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akSjACHUSETT NjgU"E,
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National Parking
by
JUL 0 1 2014
LIBRARIES
Toshiro Ihara
B.A. Architecture, University of California Berkeley 2009
Submitted to the Department of Architecture
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Architecture
at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
June 2014
0 2014 Toshiro Ihara All rights reserved.
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic
copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.
Signature of Author:
C
Signature redacted
Department of Architecture
February 9, 2014
C ertified by .............................
redacted
Signature
'-------Joel Lamere
Assistant Professor of Architecture
ThesSupero
A ccepted by.............................
Signature redacted
Takehiko NagdKura
Associate Professor of Design and Computation
Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students
1
2
Thesis Committee
Advisor
Joel Lamere
Assistant Professor of Architecture
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Readers
Mark Jarzombek
Professor of the History and Theory of Architecture
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Skylar Tibbits
Assistant Professor of Architecture
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3
4
National Parking
by
Toshiro lhara
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on February 9, 2014
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Architecture
Abstract
The mobility afforded by the rise of the information era solicits a reexamination of possible modes of mobile living.
Mobility has always been closely tied to American life. Westwaid expansion defined United States history until the frontier was declared closed in
the 1880s. Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was more than
just a geopolitical factor - it made Americans fundamentally different from
Europeans. "No matter how rapidly cities on the Atlantic coast expanded, he
argued, Americans could find a "perennial rebirth" on the frontier, "the meeting point between savagery and civilization."
However, the close of the frontier produced an epochal shift in the American psyche. The National Park System was born, "setting aside by-passed
land to remain wilderness in perpetuity, simulating the Frontier and thereby
allowing Americans to renew themselves as they had before."
The RV, a hybrid between vehicle and architecture, has evolved as an
exceedingly popular apparatus for this American pursuit of renewal.
Robert Sumrell and Kazys Varnelis argue that "if the frontier was a
place of production, the perpetual wilderness of the national park is a place of
consumption. Nothing can be produced there except the renewal of Americans through recreation." Can we re-frame the domestic potential of the RV to
engage with an architecture that redefines sections of the American landscape
not as amenities for solely recreation consumption but also as amenities of
production?
Supervisor: Joel Lamere
Title: Assistant Professor of Architecture
5
6
Acknowledgements
Thank you to everyone who was there with me through all the craziness.
To Joel Lamere, thank you for all your patience and support and for being a
great advisor.
To Mark Jarzombek and Skylar Tibbits for all your support and insights.
To my drawing and model saviors Sansan, Edrie, Jess, Nico, Rena, Stefan,
Kristina, Jasmine, Jie, Nancy, and Jordan, I wouldn't have made it without
you guys.
To team Joel (Yella and Manto) and my fellow classmates, thanks for the commiseration
And thank you to my family for all your support and for making this whole
thing possible.
7
8
Table of Contents
13
2
21
27
35
37
65
73
75
81
Mobile America
Snowbirds
AirbRV
Bonneville Salt Flats
Generic Infrastructure
Lot's Wife
Redwood Experimental Forest
Shed Wood
White Mountain National Forest
Constructive Extraction
91
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A Map of The Frontier of British North America, and the United States
Source: davidrumsey.com
Looking Down Yosemite-valley, Albert Bierstadt, 1865
Source: wikimedia commons
12
Mobile America
The mobility afforded by the rise of the information era solicits a reexamination of possible modes of mobile living.
Mobility has always been closely tied to American life. Westward expansion defined United States history until the frontier was declared closed in
the 1880s. Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was more than
just a geopolitical factor - it made Americans fundamentally different from
Europeans:
The wilderness masters the colonist. It finds him a European in dress, industires, tools, modes of travel, and thought. It takes from him the railroad
car and puts him in the birch canoe. It strips off the garments of civilization
and arrays him in the hunting shirt and the moccasin. It puts him in the log
cabin of the Cherokee and the Iroquois and runs an Indian palisade around
him. Before long he has gone to planting Indian corn and plowing with a
sharp stick; he shouts the war cry and takes the scalp in orthodox Indian
fashion.(l -4)
The American landscape may have been forever changed by the arrival of the european settler, but the settler to was changed. "No matter how
rapidly cities on the Atlantic coast expanded, he argued, Americans could find
a "perennial rebirth" on the frontier, "the meeting point between savagery and
civilization."
However, the close of the frontier produced an epochal shift in the
American psyche. The National Park System was born, "setting aside bypassed land to remain wilderness in perpetuity, simulating the Frontier and
thereby allowing Americans to renew themselves as they had before." (Sumrell, Varnelis)
13
rise of the information age
R.R. Conklin's Motor Bus
Source: coachbuilt.com
14
The RV, a hybrid between vehicle and architecture, has evolved as an
exceedingly popular apparatus for this American pursuit of renewal. One in
ten vehicle owning American households owns one.
Robert Sumrell and Kazys Varnelis argue that "if the frontier was a
place of production, the perpetual wilderness of the national park is a place of
consumption. Nothing can be produced there except the renewal of Americans through recreation." Can we reframe the domestic potential of the RV to
engage with an architecture that redefines sections of the American landscape
not as amenities for solely recreation consumption but also as amenities of
production?
15
new RV demographic
Source: sfgate.com
16
Snowbirds
There is Already a large population engaged in a semi-nomadic lifestyle within
the United states. Every winter hundreds of thousands of Snowbirds, retirees who
have given up their permanent homes to live in RVs, descend on Quartzsite Arizona.
Their mobile nature allows them to produce ephemeral communities as well as
higher order organizations of space. Varied configurations can produce a myriad of
communal private spaces as well as public spectacle.
However, the Snowbirds are a product of a generation who could rely on things
such as Social Security to afford their nomadic lifestyle after retirement. Given our
present employment difficulties and foreclosed American dreams, a new generation is
looking to RVs.
Tynan Smith, a 32-year-old tech entrepreneur, lives in what he considers his
dream Castro district apartment. He's got marble counters, hardwood floors, a cedar
closet and gold leaf ceiling. He doesn't have a roommate. And at $500 a month, you
can't beat the rent.
Tynan is one of many young SF professionals choosing to live in RV instead of
falling victim to the over inflated and unaffordable rental market. The RV not only allows them to live in San Francisco financially but brings with it what they describe as
the benefits of simplicity, efficiency, and a sense of adventure.
17
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AirbRV
The American dream that died with the foreclosure crisis was one that relied on
the growth of equity through real estate ownership. Taking cues from recent trends in
"shared" domesticity such as services like airbnb, AirbRV seeks to explore new multiuser RV typologies in a serch to produce new non-real estate based methods of equity
production. In this case, the interior of a single trailer unit is mirrored to produce a
multi-unit situation commonly found in a duplex. Renting the second unit on Air BnB
has the potential to produce a sizeable secondary income for the owner. The unit can
also engage in a new mobile bed and breakfast market, taking guests from National
Park to National Park and everywhere in between.
21
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Site Models: Redwood Experimental Forest, Bonneville Salt Flats, White Mountain National Forest
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Bonneville Salt Flats
The Bonneville salt flats sits at the border between Utah and Nevada. Its natural
geology produces extremely unique conditions for both the production of recreation
and the production of raw material goods.
The flats are public land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and are
divided by the Lincoln Highway which runs East/West from Salt Lake City, Utah to
the East and Reno, Nevada to the West. The highway also divides the aforementioned
forms of production.
To the north, the Bonneville Salt Flats are home to the annual pursuit of land
speed records with "Speed Week" held at the Bonneville Speedway. The event draws
hundred of drivers from all over the world with dreams of setting their own speed records. The Bonneville Speedway is home to numerous land speed records specifically
because of its unique natural landscape - the flats flood during the winter dissolving
the naturally occurring salt from the surrounding geology. In the spring as the water
evaporates, precipitation produces a perfectly flat salt crust, ideal for racing.
To the south, Intrepid Potash produces 95000 tons of Potash salt per year from
its 8000 acres of evaporative salt ponds. Over five billion gallons of brine are pumped
into the solar pond system each year. As the brine becomes saturated with potash, it is
transferred through a series of smaller evaporation ponds in to harvest ponds. When
the ripened brine finally reaches the harvest ponds, the ore (a combination of salt and
potash) precipitates onto the pond floor. The remaining brine in the harvest ponds is
removed and the ore is harvested and transported by elevating scrapers to the mill for
processing. In an effort to appease the land speed enthusiasts fears of salt disappearance, Intrepid pumps millions of gallons of salt rich brine back into the salt flats.
27
Site Model: Bonneville Salt Flats
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33
Generic Infrastructure
The RV as a typology exists as a result of the opportunistic engagement with the
nation-wide utilitarian road infrastructure. Highway systems initially constructed for
the distribution of goods and services across the country became the outlets for Americans seeking recreation and rejuvenation through engagement with the American
landscape. The RV in its dimensions and operations are therefore a directly defined
by those of the road infrastructure.
While the design of the RV is dictated by the road, the design of the RV
park is dictated by the RV. The road is always linear in form due to its realationship
to vehicle trajectory while the trailer park is a little more free in its manifestation. The
unique nature of Bonneville Salt Flats allows for vehicles to travel with any vector
similar to the desert at Quartzite where the open plane situation allows for free association between RVs.
The RV park design for Bonneville Salt Flats attempts to maintain the freedom
of user defined inhabitability by producing a genaric field condition infrastructure. A
three axis grid sized to the RV turning radius proved to allow for the most unimpeded
axis of travel within the structure and allow for relative ease of turning.
35
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Lot's Wife
The RV park design for the Bonneville Salt Flats site attempts to achieve several
goals: engage, expose, educate and innovate with the local context of raw material
production, maintain the autonomous RV user configuration potential of the salt flats,
produce architecture that helps mediate the harsh environmental conditions found on
the flats.
While the generic infrastructure grid of Lot's Wife maintains the user autonomy
within the field condition, the structure of the design attempts to engage both the
exposure of the local industrial raw material production processes while simultaneously producing shelter from the environment. Leftover brine from the potash ponds
is pumped to the site and into a network of delivery tubes. These tubes are connected
to a series of pneumatic actuators which when activated allow brine to flow up through
the structural columns and dispersed across a steel mesh roof canopy. The actuators
are triggered by the weight of the parked RVs and so the evaporative growth of salt
crystals on the mesh roof is directly determined by inhabitation. Time and quantity are
both factors then which determine the size and density of the salt shade structure produced. Then as the dry season comes to an end, the salt can either be harvested from
the roof by the users, or it dissolves back into the flats as the wet season returns.
Potash is primarily used in the production of fertilizers, so an added program
to the scheme is a hydroponic and aeroponic research facility. Here the latest experiments in low resource agriculture production can be tried out by the diverse RV demographic, creating a mixing pot of fresh perspectives and innovation.
37
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Redwood Experimental Forest
The Redwood Experimental Forest at Yurok, California, was established in 1940
to study the silviculture of coast redwood and to develop techniques for regeneration
and management. Redwood is located on the coastal front of the northern coast ranges
in northern California, about 1.5 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean and near the
mouth of the Klamath River. The Redwood includes 379 ha drained by High Prairie
Creek. Redwood is the principal forest species on the forest, with Douglas-fir, Sitka
spruce, western hemlock, and Port Orford-cedar making up the remainder. About 59
percent of the timberland is classified as Site I and 35 percent is classified as Site II.
Tree ages range up to 1,200 years. Topography varies considerably over the forest.
Slopes range from 0 to 75+ percent, and elevation ranges from 130 to 1115 ft.
About 45 percent of the total area (226 of 502 ha) was clear-cut in harvest units
ranging from 1.2 to 62.7 ha between 1956 and 1985. About 1 percent (4 ha) was harvested in 1981 using the selection system. An additional 23 percent (87 ha) is available
for approved manipulative research studies, and 16 percent (61 ha) is preserved in an
undisturbed old-growth redwood forest condition in the Yurok Research Natural Area
(RNA) established in 1976.
65
Site Model: Redwood Experimental Forest
66
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The intent behind the Redwood national forest design is to again create a structure that engages and exposed local raw material production and the use of that material. In this case the material is lumber. Much like the Swiss Sound Box, the structure
is made of stacked raw timber. In this case however the timber is rotated around a
central tension cable which holds the stack together. This rotation allows for openings
in the facade of the wood shed while maintaining the typical lumber curing setup. As
the wall panel lumber becomes ripe it is removed from the structure for use as fresh
green lumber is stacked at the other end. In this way the structure moves its way
around the RV park at a slow and steady pace. The top timbers in each stack produce
coincident lines which allow for a rolling roof truss track. Under this roof campers
can learn traditional and modern day wood craft and fabrication techniques.
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White Mountain National Forest
The White Mountain National Forest is a federally managed forest contained
within the White Mountains in the northeastern United States. It was established in
1918 as a result of the Weeks Act of 1911; federal acquisition of land had already
begun in 1914. It has a total area of 750,852 acres. Most of the White Mountain
National Forest is in New Hampshire; a small part (about 5.65% of the forest) is in
the neighboring state of Maine. While often casually referred to as a park, this is a
National Forest, used not only for hiking, camping, and skiing, but for logging and
other limited commercial purposes. The White Mountain National Forest is the only
National Forest located in either New Hampshire or Maine. Most of the major peaks
over 4,000 feet high for peak-bagging in New Hampshire are located in the National
Forest. Over 100 miles of the Appalachian Trail traverses the White Mountain National Forest. In descending order of land area the forest lies in parts of Grafton, Coos, and
Carroll counties in New Hampshire, and Oxford County in Maine.
75
76
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Geological Map of New Hampshire and Vermont, C.H. Hitchcock, 1877
Source: davidrumsey.com
78
The White Mountain National Forest is an ideal location for a quarry interventioni due to its geology. It sits on a vein of granite similar to that found
at the famous Rock of Ages Corporation's E.L.Smith Quarry(pictured below) in Barre, Vermont, the world's largest "deep hole" granite quarry.
Rock of Ages #15, Edward BUrtynsky
Source: edwardburtynsky.com
79
Wiresawn Surface
01
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and preparation
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Stone Extraction Process
80
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Constructive Extraction
The tools and methods of the stone quarry have evolved over the years allowing
quarry operators to be increasingly precise in defining the material for extraxtion. Diamond wire saws cut cleanly through granite and marble leaving clean flat surfaces not
only on the stone blocks destined for the global market but also on the quarry walls.
The proposal for the White Mountain National Forest seeks to use these extraction industry practices opportunistically to simultaneously produce in-situ architecture
simply by re-calibrating the standard raw material extraction. By taking into acount
the resultant form of the quarry, inhabitable space can be defined and carved into the
stone. In this way, the process of extraction is not only productive in its production of
raw materials but also productive in its construction of built environment.
81
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Appendix
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"GenY is finally in a mood to buy (houses)"
"Millennials Forge Fresh Trends in Home Buying"
'The
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one catalyst
financial system imploding in2008 which led to more than
is and well among Millennials, expets say.'
housIng bubble might hav been
that contributed to the
million people
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'They're nor that
different from their parents, except they're not as wowed by
luxury and arm more likely to demand technology
and flexible spacef
"Real Unemployment Rate: For Millennials
It's a Crushing 16%, and Getting Worse"
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102
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103