Plant responses to experimental and natural warming in Barrow and Atqasuk Alaska
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Plant responses to experimental and natural warming in Barrow and Atqasuk Alaska Robert Slider Robert Hollister Barrow 71°18’N 156°40’W Atqasuk 70°29’N 157°25’W Barrow 1995 1994 DRY Atqasuk 1996 WET 1996 Study Goals • Previous Findings of ITEX Studies – Earlier flowering with increase in temperature – Longer leaves with increase in temperature • Compare to Temp. Trends in CTL’s – Warmer years: earlier flowering? – Warmer years: longer leaves? Methods • Tallest leaf on reproductive individuals – Data from total season measurements • First date of open flowering – Data from phenological observations • Compared OTC to CTL • Changes in temp correspond to trends between CTL & OTC’s? – CTL’s through time – Role of factors other than temperature? Barrow Dry Flowering Day (Julian Days) 250 240 230 OTC Control 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 1994 Year Salix rotundifolia Luzula confusa Saxifraga punctata Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Stellaria laeta Potentilla hyparctica Papaver hultenii Barrow Dry Flowering Day (Julian Days) 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Cassiope tetragona 1997 Luzula arctica Papaver hultenii OTC 1998 Year 1999 2000 Potentilla hyparctica Saxifraga punctata Control 2007 Luzula confusa Stellaria laeta 2008 Barrow Dry 240 Flowering Day (Julian Days) OTC’s flowered earlier than controls consistently 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Cassiope tetragona 1997 Luzula arctica Papaver hultenii OTC 1998 Year 1999 2000 Potentilla hyparctica Saxifraga punctata Control 2007 Luzula confusa Stellaria laeta 2008 Barrow Dry Flowering Day (Julian Days) 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Cassiope tetragona 1997 Luzula arctica Papaver hultenii OTC 1998 Year 1999 2000 Potentilla hyparctica Saxifraga punctata Control 2007 Luzula confusa Stellaria laeta 2008 240 2 230 4 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Luzula confusa Saxifraga punctata 1997 1998 Year 1999 Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Stellaria laeta 2000 2007 2008 Potentilla hyparctica Papaver hultenii Temp Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) Barrow Dry 240 2 230 4 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Luzula confusa Saxifraga punctata 1997 1998 Year 1999 Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Stellaria laeta 2000 2007 2008 Potentilla hyparctica Papaver hultenii Temp Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) Barrow Dry 240 2 230 4 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Luzula confusa Saxifraga punctata 1997 1998 Year 1999 Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Stellaria laeta 2000 2007 2008 Potentilla hyparctica Papaver hultenii Temp Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) Barrow Dry Barrow Dry Many species show earlier flowering date in 2008 compared to 1997 with similar mean July temperature 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Luzula confusa Saxifraga punctata 1997 1998 Year 1999 Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Stellaria laeta 2000 2007 2008 Potentilla hyparctica Papaver hultenii Temp Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) 2 Barrow Dry Many species show earlier flowering date in 2008 compared to 1997 with similar mean July temperature 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Luzula confusa Saxifraga punctata 1997 1998 Year 1999 Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Stellaria laeta 2000 2007 2008 Potentilla hyparctica Papaver hultenii Temp Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) 2 Barrow Dry Many species show earlier flowering date in 2008 compared to 1997 with similar mean July temperature 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1994 1995 1996 Salix rotundifolia Luzula confusa Saxifraga punctata 1997 1998 Year 1999 Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Stellaria laeta 2000 2007 2008 Potentilla hyparctica Papaver hultenii Temp Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) 2 250 2 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1995 1996 Luzula arctica Carex stans Temp 1997 1998 1999 Year Draba lactea Hierachloe pauciflora 2000 2007 2008 Saxifraga hieracifolia Dupontia fisheri Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) Barrow Wet Barrow Wet Some species show earlier flowering date in 2008 than 1997 with similar mean July temperature 2 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1995 1996 Luzula arctica Carex stans Temp 1997 1998 1999 Year Draba lactea Hierachloe pauciflora 2000 2007 2008 Saxifraga hieracifolia Dupontia fisheri Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) 250 Barrow Wet Some species show earlier flowering date in 2008 than 1997 with similar mean July temperature 2 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1995 1996 Luzula arctica Carex stans Temp 1997 1998 1999 Year Draba lactea Hierachloe pauciflora 2000 2007 2008 Saxifraga hieracifolia Dupontia fisheri Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) 250 Barrow Wet Some species show earlier flowering date in 2008 than 1997 with similar mean July temperature 2 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1995 1996 Luzula arctica Carex stans Temp 1997 1998 1999 Year Draba lactea Hierachloe pauciflora 2000 2007 2008 Saxifraga hieracifolia Dupontia fisheri Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) 250 Longest Leaf Atqasuk Dry 40 Most species in most years showed longer leaves in OTC plots than in Control OTC Control Leaf Length (cm) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 1997 Diapensia lapponica Carex bigelowii 1998 1999 2000 Year Polygonum bistorta Minuartia obtusiloba Luzula confusa Hierachloe alpina 2007 2008 Luzula arctica Atqasuk Dry 18 40 15 35 9 30 6 25 3 0 20 -3 15 -6 -9 10 Mean July Temperature (C) Leaf Length (cm) 12 -12 5 -15 -18 0 1996 1997 Diapensia lapponica Carex bigelowii 1998 1999 Year Minuartia obtusiloba Luzula confusa 2000 2007 Polygonum bistorta Hierachloe alpina 2008 Luzula arctica Temp Atqasuk Dry For most species mean July temperature showed good correlation with leaf length 40 18 15 35 9 30 6 25 3 0 20 -3 15 -6 -9 10 Mean July Temperature (C) Leaf Length (cm) 12 -12 5 -15 -18 0 1996 1997 Diapensia lapponica Carex bigelowii 1998 1999 Year Minuartia obtusiloba Luzula confusa 2000 2007 Polygonum bistorta Hierachloe alpina 2008 Luzula arctica Temp Atqasuk Dry Half showed longer leaves in similar temp 40 18 15 35 30 9 6 25 3 20 0 -3 15 -6 -9 10 Mean July Temperature (C) Leaf Length (cm) 12 -12 5 -15 -18 0 1996 1997 Diapensia lapponica Carex bigelowii 1998 1999 Year Minuartia obtusiloba Luzula confusa 2000 2007 Polygonum bistorta Hierachloe alpina 2008 Luzula arctica Temp Atqasuk Dry Other half were shorter or about the same 40 18 15 35 30 9 6 25 3 20 0 -3 15 -6 -9 10 Mean July Temperature (C) Leaf Length (cm) 12 -12 5 -15 -18 0 1996 1997 Diapensia lapponica Carex bigelowii 1998 1999 Year Minuartia obtusiloba Luzula confusa 2000 2007 Polygonum bistorta Hierachloe alpina 2008 Luzula arctica Temp Atqasuk Wet 40 18 15 35 30 9 6 25 3 20 0 -3 15 -6 10 -9 Mean July Temperature (C) Leaf Length (cm) 12 -12 5 -15 0 -18 1996 1997 Pedicularis sudetica Eriophorum resseolum Temp 1998 1999 Year Carex rariflora Carex aquatilis 2000 2007 2008 Eriophorum angustifolium Dupontia psilosantha Atqasuk Wet Half show shorter leaves in 2008 than in 1997 in similar temps 40 18 15 35 12 Leaf Length (cm) 9 6 25 3 20 0 -3 15 -6 10 -9 Mean July Temperature (C) 30 -12 5 -15 0 -18 1996 1997 Pedicularis sudetica Eriophorum resseolum Temp 1998 1999 Year Carex rariflora Carex aquatilis 2000 2007 2008 Eriophorum angustifolium Dupontia psilosantha Atqasuk Wet 40 18 Other half show longer leaves in 2008 than 1997 in similar temp. 15 35 12 Leaf Length (cm) 9 6 25 3 20 0 -3 15 -6 10 -9 Mean July Temperature (C) 30 -12 5 -15 0 -18 1996 1997 Pedicularis sudetica Eriophorum resseolum Temp 1998 1999 Year Carex rariflora Carex aquatilis 2000 2007 2008 Eriophorum angustifolium Dupontia psilosantha Barrow Dry 10 25 8 Leaf Length (cm) 4 2 15 0 -2 10 -4 -6 5 Mean July Temperature (C) 6 20 -8 -10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Saxifraga punctata Papaver hultenii Luzula arctica Arctagrostis latifolia Luzula confusa Poa arctica Potentilla hyparctica Temp Barrow Dry Majority show longer leaves in 2008 than 1997 with similar mean July temp. 25 10 8 Leaf Length (cm) 6 4 15 2 0 10 -2 -4 -6 5 Mean July Temperature (C) 20 -8 -10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Saxifraga punctata Papaver hultenii Luzula arctica Arctagrostis latifolia Luzula confusa Poa arctica Potentilla hyparctica Temp Barrow Wet 30 10 8 6 4 20 2 15 0 -2 10 -4 -6 5 -8 0 Mean July Temperature (C) Leaf Length (cm) 25 -10 1995 1996 1997 Eriophorum russeolum Saxifraga cernua Carex stans Dupontia fisheri 1998 1999 Year Poa arctica Eriophorum triste Hierachloe pauciflora Temp 2000 2007 2008 Luzula arctica Luzula confusa Saxifraga hieracifolia Barrow Wet Majority show shorter leaves in 2008 than in 1997 with similar mean July temperature 30 10 8 6 4 20 2 15 0 -2 10 -4 -6 5 -8 0 Mean July Temperature (C) Leaf Length (cm) 25 -10 1995 1996 1997 Eriophorum russeolum Saxifraga cernua Carex stans Dupontia fisheri 1998 1999 Year Poa arctica Eriophorum triste Hierachloe pauciflora Temp 2000 2007 2008 Luzula arctica Luzula confusa Saxifraga hieracifolia Conclusions • Findings in previous ITEX studies have held for duration of the study • Flowering events and leaf lengths show good correspondence with temperature • Factors outside of temperature play role in both • Need further investigation into significance of correlations Acknowledgements Organizations • National Science Foundation (NSF) • Grand Valley State University (GVSU) • Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC) • International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) GVSU Arctic Ecology Program Michael Lothschutz Jeremy May Amanda Snyder Jean Galang Jenny Liebig Questions? 250 2 240 4 230 6 220 8 210 10 200 12 190 14 180 16 170 18 160 20 150 22 1994 1995 Salix rotundifolia Cassiope tetragona Control Temp 1996 1997 Luzula arctica Papaver hultenii OTC Temp 1998 Year 1999 2000 Potentilla hyparctica Saxifraga punctata OTC 2007 2008 Luzula confusa Stellaria laeta Control Mean July Temperature (C) Flowering Day (Julian Days) Barrow Dry Atqasuk Dry Flowering Day (Julian Days) 210 200 Order switch 190 180 170 160 150 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Eriophorum russeolum Eriophorum angustifolium Carex aquatilis Atqasuk Dry Flowering Day (Julian Days) 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Eriophorum russeolum Eriophorum angustifolium Carex aquatilis Atqasuk Dry Flowering Day (Julian Days) 210 200 Order switch 190 180 170 160 150 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Eriophorum russeolum Eriophorum angustifolium Carex aquatilis Atqasuk Wet Flowering Day (Julian Days) 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 1998 1999 2000 Year 2007 Luzula arctica Cassiope tetragona Diapensia lapponica Hierachloe alpina Ledum palustre Polygonum bistorta 2008 Luzula confusa Atqasuk Dry Half showed longer leaves in similar temp 40 18 15 35 12 Height (cm) 9 6 25 3 20 0 -3 15 -6 -9 10 Mean July Temperature (C) 30 -12 5 -15 -18 0 1996 1997 Diapensia lapponica Carex bigelowii 1998 1999 Year Minuartia obtusiloba Luzula confusa 2000 2007 Polygonum bistorta Hierachloe alpina 2008 Luzula arctica Temp Atqasuk Dry Half showed longer leaves in similar temp 40 18 15 35 12 Height (cm) 9 6 25 3 20 0 -3 15 -6 -9 10 Mean July Temperature (C) 30 -12 5 -15 -18 0 1996 1997 Diapensia lapponica Carex bigelowii 1998 1999 Year Minuartia obtusiloba Luzula confusa 2000 2007 Polygonum bistorta Hierachloe alpina 2008 Luzula arctica Temp Barrow Dry Majority show longer leaves in similar temp 25 10 8 Height (cm) 6 4 15 2 0 10 -2 -4 -6 5 Mean July Temperature (C) 20 -8 -10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Saxifraga punctata Papaver hultenii Luzula arctica Arctagrostis latifolia Luzula confusa Poa arctica Potentilla hyparctica Temp Barrow Dry Majority show longer leaves in similar temp 25 10 8 Height (cm) 6 4 15 2 0 10 -2 -4 -6 5 Mean July Temperature (C) 20 -8 -10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Saxifraga punctata Papaver hultenii Luzula arctica Arctagrostis latifolia Luzula confusa Poa arctica Potentilla hyparctica Temp Barrow Dry Majority show longer leaves in similar temp 25 10 8 Height (cm) 6 4 15 2 0 10 -2 -4 -6 5 Mean July Temperature (C) 20 -8 -10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 Year Saxifraga punctata Papaver hultenii Luzula arctica Arctagrostis latifolia Luzula confusa Poa arctica Potentilla hyparctica Temp Barrow Wet Majority show shorter leaves in similar temp. 30 10 8 6 4 20 2 15 0 -2 10 -4 -6 5 -8 0 Mean July Temperature (C) Height (cm) 25 -10 1995 1996 1997 Eriophorum russeolum Saxifraga cernua Carex stans Dupontia fisheri 1998 1999 Year Poa arctica Eriophorum triste Hierachloe pauciflora Temp 2000 2007 2008 Luzula arctica Luzula confusa Saxifraga hieracifolia
