CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS BY
DATA PROCESSING
OF
30
DAVID V. LEMONE
New Mejrico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources
I
Open-file Report
with 9 volumes of computer print-out sheets
and 2 boxes of input cards
L
. .
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION O F ROCKS BY DATA PROCESSING
by David V. LeMone
The University of T e x a s a t El P a s o
.
2
CONTENTSOFREPORT
Page
,
.
..
4
Abstract
5
&troduction
6
Definition of problem
7
Input
7
P r o g r a m Rock data
.
12
P r o g r a m Rockplot
13
Conclusions
16
References
. Figures
17
1 - Data input
18
2
-
Program rockdata
19
3
-
Program rockplot
20
4
-
Plot of igneous rocks of Bohemia
21
5 - .Quartz latite analysis
22
6
- Detailed quartz latite
ana1y.sis
Table
23
24
3
:.
.1
-
Mobil Research
oxide
.!.;I ianalyses
, I. . '
2
-
Comparison of Rockdata
and
Mobil
calculations
'
27
- P r orgorcakmd a t a
40
4 - Program
rockplot
1
3
CONTENTS OF SUPPORTING DATA
'
Volume 1
Appendices
Appendix 1 - P r o g r a m R o c k d a t a
I1
2
It
3
4
5
6
7
- ProgramRockplot
- New Mexicodata
- Santa Rita data
- Mobil t e s t d a t a
- T e s t list igneous rocks
- Classified rock list
pages
13 pages
15 pages
20 p a g e s
4 pages
40 pages
81 p a g e s
Numerically Indexed Artifical Johannsen Chssification
.
Volume I1
1100-1424
Volume 111
2100-2210
Volume IV (Classified
alphabetically
rock
by
name)
2207
Volume V
2211-2323
Volume VI
2400-4424
Numerically Indexed Differentiation Index (DIFWX)
Volume VI1
0. 0-45. 0
Volume VI1
45. 0-70. 0
Volume IX
70.0-100.0
ABSTRACT
Chemical Classification of Rocks by Data Processing
Computer calculation and classification
of m o r e t h a n 1800 oxide
a n a l y s e s of igneous rocks has been completed to determine individual
weight and volume percentages, color indices, differentiation indices,
and artificial Johnannsen system classification notation. The two prog r a m s d e v e l o p e d f o r t h i s p r o b l e m a r e b a s e don d a t a f r o m the eleven
standard oxides of whole-rock analyses. The programs
are:
R OCKDA T A
C. I. P. W. calculation which determines weight percent
tive minerals. Calculations for percent and type
of n o r m a -
of olivine and plagio-
clase feldspar, color index, and differentiation index.
Conversion of 1. to 1 0 0 percent.
Conversion of 2. to volumetric percent by dividing b y the specific'
gravity and adjustment of data to 100 percent.
Recombination of the data of 3. and adaption to an artificial
Johannsen classification. Steps
1-4 will result in
a four page data
printout.
ROCKPLOT
Printout of ROCKDATA is suppressed. Calculated diffecentiation
and c.olor indices may be plotted against each other
as well a s silica per-
centage by m e a n s of a Calcomp plotter. This program utilizes data
produced by ROCKDATA.
P r o g r a m p r i n t s s u m m a r y of color index.
differentiation index, and percent
silica for each plot as a datacheck.
5
INTRODUCTION
This study of the chemical classification of rocks has developed
from the author's introduction to programming and Control Data Corporation 3100 computer during 1969. The
p r o b l e m of chemical classifi-
cation was chosen a s the result of the memory of his earlier difficulties
in petrography a s an undergraduate.
T h e r e i s nothing particularly new or unique about the presentation
of t h i s material in the application of computers to chemical classification
systems in petrography. Johnson (1962,
p. 143-155) has developed flow
charts and successfully tested them on a n I. B. M. 650 s y s t e m a t t h e
University of Oklahoma Computer Laboratory nearly .ten years ago. The
hardware,. software, and peripheral equipment 'is evolving and in a
constant state of flux. This system, with some
of its peculiar capabili-
t i e s , i s present with the hope that it might prove to be useful to petrographers and mineral industry personnel working in this discipline.
.Card decks of t h i s p r o g r a m a r e a v a i l a b l e on application from
either the Director of the New Mexico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources, Campus Station, Socorro,
New Mexico,87801
of the Computation Center, University
of Texas at El P a s o , El P a s o
T e x a s , 79968. Specific inquiries may
be directed to the author at Post
I
0ffice.Box 3, University
o r the Director
.
of T e x a s a t El P a s o , El Paso, Texas
79968.
6
The p r o g r a m h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e dat the University of T e x a s a t
El PasoComputationCenter
on a systemconsisting of:
. .
Control Data Corporation
1) 32K CDC 3100
2)415punch
3) 405 c a r d r e a d e r
4) 505 p r i n t e r
5 ) 604 tape drive ( 3 ) (only one required)
6) 854 disc storage (2) (only one r e q u i r e d )
Calcomp
1) 566 plotter
The programs have been written in FORTRAN IV.
This study was supported in part by the
of Mines and Mineral Resources, University
New Mexico State Bureau
of T e x a s a t El P a s o R e s e a r c h
Institute (Grant 083-50-79408) and the University of T e x a s a t El P a s o
Computation Center (UGEO0002).The
writer gratefully acknowledges
DEFINITION O F PROBLEM
*
The objective'.is 'to develop a numerical classification scheme for
'.. "'rd.2lc'kS.baii?E'b'ri t ~ ~ ' : ~ t L f i ~ ~ . r d ~ ~ i d e canalysis.
c h e ~ i c rThis
ll
in a classical method utilizing the
is to be done
C. I. P. W. s y s t e m ( C r o s s , I d d i n g s ,
Pirsson, and Washington) and the Johannsen classificatirn scheme
0
vania State University I. B. M: program developed by Charles W
Ondrick and John Holloway (1967) to the CDC s y s t e m i n 1969.
A print out format system for the C. I. P. W. was developed
next (Appendix 5 page .I). T h e r e s u l t s f r o m this d a t a a r e r e c a l c u l a t e d
f r o m t h e first C. I. P. W. t o I00 p e r c e n t a n d r e s u l t i n t h eC.-I. P. W. i.
FUDGE (Appendix 5', page 2).
Several additiona1,determinationsa r e
m a d e by t h e s y s t e m at this point; they are:
1) Determination of the precise normative plagioclase feldspar
in t h e a l b i t e - - a n o r t h i t e i s o m o r p h o u s s e r i e s if plagioclase is
present
p r i n t s : A) p e r c e n t
B ) m i n e r a l n a m e (6 i n t h e s e r i e s )
2 ) Determination of the precise normative olivine in the forsteritefayalite isomorphous series if olivine is present
prints: A ) p e r c e n t
E)m i n e r a l n a m e (6 in t h e , s e r i e s )
3 ) Determination and print statement for differentiation index or
(DIFINX) a s developed by Thorton and Tuttle (1960).
weight percent (normative C. I. P. W. ) s u m of:
quartz
orthoclase
. ,lit
.
albite
.
.
~
nepheline
leucite
kaliophilite (kalsilite)
I
It is the
9
The rocks being studied can be numerically indexed by
differentiation index as i l l u s t r a t e d by the partial classification
study made of the rock types calculated here (see Volumes
VII-IX) .
4) Determination of colorindex(COLINX)
,
i
It is theweight
.percent (normative C.I. P. W ) s u m of:
hypersthene
..
olivine
magnetite
ilmenite
.
apatite
diopside
This value could be used
as DIFINX.
f o r classification in the same manner
The COLINX data should be derived from the volume
percent calculation (Appendix 5,. page 3 ) .
The f i r s t p a r t of the system has been tested. Data was supplied
f r o mD r .
R.
Dennison of MobilReslearchLaboratories(Table
nine undesignated igneous rocks that he had calculated.
p a r t of ROCKDATA was then tested (Volume I,
. The C. I. P. W.
Appendix 5).
.
1) f r o m
- .
A tabular
comparison of the two calculations,shows two discrepancies (Table 2);. :
i
" "
..
10
The next step is the conversion to an artificial Johannsen system.
This is accomplished by conversion of all weight percents to volume percents by dividing by specific gravity and then converting these results to
100 percent COLINX, DEFINX, olivine type, and plagioclase feldspar
are also calculated (Appendix 5, page 2).
The Johannsen system which
is classified on t h e b a s i s of c l a s s ,
o r d e r and family is then printed out i n - s u m m a r y f o r m a s the last analysis
-(P1. 4, fig. 4). The basi.s.of this artificial system
Class (1-4)
is a s follows:
designation based
on volume percent of l i g h t
and
dark
minerals--
light minerals (leucocrates)
Class 1
100-95
Class 2
95 -50
Class 3
50-5
Class 4
5-0
dark minerals melanocrates(?) (melocrates) in reverse order
Order
A ) ( 1 - 4 ) ( f i r s t t h r e e c l a s s e s ) d i v i d e d by albite-anorthite content
of plagioclase feldspar.
No plagioclase o r
If albite ( 1 0 0 - 9 0 ) o r d e r 1
albite ( 9 0 - 5 0 ) o r d e r 2
albite ( 50-10) order 3
albite ( 1 0 - 0 ) o r d e r 4
Orders are split into
26 families (0-25)
Based on a percentage split of 1) Quartz and felspathoids
2) Orthoclase to plagioclase felspar
B) O r d e r s (1-4)
Class 4
If percent of ore to melocrates (undefinable by standard
references)
GE. -95
class 4
95-50
class 3
50-5
class 2
5-0
class, 1
Families
(0-12) (13 total)
.
FAMILY CENTER
Olivine
-
. GE.
0
95%
Olivine
95-50
1-4
Olivine
50-5
5-8
Olivine
. LE. 5
9-12
( P e r c e n t of olivine to percent of melocrates minus ore)
Families are lumped in class 4 because it is not possible to split
biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
ROCKDATA t h e r e f o r e r e s u l t s i n a four-page printout (see Appendix 5, p. 1-4)
c. I. P. w.
1)
2) C.I. P. W. t FUDGE (C.
[. P . W.
3 ) Volumepercent
4) Artificial Johannsen system
'
calculated to 100 percent)
12
Separation of the four printout sheets makes an excellent and easily
accessible reference set.
PROGRAM POCKPLOT (See appendix 2 and figures 3 , 4, 5 and 6 )
This program utilizes the data generated by programROCKDATA.
Print statements have been suppressed as comment cards. A subprogram
SUBPLOT.has
added
been
'
. , . . . . . ,.
system.
to the
r m ~ w i e x ' ein@nDqwablrennrufeikim&pE6&
~
3 i l a p : o ; g r a m . o f this type&: dima~iewsn~~f;)rm,f&
..
I
ontheplotter.&.(PZeasEt.not&tcomment 5 on figure 3).
plotter takes, the:parameters;listed hare, adds
TheCalcomp
.
..
,;
..:" .~*.,.
. 5 inch, and then truncates.r;.r..
:;,.:..!
.
.
Divisions on the X and Y a x i s a r e s p a c e d at one inch each, therefore,
If, instead 9.5 or 9 . 8 w e r e
the division w i l l b e l i s t e d as 11. 1 percent.
utilized, the plot would be divided on
a b a s i s of 1 0 p e r c e n t b e c a u s e a s
the . 5 inch is added and then truncated to nearest whole number the
r e s u l t would be 10.
The detail .may be adjusted by changing the values
of 0 and Q in f i g u r e 3 (See figures 5 and 6).
Program ROCKPLOT which utilizes disk storageis r u n o n f o r e ground. and the plot is run on background.
By manipulating the program
o n e c a n e a s i l y c o n v e r t f r o m t h e p r o g r a m.mode of differentiation index
VS.
weight percent silica'to color index vs. differentiation index
or
color index vs. weight percent silica. The program also prints out the
..
data (COLINX, DIFINX,
SI0 2 ) on each plot as well as its alphanumeric
notation.
The end result of ROCKPLOT is a two-dimensional scatter diagram
displaying any two v a r i a b l e s ( f i g u r e s 4, 5 and 6).
It is then possible to
divide rock types into easily discernible fields which may reflect diff e r e n c e s in genesis and alteration.
CONCLUSIONS
The utilization of : t h i s p r o g r a m is in its speed of calculation,
ROCKDATA print out, ana its easily readable ROCKPLOT charts. .A
.~
:I
t
r '
are:
number .of. a p p l ~ ~ ~ a t i o n ~ ' ~ n ~ b ~ . ~a secaesr t~a ianne da b
frozpcLi$&s~
l~
,r,eq$$~LoL.Iu,xU.,
IlhtG'PF,;d 4G.a . a i l r : i . I :
,,i 11 i 4 t i , : ; - < , : ,
,,t,ioI.';d
2 ~ , , 2
,
they
. .. .~
= . :. .
. . . \ . ,., .
1) Genesis of r o c k s
. .
_ .
,
.
.l
.
,
I-
.
<.:Igh.eous.-rocks of sim$la.r;designaiion,maybe visually .sepa,r,$&bby,_L:.5
Ll
14
ROCKPLOT into broad fields (e.
g. oceanic and plateau basalts).
Recognition of o r e d e p o s i t s a n d a l t e r a t i o n e f f e c k
The origin of an ore deposit because of its peculiar chemical environment and accompanying alteration effects must by its v e r y n a t u r e
effect the host rock. Therefore, in
a given plot of an igneous rock
type ore deposits and altered rocks should plot outside the normal
graphic position.
Metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks
The chemical composition
of these rocks differ significantly from
each other and from igneous -rocks that they may resemble. These
types separate out nicely in the artificial Johannsen system and less
clearly on the plots (see Volume 11-VI).
Literature search
Rock data that coincides in position
on plots, despite being widely
separated geographically, may indicate similar environments
of
formation (e. g. a basalt from Siberia and from New Mexico).
It i s
possible that no comparison really exists; however, it enables
a rapid
check of r e f e r e n c e s which l i s t e d with the ROCKPLOT.
Classification of aphaniticigneousrocks
..
Preliminary examination of the results of chem.ical classification
indicate. that (the system should
be. very useful .in t h i s a r e a . P e t r o -
. ..
graphically determined latite has a great variability in composition
I O 1
1
...~
..
..
.
‘ I
. .
.
I
rangi’ng f r o m essentially alrkiyolite to virtually a basalt as an example.
..
15
6)
Other P a r a m e t e r s
The program may be revised to include the calculations for such
i t e m s as crystallization index (Poldervaart and Parker,
1964) and
solidification index (Kuno, 1968) which then can be plotted for
visualexamination,Theproduceddata,withconversion,could
be statistically tested for factor analysis, etc.
Despite the rapidity and ease in which the calculations for the
chemical classification designates &an be made and the visual determination from plots that can be utilized in this type of system, it cannot
replace the hand specimen and thin-’section analysis made b y t h e p e t r o grapher.
It should also always be remembered that the computer can
neither judge the quality of a chemical analyst nor the accuracy of the
data it manipulates. The data produced by
this system should, hopefully,
b e a meaningful adjunct to the worker.
., .
I
.:..
REFERENCES
Johannsen, Albert, 1931, A descriptive petrography of the igneous rocks,
Univ. C h i c a g o P r e s s , v. I, Introduction,textures,classifications
and glossary: 319p.
Johnson, Kenneth S., 1962, C P W flow chart: Oklahoma Geology Notes,
v. 22, p. 143-155.
Kuno, Hisashi, 1968, Differentiation of basalt magmas, _in Basalts, Hess,
H.H: , and Poldervaart, A., eds., John Wiley and
Sons I n t e r s c i e n c e
P u b l i s h e r s , New York,p.624-688.
Ondrick, Charles W. and Holloway, John, 1967, CLPW n o r m f o r I. B. M. :
Penn. State Univ., Mineral Industries
Exp. Sta., Contribution
in Computer Science, 67 s e r .
P o l d e r v a a r t , A. and Parker, Alfred B., March 1964, Crystallization
index and normative analysis:
Amer. Jour. Science, v. 262,
p.281-289.
,Thornton, C. P. and Tuttle, 0 F., 1960, Chemistry of igneous rocks,
I. Differentiationindex:AmeriJour.Science,
v. 258,p.6646 84.
r
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C-PROGRAM ROCK DATA
D-FINIS (COL.10)
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A.-97 JOB CARD
B
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C - 4 DlSK,(49,64,500) (10,64,500)
D -4 FORTRAN,L,X
E -PROGRAM ROCK PLOT AND SUBROUTINE SUBPLOT
F -FINIS (COL.IO)
LOAD,56
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S - T I T A N AUGITE (8)
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+
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+
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UGE00002
+
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30.00
+
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++
+
+
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+
40.00
50 .OO
DIFFERENTIRTION INOEX
..
...
60 .OO
10.00
+
00.03
I
+
+
+
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100.00
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Table 1 - - Mobil R'esearch' Oxide Analyses
(courtesy R. Dennison f o r s y s t e m t e s t )
3 xx
4xx
Si02
1xx
54.77%
61.61%
Ti02
1.02
A12 3
'
Fe 0
2 3
FeO ,
14xx
57.75%
5xx
56.45%
6XX
52.23%
7xx
61.03%
11XX
52. 89%
13XX
67.66%
58.90%
0.57
0.95
0. 61
0. 65
0. 90
1. 32
0.48
0. 88
17.,71
19.37
18.99
20.43
23. 37
17.03
18.46
16.45
17.07
4. 80
1.12
2.10
2. 70
0. 90
4.57
4. 27
1. 80
1.95 .
,3.64
0. 88
1.89
1.35
1.69
3. 17
1. 08
3.24
MnO .
0.21
0. 09
0.16
0.21
0. 24
0. 1 6
0. I 9
0. 08
"0
2. 40
0. 65
2.12
0.44
1. 40
1.20
3.23
0. 28
0. 15
Ca 0
8:11
5. 63
9. 26
4.90
7. 42
5. 82
9.08
3. 34
5.29
Na2 0
4.00
4. .61
5.10
6.25
4.61
4. 23
4.43
4.50
4.79
K2 O
1. 92
4.79
1. 56
4.03
2.65
4.57
2.77
4.15
3.00
0. 0 6
0.00
0. 08
0. 0,o
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0-00
0. 30
0.13
0.00
0. 28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0. 10
0.22
1 . 15
0.60
0.39
2. 02
1.45
0.55
0.33
0.31
2.62
H20-
0.21
0.00
0. 18
0. 27
Total
LOO. 30
100.05
IOO. 03
0.37
-
p2 5'
s03
c02
H20t
100.04
'
2.56
99. 70
.
'
'
0 . 09
100.17
100.24
0.03
-
100. 26
2.03.
0.05
100.20
,
TABLE 2
--
Comparison of ROCKDATA and Mobil Calculations
ROCKDATA
Mobil
Sample 1XX
Apatite
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Quartz
Total Diopside
..
with the composition
Diopside (WO)
Diopside (EN)
Diopside (FS)
Total Hypersthene
with the composition
Enstatite
.Ferrosillite
"_
. 139
1.937
11.347
33.847
24.700
6.960
5.988
12.055
I. 94
11.34
33.83
24.10
,
6. 96
6. 00
12.06
6.324
4. 627
1. 103
i. 672
1.350
.322
Sample 3XX
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Hematite
Quartz
Total Diopside
Wollastonite
1. 083
28.308
39. 009
18. 015
1 . 478
.lo1
5.569
3.491
2.268
Sample 4XX
Apatite
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Quartz
Total Diopside
Wollastonite
185
1. 804
9.219
43.155
24.318
3. 045
3.680
12.261
2.295
.
Calculation
1.66
'
1. 08
28. 3
28.30
18.02
1. 48
.10
5. 6
3.49
2.26
"_
1.80
9.22
43. 13
24.32
3. 05
3.7
12.26
2.31
(Table 2, continued)
Sample 5XX
Ilinenite
Orthoclase
Nepheline
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Hematite
Total Diopside
Wollastonite
1.159
23.816
5.492
42.748
15.791
3.268
.446
2.363
2.289
Sample 6XX
Apatite
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Nelpheline
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Total Clivine
Total Diopside
.070
1.235
27.008
10.563
19.511
29.580
1.305
2.900
5.814
~'
Sample 7XX
Apatite
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Hematite
Quartz
Total Diopside
Wollastonite
Acmite
Sample 11XX
Apatite
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Nepheline
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Total Olivine
Total Diopside
'
. 116
1.709
15.661
35.794
19.656
3.360
2.252
14.082
6.446
.256
0
. 023
1. 16
23.81
5.35
42.98
15.80
3.27
.45
2.36
2.28
"_
1.23
27.00
10.54
19.54
29.59
1. 31
2. 90
5. 82
"I. 7 1
15.66
21.41
"-
"_. 2 8
20.84
9.75
6.93
12.66
"_
2. 507
16.370
3.517
30.993
22.306
2. 51
16.37
3.49
3 1.03
22.31
6.191
6. 19
.16
.154
17.761
17.75
260
(Table 2, continued)
Sample 13XX
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Hematite
Quartz
Total Diopside
Wollastonite
Sample 14XX
Apatite
Ilmenite
Orthoclase
Albite
Anorthite
Magnetite
Quartz
Total Diopside
Hypersthene
Total
.912
24.526
38.078
12.431
2. 351
.I79
18.920
1.504
.922
. 023
1.671
17.729
40.532
16.218
2.827
5.932
8.119
.91
25.52
38. 06
12.44
2.35
.I8
18.94
1. 50
.92
"-
1. 67
17.72
40.5 1
16.22
2. 83
5.96
8. 11
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(Table 3, continued)
339
(Table 3, continued)
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2 = number of p l o t s
3.
2 and 4 = number of-points for each p l o t i n order ( f i e l d of three).
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X axis percentage range (0.0-100.0).
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9.0 and 9.0 a r e dimensions on plotter paper of graph.
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(Table 4, continued)
!RAY
53
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1'240
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