delta 16.0
15.5
487
Aggr. Asp.
0.5
0.2
0.1
990
906
829
723
653
587
15.4
15.8
15.8
16.6
17.7
18.7
20.5 23.8 25.9
417
340
244
201
159
118
94
Delta 27.4
28.3
28.9
29.8
31.2
32.1
33.0
33.4
215
187
144
103
82
66
50
41
Delta 39.0
28.5
29.5
28.4 28.4
27.1
25.9
25.2
25.1 25.2 24.3
1394
1379
1338 1302 1272
1242
1203
1170
1133 1089 1047
3.6
3.8
3.9
4.4
5.0
514 419
40
5FCMS
RC AAF-1
9
LTOA 85
5 days
0
Delta 6.2
6
6FCMS RC AAF-1
9
LTOA 85
5 days
0
40
7
5FHMS RH AAF-1 6.6 LTOA 85
5 days
0
4.8
4.0
3.7
58
49
34.0 35.1 36.3
35
29
26
6.7
1784
1608 1392 1255
1100
917
781
656
Delta 17.2
17.2
17.8
19.0
20.4
21.8
23.7
25.6
27.6 30.1 32.3
1099
923
755
554
455
358
259
205
163
Delta 23.3
25.3
27.2 27.9 30.1
31.4
32.3
32.7
32.8 32.7 32.8
E* 3682
3590
3439 3281 3179
3091
2953
2873
2755 2595 2505
5.8
6.1
6.4
E*
Delta 8.9
25
5.6
76
499 448
1913
25
40
0.05 0.02 0.01
1
25
5
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
15
(°C)
(%)
E* 1266
6DHMS RH AAD-1 7.8 LTOA 85 5 days 0
ID
7.9
7.0
5.6
5.6
6.8
123
8.4
101
8.9
2914
2727
2517 2193 1972
1733
1430
1211
1009 777 622
Delta 11.8
12.0
12.5
14.1
15.8
17.9
20.8
23.5
26.1 29.9 32.8
E* 1392
1259
1043
765
629
487
343
262
203
Delta 21.9
23.2
25.9
27.8 31.9
34.4
36.1
37.2
36.8 36.7 35.9
2510
2449
2307 2181 2051
1967
1861
1769
1682 1533 1436
148
118
Table F-5. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 85°C (5 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
8
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period ( °C)
(%)
6FHMS RH AAF-1 7.2 LTOA 85
5 days
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 7.9
7.5
6.9
7.1
7.5
7.3
8.0
9.2
10.7 14.8 19.5
E* 1219
1134
1020
811
719
601
461
370
291
Delta 18.3
19.1
20.2 22.0
25.3
28.0
31.3
34.0
36.3 38.6 40.4
500
392
300
200
152
116
83
66
Delta 49.2
30.4
33.5
34.0
35.5
35.0
32.5
31.0
29.6 28.0 26.5
4544
4358
4150 3890 3699
3520
3253
3088
2891 2640 2497
9.7
10.1
11.7
13.6 16.7 19.8
E*
0
Delta 8.9
25
40
9
5MCMS RC AAM-1 8.5 LTOA 85
5 days
0
40
10
6MCMS RC AAM-1
9
LTOA 85
5 days
0
9.0
9.1
8.9
166
46
E* 2112
1957
1724 1382 1214
1010
770
614
486
Delta 16.9
17.7
19.2
20.9
24.2
26.9
30.9
34.6
36.7 41.2 43.4
742
627
494
337
260
202
143
112
Delta 27.5
29.0
30.9
32.0
33.7
33.2
31.8
31.0
29.5 28.0 27.1
E* 2286
2226
2119 1995 1897
1814
1708
1620
1541 1441 1359
E*
91
346 262
73
63
6.9
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.6
6.9
7.2
8.2
9.5
1049
993
899
775
687
606
502
429
365
292 245
Delta 13.4
14.0
14.8
15.9
17.3
18.9
20.9
22.5
24.2 26.7 28.5
570
513
438
336
283
233
179
147
123
Delta 22.9
22.1
23.1
23.9 25.2
26.7
27.7
29.1
29.6 30.4 31.3
E* 2738
2646
2517 2433 2310
2216
2087
1996
1904 1768 1659
5.1
5.3
5.0
Delta 7.2
25
9.1
55
211
Delta 4.9
5.6
5.7
5.1
5.4
6.1
96
7.7
11.3
81
9.6
Table F-5. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 85°C (5 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
( °C)
(%)
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
1207
1147
1037
888
792
695
577
496
422
Delta 13.0
13.4
13.9
15.3
16.3
17.9
20.1
21.8
23.7 26.5 28.9
516
463
401
316
276
229
180
148
123
Delta 20.4
20.0
20.9
22.7 23.9
26.0
27.2
28.8
29.8 30.9 30.9
3499
3441
3269 3020 2807
2639
2399
2225
2045 1828 1647
25
40
11
5MHMS RH AAM-1 6.6 LTOA 85
5 days
E*
0
Delta 12.5
12 6MHMS RH AAM-1 6.5 LTOA 85
5 days
0
40
98
82
9.7
9.8
9.9
10.2
10.6
11.6
12.8 14.2 16.5
1440
1291
1101
861
716
586
442
356
283
Delta 20.7
22.2
22.7 23.8
25.3
26.8
28.9
30.3
31.9 34.7 36.2
511
425
316
220
174
137
102
81
Delta 32.8
34.5
32.8 31.7
32.3
32.4
31.2
31.3
29.9 31.1 25.7
E* 3531
3390
3231 2974 2801
2631
2412
2235
2080 1880 1728
E*
Delta 9.5
25
336 279
8.3
25
40
0.05 0.02 0.01
15
66
209
52
165
45
8.4
7.5
7.6
8.0
8.6
9.2
10.1
11.0 12.5 14.2
1225
1100
940
732
615
504
382
307
246
Delta 22.3
22.6
23.8
25.2 26.4
28.2
29.8
31.3
32.4 34.2 35.0
523
413
340
218
174
134
99
80
Delta 31.3
30.6
32.8
31.1 32.8
32.4
31.7
31.5
E*
E*
67
183
54
147
46
29.0 28.3 28.4
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long-Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days).
ID
1
7ACMS
25
40
2
8ACMS
RC AAA-1 8.6 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
3
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RC AAA-1 9 LTOA 100 2 days 0
Aggr. Asp.
12ADMS RD AAA-1 8.7 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
2406
2319
2160 1973 1818
1674
1494
1363 1239 1063 948
Delta 13.4
12.7
12.5
12.7
12.7
13.1
13.8
14.7
16.4 18.6 20.3
E* 1058
926
776
586
488
395
298
242
196
Delta 26.0
25.6
26.4
26.6
28.0
28.7
29.7
30.5
30.7 31.5 32.5
385
327
270
198
165
134
112
98
Delta 26.1
26.5
28.3
27.2 27.5
27.2
27.1
28.3
E* 2126
2049
1914 1773 1656
1543
1388
1273 1166 1007 905
Delta 13.4
13.0
12.6
12.9
13.0
13.9
14.6
15.3
16.9 18.9 21.1
E* 1059
941
761
571
463
368
270
214
169
Delta 25.9
27.2
28.3
29.5 30.9
32.1
32.9
33.6
34.0 34.5 34.8
424
352
280
187
149
117
88
73
Delta 27.7
29.0
30.0
31.1
32.1
31.8
30.9
30.6
E* 3323
3168
2937 2606 2333
2104
1801
1573 1370 1114 952
Delta 11.3
10.6
11.7
12.5
13.8
14.6
16.7
19.2
20.5 24.5 26.9
E* 1085
959
770
554
448
347
250
196
157
Delta 25.7
26.4
27.5
29.1 31.1
32.3
32.8
33.4
32.9 33.7 33.3
281
239
190
142
98
81
68
Delta 33.6
27.9
26.8
25.0 22.9
23.5
22.1
21.6
E*
E*
E*
111
89
152
77
127
71
28.7 29.5 29.9
62
127 103
51
46
29.4 29.5 28.5
59
119
52
99
47
21.2 20.9 20.3
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
4
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
0
15ADMS RD AAA-1 8.6 LTOA 100 2 days
ID
Aggr. Asp.
15
10
2059
1987
11AHMS RH AAA-1 7.2 LTOA 100
2 days
0
6
14AHMS RH AAA-1 7.2 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
7
11AJMS
RJ AAA-1 8.4 LTOA 100
2 days
0
1516
1367
1246 1130 973 858
0.1
8.1
9.0
9.9
11.5
13.3
15.5 18.7 22.0
910
824
704
530
447
360
272
221
182
Delta 20.7
21.5
22.4
23.6
26.6
27.9
29.2
29.9
30.1 31.6 31.5
376
315
251
188
159
133
109
94
Delta 25.3
26.3
24.1
23.8 23.4
22.6
21.5
21.5
21.5 22.8 23.0
E* 1970
1852
1726 1552 1397
1264
1082
948
821
21.8 25.7 29.4
E*
84
143
72
121
66
660 557
Delta 10.0
9.6
10.9
12.2
13.6
14.8
17.3
19.2
539
483
398
284
231
178
128
102
Delta 27.1
26.7
28.6
29.9 32.8
34.2
34.7
35.0
194
162
123
71
61
50
43
Delta 39.4
29.9
28.3 23.8
25.6
24.2
22.2
21.3
E* 2841
2671
2435 2130 1875
1642
1354 1156
Delta 12.2
12.2
13.0
14.4
15.9
17.6
19.5
21.5
23.6 26.7 29.1
669
591
482
343
284
221
165
134
111
Delta 28.0
28.8
29.7
29.7 31.1
31.6
31.6
31.4
31.4 32.2 32.0
193
163
137
103
78
66
59
Delta 25.6
23.8
25.1
23.1 24.6
23.0
21.2
22.1
22.5 22.7 21.6
E* 2324
2226
2000 1750 1568
1366
1124
942
784 603 499
25
40
1879 1745 1629
1
7.5
40
5
0.2
2
6.9
Delta 7.3
25
0.05 0.02 0.01
0.5
5
E*
E*
E*
91
96
82
63
53
34.2 35.0 34.1
41
36
33
20.2 20.1 20.5
974
55
769
90
50
636
78
4.6
O
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Aggr. Asp. Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
25
Frequency (Hz)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 13.2
13.6
14.3
16.1
17.8
19.6
23.0
25.6
27.9 33.8 37.7
E* 1182
1006
796
557
427
322
221
170
132
Delta 28.9
28.4
29.5 30.9
32.6
32.9
33.2
33.2
32.5 41.7 33.1
180
160
128
70
56
44
37
Delta 49.7
29.1
29.2 27.8
27.2
26.4
24.6
22.7
22.6 20.2 19.1
E* 2022
1968
1784 1574 1414
1268
1079
935
811
Delta 12.4
12.5
13.3
14.1
15.0
16.6
18.4
20.2
22.4 25.5 29.2
598
514
419
301
251
198
146
117
Delta 27.5
28.1
29.3
29.6
32.5
33.7
34.2
34.8
224
185
147
108
99
81
65
59
Delta 36.0
28.2
27.6
25.2 28.1
24.7
24.9
24.5
E* 2333
2289
2153 1978 1846
1717
1535
1416 1293 1145 1040
40
8
12AJMS
RJ AAA-1 8.5 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
9
7DCMS
RC AAD-1 9.3 LTOA 100
2 days
0
E*
Delta 6.8
25
40
10
8DCMS
RC AAD-1 9
LTOA 100
2 days
0
89
32
97
98
29
79
25
654 554
75
65
34.3 35.2 34.7
53
45
42
22.4 24.9 25.3
6.9
7.1
7.9
8.4
9.3
9.8
10.2
10.9 11.1 13.1
E* 1217
1142
1012
824
716
604
480
401
340
Delta 17.3
16.5
18.1
19.5
21.5
23.2
25.6
27.6
28.0 29.9 31.4
554
466
372
266
230
189
155
132
123
Delta 25.6
27.6
28.9
28.0 30.2
31.3
33.1
35.7
30.9 37.7 36.9
E* 1888
1830
1743 1641 1528
1451
1331
1246 1157 1048 951
7.4
7.2
8.2
Delta 6.8
6.3
6.3
7.2
8.7
9.6
269 223
95
11.3 13.6
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
25
40
11 12DDMS
RD AAD-1
8
LTOA 100
2 days
40
LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
13
7DHMS RH AAD-1 6.6 LTOA 100
2 days
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
831
780
690
564
489
415
333
279
233
Delta 16.0
16.8
17.7
19.3
20.8
22.5
24.1
25.3
26.7 29.2 28.7
444
361
289
212
181
147
115
98
Delta 24.1
26.7
27.6 26.7
26.7
28.1
27.8
27.7
4138
3962
3717 3388 3105
2860
2544 2298 2068 1768 1551
Delta 10.3
10.8
10.6
11.3
11.8
12.5
13.9
14.9
16.5 19.1 21.8
E* 1857
1648
1351 1007
811
637
465
365
286
Delta 26.3
26.3
27.4 28.3 30.4
31.4
32.9
34.0
34.7 36.0 36.7
427
353
272
195
155
123
97
84
Delta 30.3
30.4
32.0
32.3 31.8
30.4
29.0
27.8
26.2 25.5 25.1
E* 1593
1536
1434 1343 1241
1156
1049
962
879
Delta 11.6
12.9
11.2
10.9
11.3
11.7
12.5
13.1
14.4 16.9 19.0
726
651
541
422
357
296
231
192
161
Delta 24.2
25.5
26.2
26.5
27.6
28.1
28.7
29.2
29.5 30.4 31.4
335
283
213
154
132
108
87
74
Delta 26.1
26.5
29.4
28.2 29.2
28.4
27.3
26.8
3029
2923
2694 2407 2142
1929
1637 1434 1238 996 834
Delta 11.9
11.9
11.8
12.8
13.6
14.5
16.4
18.3
19.8 23.6 27.1
1354
1112
859
577
459
355
259
210
173
E*
E*
0
25
12 13DDMS RD AAD-1 8.2
Frequency (Hz)
0
25
E*
E*
0.05 0.02 0.01
82
182
68
155
60
28.4 29.9 31.0
71
65
213
60
171
53
772 702
128
55
110
51
26.8 27.3 28.5
135
116
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
40
14
8DHMS RH AAD-1 6.9 LTOA 100
2 days
0
Frequency (Hz)
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
33.8 35.6
35.6
35.3
35.7
36.0 38.5 36.1
136
112
88
77
31.2 29.9
27.7
26.2
25.7
3640
3378 3051 2778
2522
2205 1970
Delta 13.1
12.2
12.3
12.8
13.3
14.0
15.6
16.9
18.8 21.6 24.8
991
849
689
506
411
323
236
187
151
Delta 28.0
28.1
30.6
31.7 33.6
34.5
34.8
35.2
34.7 35.0 34.8
407
352
247
163
98
73
61
Delta 35.8
36.3
37.2
35.8 33.8
31.9
29.6
27.7
E* 2604
2568
2430 2256 2114
1951
1734 1570 1418 1236 1105
Delta 10.4
10.6
10.2
10.9
11.4
11.3
11.9
13.0
14.5 15.4 19.0
959
865
726
560
483
397
308
252
212
Delta 24.8
25.2
26.7
28.3 30.2
31.5
32.8
33.5
33.5 34.1 33.6
407
342
294
216
186
150
127
114
108
Delta 28.2
28.8
30.7
28.7 31.2
28.9
30.7
32.3
30.7 30.3 30.8
E* 2567
2541
2421 2296 2137
2032
1888
1765
1640 1474 1354
10
5
Delta 30.0
32.5
33.6
418
358
243
169
Delta 33.3
31.5
33.8
E* 3862
E*
25
40
15
12DJMS
RJ AAD-1 8.6 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
16
13DJMS
RJ AAD-1 9.2 LTOA 100
2 days
0
E*
E*
E*
Delta 8.4
25
2
15
1
126
67
57
52
24.6 24.0 25.5
1734 1436 1236
52
115
43
96
39
25.5 23.4 23.3
166 144
96
93
8.0
7.9
8.2
8.4
8.4
9.0
9.3
10.8 12.3 13.4
1170
1080
933
762
646
542
426
353
292
Delta 21.7
21.6
22.3
23.5 24.4
25.2
26.7
27.4
27.4 27.7 27.8
229 192
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
Frequency (Hz)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
452
388
308
223
186
153
119
101
87
Delta 26.7
26.7
28.0
28.5
29.2
30.1
29.2
29.1
E* 2418
2376
2287 2186 2082
2006
1895 1827 1753 1634 1544
40
17
7FCMS
RC AAF-1 9.1 LTOA 100
2 days
0
Delta 5.2
25
40
18
8FCMS
RC AAF-1 9.7 LTOA 100
2 days
0
7FDMS
RD AAF-1 8.9 LTOA 100
2 days
5.3
4.7
5.1
5.7
6.9
368 294
9.5
959
838
682
575
477
Delta 12.0
12.2
13.0
15.2
17.1
19.2
22.2
24.9
27.0 30.4 33.2
751
671
532
380
308
238
169
134
105
Delta 25.0
25.7
29.1
29.6
32.5
33.9
34.2
34.0
33.4 32.4 31.5
E* 3745
3701
3570 3434 3275
3165
2996 2877 2734 2569 2408
E*
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.3
80
65
4.3
4.4
4.6
5.0
5.6
7.8
531 418
E* 2074
2001
1810 1576 1409
1234
1010
847
694
Delta 10.6
10.9
12.3
13.9
15.8
17.8
21.1
24.1
27.2 30.4 34.2
994
850
693
491
394
305
221
173
138
Delta 24.2
26.3
27.4
29.6
32.3
33.6
33.9
34.0
33.6 32.8 31.4
2692
2660
2542 2443 2346
2247
2128 2019 1941 1794 1678
Delta 9.1
40
4.8
1231 1070
0
25
4.9
28.9 30.2 29.5
1353
40
19
4.8
64
E* 1416
Delta 3.8
25
4.6
72
106
88
9.0
7.9
8.0
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.8
9.3
11.0 13.1
E* 1393
1281
1127
931
815
687
537
439
354
265 212
Delta 20.3
19.9
19.7
21.4
23.3
25.4
27.6
29.9
31.9 34.8 36.1
518
399
281
221
174
127
104
E*
612
87
72
61
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
20
8FDMS
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RD AAF-1 8.9 LTOA 100
2 days
0
Frequency (Hz)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 30.6
30.9
33.1
32.7
33.8
33.1
31.6
30.5
28.7 27.0 28.2
7958
7836
7499 7151 6803
6534
6105 5702 5351 4901 4476
Delta 6.1
25
40
21
7FHMS
RH AAF-1 7.5 LTOA 100
2 days
0
40
22
8FHMS
RH AAF-1 7.5 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
6.1
6.0
5.7
5.5
5.9
6.4
7.6
8.8 10.8
579 452
3145
2922
2590 2138 1859
1572
1219
992
788
Delta 18.0
17.9
18.2
19.9
21.7
23.7
26.6
29.0
31.4 35.0 37.0
E* 1238
1042
799
542
418
320
230
186
158
Delta 28.7
30.1
32.4
33.5 34.1
33.7
32.3
31.1
29.3 27.3 25.7
4943
4842
4637 4318 4024
3789
3540 3346 3131 2793 2573
Delta 9.0
25
5.8
7.4
7.2
7.9
8.5
128
113
8.4
8.9
9.6
10.7 13.0 14.1
262
E* 2021
1824
1596 1275 1088
883
651
502
380
Delta 21.2
21.0
21.6
23.5 26.7
29.4
33.0
36.0
38.2 41.5 42.6
898
758
570
353
263
188
126
96
Delta 31.2
31.8
38.1
38.7 40.9
40.8
39.1
36.3
3346
3263
3098 2914 2739
2604
2427 2293 2126 1956 1799
76
59
196
52
33.7 31.4 30.0
Delta 10.4
9.3
9.0
8.5
8.6
8.7
9.0
9.4
11.3 12.3 14.8
E* 929
802
672
512
433
350
260
206
162
Delta 24.4
25.3
26.2
26.6 29.0
30.8
33.2
35.5
37.4 40.6 42.2
E* 559
500
383
246
189
139
97
76
Delta 26.8
34.5
37.1
37.3 40.5
39.1
36.6
34.0
62
117
50
93
45
31.7 29.5 26.7
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(%)
23
12FJMS
(°C)
RJ AAF-1 8.4 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
24
13FJMS
RJ AAF-1
9
LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
25
7GCMS
RC AAG-1 10.2 LTOA 100
2 days
0
Frequency (Hz)
15
40
26
8GCMS
RC AAG-1 10.9 LTOA 100
2 days
0
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
4880
4766
4512 4283 4059
3877
3605 3384 3187 2946 2745
Delta 10.8
10.6
10.4
11.0
11.3
11.4
12.1
12.9 14.6 17.7
E* 2187
2012
1773 1433 1255
1036
786
625
489
Delta 20.9
20.5
20.9
22.8 25.3
27.9
31.4
34.3
36.7 40.2 41.6
2081
1094
667
392
285
206
140
109
Delta 43.6
48.1
46.9 45.9
44.5
43.3
40.6
38.0
E* 2949
2841
2724 2581 2468
2350
2209 2113 1975 1822 1712
Delta 13.1
12.0
12.2
11.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
11.1
12.8 14.2 16.4
E* 1585
1416
1216
972
846
701
533
425
335
Delta 26.1
25.3
23.7 24.5 26.3
28.3
31.3
34.2
36.7 40.5 42.0
E* 1380
1066
529
314
237
177
123
95
Delta 26.1
41.1
46.3
41.8
41.4
40.3
38.0
36.5
E* 3536
3514
3392 3309 3161
3064
2922 2802 2686 2491 2325
Delta 6.8
25
10
6.6
6.2
10.8
6.4
6.4
86
346 264
67
58
35.7 33.6 31.6
75
238 183
57
48
35.2 33.2 31.2
6.5
6.9
7.6
9.0
10.6 13.2
265
E* 2109
1923
1720 1363 1156
927
667
506
379
Delta 19.5
19.9
21.1
23.8 27.2
30.0
33.7
35.9
37.0 36.5 35.6
698
583
438
286
214
162
118
97
Delta 32.3
34.6
36.0
36.2 36.2
34.8
31.9
29.7
E* 3338
3289
3151 3010 2888
2772
2607 2487 2391 2263 2060
84
72
202
65
27.6 25.9 25.1
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period ( °C)
(°C)
(%)
25
Frequency (Hz)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 8.3
7.4
7.2
7.2
7.5
7.7
8.3
8.8
9.7
11.4 13.8
269 207
E* 1868
1736
1529 1235 1068
867
639
495
379
Delta 18.4
19.3
20.5
22.8 26.2
29.2
33.2
35.4
36.9 38.6 38.7
712
616
472
312
237
180
130
105
Delta 30.3
32.3
34.7
35.3 36.2
35.7
33.4
31.9
E* 4718
4622
4413 4210 3984
3783
3540 3330 3088 2777 2526
40
27
7GDMS RD AAG-1 8.4 LTOA 100
2 days
0
Delta 7.6
25
40
28
8GDMS
RD AAG-1 8.5 LTOA 100
2 days
0
40
29
12GJMS
RJ AAG-1 8.9 LTOA 100
2 days
0
7.8
8.0
8.6
74
67
30.3 28.5 27.5
8.4
9.4
10.3
11.5 14.0 16.7
E* 1915
1763
1554 1218 1053
829
578
432
324
Delta 17.0
18.5
20.6
24.3 29.8
34.3
38.7
41.0
41.5 41.8 40.2
752
589
409
255
182
133
92
72
Delta 38.4
38.9
41.7
41.0
40.2
37.6
33.8
31.0
E* 4389
4225
4057 3856 3656
3458
3222 3016 2806 2529 2272
E*
Delta 9.6
25
8.3
88
9.1
8.4
57
227
45
180
39
27.9 24.6 22.1
8.9
9.0
9.4
9.7
10.7
12.6 14.3 18.1
1530
1400
1264 953
833
646
443
323
236
Delta 17.2
19.3
21.4
24.6
31.5
36.5
41.8
45.1
46.4 48.2 47.3
841
657
476
278
203
147
103
81
Delta 36.2
38.1
41.0
40.0 39.8
37.5
34.0
32.3
4116
4011
3839 3625 3431
3230
2975 2777 2559 2265 2053
Delta 9.3
9.0
8.7
8.9
9.2
9.5
10.3
11.5
68
158
56
123
50
30.6 30.5 29.7
13.0 16.5 19.8
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
25
40
30 13GJMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RJ AAG-1 7.9 LTOA 100
2 days
0
0.5
0.2
0.1
929
794
606
412
300
221
24.9
27.8
33.9
37.9
41.5
43.9
44.5 44.8 43.2
382
275
166
122
91
65
54
Delta 36.3
37.2
40.2
39.1
39.9
37.0
32.7
29.3
E* 4112
3990
3821 3644 3477
3343
3125 2965 2774 2518 2313
6.2
7.3
8.4
9.0
11.3 12.9 16.5
5
2
E* 1598
1445
1258
Delta 22.6
23.4
470
E*
Delta 6.1
25
40
31
7KCMS
RC AAK-1 9.6 LTOA 100
2 days
32
8KCMS
RC AAK-1 8.6 LTOA 100
2 days
0
6.8
35
25.8 24.5 23.9
1531 1160 1009
776
517
369
264
Delta 19.0
20.5
22.9
26.0 32.8
37.8
43.1
46.4
47.6 48.6 47.0
548
449
324
196
178
136
100
83
Delta 36.4
37.3
42.8
35.4 41.7
33.6
29.2
33.7
3047
2999
2879 2722 2596
2469
2319 2217 2085 1920 1799
E*
9.2
8.7
8.6
8.8
73
170
62
126
61
36.0 38.3 36.4
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.8
10.6 12.4
439 353
E* 1779
1655
1470 1254 1108
960
787
665
557
Delta 18.1
18.5
18.7
19.4
20.7
21.8
23.5
24.7
26.1 27.7 30.6
939
829
688
524
431
347
265
216
178
Delta 23.5
24.1
25.6
27.4
28.7
29.1
29.5
30.0
29.9 30.2 28.8
3378
3309
3154 3034 2865
2763
2616 2511 2393 2231 2095
E*
Delta 9.5
25
6.1
38
115
1724
Delta 10.7
40
6.4
44
148
E* 1848
0
25
0.05 0.02 0.01
1
10
15
2032
9.3
1889
8.8
8.5
8.4
1673 1432 1262
139
120
8.2
8.3
8.5
9.6
9.4 12.3
1100
905
776
656
521 424
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 17.8
18.2
18.5
19.2
20.2
21.3
23.0
24.3
25.6 27.7 30.6
1032
933
793
617
520
430
336
278
235
Delta 22.4
21.6
23.3
24.4 25.7
26.2
27.2
28.1
27.9 28.6 29.2
4938
4690
4296 3981 3717
3468
3115 2853 2605 2270 2044
Delta 12.9
12.5
11.7
12.0
12.7
13.8
14.0
15.3 17.3 19.5
E* 2147
1981
1638 1254 1024
818
599
472
370
Delta 22.2
23.5
24.0 25.5
28.2
29.9
31.9
33.4
34.6 36.7 37.7
940
791
583
398
309
241
178
143
115
Delta 30.5
29.7
31.1
30.9 30.8
30.2
28.4
28.2
27.2 28.0 28.6
E* 5731
5489
5154 4773 4382
4032
3596
3273 2938 2556 2220
40
33
7KDMS
RD AAK-1 7.7 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
34
8KDMS
RD AAK-1 7.2 LTOA 100
2 days
0
E*
Delta 10.4
25
40
35
7KHMS
RH AAK-1 8
LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
9.9
9.9
11.8
189 163
271
90
215
76
10.1
10.6
10.8
11.9
13.0
14.1 15.8 19.3
948
762
564
446
354
265 215
E* 2001
1782
1503 1146
Delta 22.7
23.7
24.5
26.2 28.0
29.4
31.0
32.3
33.1 34.5 35.1
559
486
383
280
226
185
148
124
107
Delta 29.1
28.2
28.4 27.3
27.0
26.2
25.2
25.0
24.4 25.3 26.1
E* 4418
4166
3905 3646 3396
3171
2886 2662 2437 2129 1895
Delta 11.5
10.9
10.2
10.7
11.2
11.2
11.7
12.3
13.8 16.5 17.9
E* 1705
1531
1310 1022
851
691
513
405
321
Delta 22.5
22.8
23.8 25.4
27.4
29.0
30.6
31.9
32.4 32.5 32.1
E*
91
238
82
193
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
0.5
0.2
0.1
266
211
164
137
117
31.1
29.6
27.2
25.6
23.7 21.8 20.0
3305
3084 2815 2608
2413
2147 1963 1769 1532 1365
Delta 13.1
12.0
11.6
11.7
12.0
12.4
13.3
14.0
15.4 17.1 19.9
E* 1221
1066
873
642
526
416
301
235
185
Delta 23.0
24.5
26.3
27.4 29.9
31.6
33.6
35.2
35.7 37.7 38.6
435
379
281
195
157
125
97
80
Delta 27.4
29.2
31.1
29.5 31.2
31.0
30.1
30.2
E* 2968
2840
2697 2495 2307
2183
1997 1865 1726 1536 1412
15
10
5
2
736
598
466
330
Delta 28.4
29.9
31.4 31.0
E* 3487
40
36
8KHMS
RH AAK-1 7.1 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
37
11KJMS
RJ AAK-1 9.7 LTOA 100
2 days
0
Delta 9.9
25
12KJMS
RJ AAK-1
9
LTOA 100
2 days
0
40
69
99
136
57
89
109
50
29.8 31.1 31.6
9.5
9.7
9.6
9.7
10.8
11.1
12.4 15.1 16.9
E* 1266
1141
960
753
642
526
402
325
265
Delta 23.5
24.0
24.5
25.5 27.2
28.7
30.5
32.1
33.0 32.6 33.7
480
414
329
240
200
162
125
106
Delta 29.4
29.6
30.1
28.5 29.1
28.9
28.8
28.8
E* 3315
3252
3090 2927 2745
2600
2407 2244 2108 1899 1745
Delta 9.1
25
0.05 0.02 0.01
9.8
40
38
1
89
203
71
167
62
25.8 24.6 24.8
8.1
7.9
7.9
8.6
8.9
9.8
10.6
11.4 13.2 16.2
E* 1506
1387
1207
962
818
676
516
414
330
Delta 20.0
20.4
21.9
23.1 25.3
27.3
29.6
31.4
32.9 34.8 34.8
439
348
238
187
144
104
83
E*
620
69
244
54
196
45
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
39
7MCMS
Aggr. Asp.
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
RC AAM-1 9.2 LTOA 100
2 days
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 29.6
31.6
32.5
32.6
34.9
35.2
34.3
33.6
32.1 31.2 29.8
2778
2671
2504 2327 2171
2039
1849 1718 1591 1413 1297
Delta 11.6
11.0
10.5
10.9
11.0
10.8
11.1
12.2
13.6 15.3 17.9
960
863
709
535
446
359
265
210
166
Delta 25.3
27.0
27.0
27.1
29.2
30.3
31.7
33.3
34.7 36.7 37.9
407
299
254
179
142
112
84
69
Delta 31.9
41.0
29.9
30.0
30.4
29.7
28.7
28.4
E* 3299
3227
2993 2806 2613
2457
2261 2108
1958 1766 1615
0
25
40
40
8MCMS
RC AAM-1 8.5 LTOA 100
2 days
0
E*
Delta 10.3
25
40
41
7MDMS RD AAM-1 8.2 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
58
123
47
99
41
27.7 27.8 26.8
9.4
9.2
9.8
9.3
9.3
10.1
10.5
11.5 13.3 15.3
851
798
675
518
449
366
279
225
180
Delta 19.4
20.4
21.8
23.5
26.5
28.4
31.2
33.4
34.6 38.3 39.7
430
347
260
170
131
101
72
58
Delta 31.2
30.9
33.8
34.1
35.7
36.5
36.9
37.1
3425
3334
3177 2982 2796
2652
2440 2299 2135 1912 1749
Delta 14.7
13.2
12.0
12.6
13.3
13.5
14.4
15.1
16.3 17.4 19.3
1577
1434
1242
981
836
681
517
420
342
Delta 28.6
28.0
27.5
29.3
31.2
32.6
34.1
35.6
37.3 40.4 42.1
E* 2272
1669
685
393
293
222
157
124
Delta 29.0
40.1
47.0 41.9
40.4
38.4
37.3
35.4
E*
47
134
36
109
31
36.0 36.0 36.7
98
257 211
75
61
35.2 35.0 35.7
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
(%)
42 8MDMS
15
(T)
RD AAM-1 8.6 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
43 7MHMS
Frequency (Hz)
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period ( °C)
RH AAM-1 7.1 LTOA 100
2 days
LTOA 100
2 days
45
7MJMS
RJ AAM-1 7.6 LTOA 100
2 days
0
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
4384
4004 3694 3461 3159 2899
Delta 14.8
13.5
13.2
13.4
13.1
13.0
13.7
14.8 16.3 18.1
E* 2200
1918
1621 1288 1089
894
687
558
449
Delta 26.4
25.8
25.3
25.8 26.8
27.8
29.8
31.6
33.2 36.2 37.4
798
573
411
285
238
196
155
133
119
Delta 37.7
42.6
38.3
35.4 34.5
32.2
30.9
30.9
29.8 30.6 30.0
2778
2671
2504 2327 2171
2039
1849
1718 1591 1413 1297
Delta 11.6
11.0
10.5
10.9
11.0
10.8
11.1
12.2
13.6 15.3 17.9
960
863
709
535
446
359
265
210
166
Delta 25.3
27.0
27.0
27.1 29.2
30.3
31.7
33.3
34.7 36.7 37.9
407
299
254
179
142
112
84
69
Delta 31.9
41.0
29.9
30.0 30.4
29.7
28.7
28.4
27.7 27.8 26.8
E* 3299
3227
2993 2806 2613
2457
2261 2108
1958 1766 1615
E*
13.5
58
338 271
103
123
47
95
99
41
Delta 10.3
9.4
9.2
9.8
9.3
9.3
10.1
10.5
11.5 13.3 15.3
851
798
675
518
449
366
279
225
180
Delta 19.4
20.4
21.8
23.5 26.5
28.4
31.2
33.4
34.6 38.3 39.7
430
347
260
170
131
101
72
58
Delta 31.2
30.9
33.8
34.1 35.7
36.5
36.9
37.1
E* 2484
2389
2264 2133 1991
1869
1730
1628 1524 1380 1266
25
40
1
5273 4908 4607
0
0
2
5529
40
RH AAM-1 7
5
E* 5816
25
44 8MHMS
10
E*
47
134 109
36
31
36.0 36.0 36.7
Table F-6. Summary Data of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test for Long Term Oven Aging at 100°C (2 days) (Continued).
ID
Aggr. Asp.
Air Aging Aging Aging Temp.
Void Type Temp Period (°C)
(°C)
(%)
Frequency (Hz)
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.02 0.01
Delta 10.0
9.6
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.0
9.4
9.9
10.7 13.2 14.9
856
762
650
506
433
357
274
223
181
Delta 22.8
23.0
23.4
24.7
27.0
28.3
30.4
32.2
33.8 36.5 37.8
244
211
166
120
102
84
66
56
Delta 28.0
29.0
28.7
28.2
28.2
27.6
27.9
28.1
27.4 28.0 29.5
E* 2489
2391
2256 2131 1988
1860
1710
1589
1471 1315 1218
Delta 10.3
10.4
10.5
10.8
10.3
10.3
10.9
11.8
13.1 14.7 17.2
915
839
710
550
466
381
289
232
187
Delta 22.8
22.7
23.9
24.8
26.7
28.3
30.7
32.8
34.5 37.8 39.4
378
301
239
170
141
115
92
78
29.5
28.5
29.2
26.7
26.0
25.4
23.8
23.3
25
40
46
8MJMS
RJ AAM-1 7.5 LTOA 100
2 days
0
25
40
E*
E*
Note: Mix combination AAG-1 and RH was never made due to insufficient supply of Aggregate RH.
49
67
136
41
139
58
112
37
113
53
22.7 23.0 22.4
Table F-7. Complex Modulus and Phase Angle Results for the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems.
Sample System I Temp
3adms Pneumatic
0
25
0
E*
E*
E*
40
delta
0
delta
25
E*
delta
40
E*
delta
Hydraulic
0
delta
25
delta
40
1
0.5
2099.7
1966.3
15.6
617.2
22
393.6
47.4
2499.8
21.6
1465.4
35.9
296.3
38
3893.4
13.7
859.3
28.3
985.1
54.4
4343.2
21.8
1677.3
45
405.5
37.5
1637.7
16.4
473.8
24.4
185.2
32.7
2289.9
19.6
1186.6
36.1
212.5
35.5
3381.8
14.6
638.6
28
215.9
32.7
4046.8
21.6
1275.9
42.5
310.6
34.4
1453.5
18.2
377.3
25.9
153.9
29.4
1998.1
19.3
856.7
34.8
151.5
32.3
2871.8
16.1
476.1
29.6
167.2
29.5
3521.2
22.2
1298.9
1184.1
20.6
265.5
28.2
112.1
27.9
1640.4
19.9
558.3
40.4
100.4
30.1
2277.5
19.4
320.9
31
125.7
27
2809.6
23.8
521.4
40.7
153.8
31.7
690
49.5
1159.1
53.3
2677.2
22.3
1708.2
38
372
45.8
4068.3
11.6
1165.5
41.3
859.4
50.3
4541.6
16.7
2020
46.8
478.7
38.2
delta
4adms Pneumatic
2
E*
delta
25
5
16.5
delta
Hydraulic
10
delta
delta
40
15
E*
delta
876.4
40.1
225.6
32.9
19
317.1
27
130.8
29
1826
18.9
719.3
38.3
121.5
31
2564,2
17.8
391.1
30.3
145.8
28.2
3142
22
682.6
40.3
185.8
31.8
I
0.2
0.1
900
26
184.3
28.4
28
92.4
85
26.5
26.2
1420.8 1258
21
22.6
404.3 314.5
45.5
43.3
81.1
71.8
28.1
26.6
1879.2 1603
21.2
22.6
248.8
210
28.6
29.9
89.3
101.4
24
21.9
2419.4 2105
23.9
25.4
294.6
373
40.1
39.4
125.6
108.6
29.7
26.1
1016
23.3
214.2
1
0.05
788
28.4
161.2
27.5
79.5
26.2
1096.8
24.3
250.6
46.9
64.9
25.4
1354.1
22.8
179.5
27.3
81.7
21
1774.1
26.1
241.5
37.6
92.2
24.9
1
0.02
0.01
658.3
32
138.1
27.5
72.4
27
920.3
26.9
189.4
51.7
58.8
23.5
1078.5
23.6
151.8
24.9
74.5
20.3
1479
27.1
193.9
35.2
84.9
27
580.7
33.2
127.3
26.6
70
26.6
794.4
29.3
190.7
47.7
55.5
23.1
913.9
24.8
137.3
24.1
70.4
19.7
1281.
27.9
172.9
32.6
82.2
26.7
Table F-7. Complex Modulus and Phase Angle Results for the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems (cont'd.).
Sample
6adms
System
Temp.
Pneumatic
0
I
E*
delta
25
E*
delta
40
delta
Hydraulic
0
E*
delta
25
E*
delta
40
E*
delta
7W6049
Pneumatic
25
E*
delta
25
E*
delta
25
E*
delta
25
E*
delta
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
3226.7
9.2
1642.1
57.5
572.1
61.9
3586.2
27
2476.5
41.8
1056.3
45.8
1050.6
25.9
1015.4
23
1040.2
30.6
985
19.6
3101.2
7.8
1352.4
25.1
833.5
67.9
3611.6
25.8
1999
44.2
801
43.7
930.8
25.4
918.6
24.4
891.2
30
901.5
21.1
2867.2
2645.7
10.3
1015.2
26
351.7
32.8
3396
26.1
1408.6
40.4
559.5
40.5
804.9
26.5
798.6
25.8
804
32.3
770.9
24.1
12.3
794.6
28.9
257.4
28.7
2994.9
25
950.5
38.3
370.6
38.2
633.4
29.9
626.7
28.8
611.6
33.6
605
26.1
2439.1
13.3
646
29.5
237.5
31
2729.1
25.5
748.4
38.1
286.8
37.9
503.3
32.3
497.3
31.8
502.9
35.1
512.5
27.8
2285.7
14.7
535.2
30.6
200.7
30.6
2448.1
26.1
573.3
38.5
220.2
36.7
437.1
35.7
401.2
35.1
406.3
38.2
415
30.2
2055
17.2
417.6
31.3
158.9
29.5
2157
26.7
415.8
37.1
163.9
34.9
305.2
36.8
302.5
36.7
303.1
39.3
312.5
32
1844
17.1
349.2
31.5
135.3
28.7
1802
28.2
329.1
36.9
137.7
33.1
243.1
34.9
244.7
37.3
241.4
39.6
250.7
32
1
0.05
0.02
0.01
1651.8
20.1
293.7
31.5
119.3
28.6
1594.2
30.7
266.8
36.6
117.3
31.5
188.2
38.3
197.9
36.8
194.6
38.9
200.4
31.9
1378.7
24.3
237.1
32
102.6
29.3
1321.6
31
210.2
36
99.6
30.6
140.6
37.9
149.6
35.6
145.8
37.2
151.1
30.8
1209
27.1
208.5
31.8
92
28.7
1141
33.9
182.3
35.8
87.7
29.5
114.6
35.6
123.8
33.7
120.7
34.4
124.7
29.2
Table F-7. Complex Modulus and Phase Angle Results for the Pneumatic and Hydraulic Test Systems
(cont'd.).
Sample
System
Temp.
7w6049
hyd
25
25
25
25
6049w25
pneu
0
25
hyd.
0
25
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
1153.3
1004.9
777.4
658.7
536.3
425.9
341.2
287.5
225.2
162.4
25.7
26.6
26.6
32.5
33.2
35.3
36.7
39.2
38.8
84.6
1286.1
1172.3
1019.5
777.3
658
525.3
391.2
312.5
264.5
189.6
155.9
27.1
27.7
28.8
30.2
35.1
37.1
38.1
42.8
40.2
41.4
39.6
1356.8
1242.1
1001.4
737.1
605.3
480.5
350
276.3
218.5
161
132.2
32.4
32.5
32.2
32
33.8
35.2
36
36.1
35.1
34.7
33.2
1482.7
1306.6
1043.3
759
619.3
484.6
348.9
271.7
212.7
155.2
124.3
35
35
34.7
33.7
35.1
35.9
36.4
36.3
35.3
33.8
32.3
4797.8
4494.1
4191.3
3817.1
3573
3279.7
2873.8
2543.6
2218
1774.2
1472.8
11.9
9.8
10.1
11.7
13.9
14.8
17.1
19.2
21.5
26.2
29.4
1201.7
1105.7
875
637.8
517.3
395.7
279.6
212.5
162.8
117.1
94.2
23.5
24.7
28.5
31.9
34.4
37.2
37.7
37.7
36.8
35.3
33.6
3727.2
3655.7
3401.5
3105.1
2873.2
2618.4
2302.8
2080.4
1886.4
1643.9
1446.8
12.4
12.8
12.4
13.1
13.7
15.3
16.3
17.4
18.6
20.8
28
2126
1760.7
1406.1
926.1
749.4
508.7
312.1
215.3
151.7
100.9
79.1
35.7
37.1
36.8
37.5
46.1
50.3
52.2
52.9
52.3
50.1
45.2
15
226
APPENDIX G
PLOTS OF MASTER STIFFNESS AND PHASE ANGLE CURVES
227
5,000
UNAGED
*
_
0
STOA
,n
2,000
2/ 100
o
LTOA 5/85
LTOA
`-- 1,000
(f)
D
-o
LPO 5/60
500
LPO 5/85
O
x
a
200
.1)
E
100
o
U
50
20(4)
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-1. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAA-1.
228
60
Aggregate RC
,--..
UNAGED
*
Asphalt MA-1
-
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
N
O
a)
LTOA 5/85
oLd.) 40
***8 *****,,
lz.1-2 30
CP
C
ASA6(8
* *6.*A
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
---44
*
*
(na) 20
in'
C
*
0*
**
6o
0
o_
10
0(4)
0
A-6A,
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-2. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAA-1.
229
,
5,000 - Aggregate RD
_
2,000
STOA
,L
:JD A
`-' 1,000
u)
445
$
_
_
500
_
O
x
*
6°A
-en-
D
UNAGED
Asphalt AAA 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
.01'
0 * 6.
A-
,
A-
2/ 100
0
LTOA 5/85
LTOA
LPO 5/60
LPO
5/85
A
200
(I)
o_
E
100
o
U
50
20(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-3. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAA-1.
230
60
...----,
(f)
Aggregate RD
Asphalt AAA 1
UNAGED
*
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
STOA
LTOA 2/100
o
LTOA 5/85
(i)
co
A. * * * **-
-=5-) 40
co
o
_
x'30
0)
C
<
*
do *
o
S.6.
***
*
z&Ln66,41/41
o o
*
4
*A
0
cl< * * L
0
L
o
0
=
A
5/85
A
*
*
*
.n,
0 0AP
0 0-.LAL
....-0
00
10
1
(4)
LPO
*
Cb
(no 20
LPO 5/60
*
1
i
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-4. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAA-1.
231
5,000 - Aggregate RH
_
2,000
Asphalt AAA 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
UNAGED
*
STOA
,L
2/ 100
o
LTOA 5/85
LTOA
1,000
*AO
0
(t)
D
3
LPO 5/60
500
LPO 5/85
O
X
200
4
cu
RI
E
CI
100
o
U
50
20(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-5. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAA-1.
232
60
cn
Aggregate RH
UNAGED
Asphalt MA-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
* **
a)
*
*
LTOA 5/85
*
(Du) 40
LPO 5/60
ti,
0
.(1) 30
00 *
*0* *S.
0
0 0 o0
(no 20
0
_c
0_
10
0(4)
inn,..4
00
4SA,
0
0
*
-7-
A
q3
*
LPO 5/85
A
0A
0
LI
0A
0 A ep
0
0 cc
(2)
0
2
4
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-6. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAA-1
233
5,000 - Aggregate RJ
_
2,000
Asphalt AAA 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
UNAGED
STOA
A
LTOA 2/ 100
1,000
LTOA 5/85
500
LPO 5/60
(f)
-5
LPO 5/85
O
200
(i)
100
50
20(4)
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-7. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAA-1.
234
60
-
cn
50
Aggregate RJ
Asphalt AAA 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
UNAGED
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
(1)
(i)
:44,
0)40
0
0
e 0* 0 0
Q* * a...A41
0
o
0 * 6, 61
_ 0* *
0
(QA 20
*
*
CD
1) 30
* * * * **
A
AA
A
,C e p
0&
@0
0A
LTOA 5/85
*
LPO 5/60
*
*
% 06'A
0A
0
LPO 5/85
*
*
**
A L,
0
o00
616
10
(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-8. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAA-1.
235
5,000
Aggregate RC
Asphalt MD 1
AiIII 14114/
Transformed Temp. 25 C 4si
_ 2,000
u)
Aawe- um
owsil
`-' 1,000
u)
-(3
500
9i
UNAGED
*
STA OA
645
.210
LTOA
2/ 100
0
OGQ0i
LTOA
4
LPO 5/60
le
4)5/85
LPO
O
5/85
A
200
(i)
-(3..
E
100
o
(._)
50
20(4)
(2)
0
2
4
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-9. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAD-1.
236
60
Aggregate RC
UNAGED
Asphalt MD 1
-
Transformed Temp. 25 C
,--, 50
STOA
LTOA 2/100
a)
cnL_
(i)
LTOA 5/85
40
000
IP 30
cy)
01(
*****
.66A,L,n, A 6,
lielliiiik
*
o 20
**
8
LPO 5/60
*
s
AitAI
LPO 5/85
l'icN4
L A_ *
'-ak'
A *
11111.
0
il II * *
II min' .a* * **
10
0(4)
gilikileicli
cilik40
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-10. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAD-1.
237
5,000
_
2,000
Aggregate RD
Asphalt MD 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
UNAGED
*
* *
STOA
A
LTOA
1,000
2/100
0
LTOA 5/85
(f)
-o
500
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
O
200
<1.)
100
50
20
(4)
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-11. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAD-1.
238
60
Aggregate RD
-
,--. 50
UNAGED
Asphalt MD 1
*
Transformed Temp. 25 C
STOA
,L
2/ 100
0
LTOA 5/85
cn
LTOA
a)
a)
,
01
40
a)
**
0
cp
C
*34(
30
<
a)20
u)
0
a_
*** *
**
10
0(4)
A
,/1 A ,nAp
.GD 0 0 aD
*
A
A
°Gb 0
6
LPO 5/60
*
LPO 5/85
*
a
20
A00
,L
0 . .0
pp
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-12. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAD-1.
239
5,000 - Aggregate RH
Asphalt MD 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
2,000
cn
foe
1,000
cn
-o
0
0 0.4
A
°i
we.
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
LTOA 5/85
LPO 5/60
500
LPO 5/85
A
O
200
AA0
izu
0
UNAGED
100
50 -A
0
at
It(*
o
20(4)
(2)
4
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-13. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAD-1.
240
60
Aggregate RH
-
(f)
50
UNAGED
*
Asphalt MD-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
LTOA 5/85
b-)40
0
15)0 0
_a2 30
C
k
f).-410Air
#A * *
41-A A
*
wo 20
0
**
10
(4)
la
I
LPO 5/60
.6, 41,
LPO
5/85
A
idg
A
A
55g:7
A
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-14. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAD-1.
241
5,000
_
Aggregate RJ
Asphalt MD 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
2,000
UNAGED
*
STOA
A
LTOA
'Fr)
2/100
0
LTOA 5/85
1,000
(f)
-5
0
LPO 5/60
500
LPO 5/85
O
200
-a_
100
50
20(4)
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-15. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAD-1.
242
60
Aggregate RJ
UNAGED
*
Asphalt MD 1
cn
50
El 40
Transformed Temp. 25 C
A
44160,,4*
o-)
C
LTOA 2/100
0
LTOA 5/85
* * **
*
_(1) 30
STOA
* *00'2130-0m -4,
0 04,
LPO 5/60
*
*
LPO 5/85
*
a; 20
0
10
0(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-16. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAD-1.
243
5,000
Aggregate RC
-
L-.
2,000
' 1,000
.75_
A
E
200 A-A
o
U
50
LTOA 2/ 100
o
LTOA 5/85
elb
4110
0
41/40
4 'n'
L`
LPO 5/60
IP X. 4;
ir x. ,,,:g-
A 09
100
A
A e IIW'' A
500
40
x
0
STOA
AAR") A*
cr)
D
*
*
A.4fre 15
cn
-5
UNAGED
Asphalt AAF 1
Transformed Temp. 25 Ce
_
LPO 5/85
"F
A*
X' .i,*
4Z1(
*
**
..*
20(4)
i
I
I
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-17. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAF-1.
244
60
Aggregate RC
Asphalt AAF 1
-
cn
UNAGED
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
STA OA
LTOA 2/ 100
a.)
LTOA 5/85
(Db- 40
416
Al(.
Oar,
0 El
w-
1) 30 0- A,* AA
CP
C
(3.) 20
6p** *
11
elk
OA.
A
LPO 5/60
*
A
4,11'
*-
LPO 5/85
*
4014 A A
A
cr)
0
-c
a_
10
(4)
4
0
2
(2)
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-18. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAF-1.
245
5,000
_
,--.
2,000
Aggregate RD
0,0,e41,,,P
cn
`-- 1,000
0
cr.)
D
6)
500
x
0A
p
4
200
o
STA OA
2/100
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
41(
e*
06)
*
o
LTOA 5/85
6)
O
UNAGED
LTOA
0 p
._
-0
099
00*6,6,A
Asphalt AAF 1
Transformed Temp. 25 Co?*
(a)
7i
E
100
o
U
50
20(4)
1
1
1
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-19. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAF-1.
246
60
-
cn
Aggregate RD
Asphalt AAF-1
UNAGED
*
Transformed Temp. 25 C
5
STOA
A
LTOA 2/100
O
a)
LTOA 5/85
(DLCP 40
-
*
AIAA!,
*L
*
* rn 0 0(0%
a)30 *0 p
(3)
0 2I'Ll
*
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
QD
0
(no 20
c3
4r)(6
10
0(4)
0
0 LOo
o
*
0
o0
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-20. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAF-1.
247
5,000
UNAGED
*
STOA
A
LTOA 2/ 100
2,000
cn
0
LTOA 5/85
`-' 1,000
cn
D
-5
-0
LPO 5/60
500
LPO
O
x
0
-a
E
5/85
A
200
100
o
U
50
20(4)
(2)
4
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-21. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAF-1.
248
60
Aggre ate RH
Asphalt AAF-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
.---..
(r)
50
UNAGED
*
STOA
,L
2/ 100
o
LTOA 5/85
LTOA
(D
(D
b)40
(D
o
LPO 5/60
_92 30
LPO 5/85
...........
(7)
C
<
a)) 20
0
a_
.L
10
0(4)
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-22. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAF-1.
249
,
5,000
Aggregate RJ
Asphalt AAF-1
_
*AA
0 0 * n''
0 .A.Z1
0A
_
cn
D
500
c9
_
cp
oa-
100
_
50
LPO 5/85
8s.-**
200
0
LTOA 2/100
0
LTOA 5/85
LPO 5/60
8A*P
a)
E
al,
0 4*
O
x
0
ST.L OA
'-'*- -p-A
0 CliC "I`p A
(n
D
*
Transformed Temp. 25 C,.,04,4°4P70,
2,000
,..- 1,000
UNAGED
E,0
,L
00 4*
0
, **
0
*
2*
LS, **
20(4)
1
1
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-23. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAF-1.
250
60
Aggregate RJ
Asphalt AAF-1
-
cn
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
a)
STA OA
LTOA 2/ 100
*
N
cn
40
a)
O
0 COI`
LI) 30
o-)
c 20
0
CL
UNAGED
*
A
A
LTOA 5/85
iti
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
A
*
2
2
A41::
*
0
A 0*,*
A `-'-(31,
10
(4)
A
A
Q0,35-0
6
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-24. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAF-1.
251
5,000
Aggregate RC
UNAGED
Asphalt MG 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
2,000
00°26=1.<
1,000
cr)
-5
STOA
0
0p
oPA-*
A
*
-*
4,
500
A
LTOA 2/ 100
0
LTOA 5/85
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
O
200
(71
E
100
O
U
50
20(4)
4
0
2
(2)
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-25. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAG-1.
252
60
Aggregate RC
UNAGED
*
Asphalt MG 1
cn
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
STA OA
2/ 100
o
LTOA 5/85
LTOA
(1)
ia)
bl 40
*
00A
Cb A
0
....--
a)30
o-)
c
-
* AC5
<
A0
a)20 0
*
LPO 5/60
*
©A *
Op
0
LPO 5/85
,,
'N*
*
I.. -*
A
Cn
o*
0
00 *
A0-6
10
o ,Lgoo
* :}zp*
Lp
I
0(4)
I
4
0
2
(2)
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-26. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAG-1.
253
5,000
_
2,000
Aggregate RD
Asphalt MG-1
Transformed Temp. 25
UNAGED
A AA,t)=b6
STAOA
LTOA
(r)
2/100
0
LTOA 5/85
1,000
(r)
-5
0
LPO 5/60
500
LPO 5/85
O
200
(i)
0
E
100
0
U
50
20(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-27. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAG-1.
254
60
Aggregate RD
Asphalt MG 1
cn
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
UNAGED
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
O
(1)
(1)
o 91
0
*
0 A *
40
OA A
O
a)30
LTOA 5/85
s!,
oa
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
C
ma) 20
0
--c
10
0(4)
4
0
2
(2)
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-28. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAG-1.
255
5,000
_
Aggregate RJ
UNAGED
Asphalt MG 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
_ 2,000
0
cn
1,000
0
0
STOA
LTOA 2/100
O
LTOA 5/85
LPO 5/60
500
0 .L*
O
004
LPO 5/85
o
200
0
100
50
o
o
o°
4A
4
20(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-29. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate 1 2.1 and Asphalt AAG-1.
256
60
Aggregate RJ
UNAGED
*
Asphalt MG 1
cn
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
STOA
LTOA 2/100
a.)
A *
(1.7 40
cr°
Aq*
4*'q*A
*
GDa p
0
*
A
0
0
t0
LTOA 5/85
*
A
*
_92 30
0-)
LPO 5/60
*
0
LPO 5/85
*
WA
o20
0
*
06,
oo
10
0 *
o*
0(4)
4
0
2
(2)
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-30. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAG-1.
257
5,000
Aggregate RC
Asphalt AAK 1
_
_
Transfornned Tennp. 25 C
2,000
00
1,000
0
cn
-5
-o
UNAGED
500
0
0
*
A
,:o1"66(31(:
AZ1'
0°0 **
o
LTOA 2/ 100
LTOA 5/85
LPO 5/60
*A
O
200
STOA
LPO 5/85
o
100
50
20(4)
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-31. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAK-1.
258
60
cf)
Aggregate RC
Asphalt AAK 1
*
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
a)
a)
L&
o 40
0
...--
UNAGED
*
*
*
(2 30 00-0
cp
A
C
<
*
* *k * * *
*
LTOA 2/100
o
LTOA 5/85
*
LPO 5/60
AMAALk.4.
oco...._
STA OA
*
AA
L° Gbobc. 4',b,
LPO 5/85
* **
o o- -o
of
0
0
*
AO
10
0(4)
LP
*
*
**
0-
A° 0A0
,...sp
(2)
0
2
4
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-32. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAK-1.
259
5,000
_
2,000
0dP-A-A
0
1,000
op
500
oL
O
0
200
0
00
A
--
A
_
**
()AA
*
*
** ***
UNAGED
*
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
LTOA 5/85
*
**
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
-&'
0°
100
50
00 °
Aggregate RD
Asphalt AAK 1
0 o6
0
Transformed Temp. 25 Co ,n,,L
*
)0,
>I*
**
20
(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-33. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAK-1.
260
60
Aggregate RD
UNAGED
*
Asphalt AAK 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
,-,
50
cn
STA OA
LTOA 2/ 100
a)
o
N
,
LTOA 5/85
Lig) 40
0
20-) 30
C
<
** )1* * *
* * A*
AAA
-...*.A.8-t-6.A
0 0 0 .,t,
*4416 41
0
wo 20
0
10
(4)
LPO 5/60
*
LPO 5/85
**
o0
*
*
0*
A,n0 0* *
44,()
A
0
A
A
*
0 ed<
A
p zli6,
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-34. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAK-1.
261
5,000
Aggregate RH
Asphalt AAK-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
_
2,000
UNAGED
*
STOA
LTOA 2/ 100
1,000
LTOA 5/85
(1)
*
500
LPO 5/85
0
0
200
0
E
LPO 5/60
100
0
50
o
oo
00 o
20(4)
k
*
L
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-35. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAK-1.
262
60
Aggregate RH
cn
UNAGED
*
Asphalt AAK 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
-
50
STOA
LTOA 02/
(1)
0
LTOA 5/85
40
At
014:;i114
Li) 30
4
0-)
C
>E
ai) 20
0
0
,p<
*oor--1
A
10
o
ar)31D0
LPO 5/60
*
6,
0-o A
0A
0P
°C6,
LPO 5/85
*
*
60
600 * *
0 0_0
A 06,
0(4)
4
2
(2)
0
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-36. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAK-1.
263
5,000
_
-_--._
Aggregate RJ
Asphalt AAK-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
2,000
UNAGED
*
STA OA
LTOA 02/ 100
cn
' 1,000
LTOA 5/85
cn
D
-5
-o
500
X
200
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
O
-E-
E
o
U
**
0
co
o
,e4,
100 :
00 40(
,s0'
o
-o
Q,*
50
4
20(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-37. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAK-1.
264
60
Aggregate RJ
w
50
0
o
o
40
.......-,
11? 30
01
C
UNAGED
*0
*
*
**
*****
* A _,CA6'84.L
* * r,*(L 0100D 0 0 0 L4Lit,
_0o
-
0- IA
o
o
<
0
20
cn
ST.LOA
2/ 100
o
LTOA 5/85
LTOA
*
**
LPO 5/60
*
*
LPO 5/85
A
0A
**
6.
o
(L
-c
0_
*
Asphalt AAK 1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
-
0-
10
AlcLo
)
0(4)
i
1
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-38. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAK-1.
265
5,000
Aggregate RC
Asphalt AAM-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
2,000
A
*(7)
AAA At4
AAAtAA
1,000
I4
Cn
-o
UNAGED
AA(
500
Ak
O
A
200
4
ee
STA OA
LTOA 2/100
LTOA 5/85
LPO 5/60
LPO
5/85
A
a)
E
100
O
50
20(4)
(2)
0
2
4
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-39. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAM-1.
266
60
Aggregate RC
Asphalt AAM-1
-
UNAGED
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
STOA
cr)
LTOA
a)
a)
2/ 100
0
LTOA
4)5/85
.)
(1(7)40
0
Li' 30
cp
C
m.
*
a)20
LPO 5/60
9qP4Podbos
LPO: /85
'10046144°, AA
AA
NI °A 6A
40'
44,
.11.
6
LA
At ilia .6,90
°A
a
10
0(4)
246410
agidi
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-40. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RC and Asphalt AAM -1.
267
5,000
_
,-, 2,000
Aggregate RD
Asphalt AAM-1
Transformed Temp. 25
(r)
,..._-
1,000
cn
D
0
oo
0
0
*
*
0
o°
o
00°
0
* *2
*p'6.
*. L.
* *.L A-
* 42
*
STA OA
LTOA 2/100
0
LTOA 5/85
L-1,,,L
6)
LPO 5/60
500
LPO
O
x
UNAGED
5/85
200
ia)
0
E
100
0
U
50
20
1
(4)
(2)
4
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-41. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAM-1.
268
60
...--,
Aggregate RD
Asphalt AAM-1
UNAGED
*
Transformed Temp. 25 C
5
STA OA
U)
o
0
o
* * *** 4,
40
6d< o ap
96°
...._--
LI) 30
C
<
0
20
(f)
0
**
LPO 5/60
*
*
0
**
LPO 5/85
00p00 *
A0*
A
00*
A
_c
Q_
A
ctDo
.OA ,Nak, 2
.L
A
0-)
0
LTOA 2/100
0
LTOA 5/85
A
10
L' 49
90
LLL
0(4)
(2)
0
2
4
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-42. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RD and Asphalt AAM-1.
269
5,000
Aggregate RH
Asphalt AAM-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
2,000
UNAGED
STA OA
LTOA 2/ 100
1,000
LTOA 5/85
500
LPO 5/60
cn
LPO 5/85
200
A!
a)
100
entA
0
50 Pa
*KA
X
111
o
20(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-43. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAM-1.
270
60
-
cn
50
Aggregate RH
Asphalt AAM-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
UNAGED
STA OA
LTOA 2/ 100
LTOA
*5/85
)-140
0
LPO 5/60
-2_-) 30
LPO 5/85
C
a)
20
U)
a
10
0(4)
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-44. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RH and Asphalt AAM-1.
271
5,000
_
2,000
Aggregate RJ
Asphalt AAM-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
cn
0A
1,000
*
cn
D
*8
500
UNAGED
*
*
**
*Ae
*4A
A
LTOA 2/ 100
o
LTOA 5/85
etiu-
LPO 5/60
LPO 5/85
O
x
STOA
200
(i)
a.
E
100
o
U
50
20(4)
1
I
1
4
(2)
0
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-45. Master Stiffness Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAM-1.
272
60
Aggregate RJ
Asphalt AAM-1
Transformed Temp. 25 C
50
UNAGED
*
STOA
cr)
2/ 100
0
LTOA 5/85
LTOA
N
** * * * *
6') 40
0
-**
0 I)
°A
0-)
0
*
*
*
*
,OALxA,,
.6,
4.,.00aDooDozo.5 A
La2 30
.0 20
*
,K
6,
L.
-
10
(4)
*
LPO 5/60
**
LPO 5/85
*
0 A
*
0A
0A
n*
*
o*
**
,n,,,
i.c
*
O0
DA
(2)
0
4
2
Log Transformed Frequency (Hz)
Figure G-46. Phase Angle Curve for Aggregate RJ and Asphalt AAM-1.
273
APPENDIX H
CALCULATED COMPLEX MODULUS PARAMETERS
274
Table H.1. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters.
ID
'ASPHALT IAGGR.
I
AGING
a
I
b
xo
I
Yo
7acms
aaa-1
rc
stoa
-0.5659
-0.6266
-0.2484
23101
8acms
aaa-1
rc
stoa
-0.4953
-0.8066
0.1283
23812
9acms
aaa-1
rc
unaged
-0.2937
-1.9308
0.6820
2.6303
lOacms
aaa-1
rc
unaged
-0.3737
-1.2180
0.1062
23245
7acms
aaa-1
rc
ltoa2 /100
-0.4206
-0.7922
-0.5633
2.5242
8acms
aaa-1
rc
ltoa2 /100
-0.4.461
-0.8969
-0.9209
23590
12adms
aaa-1
rd
stoa
-0.5771
-0.6655
0.2259
2.4506
15adms
aaa-1
rd
stoa
-0.7090
-0.5818
-0.4791
2.2478
7adms
aaa-1
unaged
-0.3742
-1.5215
-0.1466
2.5107
8adms
aaa-1
rd
rd
unaged
-0.3899
-1.3433
-0.1867
2.4230
12adms
aaa-1
rd
Itoa2/100
-0.5411
-0.6794
-03573
2.5294
15adms
aaa-1
rd
Itoa2/100
-0.4105
-0.8074
-0.5761
2.4784
llahms aaa-1
rh
stoa
-0.7334
-0.5780
-0.2198
2.2326
14ahms
aaa-1
rh
stoa
-1.0708
-03551
-0.7998
2.0866
7ahms
aaa-1
rh
unaged
-03920
-1.4896
0.0879
2.3015
8ahms
aaa-1
rh
unaged
-0.4929
-1.2723
-0.2461
23107
llahms aaa-1
rh
ltoa2/100
-0.5142
-0.7191
-0.1063
23193
14ahms
aaa-1
rh
ltoa2 /100
-0.5376
-0.6550
03300
2.5426
llajms
aaa-1
rj
stoa
-0.4911
-0.9699
0.4940
2.5645
12ajms
aaa-1
rj
stoa
-0.6292
-0.6402
-0.1811
2.2944
7ajms
aaa-1
rj
Imaged
-0.4533
-1.2825
-0.0234
2.4096
8ajms
aaa-1
,rj
Imaged
-03336
-1.4874
0.2994
2.4590
llajms
aaa-1
rj
Itoa2/100
-0.5735
-0.7508
-0.7344
23537
12ajms
aaa-1
rj
ltoa2 /100
-0.4982
-0.7020
0.0590
2.4042
ldcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.4891
-0.7392
-0.1733
2.2738
2dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.4335
-0.8349
0.0113
2.4794
3dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.5069
-0.6994
-0.3473
2.4254
4dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.4364
-0.8784
-0.1845
2.4537
5dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.4822
-0.7641
-03142
23776
6dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.5680
-0.5957
-0.8542
2.3704
7dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.5521
-0.6142
-0.6526
2.3418
8dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
-0.5871
-0.6284
-1.0219
2.2080
9dcms
aad-1
rc
unaged
-0.5275
-0.6708
0.1695
2.4014
275
Table H.1. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters (Continued).
ASPHALT AGGR.
AGING
a
b
xo
h
aad-1
rc
unaged
-03776
-1.4876
-0.2006
2.4282
lldhms aad-1
ldcms aad-1
rc
unaged
-0.4099
-1.0818
-0.3864
2.2967
rc
1po5/85
-0.5211
-0.5569
-1.9337
2.6052
2dcms
aad-1
rc
1po5/85
-0.4891
-0.6726
-1.9117
2.5509
3dcms
aad-1
rc
1po5/60
-0.4884
-0.6187
-1.0309
2.5989
4dcms
aad-1
rc
1po5/60
-0.5275
-0.6539
-1.1142
2.5194
5dcms
aad-1
rc
ltoa5/85
-0.4643
-0.7559
-1.9147
2.5468
6dcms
aad-1
EC
ltoa5/85
-03594
-0.9581
-1.0697
2.6646
7dcms
aad-1
EC
ltoa2/100
-0.4419
-0.6522
-1.3732
2.5133
8dcms
aad-1
rc
ltoa2/100
-0.4835
-0.5921
-1.5936
2.3056
12ddms
aad-1
rd
stoa
-0.4931
-0.8471
-0.4713
2.3784
13ddms
aad-1
rd
stoa
-0.5689
-0.6476
-0.6495
2.3479
7ddms
aad-1
rd
unaged
-0.4852
-0.9310
-0.4431
2.4286
8ddms
aad-1
rd
unaged
-0.4102
-1.2162
-0.5717
2.5086
12ddms
aad-1
ltoa2/100
-0.5330
-0.7297
-1.0839
2.5496
13ddms
aad-1
ltoa2/100
-0.4618
-0.6476
-0.9868
23116
ldhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.4588
-0.8325
-0.0031
2.3437
2dhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.4569
-1.2195
0.0280
2.4878
3dhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.5182
-0.9033
-0.2882
2.5425
4dhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.6885
-0.5679
-0.5386
23385
5dhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.7269
-0.4409
-0.1416
2.3914
6dhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.5631
-0.5918
0.1079
2.2131
7dhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.4532
-1.1526
-0.1294
2.4507
8dhms
aad-1
stoa
-0.5074
-0.8982
-0.2118
2.4662
9dhms
aad-1
imaged
-0.4197
-1.2011
0.3821
2.4433
10dhms
aad-1
rd
rd
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
unaged
-0.4316
-0.9971
0.4345
2.4616
lldhms
aad-1
rh
imaged
-0.4070
-1.2595
-0.0473
23396
ldhms
aad-1
1po5/85
-03579
-0.6545
-1.2326
2.2950
2dhms
aad-1
rh
rh
1po5/85
-0.4891
-0.7420
-1.4087
2.4237
3dhms
aad-1
rh
1po5/60
-0.4785
-0.8121
-0.3562
23295
4dhms
aad-1
rh
1po5/60
-0.5670
-0.7126
-0.5217
23176
5dhms
aad-1
ltoa5/85
-0.6355
-0.5793
-0.5672
2.5119
6dhms
aad-1
rh
rh
ltoa5/85
-0.5066
-0.7093
-0.6443
2.1025
ID
10dcms
276
Table H.1. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters (Continued).
ID
ASPHALT AGGR.
AGING
a
b
xo
Yo
7dhms
aad-1
rh
ltoa2 /100
-0.5336
-0.6924
-0.5382
2.5250
8dhms
aad-1
rh
ltoa2 /100
-0.6783
-0.5485
-0.7416
2.3837
12djms
aad-1
rj
stoa
-0.8654
-0.3496
-1.1402
2.3090
13djms
aad-1
rj
stoa
-0.6543
-0.5269
-1.1618
23281
7djms
aad-1
rj
unaged
-0.3871
-1.4423
0.0900
2.4055
8djms
aad-1
rj
unaged
-05999
-0.8109
-0.7128
2.0380
12djms
aad-1
rj
ltoa2 /100
-0.4209
-0.7250
-0.2678
2.6060
13djms
aad-1
rj
ltoa2 /100
-0.4908
-0.6333
-1.4519
2.4311
lfcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-0.3696
-1.0277
-0.8284
2.5769
2fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-0.4154
-0.9499
-1.0903
2.4577
3fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-0.4096
-1.0560
-13195
2.5614
4fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-0.4136
-1.0552
-1.8242
2.4679
5fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-0.4560
-0.8440
-1.8227
23709
6fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-03919
-1.1207
-1.6896
2.4500
7fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-0.4047
-0.9843
-1.4301
23929
8fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
-0.4606
-1.0649
-15960
2.4801
9fcms
aaf-1
rc
unaged
-0.5005
-0.8905
-1.2684
23532
10fcms
aaf-1
rc
unaged
-0.4303
-0.9489
-1.2342
2.2882
llfcms
aaf-1
rc
imaged
-0.4185
-1.1432
-1.2437
2.4651
lfcms
aaf-1
rc
1po5/85
-0.4906
-0.6023
-3.2979
2.4426
2fcms
aaf-1
rc
1po5/85
-0.3769
-0.9402
-2.6571
2.6175
3fcms
aaf-1
rc
1po5 /60
-0.4380
-0.8416
-2.3461
2.5419
4fcms
aaf-1
rc
Ipo5/60
-05717
-0.5869
-23599
23762
5fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa5 /85
-0.2332
-2.0906
-2.2668
2.5200
6fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa5 /85
-03585
-1.2401
-2.4386
2.6204
7fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa2 /100
-03934
-1.0435
-2.2511
23559
8fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa2 /100
-0.4148
-0.9835
-2.2187
25164
7fdms
aaf-1
rd
stoa
-0.2474
-1.7789
-1.5312
23445
8fdms
aaf-1
rd
stoa
-0.5109
-0.8621
-1.6082
2.4387
9fdms
aaf-1
rd
imaged
-0.4644
-1.1380
-1.4072
2.4222
10fdms
aaf-1
rd
unaged
-0.4821
-1.1104
-1.4458
2.3803
7fdms
aaf-1
rd
ltoa2 /100
-0.4295
-0.8897
-1.7352
2.4047
8fdms
aaf-1
rd
ltoa2 /100
-05206
-0.7345
-1.8728
2.7032
277
Table H.1. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters (Continued).
ID
ASPHALT AGGR.
AGING
a
b
xo
Yo
lfhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0A455
-0.9291
-1.6021
2.3407
2fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0.5282
-0.8241
-1.5207
2.5002
3fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0.5723
-1.0369
-2.4189
2.0316
4fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0.6254
-0.6954
-1.9804
2.2713
5fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0.7269
-0.4409
-0.1416
2.3914
6fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0.4590
-0.8902
-1.1695
23264
7fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0.4894
-1.1059
-1.4545
2.3659
8fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
-0.4814
-0.9433
-1.1013
23566
9fhms
aaf-1
rh
imaged
-0.5769
-0.9774
-1.1499
2.2745
10fhms
aaf-1
rh
Imaged
-0.4434
-1.0889
-0.9960
2.4287
llfhms
lfhms
aaf-1
rh
imaged
-0.4229
-1.1215
-1.0210
2.4766
aaf-1
rh
Ipo5/85
-0.4881
-0.7464
-2.1568
23774
2fhms
aaf-1
rh
Ipo5/85
-0.5075
-0.7890
-2.4397
2.4622
3fhms
aaf-1
rh
1po5/60
-0.4743
-0.9709
-2.0515
2.1520
4fhms
aaf-1
Ipo5/60
-0.4556
-1.0689
-1.8613
2.2446
5fhms
aaf-1
rh
rh
Itoa5/85
-0.4518
-0.9606
-1.7680
2.2837
6fhms
aaf-1
rh
ltoa5/85
-0.4838
-0.8734
-1.8213
2.4842
7fhms
aaf-1
rh
ltoa2/100
-0.5185
-0.9231
-1.6706
2.4267
8fhms
aaf-1
rh
ltoa2 /100
-0.5828
-0.6681
-1.0578
2.3073
12fjms
aaf-1
rj
stoa
-0.5257
-0.7800
-1.8508
2.2446
13fjms
aaf-1
rj
stoa
-0.5126
-0.8615
-1.5206
2.3057
7fjms
aaf-1
rj
=aged
-0.4129
-1.5593
-1.2951
2.2564
8fjms
aaf-1
rj
Imaged
-0.4851
-1.1162
-1.0719
2.4349
12fjms
aaf-1
rj
ltoa2 /100
-0.4232
-1.2691
-1.8618
2.4831
13ijms
aaf-1
rj
ltoa2/100
-0.3848
-13783
-1.7069
2.3845
7gcms
aag-1
rc
stoa
-0.4233
-1.1724
-1.1019
2.4664
8gcms
aag-1
rc
stoa
-0.4301
-1.1844
-1.0922
2.4409
9gcms
aag-1
rc
imaged
-0.2991
-1.5548
-0.3430
2.6562
lOgcms
aag-1
rc
waged
-0.3651
-1.4737
-0.6755
2.4442
7gcms
aag-1
rc
ltoa2/100
-0.3789
-13193
-1.4080
2.5429
8gcms
aag-1
rc
ltoa2 /100
-03934
-1.1791
-1.4802
2.5093
7gdms
aag-1
rd
stoa
-0.3867
-1.5343
-1.1055
2.5490
8gdms
aag-1
rd
stoa
-0.4664
-1.1622
-0.8081
2.6100
278
Table H.1. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters (Continued).
ID
ASPHALT AGGR.
AGING
a
b
xo
Yo
unaged
-0.4254
-1.4193
-0.8506
2.5898
Imaged
-0.4311
-1.3042
-0.8917
2.4387
ltoa2/100
-0.5206
-0.9338
-1.7361
2.3731
ltoa2/100
-0.4627
-1.0976
-1.1443
2.4445
9gdms
aag-1
lOgdms
aag-1
7gdms
aag-1
8gdms
aag-1
rd
rd
rd
rd
12gjms
aag-1
rj
stoa
-0.4410
-1.3712
-0.7289
2.3907
13gjms
aag-1
rj
stoa
-0.4967
-1.2153
-1.0557
2.3512
7gjms
aag-1
rj
imaged
-0.4170
-1.5982
-0.7959
2.4013
8gjms
aag-1
rj
unaged
-0.4424
-1.5488
-0.6141
2.3765
12gjms
aag-1
rj
koa2/100
-0.4989
-1.0291
-1.2299
23764
13gims
aag-1
rj
ltoa2/100
-0.3812
-1.4070
-0.9858
2.5630
71cans
aak-1
rc
stoa
-0.4693
-0.8024
-1.4177
2.2617
8kcms
aak-1
rc
stoa
-0.4337
-0.8449
-1.2161
2.4332
9kcms
aalc-1
rc
unaged
-0.4828
-0.8405
-0.8436
2.3362
10kcms
aak-1
rc
imaged
-0.3502
-1.9506
-1.4069
2.5216
71ccms
aak-1
rc
ltoa2/100
-0.4003
-0.8176
-1.9540
2.5539
8kcms
aak-1
rc
ltoa2/100
-0.3835
-0.7690
-1.8058
2.6801
7kdms
aak-1
rd
stoa
-03349
-1.4394
-0.9416
2.4436
8kdms
aak-1
rd
stoa
-0.5462
-0.6694
-0.8406
2.6306
9kdms
aalc-1
rd
imaged
-0.5146
-0.8054
-0.5254
2.4647
10kdms
aak-1
rd
unaged
-03981
-1.0418
-0.8906
2.3407
7kdms
aak-1
rd
ltoa2/100
-0.5191
-0.7765
-1.2713
2.5847
8kdms
aak-1
rd
ltoa2/100
-05506
-0.6460
-0.8656
2.6970
7khms
aalc-1
rh
stoa
-0.5733
-0.7105
-0.9159
2.4688
8khms
aak-1
rh
stoa
-0.4306
-1.0708
-03327
2.4761
91chms
aak-1
rh
Imaged
-0.5178
-0.9089
-0.4678
2.2672
101chms
aak-1
rh
imaged
-0.4377
-1.1137
-0.3614
23240
7khms
aalc-1
rh
ltoa2/100
-0.4798
-0.7419
-0.9923
2.6233
8khms
aak-1
rh
ltoa2/100
-05216
-0.7425
-0.7284
2.4741
llkjms
aalc-1
rj
stoa
-0.7093
-0.5242
-1.4457
2.1444
12kjms
aak-1
rj
stoa
-0.6013
-0.7729
-1.1617
23173
7kjms
aalc-1
rj
imaged
-0.5158
-1.0313
-0.7752
23329
8kjms
aak-1
rj
Imaged
-0.4572
-1.1322
-0.4738
25211
llkjms
aak-1
rj
ltoa2/100
-0.5025
-0.6669
-1.1769
2.4636
279
Table H.1. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters (Continued).
ID
ASPHALT AGGR.
AGING
a
b
x0
Yo
12kjms
aak -1
rj
ltoa2 /100
-0.5198
-0.7714
-1.8113
2.3427
lmcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-0.4002
-0.8725
-0.8180
2.3217
2mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-0.4101
-0.8189
-0.9476
2.4716
3mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-0.4708
-0.6819
-1.0239
2.4459
4mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-0.5410
-0.6675
-1.3449
23138
5mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-0.4676
-0.6599
-1.1999
23220
6mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-03756
-0.6924
-0.2017
2.5511
7mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-0.4822
-0.7284
-1.3848
23517
8mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
-0.2780
-1.2613
-0.4154
2.5246
10mcms
aam-1
rc
imaged
-0.4098
-0.9750
-1.1666
2.2589
llmcms aam-1
rc
unaged
-0.5788
-0.6541
-1.2622
2.2177
lmcms
aam-1
rc
1po5/85
-03114
-1.1134
-1.9423
2.5187
2mcms
aam-1
rc
Ipo5/85
-0.4181
-0.6806
-2.3569
2.6484
3mcms
aam-1
rc
Ipo5/60
-0.5097
-0.6346
-1.8612
2.3021
4mcms
aam-1
rc
Ipo5/60
-0.4419
-0.7260
-2.0792
2.3186
5mcms
aam-1
rc
ltoa5 /85
-0.4884
-0.6026
-2.1662
23203
6mcms
aam-1
rc
Itoa5/85
-0.5314
-0.5119
-2.2742
2.3772
7mcms
aam-1
rc
ltoa2 /100
-0.5383
-0.6923
-0.9607
23390
8mcms
aam-1
rc
Itoa2/100
-0.6891
-0.5359
-1.7050
2.1222
7mdms
aam-1
rd
stoa
-0.6937
-0.5234
-1.0975
2.2694
8mdms
aam-1
rd
stoa
-0.6174
-0.5806
-0.8994
2.4001
9mdms
aam-1
rd
Imaged
-0.4407
-1.1447
-0.9621
2.4800
10mdms aam-1
rd
imaged
-0.4649
-0.9649
-1.1318
23868
7mdms
aam-1
rd
Itoa2/100
-03831
-13174
-1.5696
2.4648
8mdms
aam-1
rd
ltoa2 /100
-0.5154
-0.6824
-1.1627
2.7014
lmhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
-0.4196
-0.8996
-03728
23964
2mhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
-0.4686
-0.8050
-0.5978
2.4471
3mhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
-0.6583
-0.4363
0.0410
2.5932
4mhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
-0.5682
-0.6564
-0.8086
23949
5mhms
aam-1
stoa
-0.6439
-0.6256
-1.4621
2.1388
6mhms
aam-1
rh
rh
stoa
-0.6225
-0.5608
-1.2000
23227
7mhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
-0.4255
-0.8449
-0.4129
2.4416
8mhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
-0.6262
-0.5864
-1.6215
2.0379
280
Table H.1. Calculated Complex Modulus Parameters (Continued).
ID
ASPHALT AGGR.
AGING
a
b
X0
Yo
9mhms
aam-1
rh
unaged
-0.5495
-0.7013
-1.0560
2.2788
10mhms
aam-1
rh
unaged
-0.3964
-0.9097
-0.5243
2.5648
llmhms aam-1
rh
unaged
-0.5683
-0.7186
-0.7518
2.4978
lmhms
aam-1
rh
1po5/85
-0.7288
-0.3307
-1.5254
2.3399
2mhms
aam-1
rh
1po5/85
-0.4910
-0.8373
-1.8953
2.5242
3mhms
aam-1
rh
1po5/60
-0.5330
-0.6914
-1.4776
23284
4mhms
aam-1
rh
1po5 /60
-0.5147
-0.8133
-1.6916
2.2252
5mhms
aam-1
ltoa5/85
-0.5721
-0.6633
-1.5693
2.3619
6mhms
aam-1
rh
rh
ltoa5/85
-0.5840
-0.6379
-1.4413
2.3401
7mhms
aam-1
rh
ltoa2/100
-0.5349
-0.6944
-0.9882
2.3297
8mhms
aam-1
rh
ltoa2/100
-0.6716
-0.5516
-1.7369
2.1116
7mjms
aam-1
rj
stoa
-0.5369
-0.6958
-0.6366
2.4470
8mjms
aam-1
rj
stoa
-0.2988
-1.5686
-1.1072
2.2027
9mjms
aam-1
rj
unaged
-0.5648
-0.9175
-1.2618
2.2751
10mjms
aam-1
rj
unaged
-0.3814
-1.3498
-1.0385
2.3012
7mjms
aam-1
rj
ltoa2/100
-05477
-0.6059
-1.1033
2.3154
8mjms
aam-1
rj
ltoa2/100
-0.4643
-0.7513
-0.8704
23975
281
APPENDIX I
CALCULATED PHASE ANGLE PARAMETERS
282
Table I.1. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters.
a
Peak cyl Peak
Frequen Angle
d
e
30.233 -3.542 -1586
0.111
0.047
-1.069
32.1
30.973 -4398
-2.253
0.189
0.088
-0.930
33.0
rc
unaged 35.565 -1.386 -1.996
0.012
0.075
-0.349
35.8
aaa-1
rc
imaged 36.331 -1.750 -1.907
0.017
0.064
-0.463
36.7
7acms
aaa-1
rc
ltoa2 /100 28.375 -1519
-0.957 -0.417
0.121
-1.113
29.6
8acms
aaa-1
Itoa2/100 30.758 -3.694 -1.321
0.221
0.012
-1.113
32.9
12adms
aaa-1
rc
rd
15adms
aaa-1
7adms
aaa-1
8adms
aaa-1
12adms
aaa-1
15adms
aaa-1
ID
ASPH.
AGGR.
AGING
7acms
aaa-1
rc
stoa
8acms
aaa-1
rc
stoa
9acms
aaa-1
lOacms
b
c
stoa
34.048 -1221
-3.335
0.069
0.133
-0.182
34.2
stoa
34.623 -2331
-2.787
0.113
0.093
-0.412
35.1
unaged 41.300 2399
-2.474
-0.178
0.080
0.468
41.9
imaged 40.221
-2.006 -0.105
0.057
0.266
40.4
14ahms
aaa-1
rd
rd
rd
rd
rd
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
llajms
aaa-1
rj
12ajms
aaa-1
rj
7ajms
aaa-1
rj
imaged 45.281
8ajms
aaa-1
rj
llajms
aaa-1
rj
ltoa2 /100 33.821 -4.274 -1.907
12ajms
aaa-1
rj
ltoa2 /100 32.643 -3.851
ldcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
2dcms
aad-1
rc
3dcms
aad-1
4dcms
llahms aaa-1
14ahms
aaa-1
7ahms
aaa-1
8ahms
aaa-1
llahms aaa-1
1.084
ltoa2 /100 31.242 -3.792 -1514
0.139
0.041
-1.152
335
ltoa2 /100 26.210 -5.171
-1.410
0.206
0.047
-1556
303
stoa
36.983 -0.698
-3.772
-0.050
0.181
-0.093
37.0
stoa
37.772 0378
-3.088
-0.132
0.129
0.061
37.8
unaged 42.854 4571
-2.799
-0.472
0.138
0.722
44.6
imaged 44374 5.036
-2.525 -0.442
0.106
0.857
46.6
ltoa2 /100 32.765 -4.674 -1.902
0.196
0.057
-1.119
35.4
ltoa2 /100 31.15
-1.898
-1.669
0.047
0.047
-0.565
31.7
stoa
35.038 -0.061
-2.469
0.009
0.085
-0.012
35.0
stoa
33589 -2.114 -2.669
0.129
0.102
-0390
34.0
-3224 -0.207
0.122
0.481
46.1
imaged 43.667 -0.450 -2551 -0.039
0.087
-0.089
43.7
0.205
0.060
-1.020
36.0
-1.611
0.143
0.047
-1.111
34.8
31.124 -3.635
-1.523
0.103
0.054
-1.169
33.2
stoa
29.008 -2.729
-1.602
0.053
0.055
-0.859
30.2
rc
stoa
30.496 -3.813
-1.489
0.097
0.048
-1.256
32.9
aad-1
rc
stoa
29.017 -2.034
-2.042 -0.226
0.122
-0.576
29.6
5dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
29.736 -4.144
-1.626
0.096
0.051
-1.258
323
6dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
29.095 -4312
-1.627
0.165
0.053
-1218
31.8
7dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
30.388 -3.668
-1.728
0.123
0.052
-1.014
323
8dcms
aad-1
rc
stoa
29372 -4.009 -1.403
0.166
0.039
-1.259
32.0
3.188
283
Table I.1. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters (Continued).
a
e
imaged 31.575 -3.435 -1.749
0.122
0.052
-0.939
332
rc
unaged 38.043 -3.237 -2.474
0.134
0.075
-0.637
39.1
lldcms aad-1
rc
imaged 34.930 -3.470 -2.183
0.165
0.069
-0.757
363
ldcms
aad-1
rc
1po5/85 20.879 -4.802
-0.570
0.174
0.013
-2.311
27.1
2dcms
aad-1
rc
1po5 /85 20.950 -5.153
-0.341
0.177
0.003
-2.607
29.1
3dcms
aad-1
rc
1po5/60 24.943 -4522
-1.152
0.175
0.048
-1.713
28.8
4dcms
aad-1
rc
Ipo5/60 25.841 -4.135 -0.851
0.115
0.023
-2.042
30.2
5dcms
aad-1
rc
ltoa5/85 20.738 -5.676 -0.239
0.191
0.004
-2.849
30.8
6dcms
aad-1
rc
ltoa5 /85 22.917 -4.859
-0.526
0.166
0.011
-2.421
29.6
7dcms
aad-1
rc
ltoa2 /100 21.940 -5.169
0.028
0.094
-0.002
-4.197
36.7
8dcms
aad-1
rc
ltoa2 /100 21.468 -4.725
-0.518
0.110
0.018
-4.197
29.8
12ddms
aad-1
rd
stoa
34.712 -3.694
-3.049
0.072
0.107
-0.608
35.8
l3ddms
aad-1
rd
stoa
30.010 -3.598
-1.446
0.107
0.035
-1.169
32.1
7ddms
aad-1
rd
unaged 39.993 -0.679 -2.237
0.001
0.058
-0.152
40.0
8ddms
aad-1
rd
unaged 43327 1.157
-2.738
-0.084
0.081
0.210
43.4
12ddms
aad-1
rd
ltoa2/100 30323 -4270
-1.485
0.218
0.026
-1.186
33.0
l3ddms aad-1
rd
ltoa2 /100 27.580 -2.580
-1.170
0.018
0.041
-1.187
29.0
ldhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
32.906 -1.066
-2303
0.040
0.098
-0.231
33.0
2dhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
42.849 -1.974
-2.436
-0.259
0.129
-0.446
433
3dhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
34.001 -2.615
-1.551
-0.076
0.069
-1.010
35.2
4dhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
33.975 -1593
-3.042
0.041
0.124
-0.262
34.2
5dhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
34.025 -1.309
-2.722
0.049
0.103
-0.240
34.2
6dhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
35.600 -1.893
-2.504
0.063
0.086
-0376
36.0
7dhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
37390 -3.073
-3.181
0.182
0.100
-0.470
38.1
8dhms
aad-1
rh
stoa
34.990 -1.807
-2.986
0.027
0.127
-0.304
353
9dhms
aad-1
rh
imaged 34.629 -0.900
-2.306
-0.006
0.067
-0.196
34.7
lOdhms
aad-1
rh
imaged 31583 -0.204 -2594
0.011
0.085
-0.039
31.6
lldhms aad-1
ldhms aad-1
rh
unaged 34.915 -1212 -2.209
0.044
0.058
-0.273
35.1
rh
1po5/85 27378 -4.306
-1.231
0.109
0.038
-1.669
30.9
2dhms
aad-1
rh
1po5/85 26.909 -5558
-0.606
0.197
0.004
-2.250
34.2
3dhms
aad-1
rh
Ipo5/60 32.473 -3.334 -1.531
0.121
0.046
-1.029
34.2
4dhms
aad-1
rh
1po5/60 33.876 -2.503 -1.685
0.058
0.052
-0.740
34.8
5dhms
aad-1
rh
Itoa5/85 31373 -3.086 -1.481
0.097
0.042
-1.001
32.9
ASPH.
AGGR.
9dcms
aad-1
rc
10dcms
aad-1
AGING
b
Peak
Peak
Frequency Angle
d
ID
c
284
Table I.1. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters (Continued).
a
d
e
ltoa5/85 32.109 -3.1% -1.339
0.112
0.038
-1.116
33.9
rh
ltoa2/100 35318 -3.207 -1.824
0.089
0.048
-0.859
36.7
aad-1
rh
ltoa2/100 33.111 -4379 -1384
0.156
0.033
-1.384
36.2
12djms
aad-1
rj
stoa
29.169 -3.606
-0.716 -0.649
0.206
-1.412
35.5
13djms
aad-1
rj
stoa
29.758 -6.735
-2.008
0.346
0.089
-1.412
34.6
7djms
aad-1
rj
unaged 37.972 2.787
-2.088
-0.484
0.127
0.575
38.8
8djms
aad-1
rj
unaged 40356 -0.911 -1.972
0.027
0.044
-0.230
40.5
12djms
aad-1
rj
ltoa2/100 30.057 -4.131 -1.409
0.177
0.027
-1.248
32.7
13djms
aad-1
rj
ltoa2/100 24.497 -3.007 -0.542
0.027
0.013
-3.197
29.0
lfcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
27.173 -5.763
-1.197
0.233
0.024
-1.737
32.6
2fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
27.213 -7.107
-0.860
0.390
-0.015
-1.779
34.8
3fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
25.052 -10.13
0.003
0.551
-0.052
-2.191
403
4fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
22.202 -7.778
0.197
0.303
-0.033
-2.645
36.9
5fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
22.569 -8316
-0.066
0.452
-0.040
-2.169
34.8
6fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
24.026 -9.954
0.172
0.543
-0.057
-2.239
39.6
7fcms
aaf-1
rc
stoa
25.506 -7.765
-1.035
0.400
0.030
-1.960
34.2
8fcms
aaf-1
stoa
27.671 -8.704
-0.470
0.538
-0.038
-1.905
383
9fcms
aaf-1
rc
rc
unaged
29.798 -7.459
-1.498
0325
0.032
-1.734
36.8
10fcms
aaf-1
rc
unaged
29.901 -6.252
-1.553
0.263
0.044
-1.595
35.1
llfcms
aaf-1
rc
unaged 31.456 -6.386 -1.446
0.232
0.043
-1.778
37.4
lfcms
aaf-1
rc
1po5/85 16382 -5.986
0.420
0.271
-0.032
-2.674
28.6
2fcms
aaf-1
rc
1po5/85 15.934 -5.910
0516
0.204
-0.023
-3.195
31.1
3fcms
aaf-1
rc
1po5/60 19.510 -7.872
0391
0328
-0.057
-2.638
34.2
4fcms
aaf-1
rc
1po5/60 18.603 -8.150
0.305
0.345
-0.035
-2.638
34.2
5fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa5/85 20.781 -6.456
-0371
0.176
0.011
-3.242
33.0
0.845
0.219
-0.034
-3.383
373
ID
ASPH.
AGGR.
6dhms
aad-1
rh
7dhms
aad-1
8dhms
AGING
b
c
Peak
Peak
Frequency Angle
6fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa5/85 16.618 -7.088
7fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa2/100 17.809 -7392
0.493
0.261
-0.032
-2.985
34.8
8fcms
aaf-1
rc
ltoa2/100 16.688 -7.669
0.688
0.273
-0.041
-2.994
352
7fdms
aaf-1
stoa
23.167 -14.207 -1.075
1.982
0329
-1.685
37.2
8fdms
aaf-1
stoa
26.397 -9.961
-0.644
0.602
-0.028
-1.923
38.5
9fdms
aaf-1
rd
rd
rd
unaged 32.980 -7.015
-1313
0.274
0.030
-1.876
40.1
10fdms
aaf-1
rd
unaged 35.896 -6.732 -1.847
0322
0.047
-1.434
41.0
7fdms
aaf-1
rd
ltoa2/100 24.705 -6.770 -0.645
0.292
0.006
-2.193
335
285
Table I.1. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters (Continued).
a
d
e
-0323
0.310
-0.009
-2.408
34.2
26.523 -7.108
-0.804
0.360
-0.004
-1.910
34.6
stoa
29.918 -8.387
-1.137
0.607
0.007
-1.624
38.0
stoa
23.086 -9.506
0.812
0.340
-0.054
-1.407
36.9
aaf-1
rh
rh
stoa
21.298 -9.410
0.663
0.441
-0.069
-1.407
34.4
5fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
34.025 -1.309
-2.722
0.049
0.103
-0.240
34.2
6fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
28.718 -9.792
-0.815
0.765
-0.078
-1.603
38.7
7fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
31.745 -9.502
-0.862
0.795
-0.087
-1.407
40.9
8fhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
29.667 -6.602
-1.041
0372
-0.004
-1.659
36.0
9fhms
aaf-1
rh
unaged 33243 -8.544 -1.935
0.435
0.064
-1.610
40.6
10fhms
aaf-1
rh
unaged 32.129 -7.297 -2.063
0336
0.056
-1.429
37.6
llfhms
aaf-1
rh
unaged 30.789 -7.613 -1.805
0.340
0.046
-1.598
37.3
lfhms
aaf-1
rh
Ipo5/85 21.239 -8.238
0.624
0.344
-0.038
-2.839
393
2fhms
aaf-1
rh
1po5/85
19.785 -8.050
0.671
0.341
-0.050
-2.733
37.1
3fhms
aaf-1
rh
Ipo5/60 23.935 -9.675
0.655
0.491
-0.076
-2.137
41.2
4fhms
aaf-1
rh
Ipo5/60 25.989 -8.931 -0378
0.454
-0.028
-2.137
383
5fhms
aaf-1
rh
ltoa5 /85 27.909 -8.596
-1.459
0.473
0.038
-1.744
363
6fhms
aaf-1
rh
ltoa5 /85 24.941 -8.599
-0.417
0.527
-0.021
-1.992
35.9
7fhms
aaf-1
rh
ltoa2/100 28.176 -8.226 -0.156
0.413
-0.043
-1.983
40.0
8fhms
aaf-1
rh
ltoa2 /100 29.619 -7.271
-0.708
0.345
-0.013
-1.983
38.4
14ms
aaf-1
rj
stoa
26.229 -8.640
-0.767
0.580
-0.034
-1.737
35.6
l3fjms
aaf-1
rj
stoa
28.662 -9.615
-1.172
0.444
0.037
-2.131
7fjms
aaf-1
rj
unaged 37.788 -9.133 -1.627
0.367
0.043
-1.929
403
473
8fjms
aaf-1
rj
unaged 36.531 -10.041 -1.888
0.540
0.079
-1.774
46.2
12gms
aaf-1
rj
ltoa2 /100 26.695 -7.742
0.018
0.214
0.004
-3.693
45.6
13gms
aaf-1
rj
ltoa2 /100 28.524 -7.306
-0.301
0.264
-0.001
-2.664
40.8
7gcms
aag-1
rc
stoa
30.857 -8.454
-1.920
0.422
0.045
-1.569
38.0
8gcms
aag-1
rc
stoa
28.911 -8.768
-1.574
0.412
0.039
-1.802
37.6
9gcms
aag-1
rc
imaged 34.396 -6394 -2.363
0216
0.078
-1.268
38.5
lOgcms
aag-1
rc
Imaged
35.590 -6.700
-2.223
0.229
0.062
-1361
40.2
7gcms
aag-1
rc
ltoa2/100 28.111 -7.081
-0.967
0337
-0.004
-1.840
35.7
8gcms
aag-1
rc
ltoa2 /100 27.176 -7.743
-0.636
0.403
-0.021
-1.957
36.6
7gdms
aag-1
rd
-1.729
0.446
0.032
-1.716
39.8
ASPH.
AGGR.
8fdms
aaf-1
rd
lfhms
aaf-1
rh
stoa
2fhms
aaf-1
rh
3fhms
aaf-1
4fhms
AGING
b
Peak
Peak
Angle
Frequency
c
ID
ltoa2 /100 22.755 -7.450
stoa
31.055 -9.226
286
Table M. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters (Continued).
a
Peak
Peak
Frequency Angle
d
e
33352 -8314 -2.251
0312
0.060
-1.545
40.0
rd
unaged 39.264 -6.490 -2.902
0.284
0.070
-1.017
42.6
aag-1
rd
imaged 35.754 -5.937 -2.794
0.291
0.073
-0.964
38.7
7gdms
aag-1
rd
ltoa2/100 30.256 -9.140 -1.087
0.490
0.000
-1.861
403
8gdms
aag-1
rd
ltoa2/100 31.771 -9.501 -1.584
0.432
0.056
-1.962
41.9
12gjms
aag-1
rj
stoa
38.200 -9.617
-2.766
0.424
0.090
-1.453
45.4
13gjms
aag-1
rj
stoa
36.463 -9392
-2.163
0.363
0.063
-1.722
44.9
7gjms
aag-1
rj
imaged 41.941 -6.502 -3.153
0.229
0.099
-0.986
452
8gjms
aag-1
rj
unaged 42.662 -7.711 -3.256
0313
0.100
-1.092
46.9
12gjms
aag-1
rj
ltoa2/100 33.150 -8.985 -1.955
0.435
0.068
-1.684
41.2
13gjms
aag-1
rj
ltoa2/100 32.660 -8.932 -1.777
0.365
0.053
-1.842
41.4
7kcms
aak -1
rc
stoa
24.941 -6.982
-0.624
0.346
-0.010
-2.001
33.5
8kcms
aak-1
rc
stoa
24.727 -7.108
-0.651
0.432
-0.024
-1.801
32.6
9kcms
aalc-1
rc
unaged 35.984 -5.363
-1.695
0.238
0.060
-1370
39.8
10kcms
aak-1
rc
unaged 36.257 -7.568 :1.367
0316
0.019
-1.804
43.8
7kcms
aak-1
rc
ltoa2/100 21.038 -4.636
-0.206
0.127
0.004
-3.167
30.0
8kcms
aak-1
rc
Itoa2/100 20.776 -4.050
-0.228
0.090
0.005
-3.456
29.0
7kdms
aak-1
rd
stoa
28.775 -6322
-2.136
0.190
0.076
-1.414
33.2
8kdms
aak-1
rd
stoa
27.361 -5.722
-1.305
0.221
0.039
-1.736
32.6
9kdms
aak-1
rd
imaged 36.602 -3.029 -1.770
0.086
0.043
-0.833
37.9
l0kdms
aak-1
rd
imaged 32.669 -6.001
-1.751
0.225
0.053
-1.488
37.2
7kdms
aalc-1
rd
ltoa2/100 28350 -4.522 -1.076
0.164
0.030
-1.713
32.4
8kdms
aak-1
rd
ltoa2/100 28.079 -3.548 -1.451
0.100
0.046
-1.183
30.2
7khms
aak-1
rh
stoa
29362 -4.711 -2319
0.241
0.067
-0.928
31.6
8khms
aalc-1
rh
stoa
33.499 -5.710
-1.942
0.195
0.059
-1.345
37.4
9khms
aak-1
rh
Imaged 37.861 -1.856
-2.463
0.022
0.071
-0378
38.2
101chms
aak-1
rh
imaged 38.979 -2.207 -2.752
0.024
0.103
-0.404
39.4
7Ichms
aak-1
rh
ltoa2/100 27.538 -4399 -1.040
0.196
0.015
-1.547
31.2
8khms
aalc-1
rh
ltoa2/100 29.557 -5.077 -1.139
0.248
0.016
-1.550
33.9
llkjms
aalc-1
rj
stoa
30.444 -5.656
-1.431
0326
0.007
-1.364
34.7
12kjms
aalc-1
rj
stoa
32.111 -6.752
-1.720
0.248
0.059
-1.678
37.9
7kjms
aak-1
rj
Imaged 46.727 -2.347 -3.219
0.037
0.097
-0.365
472
8kjms
aak-1
rj
unaged 43.595 -2.176 -2.173
-0.037
0.070
-0.517
44.1
ID
ASPH.
AGGR.
AGING
8gdms
aag-1
rd
stoa
9gdms
aag-1
lOgdms
b
c
287
Table I.1. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters (Continued).
d
e
ltoa2/100 27.925 -3.891 -0.949
0.095
0.021
-1.828
31.5
-0593
0.267
0.002
-2.232
34.8
-0.931
0.148
0.032
-1.656
31.0
stoa
24577 -5.041 -0.883
0.175
0.029
-2.131
30.2
rc
stoa
24211 -5.939
-0.711
0.222
0.015
-2.264
31.8
aam-1
rc
stoa
26.279 -5.362
-0.474
0.157
0.004
-2.594
34.4
5mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
22.623 -5.175
-0388
0.219
-0.003
-2.024
28.8
6mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
22.135 -4.671
-0.506
-0.246
0.115
-1.986
33.1
7mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
24.869 -5.708
-0.903
0.234
0.009
-1.894
31.0
8mcms
aam-1
rc
stoa
27389 -4.687 -1.503
0.187
0.035
-1.338
30.8
10mcms aam-1
rc
imaged 29.935 -5.883 -1.666
0.220
0.051
-1321
34.5
llmcms aam-1
rc
imaged 28.998 -5.979 -1.145
0.307
0.003
-1.602
34.4
lmcms
aam-1
rc
1po5/85 17.428 -4.691
-0.099
0.124
0.003
-3.470
27.7
2mcms
aam-1
rc
1po5/85 15.812 -4.541
0.138
0.094
0.000
-4.558
30.5
3mcms
aam-1
rc
1po5/60 21.000 -5.629
-0.252
0.193
-0.002
-2.666
30.4
4mcms
aam-1
rc
1po5/60 20.113 -5.838
-0.143
0.171
0.001
-3.132
31.8
5mcms
aam-1
rc
ltoa5/85 18.294 -5.190 -0.046
0.130
0.004
-3.864
31.1
6mcms
aam-1
rc
ltoa5/85 17.132 -5.467
0.104
0.136
-0.003
-3.686
31.2
7mcms
aam-1
rc
ltoa2/100 30.282 -4.345 -1.399
0.134
0.038
-1.419
33.4
8mcms aam-1
rc
ltoa2/100 26.618 -6.940 -0.310
0245
-0.003
-2.625
38.1
7mdms aam-1
rd
stoa
28.833 -6.317
-1.027
0.305
0.000
-1.736
35.1
8mdms aam-1
rd
stoa
28.402 -5.826
-1.400
0.319
0.013
-1.434
33.0
9mdms aam-1
rd
unaged 38.373 -6.439
-1.651
0.193
0.042
-1.695
44.0
10mdms aam-1
rd
unaged 35.439 -4.067
-1.484
0.087
0.036
-1.330
38.1
7mdms aam-1
rd
ltoa2/100 31.967 -5.746
-0.703
0.175
0.012
-2.412
39.7
8mdms aam-1
rd
ltoa2/100 28.927 -5.112
-0.624
0.152
0.015
-2.542
36.0
lmhms aam-1
rh
stoa
30.442 -3555
-1.423
0.133
0.043
-1.154
325
2mhms aam-1
rh
stoa
31.267 -4.367
-1.636
0.117
0.059
-1.312
34.1
3mhms aam-1
rh
stoa
28375 -3.960 -1.411
0.125
0.039
-1.300
31.2
4mhms aam-1
rh
stoa
29.659 -4.346
-1330
0.109
0.038
-1.552
33.0
5mhms aam-1
rh
stoa
28.006 -4.627
-0538
0.116
0.005
-2.535
34.6
6mhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
28.912 -5.398
-1.175
0.215
0.041
-1.815
34.0
7mhms
aam-1
rh
stoa
26.917 -5.869
-1.615
0.254
0.061
-1.535
313
a
b
ID
ASPH.
AGGR.
llkjms
aak-1
rj
12kjms
aak-1
rj
ltoa2/100 26.021 -6.562
lmcms aam-1
rc
stoa
27.828 -3.724
2mcms aam-1
rc
3mcms
aam-1
4mcms
AGING
c
Peak
Peak
Frequency Angle
288
Table Id. Calculated Phase Angle Parameters (Continued).
ID
ASPH.
8mhms aam-1
9mhms
aam-1
10mhms aam-1
llmhms aam-1
lmhms aam-1
Peak
Peak
Frequency Angle
d
e
-0.783
0.281
-0.019
-1.601
33.6
unaged 28.946 -5.389 -1349
0.218
0.032
-1.579
33.4
unaged 29.050 -5.191
-1.596
0.175
0.048
-1.461
32.9
unaged 33.800 -6.087 -1.491
0.197
0.033
-1.688
39.1
1po5/85 23.656 -5.224 -0.943
0.190
0.035
-2.119
29.4
1po5/85 24.622 -5.232 -0.158
0.232
-0.004
-2.468
33.0
1po5/60 29.099 -5.172 -0.943
0.182
0.018
-1.932
34.5
1po5/60 28.228 -5.772 -0.534
0.162
0.007
-2.664
37.1
ltoa5/85 26.269 -5.175 -0.619
0.148
0.015
-2.604
33.6
ltoa5/85 27.147 -4.675 -0.761
0.117
0.014
-2.303
32.8
ltoa2/100 30.099 -4.995 -1.510
0.170
0.049
-1.492
33.9
ltoa2 /100 26.858 -6.849
-0.252
0.248
-0.010
-2.562
38.1
AGING
rh
rh
stoa
rh
rh
rh
a
c
AGGR.
b
27.639 -5.785
8mhms aam-1
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
rh
7mjms
aam-1
rj
stoa
30.102 -5.105
-1.589
0.177
0.049
-1.443
33.8
8mjms
aam-1
rj
stoa
30.569 -6.790
-1.642
0393
-0.001
-1381
35.8
9mjms
aam-1
rj
unaged 38.633 -5.746 -1.648
0.205
0.040
-1.489
43.1
10mjms aam-1
rj
unaged 38.614 -4.487 -1.721
0.126
0.045
-1.233
41.4
7mjms
aam-1
rj
ltoa2/100 26.959 -4.682 -1.076
0.157
0.026
-1.760
313
8mjms
aam-1
rj
ltoa2/100 28.278 -4.472 -1.440
0.163
0.042
-1.384
31.4
2mhms aam-1
3mhms aam-1
4mhms aam-1
5mhms aam-1
6mhms aam-1
7mhms aam-1
289
APPENDIX J
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
290
General Linear Models Procedure
Class Level Information
Class
Values
Levels
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
6
4
6
aaa-1 aad-1 aaf-1 aag-1 aak-1 aam-1
rc rd rh rj
1po5/60 1po5/85 ltoa2/10 ltoa5/85 stoa unaged
Number of observations in data set = 215
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: A
DF
Source
Model
Error
Corrected Total
Sum of
Squares
Mean
1.47704144
0.01717490
0.81191570
0.00634309
214
2.28895714
86
128
R-Square
0.645290
C.V.
-16.28778
Pr > F
Square F Value
Root MSE
0.079644
2.71
0.0001
A Mean
-.48897721
Dependent Variable: A
Source
DF
Type I SS
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
5
0.16585344
0.03317069
5.23
0.0002
AGGR
ASPHALT
3
0.28758903
0.09586301
15.11
0.0001
AGING
5
0.18059563
0.03611913
5.69
0.0001
16
0.26964308
0.0012
AGGR*AGING
2.66
0.01685269
AGGR*ASPHALT*AGING
57
0.57336026
0.01005895
1.59
0.0168
Source
DF
Type III SS
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
AGGR
5
0.13916748
0.02783350
4.39
0.0010
3
0.24048124
ASPHALT
0.08016041
12.64
0.0001
5
0.22092014
AGING
0.04418403
6.97
0.0001
AGGR*AGING
16
0.26769268
0.01673079
2.64
0.0013
AGGR*ASPHALT*AGING
57
0.57336026
0.01005895
1.59
0.0168
291
General Linear Models Procedure
Class Level Information
Class
Values
Levels
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
aaa-1 aad-1 aaf-1 aag-1 aak-1 aam-1
rc rd rh rj
1po5/60 1po5/85 ltoa2/10 ltoa5/85 stoa unaged
6
4
6
Number of observations in data set = 215
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: B
DF
Source
Model
Error
Corrected Total
Sum of
Squares
Mean
11.29334434
0.43435940
188
9.60543819
0.05109276
214
20.89878253
26
R-Square
C.V.
-24.93911
0.540383
Pr > F
Square F Value
Root MSE
0.226037
0.0001
8.50
B Mean
-.90635581
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: B
Source
AGGR
AGING
AGGR*AGING
Source
AGGR
AGING
AGGR*AGING
DF
5
5
DF
5
5
Type I SS
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
4.98081901
0.99616380
19.50
0.0001
4.26412037
0.85282407
16.69
0.0001
16
2.04840497
0.12802531
2.51
0.0017
Type III SS
Mean Square
F Value
Pr > F
4.09243069
0.81848614
16.02
0.0001
4.28813383
0.85762677
16.79
0.0001
16
2.04840497
0.12802531
2.51
0.0017
292
General Linear Models Procedure
Class Level Information
Class
Values
Levels
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
aaa-1 aad-1 aaf-1 aag-1 aak-1 aam-1
4
rc rd rh rj
6
1po5/60 1po5/85 ltoa2/10 ltoa5/85 stoa unaged
6
Number of observations in data set = 215
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: XO
Source
DF
Model
22
Error
Corrected Total
Sum of
Squares
Mean
83.19636754
3.78165307
192
22.51712422
0.11727669
214 105.71349176
R-Square
C.V.
0.786999
-33.50870
Pr > F
Square F Value
Root MSE
0.342457
32.25
0.0001
XO Mean
-1.0219940
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: XO
Source
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
ASPHALT*AGING
Source
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
ASPHALT* AGING
DF
Type I SS
5
3
5
DF
3
5
Pr > F
49.19807459
9.83961492
83.90
0.0001
4.60191356
1.53397119
13.08
0.0001
26.86229658
5.37245932
45.81
0.0001
9
2.53408281
0.28156476
2.40
0.0134
Type III SS
5
Mean Square F Value
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
43.30368144
8.66073629
73.85
0.0001
6.06153585
2.02051195
17.23
0.0001
25.39786343
5.07957269
43.31
0.0001
9
2.53408281
0.28156476
2.40
0.0134
293
General Linear Models Procedure
Class Level Information
Class
Values
Levels
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
aaa-1 aad-1 aaf-1 aag-1 aak-1 aam-1
6
rc rd rh rj
1po5/60 1po5/85 ltoa2/10 ltoa5/85 stoa unaged
4
6
Number of observations in data set = 215
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: YO
Sum of
Squares
DF
Source
Model
Mean
Error
Corrected Total
R-Square
C.V.
0.223478
4.860041
Pr > F
Square F Value
0.79081909
0.06083224
201
2.74787536
0.01367102
214
3.53869445
13
Root MSE
0.116923
4.45
0.0001
YO Mean
2.40580558
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: YO
Source
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
Source
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
DF
Type I SS
5
3
5
DF
Type III SS
5
3
5
0.19466394
0.33889231
0.25726284
0.15298547
0.33823663
0.25726284
Mean Square
0.03893279
0.11296410
0.05145257
F Value
2.85
8.26
3.76
Mean Square F Value
0.03059709
0.11274554
0.05145257
2.24
8.25
3.76
Pr > F
0.0165
0.0001
0.0028
Pr > F
0.0520
0.0001
0.0028
294
General Linear Models Procedure
Class Level Information
Class
Levels
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
Values
aaa-1 aad-1 aaf-1 aag-1 aak-1 aam-1
6
4
7
rc rd rh rj
1po5/60 1po5/85 ltoa2/10 ltoa5/85 stoa uaged unaged
Number of observations in data set = 215
Dependent Variable: XMAX
Mean
Sum of
DF
Square F Value
Squares
Source
172.7461903
1.9855884
18.38
Model
87
127
13.7203991
0.1080346
Error
214
186.4665894
Corrected Total
R-Square
0.926419
C.V.
-21.02356
Root MSE
0.328686
Pr > F
0.0001
XMAX Mean
-1.5634188
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: XMAX
Source
DF
Type I SS
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
5
64.74959980
12.94991996
119.87
0.0001
AGGR
71.53
0.0001
3
23.18235973
7.72745324
ASPHALT
0.0001
14
5.97893508
0.42706679
3.95
AGGR*ASPHALT
54.35836107
9.05972685
83.86
0.0001
AGING
6
0.49447217
4.58
0.0001
AGGR*AGING
16
7.91155474
0.0006
3.42847044
0.38094116
3.53
ASPHALT*AGING
9
34
13.13690948
0.38637969
3.58
AGGR*ASPHALT*AGING
0.0001
Source
DF
Type III SS
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
0.0001
45.19389341
83.67
5
9.03877868
AGGR
56.91
0.0001
3
18.44452928
6.14817643
ASPHALT
14
5.66571388
0.40469385
3.75
0.0001
AGGR*ASPHALT
0.0001
72.57
AGING
6
47.04174158
7.84029026
4.76
0.0001
16
8.22843814
0.51427738
AGGR*AGING
3.13
0.0019
9
3.04485527
0.33831725
ASPHALT*AGING
34
13.13690948
0.38637969
3.58
AGGR*ASPHALT*AGING
0.0001
295
General Linear Models Procedure
Class Level Information
Class
Levels
AGGR
ASPHALT
AGING
Values
aaa-1 aad-1 aaf-1 aag-1 aak-1 aam-1
6
4
7
rc rd rh rj
1po5/60 1po5/85 ltoa2/10 ltoa5/85 stoa uaged unaged
Number of observations in data set = 215
Dependent Variable: YMAX
Mean
Sum of
DF
Square F Value
Squares
Source
40.735715
10.27
Model
87
3544.007225
127
503.859461
3.967397
Error
214
4047.866686
Corrected Total
R-Square
C.V.
5.571754
0.875525
Root MSE
1.991833
Pr > F
0.0001
YMAX Mean
35.7487548
General Linear Models Procedure
Dependent Variable: YMAX
Source
AGGR
DF
5
Type I SS
951.8825043
Mean Square F Value
190.3765009
47.99
Pr > F
0.0001
3
656.1647044 218.7215681
55.13
0.0001
ASPHALT
14
217.6714412
15.5479601
3.92
0.0001
AGGR*ASPHALT
37.26
0.0001
AGING
6
887.0311044 147.8385174
4.30
0.0001
AGGR*AGING
16
273.0838630
17.0677414
24.1555922
6.09
0.0001
ASPHALT*AGING
9
217.4003302
2.53
34
340.7732779
10.0227435
AGGR*ASPHALT*AGING
0.0001
Source
DF
Type III SS
Mean Square F Value
Pr > F
32.15
0.0001
5
637.8017502 127.5603500
AGGR
41.43
0.0001
ASPHALT
3
493.1351157 164.3783719
0.0001
14
217.0204335
AGGR*ASPHALT
15.5014595
3.91
37.34
0.0001
AGING
6
888.9211006 148.1535168
4.47
0.0001
AGGR*AGING
16
283.5326157
17.7207885
0.0001
ASPHALT*AGING
9
206.3320014
22.9257779
5.78
AGGR*ASPHALT*AGING
34
340.7732779
10.0227435
2.53
0.0001
296
APPENDIX K
SHIFT PROGRAM LISTING
297
SHIFT PROGRAM LISTING
DECLARE SUB Output File 0
DECLARE SUB Re Draw 0
DECLARE SUB Read File 0
DECLARE SUB Grid Lines 0
DECLARE SUB GraphDisplay 0
DECLARE SUB CalcShift 0
DIM Frequency(1 TO 11, 1 TO 6) 'Frequency for each temperature
'Temperature for each test
DIM Temperature( TO 3)
DIM PhaseAngle(1 TO 11, 1 TO 3) 'Phase Angle for each test temperature
'Complex modulus data for each test temperature
DIM Complex(1 TO 11, 1 TO 3)
DIM PhaseShift(1 TO 3)
'Phase shift values for each test temperature
COMMON SHARED Frequency(), Temperatures, PhaseAngleO, Complex°, Phase Shift°
COMMON SHARED Current Temp, Lo Limit, Up Limit, Xaxis, YAxis, g2
CONST true = -1, false = 0
KEY 25, CHR$(0) + CHR$(57)
' s.change toggle
ON KEY(12) GOSUB Shift.Decr ' left arrow - decrease phase shift
ON KEY(13) GOSUB Shift.Incr ' right arrow - increase phase shift
ON KEY(25) GOSUB shift.change ' space bar to change s.change values
ON KEY(11) GOSUB Temp.Change ' up arrow change test temperature setup
ON KEY(14) GOSUB Temp.Change ' down arrow change test temperature setup
KEY(25) ON: KEY(12) ON: KEY(13) ON: KEY(11) ON: KEY(14) ON
CLS
' Initial shift values for each temperature
PhaseShift(1) = 0!
PhaseShift(2) = 0!
PhaseShift(3) = 0
CurrentTemp = 1
' initial variable for Current Temperature
S.Change = .01
CALL GraphDisplay
CALL GridLines
CALL ReadFile
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT "Temperature: "; CurrentTemp
LOCATE 5, 2: PRINT "Shift: "; S.Change
LOCATE 6, 2: PRINT "P.Shift: ";
LOCATE 7, 2: PRINT USING "+##.##"; PhaseShift(1)
LOCATE 8, 2: PRINT USING "+##.##"; PhaseShift(2)
LOCATE 9, 2: PRINT USING "+##.##"; PhaseShift(3)
LOCATE 28, 2: COLOR 15: PRINT "[Esc] "; : COLOR 7: PRINT " Quit";
298
SHIFT PROGRAM LISTING
COLOR 15: PRINT "[0]
COLOR 15
";
: COLOR 7: PRINT "Output";
' do main looping here
continue:
DO
key$ = INKEY$
IF LEN(key$) = 0 GOTO continue
IF UCASE$(key$) = "R" THEN CALL ReDraw
IF UCASE$(key$) = "0" THEN CALL OutputFile
IF ASC(LEFT$(key$, 1)) = 0 THEN
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 72 THEN GOSUB Temp.Change ' up arrow
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 80 THEN GOSUB Temp.Change ' down arrow
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 75 THEN GOSUB Shift.Decr ' left arrow
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 77 THEN GOSUB Shift.Incr ' right arrow
END IF
LOOP UNTIL key$ = CHR$(27)
KEY(25) OFF: KEY(12) OFF: ICEY(13) OFF: KEY(11) OFF: KEY(14) OFF
END ' the end of the program
shift.change:
SELECT CASE S.Change
CASE .01
S.Change = 1
CASE 1
S.Change = .5
CASE .5
S.Change = .1
CASE .1
S.Change = .05
CASE .05
S.Change = .01
END SELECT
LOCATE 5, 9: PRINT USING "#.##"; S.Change;
RETURN
Shift.Incr:
PhaseShift(CurrentTemp) = PhaseShift(CurrentTemp) + S.Change
LOCATE 6 + CurrentTemp, 2: PRINT USING "+ ##.##"; PhaseShift(CurrentTemp);
CalcShift
RETURN
Shift.Decr:
PhaseShift(CurrentTemp) = PhaseShift(CurrentTemp)
S.Change
LOCATE 6 + CurrentTemp, 2: PRINT USING "+ ##.##"; PhaseShift(CurrentTemp);
CalcShift
299
SHIFT PROGRAM LISTING
RETURN
Temp.Change:
SELECT CASE Current Temp
CASE 1
Current Temp = 3
CASE 3
Current Temp = 1
END SELECT
LOCATE 2, 15: PRINT USING "##"; Current Temp;
RETURN
SUB Cale Shift
FOR i = 1 TO 11
time# = 1 / Frequency(i, Current Temp)
Shifted Time = LOG(time# / 10 ^ PhaseShift(CurrentTemp)) / LOG(10)
ShiftedFreq = -Shifted Time
Frequency(i, Current Temp * 2) = ShiftedFreq
NEXT i
CALL ReDraw
END SUB
SUB GraphDisplay
SCREEN 12
UpLimit = 5
LoLimit = 0
Xaxis = 5
VIEW (1, 1)-(638, 478) 15
VIEW (158, 24)-(625, 372) 15
WINDOW (-5, LoLimit)-(5, UpLimit)
Num0fDiv% = 10
' (UpLimit - LoLimit) / NumOfDiv%
YAxis = 1
END SUB
SUB GridLines
'LINE (-5, LoLimit)-(5, UpLimit), 15, BF
t=1
g2 = LoLimit + 1
DO UNTIL g2 > = UpLimit
LINE (-5, g2)-(5, g2), 15, &HAAAA
g2 = g2 + 1
LOOP
FOR g = -5 TO 5 STEP 1
LINE (g, UpLimit)-(g, LoLimit), 15, &HAAAA
300
SHIFT PROGRAM LISTING
NEXT g
END SUB
SUB Output File
LOCATE 29, 2: INPUT "Enter Output filename: "; filename$
OPEN filename$ FOR OUTPUT AS #1
FOR j = 1 TO 3
FOR i = 1 TO 11
PRINT #1, Frequency(i, j * 2), Complex(i, j), PhaseAngle(i, j)
NEXTi
NEXT]
CLOSE #1
END SUB
SUB ReadFile
INPUT "Enter input filename: "; filename$
'filename$ = "c: \lotus \work \output.prn"
OPEN filename$ FOR INPUT AS #1
FOR j = 1 TO 3
FOR i = 1 TO 11
INPUT #1, Frequency(i, j), Complex(i, j), PhaseAngle(i, j)
time# = 1 / Frequency(i, CurrentTemp)
ShiftedTime = LOG(time# / 10 A PhaseShift(CurrentTemp)) / LOG(10)
ShiftedFreq = -ShiftedTime
Frequency(i, j * 2) = ShiftedFreq
Complex(i, j) = LOG(Complex(i, j)) / LOG(10)
NEXTi
NEXT]
CurrentTemp = 1
FOR i = 1 TO 11
time# = 1 / Frequency(i, CurrentTemp)
ShiftedTime = LOG(time# / 10 ^ PhaseShift(CurrentTemp)) / LOG(10)
ShiftedFreq = -ShiftedTime
Frequency(i, CurrentTemp * 2) = ShiftedFreq
NEXTi
CurrentTemp = 3
FOR i = 1 TO 11
time# = 1 / Frequency(i, CurrentTemp)
ShiftedTime = LOG(time# / 10 A PhaseShift(CurrentTemp)) / LOG(10)
ShiftedFreq = -ShiftedTime
Frequency(i, CurrentTemp * 2) = ShiftedFreq
301
SHIFT PROGRAM LISTING
NEXT i
Current Temp = 1
CALL Re Draw
CLOSE #1
END SUB
SUB Re Draw
CLS
CALL Grid Lines
FOR j = 1 TO 3
FOR i = 1 TO 10
LINE (Frequency(i, j * 2), Complex(i, j))-(Frequency(i + 1, j * 2), Complex(i + 1, j)), 15
NEXT i
NEXT j
END SUB
302
APPENDIX L
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
303
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
' Prog FS03
' Last Revised : 12/31/92
' Written By Yunus Ab-Wahab
' Program: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Test Program
'
Declare external assembly procedures
DECLARE SUB Saint (intlevel%)
DECLARE SUB Restlnt (intlevel%)
'
Declare internal BASIC subroutines
DECLARE SUB TitleScreen 0
DECLARE SUB CursorOff 0
DECLARE SUB DOS 0
DECLARE SUB Collect 0
DECLARE SUB Calibrate 0
DECLARE SUB Report 0
DECLARE SUB Das16 (MODE%, BYVAL dummy%, flag%)
DECLARE SUB Getlnput (num.flag%, value, junk$, maxlength%, EscOn%)
DECLARE SUB SetToggleKeys (NumLock%, CapsLock%, ScrollLock%)
DECLARE SUB Save.Data.File 0
DECLARE SUB Static.S 0
DECLARE SUB ScreenFrame (header$)
DECLARE SUB Timer.Set 0
DECLARE SUB Music 0
DIM
DIM
DIM
DIM
DIM
DIM
DIM
DIM
DIM
dio%(0 TO 4), da%(0 TO 2), ad%(0 TO 2), e%(1 TO 3)
frequency(0 TO 20)
' frequency sweep interval
total.saat%(0 TO 13) ' total second of each sweep interval
sampling&(0 TO 13)
' sampling rate for each cycle
deriv.gain%(0 TO 13) ' derivative gain array
prop.gain%(0 TO 13) ' proportional gain array
integ.gain%(0 TO 13) ' integral gain array
dio.0%(0 TO 13)
' low byte timer counter
dio.1%(0 TO 13)
' high byte timer counter
DIM menu$(5), MenuDescription$(5)
DIM SHARED ChecicingForDAS16.CFG AS INTEGER
DIM SHARED CheckingForDEFAULTS.TST AS INTEGER
DIM SHARED CheckingForCALFACS.ECS AS INTEGER
DIM SHARED CheckingForDataFile AS INTEGER
DIM SHARED FileExists AS INTEGER
DIM SHARED Oscilloscope.Displayed AS INTEGER
COMMON SHARED dio%0, ad%0, da%0, e%0, fs3%0, totalsaat%(), sampling&O
COMMON SHARED max.load%, mult.load, pulse%, total.cycle%, static.load%
COMMON SHARED cycle%, lolimit, uplimit, y.axis, dsxaxis&, ds&, setmax.load%
COMMON SHARED static.flag%, diametral.flag%, save.flag%, num.of.divs%, diameter, gagelength
COMMON SHARED load.cal, lvdtl.cal, lvdt2.cal, poisson, modulus, load.change%
COMMON SHARED g2, t, g, header$, frequency°, frequency.div&, total.sec%, sweep%,
304
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
sweep.count%
COMMON SHARED tum.off %, file$, deriv.gain%(), prop.gain%(), integ.gain %O, low.freq.div%
COMMON SHARED dio.0 %O, dio.1 %O, div.cnt&, time.save%, cycle.cnt%
CONST pi = 3.14159, true = -1, false = 0
turn.off% = false: bell.on% = false
'$DYNAMIC
DIM fs3%(-1 TO 2002, 0 TO 2, 0 TO 4)
'$STATIC
' array for data saved to file
ON ERROR GOTO Error Trap:
Title Screen
'display title screen
,******************************* menu ************************************
'
define menu choices
menu$(1) = " Run Test
menu$(2) = " Analyze
menu$(3) = " Calibrate
menu$(4) = " DOS Shell
menu$(5) = " Quit
"
.,
"
MenuDescription$(1) = " Run test to collect data... "
MenuDescription$(2) = " Reduce data and generate report... "
MenuDescription$(3) = " Calibrate transducers (Load Cell and LVDTS)... "
MenuDescription$(4) = " Shell to DOS... "
MenuDescription$(5) = " Exit program... "
display menu
menu:
fbk.cnt& = 0
cycle% = 1
pulse% = 0
datemp& = 0
diff.defl = 0
diff.def2 = 0
avg.def = 0
avg.strain = 0
poisson = .35
utemp = 0
Temp = 0
time.save% = 5
SCREEN 0: COLOR 11, 1: CLS
ScreenFrame ("")
'print screen frame
LOCATE 6, 26: PRINT " II
LOCATE 7, 26: PRINT
II
Ii
II"
305
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
LOCATE 8, 26: PRINT "I
LOCATE 9, 26: PRINT "
LOCATE 10, 26: PRINT "
LOCATE 11, 26: PRINT "
LOCATE 12, 26: PRINT "
LOCATE 13, 26: PRINT "
LOCATE 14, 26: PRINT "
II"
1
";
: FirstRow% = CSRLIN
II
II
II
";
: LastRow% = CSRLIN
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE FirstRow% - 5, 26: PRINT "* * Frequency Sweep * *"
LOCATE FirstRow% - 2, 33: PRINT "Main Menu"
COLOR 7, 1
FOR row% = FirstRow% TO LastRow%
LOCATE row%, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(row%
NEXT
(FirstRow% - 1))
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE LastRow% + 3, 14: PRINT "Type the "; : COLOR 15, 1
PRINT "highlighted letter"; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " of the menu choice or"
LOCATE LastRow% + 5, 18
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT " [^X] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Up ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT " r; CHR$(25); "] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Down
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT " ["; CHR$(17); CHR$(196); CHR$(217); "1 ";
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Execute ";
COLOR 7, 1
LOCATE FirstRow%, 31: COLOR 11, 1: PRINT menu$(1)
LOCATE 24, 2: COLOR 15, 1: PRINT MenuDescription$(1);
GOSUB HighlightChoices
LOCATE FirstRow% + 1, 31, 0
COLOR 7, 1
MenuKeyTrap:
row% = CSRLIN
KEY(11) ON: ON KEY(11) GOSUB up
KEY(14) ON: ON KEY(14) GOSUB down
ky$ = INKEY$: IF ky$ = "" THEN GOTO MenuKeyTrap
IF ASC(LEFT$(ky$, 1)) = 0 THEN GOTO GetMenuCode
search$ = "rRaAcCdDqQ" + CHRS(13) + CHR$(32)
IF INSTR(search$, ky$) = 0 THEN GOTO MenuKeyTrap
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "R" THEN CursorOff: Collect: GOTO menu
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "A" THEN CursorOff: Report: GOTO menu
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "C" THEN CursorOff: Calibrate: GOTO menu
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "D" THEN CursorOff: DOS: GOTO menu
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "0" THEN
306
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
COLOR 15, 1: CLS : END
END IF
IF ky$ = CHR$(32) THEN CALL Cursor Off: GOSUB down: GOTO MenuKeyTrap
IF ky$ = CHR$(L3) THEN
IF row% = First Row% + 1 THEN Cursor Off: Collect: GOTO menu
IF row% = First Row% + 2 THEN Cursor Off: Report: GOTO menu
IF row% = First Row% + 3 THEN Cursor Off: Calibrate: GOTO menu
IF row% = First Row% + 4 THEN Cursor Off: DOS: GOTO menu
IF row% = LastRow% + 1 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: CLS : END
END IF
END IF
Highlight Choices:
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE FirstRow%, 33, 0: PRINT "R"
LOCATE First Row% + 1, 33, 0: PRINT "A"
LOCATE First Row% + 2, 33, 0: PRINT "C"
LOCATE First Row% + 3, 33, 0: PRINT "D"
LOCATE LastRow%, 33, 0: PRINT "Q"
COLOR 7, 1
RETURN
GetMenuCode:
code = ASC(RIGHT$(ky$, 1))
IF code = 72 OR code = 80 THEN
IF code = 72 THEN
GOSUB up
GOTO MenuKeyTrap
ELSE
GOSUB down
GOTO MenuKeyTrap
END IF
ELSE
GOTO MenuKeyTrap
END IF
cursor down
down:
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE 24, 2, 0: PRINT STRING$(50, 32); 'erase menu description
IF row% = Last Row% + 1 THEN
COLOR 7, 1: LOCATE row% - 1, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(row% - First Row%)
row% = First Row%
END IF
COLOR 7, 1: LOCATE row% - 1, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(row% - First Row%)
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE row%, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(row% - (First Row% 1))
LOCATE 24, 2, 0: COLOR 15, 1: PRINT MenuDescription$(row% - (First Row% - 1));
GOSUB Highlight Choices
307
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
LOCATE row% + 1, 31, 0
COLOR 7, 1
RETURN
cursor up
up:
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE 24, 2, 0: PRINT STRING$(50, 32); 'erase menu description
row% = row% - 1
IF row% = FirstRow% THEN
COLOR 7, 1: LOCATE FirstRow%, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(1)
row% = Last Row%
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE row%, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(5)
LOCATE 24, 2, 0: COLOR 15, 1: PRINT MenuDescription$(5);
GOSUB Highlight Choices
LOCATE row% + 1, 31, 0
ELSE
COLOR 7, 1: LOCATE row%, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(row% - (First Row% - 1))
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE row% 1, 31, 0: PRINT menu$(row% - First Row%)
LOCATE 24, 2, 0: COLOR 15, 1: PRINT MenuDescriptionS(row% - FirstRow%);
GOSUB Highlight Choices
LOCATE row%, 31, 0
END IF
COLOR 7, 1
RETURN
end menu
feedbacksubl:
'
feedback for pulse load
fbk.cnt& = fbk.cnt& + 1
IF fbk.cnt& > sampling&(sweep%) * total.sec% THEN
IF cycle% > = total.saat%(sweep%) THEN
UEVENT OFF
LOCATE 12, 6: PRINT "
LOCATE 13, 6: PRINT "
";
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 14, 6: PRINT "
";
LOCATE 15, 7: PRINT "
,
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 18, 3: PRINT "
LOCATE 21, 3: PRINT "
";
CALL Static.S
CALL Save.Data.File
LINE (0, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit), 8, BF 'clear window
CALL Static.S
cycle% = 0
II
pulse% = 0
sweep% = sweep% + 1
308
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
IF sweep% = 12 THEN turn.off% = true: UEVENT ON: RETURN
IF frequency(sweep%) = 0 THEN turn.off% = true: UEVENT ON: RETURN
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 23, 8: PRINT sweep%;
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 24, 12: PRINT frequency(sweep%);
frequency.div& = sampling&(sweep%) / frequency(sweep%)
' resetting timer Dash 16
dio%(0) = dio.0%(sweep%)
dio%(1) = dio.1%(sweep%)
CALL Das16(17, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
IF frequency(sweep%) < 1 THEN
LOCATE 25, 16: PRINT USING "#####"; total.saat%(sweep%);
ELSE
LOCATE 25, 16: PRINT USING "#####"; total.saat%(sweep%) * frequency(sweep%);
END IF
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 6, 2: PRINT USING "#####.#"; max.load% * mult.load;
LOCATE 9, 2: PRINT USING "#####.#"; (ad%(0) - zeroload%) * mult.load;
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 26, 77: PRINT USING "##"; prop.gain%(sweep%);
LOCATE 27, 77: PRINT USING "##"; integ.gain%(sweep%);
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 28, 77: PRINT USING "##"; deriv.gain%(sweep%);
CALL Static.S
IF frequency(sweep%) > 1 THEN
' greater than 1 hz
total.sec% = 1
low.freq.div% = 1
cycle.cnt% = frequency(sweep%)
dsxaxis& = sampling&(sweep%) * total.sec% \ low.freq.div% 'oscilloscope grid upper limit
(x axis)
WINDOW (10, lolimit)-(sampling&(sweep%), uplimit)
CALL Static.S
UEVENT ON
ELSE
' lower than 0.1 hz
total.sec% = 1 / frequency(sweep%)
low.freq.div% = sampling&(sweep%) * total.sec% / 300
cycle.cnt% = 1
dsxaxis& = sampling&(sweep%) * total.sec% \ low.freq.div% 'oscilloscope grid upper limit
(x axis)
WINDOW (10, lolimit)-(sampling&(sweep%) * total.sec% \ low.freq.div%, uplimit)
CALL Static.S
UEVENT ON
END IF
END IF
IF sweep% = 0 THEN GOSUB calculate.data
fbk.cnt& = 0
309
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
IF frequency(sweep%) < 3 THEN LINE (0, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit), 8, BF
cycle% = cycle% + 1
LOCATE 25, 8: PRINT USING "#####"; cycle% * cycle.cnt%
pulse% = cycle% MOD time.save%
max.load% = 0
'dear window
END IF
dynamic.load% = ad%(0) - static.load%
div.cnt& = (fbk.cnt& \ low.freq.div%)
IF max.load% < dynamic.load% THEN max.load% = dynamic.load%
e%(3) = setmax.load% * SIN(pi / frequency.div& * (fbk.cnt& MOD frequency.div&)) +
static.load% - ad%(0)
'e%(3) = setmax.load% * (1 - (COS(pi / frequency.div& * (fbk.cnt& MOD frequency.div&)))
2) + static.load% - ad%(0)
datemp& = deriv.gain%(sweep%) * ((e%(3) e%(2)) + prop.gain%(sweep%) * e%(3) +
integ.gain%(sweep%) * (e%(3) - 2 * e%(2) + e%(1))) + 2048
IF datemp& > 4095 THEN da%(0) = 4095: GOTO cont
IF datemp& < 0 THEN da%(0) = 0: GOTO cont
da%(0) = datemp&
cont:
da%(1) = da%(0): da%(2) = da%(0)
e%(1) = e%(2): e%(2) = e%(3)
fs3%(div.cnt&, 0, pulse%) = ad%(0)
fs3%(div.cnt&, 1, pulse%) = ad%(1)
fs3%(div.cnt&, 2, pulse%) = ad%(2)
RETURN
calculate.data:
'
calculate and display differential deformations
lvdtminl% = 10000: lvdtmaxl% = -10000
lvdtmin2% = 10000: lvdtmax2% = -10000
loadmin% = 10000: loadmax% = -10000
UEVENT OFF
ccyde% = cycle% MOD time.save%
FOR i% = 1 TO 300 STEP 2
CALL Static.S
IF fs3%(i%, 0, ccycle %) < loadmin% THEN loadmin% = fs3%(i%, 0, ccycle%)
IF fs3%(i%, 0, ccycle%) > loadmax% THEN loadmax% = fs3%(i%, 0, ccycle%)
IF fs3%(i%, 1, ccycle %) < lvdtminl% THEN lvdtminl% = fs3%(i%, 1, ccycle%)
IF fs3%(i%, 1, ccycle %) > lvdtmaxl% THEN lvdtmaxl% = fs3%(i%, 1, ccycle%)
IF fs3%(i%, 2, ccycle%) < lvdtmin2% THEN lvdtmin2% = fs3%(i%, 2, ccycle%)
IF fs3%(i%, 2, ccycle %) > lvdtmax2% THEN lvdtmax2% = fs3%(i%, 2, ccycle%)
NEXT i%
max.load = (loadmax% - loadmin%) * mult.load
LOCATE 6, 2: PRINT USING "#####.#"; max.load;
310
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
diff.defl = (lvdtmaxl% - lvdtminl%) * 5 / 2048 * lvdtl.cal
LOCATE 12, 6: PRINT USING "####.#"; diff.defl 'in g-in
diff.def2 = (lvdtmax2% - lvdtmin2%) * 5 / 2048 * lvdt2.cal
LOCATE 13, 6: PRINT USING "####.#"; diff.def2 'in g-in
avg.def = (diff.defl + diff.def2) / 2
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 14, 6: PRINT USING "####.#"; avg.def
IF diff.defl > 5 THEN
percent.diff = ABS((diff.defl - diff.def2) / diff.defl) * 100
END IF
LOCATE 15, 7: PRINT USING "+####.#"; percent.diff
CALL Static.S
'---calculate modulus in Icsi---
avg.strain = avg.def / gagelength
LOCATE 18, 3: PRINT USING "####.#"; avg.strain 'in micro-strain
IF avg.strain > .01 THEN modulus = ((4 * max.load) / (pi * diameter ^ 2)) / (avg.strain * .001)
LOCATE 21, 3: PRINT USING "####.#"; modulus
UEVENT ON
RETURN
freshscreenl:
'
refresh oscilloscope
LINE (0, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit), 8, BF 'clear grid
t = dsxaxis& / 10
'---plot grid lines-g2 = lolimit + y.axis
DO UNTIL g2 > = uplimit
LINE (0, g2)-(dsxaxis&, g2), , &HAAAA
'horizontal grid lines
g2 = 82 + Y-axis
LOOP
FOR g = t TO ds& t STEP t
LINE (g, uplimit)-(g, lolimit), &HAAAA
'vertical grid lines
NEXT g
RETURN
SUBROUTINES FOR USER KEYS
maxloaddown:
decrement pulse load
setmax.load% = setmax.load% - load.change%
LOCATE 26, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (setmax.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
RETURN
'
maxloadup:
'
increment pulse load
setmax.load% = setmax.load% + load.change%
LOCATE 26, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (setmax.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
311
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
RETURN
staticup:
'
increment static load
static.load% = static.load% + load.change%
LOCATE 27, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (static.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
RETURN
staticdown:
'
decrement static load
static.load% = static.load% load.change%
LOCATE 27, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (static.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
RETURN
loadchange:
'
load change toggle
SELECT CASE load.change%
CASE 1
load.change% = 20
CASE 20
load.change% = 10
CASE 10
load.change% = 5
CASE 5
load.change% = 2
CASE 2
load.change% = 1
END SELECT
LOCATE 28, 53
PRINT USING "##"; load.change%;
RETURN
integ.down:
'
increment integral gain
integ.gain%(sweep%) = integ.gain%(sweep%) - 1
IF integ.gain%(sweep%) < 1 THEN integ.gain%(sweep%) = 1
LOCATE 27, 77: PRINT USING "##"; integ.gain%(sweep%);
RETURN
integ.up:
'
decrement integral gain
integ.gain%(sweep%) = integ.gain%(sweep%) + 1
IF integ.gain%(sweep%) > 15 THEN integ.gain%(sweep%) = 15
LOCATE 27, 77: PRINT USING "##"; integ.gain%(sweep%);
RETURN
312
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
prop.down:
'
increment proportional gain
prop.gain%(sweep%) = prop.gain%(sweep%) - 1
IF prop.gain%(sweep%) < 1 THEN prop.gain%(sweep%) = 1
LOCATE 26, 77: PRINT USING "##"; prop.gain%(sweep%);
RETURN
prop.up:
'
decrement proportional gain
prop.gain%(sweep%) = prop.gain%(sweep%) + 1
IF prop.gain%(sweep%) > 24 THEN prop.gain%(sweep%) = 25
LOCATE 26, 77: PRINT USING "##"; prop.gain%(sweep%);
RETURN
deriv.down:
decrement derivative gain
'
deriv.gain%(sweep%) = deriv.gain%(sweep%) - 1
IF deriv.gain%(sweep%) < 1 THEN deriv.gain%(sweep%) = 1
LOCATE 28, 77: PRINT USING "##"; deriv.gain%(sweep%);
RETURN
deriv.up:
'
increment derivative gain
deriv.gain%(sweep%) = deriv.gain%(sweep%) + 1
IF deriv.gain%(sweep%) > 5 THEN deriv.gain%(sweep%) = 5
LOCATE 28, 77: PRINT USING "##"; deriv.gain%(sweep%);
RETURN
zoom.in:
reduce oscilloscope scale
num.of.divs% = num.of.divs% - 2
IF num.of.divs% < 2 THEN
num.of.divs% = 2
RETURN
END IF
lolimit = lolimit + 409.6
uplimit = uplimit - 409.6
y.axis = (uplimit - lolimit) / num.of.divs% 'grid interval
WINDOW (10, lolimit)- (dsxaxis&, uplimit)
LOCATE 2, 18: PRINT USING " + #"; uplimit * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 13, 18: PRINT USING " + #"; ((uplimit + lolimit) / 2) * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 24, 18: PRINT USING " + #"; lolimit * 5 / 2048
RETURN
'
zoom.out:
'
increase oscilloscope scale
num.of.divs% = num.of.divs% + 2
IF num.of.divs% > 10 THEN
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num.of.divs% = 10
RETURN
END IF
lolimit = lolimit - 409.6
uplimit = uplimit + 409.6
y.axis = (uplimit - lolimit) / num.of.divs% 'grid interval
WINDOW (10, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit)
LOCATE 2, 18: PRINT USING "+ #"; uplimit * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 13, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; ((uplimit + lolimit) / 2) * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 24, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; lolimit * 5 / 2048
RETURN
scroll.up:
'
decrement scale limits (scrolls plotted lines up)
utemp = uplimit: Temp = lolimit
uplimit = uplimit - 409.6
lolimit = lolimit - 409.6
IF uplimit < 409.6 OR lolimit < -2048 THEN
uplimit = utemp
lolimit = Itemp
RETURN
END IF
WINDOW (10, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit)
LOCATE 2, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; uplimit * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 13, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; ((uplimit + lolimit) / 2) * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 24, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; lolimit * 5 / 2048
RETURN
scroll.down:
'
increment scale limits (scrolls plotted lines down)
utemp = uplimit: Temp = lolimit
uplimit = uplimit + 409.6
lolimit = lolimit + 409.6
IF uplimit > 2048 OR lolimit > -409.6 THEN
uplimit = utemp
lolimit = ltemp
RETURN
END IF
WINDOW (10, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit)
LOCATE 2, 18: PRINT USING "+ #"; uplimit * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 13, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; ((uplimit + lolimit) / 2) * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 24, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; lolimit * 5 / 2048
RETURN
7******************************* ErrorTrap *******************************
Error Trap:
IF ChecicingForDAS16.CFG AND ERR = 53 THEN File Exists = false: RESUME NEXT
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IF CheckingForDEFAULTS.TST AND ERR = 53 THEN File Exists = false: RESUME NEXT
IF CheckingForCALFACS.ECS AND ERR = 53 THEN File Exists = false: RESUME NEXT
IF CheckingForDataFile AND ERR = 53 THEN : FileExists = false: RESUME NEXT
'---reset das16 and interrupt if graphics screen was displayed-- IF Oscilloscope.Displayed THEN
Oscilloscope.Displayed = false
SCREEN 0: COLOR 15, 1: CLS
CALL Restlnt(intlevel %)
UEVENT OFF
da%(0) = 0: da%(1) = 0: da%(2) = 0
FOR i% = 1 TO 1000: NEXT i%
CALL Das16(7, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
END IF
' terminate mode 18
CLS : SOUND 1000, 3
ScreenFrame (" Error... ")
'print screen frame
'---disk full-IF ERR = 61 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Disk Full Error!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "Reduce the number of files stored on Drive C."
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 25, 3: PRINT " Press Esc... ";
DO
LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
RESUME menu
END IF
'---unanticipated error-- COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Unanticipated Error #'; ERR; " occurred!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "Contact accmc xxxxx with following information:"
LOCATE 7, 7: PRINT ". Error number (printed above)."
LOCATE 8, 7: PRINT "a Where the error occurred (e.g., during test execution)."
LOCATE 9, 7: PRINT ". Circumstances leading to the error (e.g., sequence of keystrokes)."
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 25, 3: PRINT " Press Esc... ";
DO
LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
ON ERROR RESUME NEXT
RESUME Endlt
Endlt
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End It:
COLOR 7, 1: CLS
END
SUB Calibrate
SHELL "c:\ecs\ECS_CAL.EXE V1.0"
END SUB
SUB Collect STATIC
SHARED setmax.load%, zeroload%, mult.load, static.load%, setpoint%, bell.on%
SHARED integ.gain%(), prop.gain%O, deriv.gain%(), command%, fbk.cnt&, start#
tum.off% = false
' read sequence file for frequency sweep test
frequency(12) = 0
sampling&(12) = 0
total.saat%(12) = 0
prop.gain%(12) = 5
integ.gain%(12) = 3
deriv.gain%(12) = 1
OPEN "c: \fs3 \sequence.fs3" FOR INPUT AS #5
FOR i% = 0 TO 11
INPUT #5, temp%, frequency(i%), total.saat%(i%), sampling&(i%), prop.gain%(i%),
integ.gain%(i%), deriv.gain%(i%)
IF (frequency(i%) = 0 OR sampling&(i%) = 0) THEN sweep.count% = i% - 1: EXIT FOR
IF total.saat%(i%) < 5 THEN total.saat%(i%) = 6
NEXT i%
CLOSE #5
IF sweep.count% = 0 THEN sweep.count% = i% - 1
CALL Timer.Set
' calculate timer setup for each sweep sequence
IF frequency(sweep%) > 1 THEN
' greater than 1 hz
low.freq.div% = 1
total.sec% = 1
cycle.cnt% = frequency(sweep%)
ELSE
' lower than 1 hz
total.sec% = 1 / frequency(sweep%)
low.freq.div% = sampling&(sweep%) * total.sec% / 300
cycle.cnt% = 1
END IF
frequency.div& = sampling&(sweep%) / frequency(sweep%)
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DIM prompt.col%(1 TO 12)
'column position for input to prompts
'needed by Get Input
DIM First Pass AS INTEGER
'Boolean variable for test parameter input;
'set at onset, clear when editing
get das16 configuration values
CheckingForDAS16.CFG = true 'set error flag (see Error Trap)
File Exists = true
'assume file exists
OPEN "c: \fs3 \dasl6.cfg" FOR INPUT AS #1
CheckingForDAS16.CFG = false 'clear error flag
IF File Exists THEN
INPUT #1, baseaddr%
INPUT #1, intlevel%
INPUT #1, dmalevel%
CLOSE #1
ELSE
'
file was not found; display error message
CLS : SOUND 1000, 3
'---print screen frame--ScreenFrame (" Critical Error... ")
'---display message-- -
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "The DAS16.CFG file was not found!"
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE 5, 5
PRINT "Information from the DAS16.CFG is essential for the functioning of
LOCATE 6, 5
PRINT "this software. Execute SETUP to create this file. Conversely,"
LOCATE 7, 5
PRINT "this file may be created in any editor which allows the creation of
LOCATE 8, 5
PRINT "files in ASCII format. The contents of the file must contain the"
LOCATE 9, 5
PRINT "I /O address, the interrupt level, and the DMA level as set on the"
LOCATE 10, 5
PRINT "MetraByte DAS16 card in the format shown below:"
LOCATE 12, 8: PRINT ". 10_Address (input/output address)"
LOCATE 13, 8: PRINT ". Interrupt_Level (interrupt level)"
LOCATE 14, 8: PRINT ". DMA_Level (direct memory access level)"
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 16, 5: PRINT "All values must be integers. Place the file in the C: \FS3\"
LOCATE 17, 5: PRINT "directory."
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 19, 5: PRINT "Example of contents of the DAS16.CFG file:"
LOCATE 20, 8: PRINT "768"
LOCATE 21, 8: PRINT "5"
LOCATE 22, 8: PRINT "3"
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 25, 3: PRINT " Press Esc... ";
DO
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LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
END
END IF
' SetToggleKeys to off (NumLock%, CapsLock%, Scroll Lock%)
' To toggle a key on, make its value 1. To toggle it off, make it 0.
' To not change it, set it to -1.
'CALL SetToggleKeys(1, 1, 1)
'set
CALL SetToggleKeys(0, 0, 0)
'clear
,
get calibration factors
CheckingForCALFACS.ECS = true
'set error flag (see Error Trap)
File Exists = true
'assume file exists
OPEN "c:\fs3\cal facs.fs3" FOR INPUT AS #1
CheckingForCALFACS.ECS = false
'clear error flag
IF File Exists THEN
INPUT #1, g$
INPUT #1, g$
INPUT #1, g$
INPUT #1, p%, load.cal, p%
INPUT #1, p%, lvdtl.cal, p%
INPUT #1, p%, lvdt2.cal, p%
CLOSE #1
lvdtl.cal = lvdtl.cal * 1000000
'convert in. to p-in.
lvdt2.cal = lvdt2.cal * 1000000
'convert in. to it-in.
ELSE
SOUND 1000, 3: CLS
'---print screen frame--ScreenFrame (" Critical Error... ")
'---display message-COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "The CAL_FACS.FS3 file was not found!"
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE 5, 5
PRINT "You must calibrate the transducers (load cell and LVDTs) prior to"
LOCATE 6, 5
PRINT "running a test. The results of tests are meaningless without properly"
LOCATE 7, 5
PRINT "calibrated transducers. Select Calibrate from the MAIN MENU to"
LOCATE 8, 5
PRINT "calibrate the transducers. Be sure to save the results of each"
LOCATE 9, 5
PRINT "calibration."
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 25, 3: PRINT " Press Esc... ";
DO
LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
EXIT SUB
END IF
get default test parameters
CheckingForDEFAULTS.TST = true
'set error flag (see Error Trap)
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File Exists = true
'assume file exists
OPEN "c:\fs3\defaults.tst" FOR INPUT AS #1
CheckingForDEFAULTS.TST = false
'clear error flag
IF File Exists THEN
INPUT #1, command.start%
INPUT #1, upper.load
INPUT #1, lower.load
INPUT #1, total.cycle%
INPUT #1, diameter
INPUT #1, gagelength
INPUT #1, prop.gaindft%
INPUT #1, integ.gaindft%
INPUT #1, deriv.gaindft%
INPUT #1, temp$
IF UCASE$(temp$) = "BELLON" THEN bell.on% = true
CLOSE #1
ELSE
command.start% = 2000
upper.load = 400
lower.load = 25
total.cycle% = 32767
diameter = 4
gagelength = 1
prop.gaindft% = 5
integ.gaindft% = 3
deriv.gaindft% = 1
END IF
CLS
First Pass = true
GetTestParameters:
'---print screen frame--ScreenFrame (" Frequency Sweep ")
'
display prompts
LOCATE 3, 5
IF FirstPass THEN
PRINT "Filename : ";
ELSE
PRINT "Filename < "; : COLOR 15, 1: PRINT file$;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " > : ";
END IF
prompt.col%(1) = POS(0)
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "Maximum load <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT upper.load;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
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prompt.col%(2) = POS(0)
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "Static load <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT lower.load;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(3) = POS(0)
LOCATE 8, 1: PRINT CHR$(204); STRING$(78, 205); CHR$(185);
LOCATE 10, 5: PRINT "Total number of cycles <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT total.cycle%;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(4) = POS(0)
LOCATE 12, 5: PRINT "Specimen diameter, in. <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT diameter;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(5) = POS(0)
LOCATE 13, 5: PRINT "Gage length, in. <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT gagelength;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(6) = POS(0)
LOCATE 15, 5: PRINT "Calibration factors:";
LOCATE 16, 7: PRINT ". Load cell, lb/volt <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT USING "+####.### "; load.cal;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> :
prompt.col%(7) = POS(0)
";
LOCATE 17, 7: PRINT ". LVDT 1, p-in./volt <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT USING "+####.### "; lvdtl.cal;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(8) = POS(0)
LOCATE 18, 7: PRINT '. LVDT 2, p-in./volt <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT USING "+####.### "; lvdt2.cal;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(9) = POS(0)
LOCATE 20, 5: PRINT "Servovalve gains:";
LOCATE 21, 7: PRINT ". Proportional <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT prop.gaindft%;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(10) = POS(0)
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LOCATE 22, 7: PRINT ". Integral <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT integ.gaindft%;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(11) = POS(0)
LOCATE 23, 7: PRINT ". Derivative <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT deriv.gaindft%;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
prompt.col%(12) = POS(0)
get input for prompts
COLOR 15, 1
IF FirstPass THEN
LOCATE 25, 3: PRINT " [Esc] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "Abort ";
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, prompt.col%(1)
EscOn% = true
CALL Getlnput(false, 0, file$, 12, EscOn%)
IF EscOn% = 27 THEN EXIT SUB
IF file$ = "" THEN
SOUND 1000, 3: CLS
GOTO GetTestParameters
'filename
END IF
COLOR 11, 1: LOCATE 25, 2: PRINT STRING$(15, 205); 'erase menu
'---check if file already exists-CheckingForDataFile = true
LOCATE 4, 5: COLOR 1, 1
'{ Assume file$ exists on disk. If this is true, then the FILES
'{ statement will not return an error and FileExists remains true.
'{ If this is false, ErrorTrap set FileExists to false and no
'{ further action is taken.
FileExists = true
FILES "c:\fs3\data\" + file$
CheckingForDataFile = false
IF FileExists THEN GOSUB ReplaceFile.Query
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 5, prompt.col%(2)
CALL Getlnput(true, upper.load, junk$, 4, false) 'maximum load
LOCATE 6, prompt.col%(3)
CALL Getlnput(true, lower.load, junk$, 4, false) 'static load
ELSE 'NOT FirstPass
LOCATE 3, prompt.col%(1)
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CALL Getlnput(false, 0, file$, 8, false)
IF file$ = "" THEN
SOUND 1000, 3
'filename
CLS
GOTO GetTestParameters
END IF
'---check if file already exists-ChecicingForDataFile = true
LOCATE 4, 5: COLOR 1, 1
'{ Assume file$ exists on disk. If this is true, then the FILES
'{ statement will not return an error and File Exists remains true.
'{ If this is false, Error Trap set File Exists to false and no
'{ further action is taken.
File Exists = true
FILES "c:\fs3\data\" + file$
CheckingForDataFile = false
IF File Exists THEN GOSUB ReplaceFile.Query
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 5, prompt.col%(2)
CALL Getlnput(true, upper.load, junk$, 4, false) 'maximum load
LOCATE 6, prompt.col%(3)
CALL Getlnput(true, lower.load, junk$, 4, false) 'static load
LOCATE 10, prompt.col%(4)
junk = total.cycle%
CALL Getlnput(true, junk, junk$, 6, false)
total.cycle% = INT(junk)
'total cycles
LOCATE 12, prompt.col%(5)
CALL Getlnput(true, diameter, junk$, 4, false) 'diameter
LOCATE 13, prompt.col%(6)
CALL Getlnput(true, gagelength, junk$, 4, false) 'gage length
LOCATE 16, prompt.col%(7)
CALL Getlnput(true, load.cal, junk$, 6, false) 'load cell cal factor
LOCATE 17, prompt.col%(8)
CALL Getlnput(true, lvdtl.cal, junk$, 6, false) 'lvdtl cal factor
LOCATE 18, prompt.col%(9)
CALL Getlnput(true, lvdt2.cal, junk$, 6, false) 'lvdt2 cal factor
LOCATE 21, prompt.col%(10)
junk = prop.gain%
CALL Getlnput(true, junk, junk$, 2, false)
'proportional gain
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prop.gain% = INT(junk)
LOCATE 22, prompt.col%(11)
junk = integ.gain%
CALL Getlnput(true, junk, junk$, 2, false)
integ.gain% = INT(junk)
LOCATE 23, prompt.col%(12)
junk = deriv.gain%
CALL Getlnput(true, junk, junk$, 2, false)
deriv.gain% = INT(junk)
'integral gain
'derivative gain
END IF 'First Pass
First Pass = false
LOCATE 25, 3, 0
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT " [C] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "Continue ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[E] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "Edit ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[S] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "Save as defaults
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[Esc] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "Abort ";
COLOR 11, 1
";
TestParametersKeyTrap:
ky$ = INKEY$
IF ky$ = "" THEN GOTO TestParametersKeyTrap
search$ = "cCeEsS" + CHR$(27)
IF INSTR(search$, ky$) = 0 THEN GOTO TestParametersKeyTrap
IF ky$ = CHR$(27) THEN EXIT SUB
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "E" THEN
CLS
GOTO GetTestParameters
END IF
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "S" THEN
GOSUB SaveTestParameters
GOTO TestParametersKeyTrap
END IF
'
test setup
'ON ERROR GOTO 0
conti:
Initialize section
freqtemp = sampling&(sweep%)
fbk.cnt& = 0
' feed back counter counter
count% = 0
ds& = 0
lolimit = -2048
'oscilloscope grid lower limit (y axis)
uplimit = 2048
'oscilloscope grid upper limit (y axis)
dsxaxis& = sampling&(sweep%) * total.sec% \ low.freq.div% 'oscilloscope grid upper limit (x
323
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axis)
static.flag% = false '
p% = 0
q% = 0
g$ = ""
g=0
g2 = 0
t=0
y.axis = 0
i% = 0
'counter
zeroload% = 0
static.load% = 0
setmax.load% = 0
load.change% = 1
temp.load% = 0
tm% = 0
cycle% = 1
mrtotal = 0
modulus = 0
num.of.divs% = 0
'load with sample without static load
'max load set by user
,
key$ = ""
'keystroke variable
'pulse counter
total.cycle% = 32767 'maximum cycles
pulse% = 0
setpoint% = 0
'
command% = command.start%
'command (bytes) for staticloop
command.change% = 10 'command incrementer
da%(0) = command%
da%(1) = command%
da%(2) = command%
mult.load = 5 / 2048 * load.cal
Oscilloscope.Displayed = true
GOSUB CARD.SETUP
'conversion factor, bytes to pounds
' setting up dasl6
' setting timer Dash 16
dio%(0) = dio.0%(sweep%)
dio%(1) = dio.1 %(sweep %)
CALL Das16(17, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
IF flag% > 0 THEN GOTO dasl6errors
GOSUB MODE.SETUP
' set ad/da modes (begin data collection)
static.load% = lower.load / load.cal * 409.6
'in bytes
setmax.load% = upper.load / load.cal * 409.6
'in bytes
GOSUB graph.display
' prepare screen for oscilloscope disp.
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' set variable for zeroload value
zeroload% = ad%(0)
static.load% = static.load% + zeroload% 'in bytes
setmax.load% = setmax.load% + zeroload% 'in bytes
command array for haversine pulse
fs3%(0, 0, pulse%) = ad%(0)
fs3%(0, 1, pulse%) = ad%(1)
fs3%(0, 2, pulse%) = ad%(2)
'load in bytes
lvdt1 in bytes
'lvdt2 in bytes
setup for static loading
staticlop:
key$ = INKEY$
GOSUB againl
temp.load% = (ad%(0) - zeroload%)
IF temp.load% > = static.load% THEN static.flag% = true
IF static.flag% THEN GOSUB feedbacksub
LOCATE 9, 2: PRINT USING "#####.#"; (ad%(0) - zeroload%) * mult.load;
IF LEN(key$) = 0 GOTO staticlop
IF UCASE$(key$) = "T" THEN
'---initiate data collection on T - -GOSUB freshscreen
static.flag% = false
temp.load% = 0
GOTO fbackloop
END IF
IF ASC(LEFT$(key$, 1)) = 0 THEN
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 72 THEN
IF static.flag% THEN
static.load% = static.load% 1
LOCATE 27, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (static.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
ELSE
command% = command% - command.change%
da%(0) = command%
da%(1) = command%
da%(2) = command%
END IF
END IF
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 80 THEN
IF static.flag% THEN
static.load% = static.load% + 1
LOCATE 27, 51: PRINT USING "####"; (static.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
ELSE
325
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
command% = command% + command.change%
da%(0) = command%
da%(1) = command%
da%(2) = command%
END IF
END IF
END IF
IF key$ = CHR$(27) THEN
'---terminate static load application on Esc--static.flag% = false
temp.load% = 0
Oscilloscope.Displayed = false
GOTO quit
END IF
GOTO staticlop
Query user if existing data file should be replaced
ReplaceFile.Query:
'---redisplay lines & prompts erased when FILES found file$--COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 1: PRINT CHR$(186)
LOCATE 6, 1: PRINT CHR$(186)
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "Maximum load <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT upper.load;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "Static load <";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT lower.load;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "> : ";
'---query user-- SOUND 1000, 3
COLOR 10, 0: LOCATE 4, 5, 0
PRINT " File "; file$; " exists! Replace it? (Y/N) ";
DO
ky$ = INKEY$
LOOP UNTIL UCASE$(ky$) = "Y" OR UCASE$(ky$) = "N"
COLOR 11, 1
IF UCASE$(ky$) = "Y" THEN
KILL "c:\fs3\data\" + file$
LOCATE 4, 5
PRINT STRING$(50, 32)
ELSE
CLS
326
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GOTO GetTestParameters
END IF
RETURN
setup for feedback loop
fbackloop:
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 30, 2: PRINT STRING$(78, 32);
LOCATE 29, 2
'COLOR 15: PRINT "[z] "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Zoom In
";
'COLOR 15: PRINT "[s] "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "ScrlDn ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "["; CHR$(26); 1 "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Inc Max ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "["; CHR$(24); 1 "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Inc Static ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "[S] "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Sweep ";
'COLOR 15: PRINT "[C] '; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Ca lc ";
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 30, 2
'COLOR 15: PRINT "[Z] "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Zoom Out ";
'COLOR 15: PRINT "[S] "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "ScrlUp ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "["; CHR$(27); 1 "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Dec Max ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "["; CHR$(25); 1 "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Dec Static ";
'COLOR 15: PRINT "[F] '; : COLOR 7: PRINT "File ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "[Esc] "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "Quit";
CALL Static.S
LOCATE 23, 2: PRINT "Sweep:";
LOCATE 24, 2: PRINT "Frequency:";
of;
LOCATE 25, 2: PRINT "Cycle:
COLOR 15
CALL Static.S
VIEW (1, 1)-(638, 478) 15
VIEW (158, 24)-(625, 372) 15
CALL Static.S
' define user keys
GOSUB userkeydef
' set uevent
ON UEVENT GOSUB feedbacksubl
UEVENT ON
CALL Setlnt(intlevel %)
' call set interrupt routine
'to redirect int 08 to service
' routine SETUEVENT at 500 Hz
LOCATE 23, 8: PRINT sweep%;
LOCATE 24, 12: PRINT frequency(sweep%);
IF frequency(sweep%) < 1 THEN
LOCATE 25, 16: PRINT USING "#####"; total.saat%(sweep%);
LOCATE 25, 8: PRINT USING "#####"; cycle% * cycle.cnt%;
ELSE
LOCATE 25, 16: PRINT USING "#####"; total.saat%(sweep%) * frequency(sweep%);
LOCATE 25, 8: PRINT USING "#####"; cycle% * cycle.cnt%;
END IF
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'start# = TIMER
'ON ERROR GOTO 0
doloop:
key$ = INKEY$
IF tum.off% THEN
finish# = TIMER
'clear interrupt
'disable feedback routine
UEVENT OFF
Oscilloscope.Displayed = false
GOTO quit
CALL Restlnt(intlevel %)
END IF
LINE (div.cnt&, -2048)-(div.cnt& + 10, 2048), 8 ', B' cycle% MOD 5, B
LINE (div.cnt& - 1, fs3%(div.cnt& - 1, 0, pulse%))-(div.cnt&, ad%(0)), 12
LINE (div.cnt& 1, fs3 %(div.cnt& - 1, 1, pulse%))-(div.cnt&, ad%(1)), 11
LINE (div.cnt& - 1, fs3%(div.cnt& - 1, 2, pulse%))-(div.cnt&, ad%(2)), 13
'LINE (fbk.cnt& - 1, fs3%(fbk.cnt& - 1, 1, pulse%))-(fbk.cnt&, ad%(1)), 11
'LINE (fbk.cnt& - 1, fs3%(fbk.cnt& - 1, 2, pulse%))-(fbk.cnt&, ad%(2)), 13
IF LEN(key$) = 0 GOTO doloop
IF UCASE$(key$) = "S" THEN total.saat%(0) = cycle% + 1
IF ASC(LEFT$(key$, 1)) = 0 THEN
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 72 THEN GOSUB staticupl: GOTO doloop
' up arrow key
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 80 THEN GOSUB staticdownl: GOTO doloop ' down arrow
key
IF ASC(RIGHTS(key$, 1)) = 75 THEN GOSUB maxloaddownl: GOTO doloop ' left arrow
key
IF ASC(RIGHT$(key$, 1)) = 77 THEN GOSUB maxloadupl: GOTO doloop
key
END IF
IF key$ = CHR$(27) THEN
'---terminate data collection on Esc-- CALL Restlnt(intlevel %)
UEVENT OFF
Oscilloscope.Displayed = false
GOTO quit
END IF
GOTO doloop
START OF ALL THE SUBROUTINES
feedbacksub:
' right arrow
328
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
feedback for static load
e%(3) = static.load% - ad%(0)
da%(0) = deriv.gain%(sweep%) * ((e%(3) - e%(2)) + prop.gain%(sweep%) * e%(3) +
integ.gain%(sweep%) * (e%(3) - 2 * e%(2) + e%(1))) + 2048
IF da%(0) > 4095 THEN da%(0) = 4095
IF da%(0) < 0 THEN da%(0) = 0
da%(1) = da%(0)
da%(2) = da%(0)
e%(1) = e%(2): e%(2) = e%(3)
RETURN
plot lines on the screen
againl:
tempO% = ad%(0)
tempi% = ad%(1)
temp2% = ad%(2)
IF q% = 0 THEN GOTO skipp
LINE (p% - 1, temp0%)-(p%, ad%(0)), 12
LINE (p% - 1, templ%)-(p%, ad%(1)), 11
LINE (p% - 1, temp2%)-(p%, ad%(2)), 13
skipp: p% = p% + 1: q% = q% + 1
IF q% > = ds& THEN q% = ds&
IF p% = dsxaxis& THEN
p% = 0
q% = 0
GOSUB freshscreen
END IF
RETURN
CARD SETUP SUBROUTINE
CARD.SETUP:
dio%(0) = baseaddr% 'base I/O address
dio%(1) = intlevel% 'interrupt level
dio%(2) = dmalevel% 'D.MA. level
md% = 0
'initialize mode
flag% = 0
'declare error variable
CALL Das16(md%, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
IF flag% > 0 THEN GOTO dasl6errors
Setup Mode 1 to specify the channels to scan
dac = 0
'd/a channel used (0 or 1)
adch = 0
'a/d channel used 0-7 (feedback)
md% = 1
'mode to set scan limits
dio%(0) = 0 'lower scan limit
dio%(1) = 2 'upper scan limit
'initialize
329
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
CALL Das16(md%, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
IF flag% > 0 THEN GOTO das16errors
RETURN
kosongl:
Timer setup using Mode 17
'The following routine attempts to find 2 integer divisors to a reasonable
'degree of accuracy.
'---set up the parameters; # d/a steps per cycle (4500 max)-- stp = 3
' number of channels (words)
freq = freqtemp 'frequency per channel
IPS = freq * stp 'interrupt rate (all channels)
min = 1
FOR i& = 2 TO 65535!
RES = 1000000! / (i& * IPS)
RES = ABS(RES CINT(RES))
IF RES < min THEN min = RES: N1 = i&: N2 = CINT(1000000! / (IPS * N1))
IF min < .01 THEN i& = 65536
NEXT i&
md% = 17
'mode to set timer rate
IF N1 > 32767 THEN N1 = N1 65536!
dio%(0) = N1
'counter 2 divide data
IF N2 > 32767 THEN N2 = N2 - 65536!
dio%(1) = N2
'counter 1 divide data
CALL Das16(md%, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
IF flag% > 0 THEN GOTO das16errors
RETURN
DATA LOGGING MODE SETUP USING MODE 18
MODE.SETUP:
'---Setup Mode 18 - --
cyc = 0
'continuous transferring
md% = 18
'mode to set up a/d-d/a on interrupt
dio%(0) = 0
'dac
dio%(1) = 3
'number of channels (words) = stp
dio%(2) = cyc
'number of cycles to transfer; 0 = continuous
dio%(3) = VARPTR(da%(0)) 'd/a data array pointer
dio%(4) = VARPTR(ad%(0)) 'a/d data array pointer
CALL Das16(md%, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
IF flag% > 0 THEN GOTO das16errors
RETURN
graph.display:
'
setup graphics display
SCREEN 12
COLOR 1.5
LOCATE 1, 67: PRINT "Sweeping...."
330
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
COLOR 7
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT "Filename:"
LOCATE 5, 2: PRINT "Pulse Load:"
LOCATE 6, 9: PRINT " lb";
LOCATE 8, 2: PRINT "Static Load:"
LOCATE 9, 9: PRINT " lb";
LOCATE 11, 2: PRINT "Deformation:"
LOCATE 12, 2: PRINT "1:
11-in";
LOCATE 13, 2: PRINT "2:
11-in";
LOCATE 14, 2: PRINT "Av:
p-in";
delta$ = "c7 bm11,235 e7 f7 114 bm + 1,0 e6 f6"
DRAW delta$
LOCATE 15, 5: PRINT "%=";
LOCATE 17, 2: PRINT "Avg. Strain:"
LOCATE 18, 9: PRINT " p-e";
LOCATE 20, 2: PRINT "Avg. Modulus:"
LOCATE 21, 9: PRINT " Icsi";
'LOCATE 22, 9: PRINT " ksi ";
'LOCATE 23, 2: PRINT "Cycle:";
LOCATE 26, 2: PRINT "Scale:";
LOCATE 26, 9: PRINT "Load=
lb/div";
LOCATE 27, 9: PRINT "LVDT1=
p-in/div";
LOCATE 28, 9: PRINT "LVDT2=
p-in/div";
LOCATE 26, 32: PRINT "Load (1b):";
LOCATE 26, 43: PRINT "Maximum";
LOCATE 27, 43: PRINT "Static";
'LOCATE 29, 45: PRINT "Command";
LOCATE 26, 58: PRINT "Gain:";
LOCATE 26, 64: PRINT "Proportional";
LOCATE 27, 64: PRINT "Integral";
LOCATE 28, 64: PRINT "Derivative";
COLOR 15: LOCATE 30, 3: PRINT "[T] ";
COLOR 7: PRINT "Test ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "["; CHR$(24); 1 "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "DecStatic ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "["; CHR$(25); 1 "; : COLOR 7: PRINT "IncStatic ";
COLOR 15: PRINT "[Esc] ";
COLOR 7: PRINT "Quit ";
COLOR 12
LOCATE 26, 15: PRINT USING "####.#"; load.cal;
COLOR 11
LOCATE 27, 15: PRINT USING " ###.#"; lvdtl.cal;
COLOR 13
LOCATE 28, 15: PRINT USING " ###.#"; lvdt2.cal;
COLOR 15
LOCATE 3, 4: PRINT file$
331
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
LOCATE 4, 4: PRINT USING "#.###"; gagelength;
LOCATE 26, 51: PRINT USING "####"; (setmax.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
LOCATE 27, 51: PRINT USING "####"; (static.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
LOCATE 26, 77: PRINT USING "##"; prop.gain%(sweep%);
LOCATE 27, 77: PRINT USING "##"; integ.gain%(sweep%);
LOCATE 28, 77: PRINT USING "##"; deriv.gain%(sweep%);
LOCATE 26, 64: PRINT "P";
LOCATE 27, 64: PRINT "I";
LOCATE 28, 64: PRINT "D";
ds& = dsxaxis&
set default scale to full scale (±5 volts)
lolimit = -2048: uplimit = 2048 'bytes (± 5 volts)
LOCATE 2, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; uplimit * 5 / 2048
LOCATE 13, 18: PRINT "+ 0"
LOCATE 24, 18: PRINT USING "+#"; lolimit * 5 / 2048
draw box around screen
VIEW (1, 1)-(638, 478) 15
define screen background color
clrnum = 65536 * 50
PALETTE 0, clrnum
'
define oscilloscope background color
clrnum = 65536 * 30
PALETTE 8, clrnum
'
define oscilloscope grid size and scale
VIEW (158, 24)-(625, 372) 15
WINDOW (10, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit)
'
num.of.divs% = 10
y.axis = (uplimit - lolimit) / num.of.divs% 'grid interval
GOSUB freshscreen
RETURN
freshscreen:
'
refresh oscilloscope and plot the grid lines
LINE (0, lolimit)-(dsxaxis&, uplimit), 8, BF 'clear window
t = dsxaxis& / 10
'---plot grid lines-g2 = lolimit + y.axis
DO UNTIL g2 > = uplimit
LINE (0, g2)-(dsxaxis&, g2), , &HAAAA
g2 = g2 + Y-axis
LOOP
FOR g = t TO ds& - t STEP t
LINE (g, uplimit)-(g, lolimit), , &HAAAA
NEXT g
332
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
RETURN
userkeydef:
'KEY 15, CHR$(0) + CHR$(44) ' lower case z - zoom in
'KEY 16, CHR$(3) + CHR$(44) ' shifted z - zoom out
'KEY 17, CHR$(0) + CHR$(31) ' low case s - scroll down
'KEY 18, CHR$(3) + CHR$(31) ' shifted S scroll up
KEY 19, CHR$(0) + CHR$(25) ' low case p - decrease prop.gain
KEY 20, CHR$(3) + CHR$(25) ' shifted P - increase prop.gain
KEY 21, CHR$(0) + CHR$(23) ' low case i - decrease integ.gain
KEY 22, CHR$(3) + CHR$(23) ' shifted I - increase integ.gain
KEY 23, CHR$(0) + CHR$(32) ' low case d - decrease deriv.gain
KEY 24, CHR$(3) + CHR$(32) ' shifted D - increase deriv.gain
KEY 25, CHR$(0) + CHR$(57) ' load change toggle
ON KEY(11) GOSUB staticup
' up arrow increase static load
ON KEY(14) GOSUB staticdown ' down arrow --- reduce static load
ON KEY(12) GOSUB maxloaddown ' left arrow
reduce max load
ON KEY(13) GOSUB maxloadup ' right arrow --- increase max load
'ON KEY(15) GOSUB zoom.in
' z -- zoom in
'ON KEY(16) GOSUB zoom.out
' Z -- zoom out
'ON KEY(17) GOSUB scroll.down ' s -- scroll down
'ON KEY(18) GOSUB scroll.up ' S -- scroll up
ON KEY(19) GOSUB prop.down ' p -- reduce prop.gain
ON KEY(20) GOSUB prop.up
' P -- increase prop.gain
ON KEY(21) GOSUB integ.down ' i -- reduce integ.gain
ON KEY(22) GOSUB integ.up
' I -- increase integ.gain
ON KEY(23) GOSUB deriv.down ' d -- reduce deriv.gain
' D -- increase deriv.gain
ON KEY(24) GOSUB deriv.up
ON KEY(25) GOSUB loadchange ' spacebar -- load.change
KEY(11) ON: KEY(12) ON: KEY(13) ON: KEY(14) ON
'KEY(15) ON: KEY(16) ON: KEY(17) ON: KEY(18) ON
KEY(19) ON: KEY(20) ON: KEY(21) ON: KEY(22) ON
KEY(23) ON: KEY(24) ON: KEY(25) ON
RETURN
maxloaddownl:
setmax.load% = setmax.load% - load.change%
LOCATE 26, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (setmax.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
RETURN
maxloadupl:
setmax.load% = setmax.load% + load.change%
LOCATE 26, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (setmax.load% - zeroload%) * mult.load;
RETURN
staticupi:
333
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
static.load% = static.load% + load.change%
LOCATE 27, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (static.load% - zeroload%) * multioad;
RETURN
staticdownl:
static.load% = static.load% - load.change%
LOCATE 27, 51
PRINT USING "####"; (static.load% - zeroload%) * multioad;
RETURN
SaveTestParameters:
,
save test parameters for default settings
OPEN "c:\fs3\defaults.tst" FOR OUTPUT AS #1
PRINT #1, command.start%
PRINT #1, upper.load
PRINT #1, lower.load
PRINT #1, total.cycle%
PRINT #1, diameter
PRINT #1, gagelength
PRINT #1, prop.gaindft%
PRINT #1, integ.gaindft%
PRINT #1, deriv.gaindft%
IF bellon% THEN PRINT #1, "Bell On" ELSE PRINT #1, "BellOff'
PRINT #1,
CLOSE #1
RETURN
************************* dasip-errors **************************************
trap for errors associated with the das16 card
dasl6errors:
SOUND 1000, 3: COLOR 15, 1: CLS
Screen Frame (" DAS16 Error... ")
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5
PRINT USING "Mode ##"; md%; : PRINT ", flag% ="; flag%;
'
IF flag% = 3 OR flag% = 22 THEN
IF flag% = 3 THEN
'---base address out of range-PRINT ": DAS16 I/O address incorrect or unknown!"
END IF
IF flag% = 22 THEN
'---I/O address incorrect-PRINT ": Hardware fault; I/O address incorrect."
END IF
LOCATE 5, 5: COLOR 11, 1
PRINT "The I/O address contained in the DAS16.CFG file is either incorrect or"
LOCATE 6, 5
334
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
PRINT "out of range. Be sure the I/O address in the file is the same as that"
LOCATE 7, 5
PRINT "set on the DAS16 card. Execute SETUP to create this file. Conversely,"
LOCATE 8, 5
PRINT "this file may be created in any editor which allows the creation of
LOCATE 9, 5
PRINT "files in ASCII format. The contents of the file must contain the"
LOCATE 10, 5
PRINT "I /O address, the interrupt level, and the DMA level as set on the"
LOCATE 11, 5
PRINT "MetraByte DAS16 card in the format shown below"
LOCATE 13, 8: PRINT ". IOAddress (input/output address)"
LOCATE 14, 8: PRINT ". Interrupt_Level (interrupt level)"
LOCATE 15, 8: PRINT ". DMA_Level (direct memory access level)"
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 17, 5: PRINT "All values must be integers. Place the file in the C: \FS3"
LOCATE 18, 5: PRINT "directory."
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 20, 5: PRINT "Example of contents of the DAS16.CFG file:"
LOCATE 21, 8: PRINT "768"
LOCATE 22, 8: PRINT "5"
LOCATE 23, 8: PRINT "3"
GOTO end.dasl6.errors
END IF
IF flag% = 4 OR flag% = 5 THEN
IF flag% = 4 THEN
'---interrupt level out of range-- PRINT ": Interrupt level out of range!"
LOCATE 5, 5: COLOR 11, 1
PRINT "The interrupt level contained in the DAS16.CFG file is out of range."
LOCATE 6, 5
PRINT "Be sure the interrupt level in the DAS16.CFG file is the same as that"
END IF
IF flag% = 5 THEN
'---DMA incorrect (not 1 or 3)
PRINT ": DMA level incorrect; not 1 or 3!"
LOCATE 5, 5: COLOR 11, 1
PRINT "The DMA level contained in the DAS16.CFG file is not 1 or 3. Be sure"
LOCATE 6, 5
PRINT "that the DMA level in the DAS16.CFG file is the same (1 or 3) as that"
END IF
LOCATE 7, 5
PRINT "set on the DAS16 card. Execute SETUP to create this file. Conversely,"
LOCATE 8, 5
PRINT "this file may be created in any editor which allows the creation of
LOCATE 9, 5
PRINT "files in ASCII format. The contents of the file must contain the"
335
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
LOCATE 10, 5
PRINT "I /O address, the interrupt level, and the DMA level as set on the"
LOCATE 11, 5
PRINT "MetraByte DAS16 card in the format shown below:"
LOCATE 13, 8: PRINT ". IO_Address (input/output address)"
LOCATE 14, 8: PRINT ". Interrupt_Level (interrupt level)"
LOCATE 15, 8: PRINT ". DMA_Level (direct memory access level)"
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 17, 5: PRINT "All values must be integers. Place the file in the C:\FS3"
LOCATE 18, 5: PRINT "directory."
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 20, 5: PRINT "Example of contents of the DAS16.CFG
LOCATE 21, 8: PRINT "768"
LOCATE 22, 8: PRINT "5"
LOCATE 23, 8: PRINT "3"
GOTO end.dasl6.errors
END IF
'---unanticipated error-COLOR 15, 1
PRINT " Unanticipated Error!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "Contact loom XX3ocx with following information:"
LOCATE 7, 7: PRINT ". Error number (printed above)."
LOCATE 8, 7: PRINT ". Where the error occurred (e.g., during test execution)."
LOCATE 9, 7: PRINT ". Circumstances leading to the error (e.g., sequence of keystrokes)."
COLOR 15, 1
end.dasl6.errors:
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 25, 3: PRINT " Press Esc... ";
DO
LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
COLOR 11, 1
END
simple.input:
CLS
ScreenFrame (" Frequency Sweep ")
OPEN "c: \fs3 \dasl6.cfg" FOR INPUT AS #1
INPUT #1, baseaddr%
INPUT #1, intlevel%
INPUT #1, dmalevel%
CLOSE #1
end dasl 6 errors
336
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
OPEN "c:\fs3\cal_facs.fs3" FOR INPUT AS #1
INPUT #1, g$
INPUT #1, g$
INPUT #1, g$
INPUT #1, p%, load.cal, p%
INPUT #1, p%, lvdtl.cal, p%
INPUT #1, p%, lvdt2.cal, p%
lvdtl.cal = lvdtl.cal * 1000000
'convert in. to IL-in.
lvdt2.cal = lvdt2.cal * 1000000
'convert in. to R-in.
CLOSE #1
OPEN "c:\fs3\defaults.tst" FOR INPUT AS #1
INPUT #1, command.start%
INPUT #1, upper.load
INPUT #1, lower.load
INPUT #1, total.cycle%
INPUT #1, diameter
INPUT #1, gagelength
INPUT #1, prop.gaindft%
INPUT #1, integ.gaindft%
INPUT #1, deriv.gaindft%
CLOSE #1
LOCATE 3, 5
INPUT 'Data Filename: "; file$
IF file$ = "" THEN file$ = "garbage.out"
LOCATE 4, 5
INPUT "Gagelength, in. : "; temp.gage
IF temp.gage = 0 THEN gagelenth = 2.5
LOCATE 5, 5
PRINT "Maximum Load, lbs : <"; upper.load; ">";
INPUT ; temp.upload$
IF temp.upload$ < > "" THEN upper.load = VAL(temp.upload$)
LOCATE 6, 5
PRINT "Static Load, lbs : <"; lower.load; ">";
INPUT ; temp.loload$
IF temp.loload$ < > "" THEN lower.load = VAL(temp.loload$)
CLS
RETURN
quit:
da%(0) = 1500: da%(1) = 1500: da%(2) = 1500
SLEEP 2
da%(0) = 0: da%(1) = 0: da%(2) = 0
FOR i% = 1 TO 6000: NEXT i%
'md% = 7
'CALL Das16(md%, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
' terminate mode 18
337
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
CALL Das16(7, VARPTR(dio%(0)), flag%)
' terminate mode 18
KEY(11) OFF: KEY(12) OFF: KEY(13) OFF: KEY(14) OFF
'KEY(15) OFF: KEY(16) OFF: KEY(17) OFF: KEY(18) OFF
KEY(19) OFF: KEY(20) OFF: KEY(21) OFF: KEY(22) OFF
KEY(23) OFF: KEY(24) OFF: KEY(25) OFF
sweep% = 0
'IF cycle% > 5 THEN GOSUB save.to.file
VIEW: CLS 0
PRINT finish#
PRINT start#
PRINT "Difference "; finish# - start#
PRINT TIMER
total.saat%(0) = 0 ' initialin second to zero
FOR i% = 1 TO 5
' calculate total seconds of testing
total.saat%(0) = total.saat%(0) + total.saat%(i%)
NEXT i%
PRINT "Total time: "; (fmish# - start#) / total.saat%(0)
DO
LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
SCREEN 0: COLOR 11, 1: CLS
ScreenFrame (" Frequency Sweep ")
IF bell.on% THEN CALL Music
'
sweep% = 1
'
'
LOCATE 25, 3, 0
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT " [Space] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "Continue ";
,
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT " [E] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "Edit ";
,
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[Esc] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT "End ";
' COLOR 11, 1
'backk: ky$ = INKEY$
' IF LEN(ky$) = 0 GOTO backk
' IF UCASE$(ky$) = "E" THEN CLS : GOSUB save.to.file: GOTO GetTestParameters
' IF ky$ = CHR$(27) THEN GOSUB save.to.file: EXIT SUB
' CLS : GOTO conti
END SUB
SUB CursorOff STATIC
KEY(11) OFF
KEY(14) OFF
END SUB
338
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
SUB DOS STATIC
CLS
SHELL
END SUB
SUB Get Input (num.flag%, value, junk$, maxlength %, Esc On%)
' Controls all input save menu selections. All input is tailored to the
' type of input requested (i.e., when only numbers are requested, only
' numbers can be input). Also controls the length of input. Returns
' either junk$ for string input or value for numeric input.
,
,
variable definitions
'---passed--'num.flag%: Boolean variable used to determine whether numerics or alphanumerics are displayed
'value: default value passed to Get Input; if entry is null, value returned
is default value
'junk$: default string passed to Get Input; if entry is null, value returned
is default string
'maxlength %: maximum length of entry string
'EscOn%: Boolean variable used to control action taken when the Esc key is
pressed
'--- local --
'n$: accumulator string for input
'info$: temporary variable used to store default string
'num: temporary variable used to store default value
'row%: display row
'col%: display column
'cl%: column on entry (initial column)
'ky$: keystroke variable
'search$: allowable keys for ky$
info$ = junk$
row% = CSRLIN: col% = POS(0): cl% = POS(0): n$ = ""
search$ = "": ky$ = "": num = 0
Get Key:
339
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
ky$ = INKEY$
LOCATE row%, col%, 1
backspace
IF ky$ = CHR$(8) THEN
row% = CSRLIN: col% = POS(0) - 1
IF col% < = cl% THEN col% = cl%: n$ = ""
n$ = LEFT$(n$, col% - cl%)
IcY$ =
LOCATE row%, col%
PRINT ky$;
GOTO Get Key
END IF
IF NOT num.flag% THEN
search$ = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
search$ = search$ + "#$&-()_.0123456789" + CHR$(13) + CHR$(27)
ELSE
search$ = "&hH.0123456789-" + CHR$(13) + CHR$(27)
END IF
IF INSTR(search$, ky$) = 0 THEN GOTO Get Key
Esc key
IF ky$ = CHR$(27) THEN
IF Esc On% THEN
'---exit GetInput--EscOn% = 27
EXIT SUB
ELSE
'---clear input
LOCATE row%, cl%
PRINT STRING$(maxlength %, 32);
info$ = junk$
col% = cl%
n$ =
GOTO Get Key
END IF
END IF
Enter key
IF ky$ = CHR$(13) THEN
IF num.flag% THEN
IF n$ = "" THEN
num = value
PRINT num
ELSE
340
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
num = VAL(n$)
END IF
value = num
ELSE
IF n$ = "" THEN
junk$ = info$
PRINT junk$
ELSE
junk$ = n$
END IF
END IF
ELSE
IF LEN(n$) < maxlength% THEN
PRINT ky$;
n$ = n$ + ky$
row% = CSRLIN: col% = POS(0)
END IF
GOTO GetKey
END IF
END SUB
SUB line.display
FOR 1% = 1 TO sampling&(sweep%)' * total.sec%(sweep%)
LINE (1% 1, fs3%(1% - 1, 0, pulse%))-(1%, fs3%(1%, 0, pulse%)), 12
LINE (1% - 1, fs3%(1% 1, 1, pulse%))-(1%, fs3%(1%, 1, pulse%)), 11
LINE (1% 1, fs3%(1% - 1, 2, pulse%))-(1%, fs3%(1%, 2, pulse%)), 13
NEXT 1%
LINE (fbk.cnt&, -2048)-(fbk.cnt&, 2048), 8, B
LINE (fbk.cnt& - 1, fs3%(fbk.cnt& - 1, 0, pulse%))-(fbk.cnt&, ad%(0)), 12
' LINE (fbk.cnt& - 1, fs3%(fbk.cnt&- 1, 0, pulse%))-(fbk.cnt&, ad%(1)), 11
,
LINE (fbk.cnt& 1, fs3%(fbk.cnt&- 1, 0, pulse%))-(fbk.cnt&, ad%(2)), 13
'
'
END SUB
SUB Music
Listen$ = "t180 o2 p2 p8 1,8 GGG L2 E-"
Fate$ = "p24 p8 L8 FFF L2 D"
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 20, 5: PRINT "Sweeping is doneeee
LOCATE 22, 5: PRINT "Press Any Key to Continue
COLOR 11, 1
DO
"
341
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
PLAY Listen$ + Fate$
LOOP UNTIL LEN(INKEY$) < > 0
END SUB
SUB Report STATIC
SHELL "fsairrep"
END SUB
SUB Save.Data.File
SHARED time.save%
SAVING FILES OPTION
datapath$ = "c:\fs3\data\"
CALL Static.S
IF sweep% > 1 THEN
OPEN datapath$ + file$ FOR APPEND AS #3: GOTO array.save
CALL Static.S
ELSE
OPEN datapath$ + file$ FOR OUTPUT AS #3
CALL Static.S
END IF
WRITE #3, "FREQUENCY SWEEP AIR TEST DATA - 5.0 " + DATE$
CALL Static.S
WRrTE #3, gagelength, "
", TIMES, DATE$
CALL Static.S
WRITE #3, load.cal, lvdtl.cal, lvdt2.cal
CALL Static.S
WRITE #3, file$, sweep.count%
CALL Static.S
FOR i% = 1 TO sweep.count%
CALL Static.S
WRITE #3, frequency(i%), total.saat%(i%), sampling&(i%)
NEXT i%
array.save:
IF frequency(sweep%) > 1 THEN
total.data% = sampling&(sweep%) \ frequency(sweep%)
initial.data% = total.data%
total.data% = 2 * total.data%
step.value% = 1
CALL Static.S
ELSE
initial.data% = 0
total.data% = 300
step.value% = 1
CALL Static.S
END IF
FOR j% = 0 TO time.save% - 1' 0 TO 4
' five pulses is saved
342
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CALL Static.S
FOR k% = initial.data% TO total.data% - 1 STEP step.value%
WRITE #3, fs3%(k%, 0, j%), fs3%(k%, 1, j%), fs3%(k%, 2, j %)
CALL Static.S
NEXT k%
CALL Static.S
NEXT j%
CLOSE #3
CALL Static.S
END SUB
SUB ScreenFrame (header$)
'-- -printt screen frame-m
COLOR 11, 1
PRINT CHR$(201); STRING$(78, 205); CHR$(187);
FOR row% = 2 TO 24
LOCATE row%, 1: PRINT CHR$(186);
LOCATE row%, 80: PRINT CHR$(186);
NEXT
LOCATE 25, 1: PRINT CHR$(200); STRING$(78, 205); CHR$(188);
IF header$ = "" THEN
EXIT SUB
ELSE
LOCATE 1, 3: PRINT "t"; : COLOR 15, 1: PRINT header$;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " r"
END IF
END SUB
SUB SetToggleKeys (NumLock%, CapsLock%, ScrollLock%) STATIC
DEF SEG = &H40
KeySettings% = PEEK(&H17)
IF NumLock% > 0 THEN KeySetting% = KeySetting% OR 2 " 5
IF NumLock% = 0 THEN KeySetting% = KeySetting% AND (&HFFFF - 2 ^ 5)
IF CapsLock% > 0 THEN KeySetting% = KeySetting% OR 2 ^ 6
IF CapsLock% = 0 THEN KeySetting% = KeySetting% AND (&HFFFF - 2 ^ 6)
IF ScrollLock% > 0 THEN KeySetting% = KeySetting% OR 2 ^ 4
IF ScrollLock% = 0 THEN KeySetting% = KeySetting% AND (&HFFFF - 2 " 4)
POKE &H17, KeySetting%
DEF SEG
END SUB
343
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
SUB Static.S
e%(3) = static.load% - ad%(0)
da%(0) = deriv.gain%(sweep%) * ((e%(3) - e%(2)) + prop.gain%(sweep%) * e%(3) +
integ.gain%(sweep%) * (e%(3) - 2 * e%(2) + e%(1))) + 2048
IF da%(0) > 4095 THEN da%(0) = 4095
IF da%(0) < 0 THEN da%(0) = 0
da%(1) = da%(0): da%(2) = da%(0)
e%(1) = e%(2): e%(2) = e%(3)
END SUB
SUB Timer.Set
Timer setup using Mode 17
'The following routine attempts to fmd 2 integer divisors to a reasonable
'degree of accuracy.
'---set up the parameters; # d/a steps per cycle (4500 max)-FOR j% = 0 TO sweep.count%
stp = 3
' number of channels (words)
freq = sampling &(j %)
'frequency per channel
IPS = freq * stp
'interrupt rate (all channels)
min = 1
FOR i& = 2 TO 65535!
RES = 1000000! / (i& * IPS)
RES = ABS(RES - CINT(RES))
IF RES < min THEN min = RES: N1 = i&: N2 = CINT(1000000! / (IPS * N1))
IF min < .01 THEN i& = 65536
NEXT i&
IF Ni > 32767 THEN Ni = Ni - 65536!
'counter 2 divide data
dio.0%(j%) = Ni
IF N2 > 32767 THEN N2 = N2 - 65536!
dio.1%(j%) = N2
'counter 1 divide data
NEXT j%
END SUB
SUB TitleScreen
COLOR 11, 1: CLS
ScreenFrame ( " ")
'---print screen frame-- LOCATE 8, 15: PRINT CHR$(201); STRING$(49, 205); CHR$(187);
FOR row% = 9 TO 17
LOCATE row%, 15: PRINT CHR$(186);
LOCATE row%, 65: PRINT CHR$(186);
NEXT
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FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
LOCATE 18, 15: PRINT CHR$(200); STRING$(49, 205); CHR$(188);
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 10, 22
PRINT " Frequency Sweep Version 3.0"
LOCATE 11, 22
PRINT " Donated To"
LOCATE 12, 22
PRINT " Department of Civil Engineering"
LOCATE 13, 22
PRINT " Oregon State University"
COLOR 13, 1
LOCATE 16, 24, 0: PRINT "By Yunus Ab-Wahab"
SLEEP 5
ky$ = INKEY$
END SUB
'pause 3 seconds
'clear buffer
345
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
' Program FSAIRREP.BAS
5/11/92
' Written By: Yunus Ab-Wahab
' Program: Frequency Sweep Report Generator
DECLARE SUB box (fil$0, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
DECLARE SUB filelook (flnm$0, num.of.files%, First Pass)
DECLARE SUB freq.calc (save%0, tot.intvl, tm%, Id, dfml, dfm2, delta.avg)
DECLARE SUB Get Input (num.flag%, value, junk$, maxlength %, Esc On%)
DECLARE SUB PrtScrn 0
DECLARE SUB pause 0
DECLARE SUB Screen Frame (Header$)
DECLARE SUB shellsort (finm$0, num.of.files%)
COMMON SHARED UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%, r2, drive$
DIM SHARED CheckingForDefaults AS INTEGER 'see (Graph Results & Error Trap)
DIM SHARED File Exists AS INTEGER
'see (Graph Results & Error Trap)
DIM freq(13), dura(13), mr(13), samplerate(13), save%(1500, 2, 4)
DIM ld.avg(13), mr.avg(13), el.avg(13), e2.avg(13), file$(15)
DIM phase.avg(13), losstan.avg(13), deform.avg(13), strain.avg(13)
CONST pi = 3.14159
cmd$ = COMMAND$
constant declarations and definitions
CONST true = -1, false = 0 'constant for Boolean variables
'ON ERROR GOTO Error Trap
variable definitions
'flnm$(): array of filenames in current directory; see File Look, She Bort
'fil$0: array of filenames (used for display)
'TaggedFile$0: array of filenames tagged by the user (passed to Reduce Data)
'TagValue%: counter for tagging files (used for incrementing TaggedFile$0)
'directory$: current directory (used for display)
'drive$: input variable to change drive
'initial.drive$: drive at first entry of routine (drive at exit reset to this)
'initial.dir$: dir at first entry of routine (dir at exit rest to this)
'col%: column position of cursor (used for displaying files)
'row%: row position of cursor (used for displaying files)
'UpRow%: row position of cursor (passed to various routines)
'LCol%: column position of cursor (passed to various routines)
'current.row%: row position of cursor (used when tagging/untagging files)
'current.col%: column position of cursor (used when tagging/untagging files)
'y%: column position variable (used for display, passed to various routines)
'page%: page number (used for displaying files)
'num.of.files%: number of files (obtained from File Look)
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FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
'fl: counter for the file being displayed (< = num.of.files%)
'a$: keystroke variable for input
'search$: allowable keys for a$
'code: extended keys for a$ (cursor keys, Page Up, Page Down)
First Pass = true
'Boolean variable used in File Look; set to false after
'the first call to the procedure and is used to set the
'initial drive and initial directory
********************** GetDirectoryList **********************************
GetDirectoryList:
COLOR 11, 1: CLS
REDIM flnm$(585), fil$(2 TO 23, 1 TO 4, 1 TO 6), TaggedFile$(1 TO 16)
shell$ = "dir *.* > c:\temp.E ail)"
SHELL shell$
CALL filelook(fInm$0, num.offiles%, FirstPass)
CALL shellsort(flnm$O, num.of. files%)
fl = 1
FOR page% = 1 TO 6
FOR col% = 1 TO 4
FOR row% = 2 TO 23
fil$(row%, col%, page%) = flnm$(fl)
IF fl < = num.of.files% THEN
fl = fl + 1
ELSE
EXIT FOR
END IF
NEXT row%
NEXT col%
NEXT page%
ERASE flnm$
UpRow% = 2: LCo1% = 3: y% = 1: page% = 1
TagValue% = 1
'
display directory
DisplayDirList:
COLOR 11, 1: VIEW PRINT 1 TO 25
CLS
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LOCATE 1, 1: PRINT CHR$(201)
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT STRING$(78, 205);
LOCATE 1, 80: PRINT CHR$(187);
LOCATE 24, 1: PRINT CHR$(200);
LOCATE 24, 2: PRINT STRING$(78, 205);
LOCATE 24, 80: PRINT CHR$(188);
FOR row% = 2 TO 23
LOCATE row%, 1: PRINT CHR$(186)
LOCATE row%, 80: PRINT CHR$(186);
NEXT
LOCATE 25, 1
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[D] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Drive ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[T]' ; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Tag ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[U]' ; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Untag ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[Enter] "; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Execute ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "[Esc]' ; : COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " Quit ";
LOCATE 1, 3: PRINT .--11 .; : COLOR 15, 1: PRINT directory$;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " lh
COLOR 7, 1
FOR col% = 1 TO 4
FOR row% = 2 TO 23
IF col% > 1 THEN
LOCATE row%, ((col% - 1) * 20) + 2
ELSE
LOCATE row%, col% + 2
END IF
PRINT fil$(row%, col%, page%);
NEXT row%
NEXT col%
CALL box(fil$0, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
search$ = "dDtTuU" + CHRS(13) + CHR$(27)
KEY(11) ON: ON KEY(11) GOSUB up
KEY(14) ON: ON KEY(14) GOSUB down
KEY(12) ON: ON KEY(12) GOSUB left
ICEY(13) ON: ON KEY(13) GOSUB right
action loop
ActionLoop:
a$ = INKEY$: IF a$ = "" THEN GOTO ActionLoop
IF ASC(LEFT$(a$, 1)) = 0 THEN GOSUB keytrap
IF INSTR(search$, a$) = 0 THEN GOTO ActionLoop
'
terminate on Esc
IF a$ = CHR$(27) THEN
KEY(11) OFF: KEY(12) OFF: KEY(13) OFF: KEY(14) OFF
ERASE fil$
', fInm$
GOTO Endlt
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FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
END IF
execute on Enter
'
IF a$ = CHR$(13) THEN
'--- cd to root on .<DIR> - -IF LEFT$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 2) = ". " THEN
SHELL "cd \"
GOTO GetDirectoryList
END IF
'--- cd to next higher branch on ..<DIR> - -IF LEFT$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 2) = ".." THEN
SHELL "cd.."
GOTO GetDirectoryList
END IF
'--- cd to selected directory on roc<DIR> - -IF RIGHT$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 5) = "<DIR>" THEN
shell$ = "cd " + LEFT$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 12)
SHELL shell$
GOTO GetDirectoryList
END IF
'--- do nothing when blank cell selected - -IF LEFT$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 1) = "" THEN GOTO ActionLoop
'--- file selected; call ReduceData - -KEY(11) OFF: KEY(12) OFF: KEY(L3) OFF: KEY(14) OFF
IF TagValue% = 1 THEN
TaggedFile$(TagValue %)
LEFT$(fil$(UpRow%,
RIGHT$(fin(UpRow%, y%, page%), 3)
=
y%,
END IF
GOSUB retrieve.datafile
CLS
GOTO DisplayDirList
'GOTO GetDirectoryList
END IF
'GOTO Endlt
change drive on D
IF UCASE$(a$) = "D" THEN
KEY(11) OFF: KEY(12) OFF: KEY(13) OFF: KEY(14) OFF
LOCATE 25, 1: PRINT STRING$(80, 32);
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 25, 1: PRINT "Drive = ";
CALL Getlnput(false, 0, drive$, 2, false)
COLOR 11, 1
IF RIGHT$(drive$, 1) < > ":" THEN
SOUND 1000, 3: LOCATE 25, 1: PRINT STRING$(80, 32);
LOCATE 25, 1, 0: COLOR 13, 1
'
PRINT "Invalid drive specification... ";
COLOR 15, 1: PRINT "Press Esc...";
COLOR 11, 1
DO
LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
page%),
8)
+
11.11
+
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CIS : GOTO DisplayDirList
END IF
SHELL drive$ 'change drive
GOTO GetDirectoryList
END IF
'
tag files for analysis
IF UCASE$(a$) = "T" THEN
IF Tag Value% < 16 THEN
'AND VAL(RIGHT$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 2)) = 0 THEN
IF MID$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 14, 1) = "<" THEN 'directories
SOUND 1000, 3
GOTO DisplayDirList
END IF
IF MID$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 1, 1) = "" THEN
SOUND 1000, 3
GOTO DisplayDirList
END IF
current.row% = CSRLIN
current.col% = POS(0)
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE current.row%, current.col% + 1, 0
PRINT TagValue%
TaggedFile$(TagValue %) = fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%)
fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%) = fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%) + " " + STR$(TagValue %)
COLOR 11, 1
TagValue% = TagValue% + 1
END IF
END IF
'
untag files
IF UCASE$(a$) = "U" THEN
current.row% = CSRLIN
current.col% = POS(0)
IF VAL(RIGHT$(fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%), 2)) > 0 THEN
LOCATE current.row%, current.col% - 4, 0
PRINT " "
TaggedFile$(TagValue% - 1) = ""
fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%) = LEFTS(filS(UpRow%, y%, page%), 12)
TagValue% = TagValue% - 1
IF TagValue% < 1 THEN TagValue% = 1
END IF
END IF
GOTO DisplayDirList
keytrap:
code = ASC(RIGHT$(a$, 1))
IF code = &H49 OR code = 72 THEN
IF code = 73 THEN GOSUB pageup ELSE GOSUB up
350
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
END IF
IF code = 80 OR code = &H51 THEN
IF code = 80 THEN GOSUB down ELSE GOSUB pagedown
END IF
IF code = 75 OR code = 77 THEN
IF code = 75 THEN GOSUB left ELSE GOSUB right
END IF
RETURN Action Loop
cursor up
up:
LOCATE UpRow%, LCo1%
IF filS(UpRow%, y%, page%) = "" THEN
PRINT "
"-,
ELSE
PRINT fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%);
END IF
IF UpRow% = 2 THEN UpRow% = 23 ELSE UpRow% = UpRow% - 1
CALL box(fil$0, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
RETURN
cursor down
down:
LOCATE UpRow%, LCo1 %:
IF fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%) = "" THEN
PRINT "
"ELSE
PRINT filS(UpRow%, y%, page%);
END IF
IF UpRow% = 23 THEN UpRow% = 2 ELSE UpRow% = UpRow% + 1
CALL box(fil$O, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
RETURN
cursor left
left:
LOCATE UpRow%, LCo1 %:
IF fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%) < > "" THEN
PRINT fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%);
ELSE
PRINT "
";
END IF
IF LCo1% = 3 THEN
LCo1% = 62
y% = 4
ELSE
IF LCo1% = 22 THEN LCoI% = 3 ELSE LCo1% = LCo1% 20
y% = y% - 1
END IF
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FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
CALL box(fil$0, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
RETURN
cursor right
right:
LOCATE UpRow%, LCoI%
IF fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%) < > "" THEN
PRINT fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%);
ELSE
PRINT "
ft;
END IF
IF LCo1% = 62 THEN
LCo1% = 3
y% = 1
ELSE
IF LCo1% = 3 THEN LCol% = 22 ELSE LCoI% = LCoI% + 20
y% = y% + 1
END IF
CALL box(fil$0, UpRow%, LCoI %, y%, page%)
RETURN
page up
pageup:
CLS
page% = page% - 1
IF page% < 1 THEN page% = 6
IF fil$(2, 1, page%) = "" AND fil$(3, 1, page%) = "" THEN GOTO pageup
CALL box(fil$0, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
RETURN DisplayDirList
page down
pagedown:
CLS
page% = page% + 1
IF page% > 6 THEN page% = 1
IF fil$(2, 1, page%) = "" AND fil$(3, 1, page%) = "" THEN GOTO pagedown
CALL box(fil$0, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
RETURN DisplayDirList
End
Endlt:
COLOR 7, 1: CLS
SHELL initial.drive$
SHELL "cd\"
SHELL "cd " + initial.dir$
END
'change drive to initial drive
'change directory to root
'change directory to initial directory
end
GetDirectoryList
352
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
start retrieve.datafile
retrieve.datafile:
count% = 1
DO WHILE TaggedFile$(count%) < > ""
IF INSTR(TaggedFile$(count%), CHR$(32)) > 0 AND INSTR(TaggedFile$(count%),
CHR$(32)) < 9 THEN
file$(count%) = LEFT$(TaggedFile$(count %), INSTR(TaggedFile$(count%), CHR$(32)) 1) + "." + RIGHTS(TaggedFile$(count%), 3)
ELSE
file$(count%) = LEFT$(TaggedFile$(count %), 8) + "." + RIGHT$(TaggedFile$(count %), 3)
END IF
count% = count% + 1
LOOP
mDIR$ = MID$(directory$, 7) + " \"
num.of.files% = count% - 1
IF num.of.files% > 1 THEN MultipleFiles% = true
FOR num.file% = 1 TO num.of.files%
CLS
printeron = false
ScreenFrame (")
COLOR 1, 15
LOCATE 4, 4: PRINT "Do you want to print the report (Y/N/F)";
varprint$ = INPUT$(1)
IF UCASE$(varprint$) = "Y" THEN printeron = true: output$ = "pm" ELSE output$ = "sun:"
IF printeron THEN
COLOR 28, 1
ScreenFrame (" Printing
")
COLOR 7, 1
END IF
IF UCASE$(varprint$) = "F' THEN
COLOR 28, 1
")
ScreenFrame (" Saving
LOCATE 4, 4
INPUT "Enter Filename: "; output$
...
LOCATE 6, 4: PRINT "Processing Data File
,
COLOR 7, 1
END IF
OPEN output$ FOR OUTPUT AS #1
OPEN mDIR$ + file$(num.file%) FOR INPUT AS #3
INPUT #3, temp$
temp$ = LEFT$(temp$, LEN(temp$) - 10)
time.save% = VAL(RIGHT$(temp$, 5))
IF time.save% = 0 THEN time.save% = 5
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FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
INPUT #3, thick, ltime$, testtime$, testdate$
thickness) = thick: thickness2 = thick:
INPUT #3, loadcal, lvdtical, lvdt2cal
INPUT #3, file$, sweep.count%
FOR i% = 1 TO sweep.count%
INPUT #3, freq(i% + 2), dura(i% + 2), samplerate(i% + 2)
NEXT i%
IF printeron THEN GOSUB print.testdata: GOTO skippp
IF UCASE$(varprint$) = "F' GOTO skippp
VIEW PRINT 1 TO 25
CLS
skiPPP:
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); "Freq.";
PRINT #1, STRING$(4, " "); "Stress'; STRING$(3, " "); "Phase Angle";
E"";
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); "E"; STRING$(8, " "); " E'
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); "Loss Tangent"
PRINT #1, STRING$(1, " "); " (Hz) ";
(ksi)";
PRINT #1, STRING$(4, " "); "(psi)"; STRING$(8, " "); "( °)
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); "(ksi)"; STRING$(5, " "); "(ksi)"
PRINT #1, STRING$(79, CHR$(95))
VIEW PRINT 4 TO 23
COLOR 1, 15
FOR cycle% = 3 TO sweep.count% + 2
PRINT #1, "Frequency: "; freq(cycle%); " Sample rate: "; samplerate(cycle%)
total.ld = 0
total.deform = 0
total.strain = 0
total.mr = 0
total.el = 0
total.e2 = 0
total.phsangle = 0
total.losstan = 0
ERASE save%
IF freq(cycle%) > 1 THEN
total.data = samplerate(cycle%) / freq(cycle%)
ELSE
total.data = 300
END IF
FOR tm% = 0 TO time.save% 1
FOR count% = 0 TO total.data - 1
IF INKEY$ = CHR$(27) THEN CLOSE #3: CLOSE #1: COLOR 7, 1: CLS : RETURN
INPUT #3, save%(count%, 0, tm%), save%(count%, 1, tm%), save%(count%, 2, tm%)
NEXT count%
CALL freq.calc(save %O, total.data, tm%, ld, dfml, dfm2, delta.avg)
mr(tm%) = ((Id / 12566) / ((dfml / thickness) + dfm2 / thickness2) / 2 * .000001)) / 1000
el = mr(tm%) * COS(delta.avg / 180 * pi)
354
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
e2 = mr(tm%) * SIN(delta.avg / 180 * pi)
total.deform = total.deform + (dfml + dfm2) / 2
total.strain = total.strain + (dfml / thicknessl + dfm2 / thickness2) / 2
total.ld = total.ld + ld / 12.566
total.mr = total.mr + mr(tm%)
total.el = total.el + el
total.e2 = total.e2 + e2
total.phsangle = total.phsangle + delta.avg
total.losstan = total.losstan + (e2 / el)
GOSUB print.scrollindividual
NEXT tm%
deform.avg(cycle%) = total.deform / time.save%
strain.avg(cycle%) = total.strain / time.save%
ld.avg(cycle%) = total.ld / time.save%
mr.avg(cycle%) = total.mr / time.save%
el.avg(cycle%) = total.el / time.save%
e2.avg(cycle%) = total.e2 / time.save%
phase.avg(cycle%) = total.phsangle / time.save%
losstan.avg(cycle%) = total.losstan / time.save%
PRINT #1, STRING$(79, CHR$(95))
GOSUB print.scrollaverage
'
NEXT cycle%
GOSUB average.data
PRINT #1, STRING$(79, CHR$(95))
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); "Freq. Load
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); "(Hz)
(lb)
Deformation Strain"
(4-in)
(p-strain)"
FOR cycle% = 3 TO sweep.count% + 2
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); : PRINT #1, USING
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); : PRINT #1, USING
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); : PRINT #1, USING
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); : PRINT #1, USING
NEXT cycle%
PRINT #1, STRING$(79, CHR$(95))
PRINT #1, "Note:"
PRINT #1,
E* = Complex Modulus"
PRINT #1, "
E' = Storage Modulus"
PRINT #1, "
E" = Loss Modulus "
PRINT #1, "
"; file$
CLOSE #3: CLOSE #1
IF printeron THEN
LPRINT CHR$(12)
ELSE
"##.##"; freq(cycle%);
"####.# "; ld.avg(cycle%) * 12.566;
"####.# "; deform.avg(cycle%);
"#####.# "; strain.avg(cycle%)
355
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VIEW PRINT 1 TO 25
LOCATE 23, 4: PRINT "Press any key to continue";
CALL pause
CLS
END IF
COLOR 7, 1
NEXT num.file%
RETURN
print.testdata:
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1,
USING "\
\"; TIMES;
STRINGS(60, " ");
USING "\
\ "; DATE$
STRINGS(25, " "); "'''*** FREQUENCY SWEEP *****"
STRING$(5, " "); file$; STRING$(8, " "); "TEST DATE: ";
USING "##.##"; (ltime / 60);
" min";
STRING$(4, " ");
USING "\
\"; testtime$ + " " + testdate$
STRING$(79, CHR$(95))
"CALIBRATION FACTOR "
USING "LOAD
: #####.# lb/volt"; loadcal
USING "DEFORMATION (1): #####.# it-in/volt"; lvdtical
USING "
(2): #####.# p-in/volt"; lvdt2cal
PRINT #1,
PRINT #1, "Frequency Total Cycle Sampling Rate"
FOR i% = 1 TO sweep.count%
PRINT #1, freq(i% + 2), dura(i% + 2), samplerate(i% + 2)
NEXT i%
PRINT #1,
RETURN
average.data:
PRINT #1, "Average: "
FOR cycle% = 3 TO sweep.count% + 2
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); : PRINT
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); : PRINT
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); : PRINT
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); : PRINT
PRINT #1, STRING$(3, " "); : PRINT
PRINT #1, STRING$(3, " "); : PRINT
PRINT #1, STRING$(7, " "); : PRINT
NEXT cycle%
#1, USING "##.##"; freq(cycle%);
#1, USING "####.# "; ld.avg(cycle%);
#1, USING "####.# "; phase.avg(cycle%);
#1, USING "#####.# "; mr.avg(cycle%);
#1, USING "#####.# "; el.avg(cycle%);
#1, USING "#####.# "; e2.avg(cycle%);
#1, USING "##.##"; losstan.avg(cycle%)
RETURN
printscrollindividual:
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "##.##"; freq(cycle%);
PRINT #1, STRING$(2, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "####.# "; ld / 12.566;
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PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "####.# "; delta.avg;
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "#####.# "; mr(tm%);
PRINT #1, STRING$(3, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "#####.# "; el;
PRINT #1, STRING$(3, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "#####.# "; e2;
PRINT #1, STRING$(7, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "##.##"; e2 / el
RETURN
print.scrollaverage:
PRINT #1, STRING$(79, CHR$(95))
PRINT #1, "Average: ";
PRINT #1, STRING$(13, "
");
: PRINT #1, USING "####.# "; total.phsangle /
time.save%;
PRINT #1, STRING$(6, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "#####.# "; total.mr / time.save%;
PRINT #1, STRING$(3, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "#####.# "; total.el / time.save%;
PRINT #1, STRING$(3, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "#####.# "; total.e2 / time.save%;
PRINT #1, STRING$(7, " "); : PRINT #1, USING "##.##"; total.losstan / time.save%
RETURN
,
end of retrieve data file
,****************************** ErrorTrap *********************************
ErrorTrap:
IF CheckingForDefaults AND ERR = 53 THEN
CheckingForDefaults = false
FileExists = false
RESUME NEXT
END IF
CLOSE
'close any files that are open
SOUND 1000, 3: SCREEN 0: COLOR 15, 1: CLS
ScreenFrame (" Error... ")
'--- overflow - --
IF ERR = 6 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Overflow!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "Analysis was attempted on a data file which has zero or near zero"
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "deformation values."
RESUME EndTrap
END IF
'---disk full-- -
IF ERR = 61 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Disk Full Error!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "Reduce the number of files stored on the disk being accessed when"
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "this error occurred."
RESUME EndTrap
357
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
END IF
'---device timeout, fault, unavailable, I/O error, or out of paper-- -
IF ERR = 24 OR ERR = 25 OR ERR = 27 OR ERR = 57 OR ERR = 68 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Device Error"; ERR
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "One of the following errors occurred:"
LOCATE 7, 5: PRINT "
Device timeout (24)"
LOCATE 8, 5: PRINT "
Device fault (25)"
LOCATE 9, 5: PRINT "
Out of paper (27)"
LOCATE 10, 5: PRINT "
Device I/O error (57)"
LOCATE 11, 5: PRINT "
Device unavailable (68)"
LOCATE 13, 5: PRINT "If you were attempting to print, make sure the printer is properly"
LOCATE 14, 5: PRINT "connected, powered on, on-line, and contains paper. The error may"
LOCATE 15, 5: PRINT "have occurred when attempting to save data to a nonexistent drive"
LOCATE 16, 5: PRINT "(Error 68)."
RESUME EndTrap
END IF
'---permission denied - --
IF ERR = 70 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Premission denied!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "An attempt was made to write data to a write-protected disk."
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "Remove the write-protection and try again."
RESUME EndTrap
END IF
'---disk not ready-IF ERR = 71 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Disk not ready error!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "The disk door is open or no disk is in the drive. This error may"
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "also occur if the printer is not on-line when attempting to print."
RESUME EndTrap
END IF
'---disk media error-- -
IF ERR = 72 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Disk media error!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "The disk drive hardware detected a physical flaw on the disk. If'
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "access to a floppy disk was attempted when this error occurred,"
LOCATE 7, 5: PRINT "replace the disk and try again."
RESUME EndTrap
END IF
'---path not found error---
358
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
IF ERR = 76 THEN
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Path not found error!"
COLOR 11, 1
LOCATE 5, 5: PRINT "The specified path was not found. Ensure that the path specified"
LOCATE 6, 5: PRINT "with the filename exists prior to saving data."
RESUME End Trap
END IF
'---unanticipated error-- COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 3, 5: PRINT "Unanticipated Error #"; ERR; " occurred!"
COLOR 11, 1
COLOR 15, 1
RESUME EndTrap
EndTrap
EndTrap:
COLOR 15, 1: LOCATE 25, 3, 0: PRINT " Press Esc... ";
DO
LOOP UNTIL INKEY$ = CHR$(27)
COLOR 11, 1: CLS
GOTO GetDirectoryList
END
end ErrorTrap
REM $DYNAMIC
SUB box (fil$O, UpRow%, LCo1 %, y%, page%)
' Displays the filename, fil$O, in colors which highlight it; gives the
' appearance of a large cursor over the filename.
variable definitions
'--- passed - --
'fil$O: filename to box
'UpRow%: row on which the box is to be displayed
'LCoI %: starting column in which the box is to be displayed
'y%: column variable for displaying appropriate filename
'page%: page number of display
359
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
COLOR 0, 3
LOCATE UpRow%, LCo1 %, 0
IF fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%) < > "" THEN
PRINT fil$(UpRow%, y%, page%);
ELSE
PRINT "
".,
END IF
COLOR 7, 1
END SUB
SUB filelook (flnm$(), num.of.files%, FirstPass)
,
' Creates a temporary file containing the files in the current
' directory then loads this file into a temporary array. Since the
'
'
'
'
'
temporary array contains extraneous information (size & date of the
files) the array is assigned to another array (flnm$) without the
extraneous information (the size and date are stripped prior to
assignment as is the temporary filename). The routine also obtains
the number of files in the list including directories.
,
variable definitions
'---passed--'flum$0: array to filenames; empty on entry, contains list of files
on exit
'num.of.files%: number of files in file list
'FirstPass: Boolean variable used to establish initial.drive$ and
initial.dir$
'---local--'file$(): array of filenames; assigned to finm$0) before exit
'temp.E a4: temporary file to store directory list
'f%: counter for for-next loops
'junk$: input variable for directory list
'---global (shared)--'directory$: current directory (used for display)
'initial.drive$: drive at first entry of routine
'initial.dir$: dir at first entry of routine
DIM file$(585)
360
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
SHARED directory$, initial.drive$, initial.dir$
CIS
get directory list
OPEN "i", 1, "c:\temp.E a4"
num.offiles% = 0
WHILE NOT EOF(1)
LINE INPUT #1, junks
IF LEFIS(junk$, 1) < > "" AND LEFT$(junk$, 1) < > CHRS(32) THEN
num.offiles% = num.of.files% + 1
file$(num.of.files %) = junk$
END IF
IF MID$(junk$, 2, 3) = "Dir" THEN
directory$ = "Dir = " + MID$(junk$, 15) ' Directory of ...
END IF
WEND
CLOSE #1
'
delete TEMP.E act)
KILL "c: \temp.E a4)"
get initial drive and directory
IF FirstPass THEN
initial.drive$ = MID$(directory$, 7, 3)
initial.dir$ = RIGHT$(directory$, LEN(directory$) - 8)
FirstPass = false
END IF
assign directories and files to flnm$0
FOR f% = 1 TO num.of.files%
IF INSTR(file$(f %), "<") = 14 THEN
flnm$(f %) = LEFTS(fileS(f%), 18)
'directories
ELSE
flnm$(f %) = LEFT$(file$(f %), 12)
'files
END IF
NEXT f%
END SUB
REM $STATIC
SUB freq.calc (save%(), tot.intvl, tm%, id, dfml, dfm2, delta.avg)
' ---- Using the routine given by the UC Berkeley Group
DIM sum.for.I(2), sum.for.S(2), sum.for.C(2), phase.angle(2)
DIM calc.I(2), calc.S(2), calc.C(2), half.ampl(2), phase.1(2), phase.2(2)
361
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
SHARED loadcal, lvdtical, lvdt2cal
FOR j% = 0 TO 2
FOR i% = 0 TO tot.intvl - 1
sum.for.I(j%) = sum.for.I(j%) + save%(i%, j%, tm%)
sum.for.S(j%) = sum.for.S(j%) + save%(i%, j%, tm%) * SIN(6.2832 * i% / tot.intvl)
sum.for.C(j%) = sum.for.C(j%) + save%(i%, j%, tm%) * COS(6.2832 * i% / tot.intvl)
NEXT i%
calc.I(j%) = sum.for.I(j%) / tot.intvl
calc.S(j%) = sum.for.S(j%) / tot.intvl
calc.C(j%) = sum.for.C(j%) / tot.intvl
half.ampl(j%) = 2 * SQR(calc.C(j %) " 2 + calc.S(j%) ^ 2)
phase.1(j%) = (calc.C(j %) / (SQR(calc.C(j %) " 2 + calc.S(j%) ^ 2)))
phase.2(j%) = (calc.S(j%) / (SQR(calc.C(j%) ^ 2 + calc.S(j%) ^ 2)))
phase.angle(j %) = ATN(phase.1(j%) / phase.2(j%)) * 180 / pi
NEXT j%
Id = 2 * half.ampl(0) * loadcal * 5 / 2048
dfml = 2 * half.ampl(1) * lvdtical * 5 / 2048
dfm2 = 2 * half.ampl(2) * lvdt2cal * 5 / 2048
delta.avg = ((phase.angle(1) - phase.angle(0)) + (phase.angle(2) - phase.angle(0))) / 2
IF delta.avg < 0 THEN delta.avg = -delta.avg
IF delta.avg > 90 THEN delta.avg = 180 delta.avg
END SUB
SUB Getlnput (num.flag%, value, junk$, maxlength%, EscOn%)
' Controls all input save menu selections. All input is tailored to the
' type of input requested (i.e., when only numbers are requested, only
' numbers can be input). Also controls the length of input. Returns
' either junk$ for string input or value for numeric input.
,
variable definitions
'---passed--'num.flag%: Boolean variable used to determine whether numerics or alpha,
numerics are displayed
'value: default value passed to Getlnput; if entry is null, value returned
'
is default value
362
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
'junk$: default string passed to Get Input; if entry is null, value returned
'
is default string
'maxlength%: maximum length of entry string
'EscOn%: Boolean variable used to control action taken when the Esc key is
'
pressed
'n$: accumulator string for input
'info$: temporary variable used to store default string
'num: temporary variable used to store default value
'row%: display row
'col%: display column
'cl%: column on entry (initial column)
'ky$: keystroke variable
'search$: allowable keys for ky$
info$ = junk$
row% = CSRLIN: col% = POS(0): cl% = POS(0): n$ = ""
Get Key:
ky$ = INKEY$
LOCATE row%, col%, 1
backspace
IF ky$ = CHR$(8) THEN
row% = CSRLIN: col% = POS(0) - 1
IF col% < = cl% THEN col% = cl%: n$ = ""
n$ = LEFT$(n$, col% - cl%)
10/$ =
LOCATE row%, col%
PRINT ky$;
GOTO Get Key
END IF
IF NOT num.flag% THEN
search$ = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHLIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
search$ = search$ + " #$ \ &- ():.0123456789 " + CHR$(13) + CHR$(27)
ELSE
search$ = "&hH.0123456789" + CHR$(13) + CHR$(27)
END IF
IF INSTR(search$, ky$) = 0 THEN GOTO GetKey
Esc key
IF ky$ = CHR$(27) THEN
363
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
IF Esc On% THEN
'---exit GetInput--EscOn% = 27
EXIT SUB
ELSE
'---clear input-- -
LOCATE row%, cl%
PRINT STRING$(maxlength %, 32);
info$ = junk$
col% = cl%
n$ = ""
GOTO Get Key
END IF
END IF
,
Enter key
IF ky$ = CHR$(13) THEN
IF num.flag% THEN
IF n$ = "" THEN
num = value
PRINT num
ELSE
num = VAL(n$)
END IF
value = num
ELSE
IF n$ = "" THEN
junk$ = info$
PRINT junk$
ELSE
junk$ = n$
END IF
END IF
ELSE
IF LEN(n$) < maxlength% THEN
PRINT ky$;
fl$ = n$ + Icy$
row% = CSRLIN: col% = POS(0)
END IF
GOTO GetKey
END IF
END SUB
SUB pause
usee:
pausekey$ = INKEY$
IF LEN(pausekey$) = 0 GOTO usee
364
FREQUENCY SWEEP PROGRAM LISTING
END SUB
SUB Screen Frame (Header$)
'---print screen frame-VIEW PRINT 1 TO 25
CLS
COLOR 11, 1
PRINT CHR$(201); STRING$(78, 205); CHR$(187);
FOR row% = 2 TO 24
LOCATE row%, 1: PRINT CHR$(186);
LOCATE row%, 80: PRINT CHR$(186);
NEXT
LOCATE 25, 1: PRINT CHR$(200); STRING$(78, 205); CHR$(188);
LOCATE 1, 3: PRINT 11"; : COLOR 15, 1: PRINT Header$;
COLOR 11, 1: PRINT " r"
END SUB
REM $DYNAMIC
SUB shellsort (flnm$O, num.of.files %)
Sorts the file list in alphabetical order.
variable defmitions
'---passed--'flnm$0: list of filenames obtained from File Look
'num.of.files%: number of files in the list
'span%, i%, j%: counters for the sort routine
span% = num.of.files% \ 2
DO WHILE span% > 0
FOR i% = span% TO num.of.files% - 1
j% = i% - span% + 1
FOR j% = (i% - span% + 1) TO 1 STEP -span%
IF flnm$(j %) < = flnm$(j% + span%) THEN EXIT FOR
SWAP flnm$(j %), flnm$(j% + span%)
NEXT j%
NEXT i%
span% = span% \ 2
LOOP
END SUB