What is the Internet?
History
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The Internet links the diverse peoples of the world in
electronic conversations and commerce.
The Internet seems to have sprung up overnight.
While that is NOT true, the perception is still rather
valid.
Since 1991 the number of Internet users has
grown from less than 500,000 to hundreds of
millions if not billions.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History
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The Internet was once the exclusive realm of US
government agencies, universities and research
organizations.
Now it is open to just about anyone who has access
to a computer anywhere in the world.
Increasing access is one of the motives of the One
Laptop Per Child initiative we discussed the first
week of class
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
Some Definitions
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Computer Network: is a group of computers and
computer devices linked together over
communications (wired and wireless) “lines” so that
information, resources, and ideas can be shared.
Local Area Network (LAN): is a network that covers a
limited geographic area such as a group of offices, a
building, or a number of nearby buildings.
When a group of LANs are connected we have an
internet. (this intentionally has a small “i”)
The Internet (capital “I”) can be thought of as the
linking of hundreds of thousands of LANs into one
world-wide, seemingly random collection of
interconnected devices.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History
The Internet was born in 1969 out of the threat of
war.
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Four universities, University of California at Los Angeles,
University of California at Santa Barbara, University of
Utah, and Stanford Research Institute were linked
together in the first ever truly wide-area-network.
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This network was funded by the Defense Department.
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ARPAnet: funding was through Advanced Research
Project Agency
ARPAnet had two purposes
1.
This was a cold-war era military project. A decentralized
network of computers to coordinate military operations
2.
Great Idea: It was hoped that the network would enable
scientists and researchers to share idea and information
quickly and easily. (It’s this second idea that changed the
world)
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Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History
ARPAnet
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1969 – 4 sites called hosts
1971 – 20 hosts and nationwide including schools such as
Harvard, MIT, Utah, Illinois as well as California schools.
1972 – Ray Tomlinson writes a program that creates the
ability to transmit electronic mail over ARPAnet.
Great Idea: Tomlinson invented the ‘user@host’ convention.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History
1979, Idea of the
Internet grabs the
attention of the
growing Tech
world.
Cover of Computer
Magazine Sept. 1979
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History- Early 1980s
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1981 – 200 hosts
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NSFnet
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US allies express interest
IBM releases the IBM PC
Prior to this Internet existed as a network of large systems
Mid-1980s, NSF created a high-speed electronic structure, or
backbone,
connected the five national supercomputer centers with
ARPAnet
Supercomputer centers available to researchers nationwide.
NSF worked to connect smaller regional networks to ARPAnet
Universities not the US military/government were major
players
1983 – Gaming company – Video Crop founded running an
independent dial-up network running on Apple IIs and
© 2008 by Helene G.
Commodore 64s. Grandparent of America Online Copyright
Kershner
What is the Internet?
History
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1988 – First “worm” attacks ARPAnet effecting 6000 or the
60,000 computers then connected.
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US govt. creates Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) to
deal with such incidents.
1988 -- Canada, Denmark, Finalnd, France, Iceland, Norway
and Sweden come “online”.
Ordinary citizens cannot gain access to ARPAnet/Internet
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Quantum Computer Services (who later changed their name to
America Online) provide Internet-like service to general public for
a fee.
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Standard service – news, reference, email
Enhanced service – standard plus hardware and software forums
NOT connected to the Internet
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History -- 1989
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January, 80,000 hosts
November, 160,000 hosts
More nations: Australia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico,
Natherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom
Great Idea: Tim Berners-Lee invents the concept of
hypertext systems that can run across the Internet
independent of a computer’s operating system. (This
is the idea of a Browser!)
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This enabled the formation of the World-Wide-Web as we know it
today.
MCImail and CompUServe join America Online in the email for
a fee environment.
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They are NOT connected to the Internet
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History -- 1990
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ARPAnet is decommissioned. NSFnet takes over
responsibility for service to universities and
researchers worldwide.
300,000 host systems
More nations come on board: Argentina, Austria,
Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea,
Spain and Switzerland.
Tools are invented and special services provided in medicine
and finance.
Worm attacks increase
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History -- 1992
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Internet get’s its own professional society to direct
policy and set direction
Great Idea: Students at University of Indiana take
Berners-Lee’s idea and create the first browser called
MOSAIC.
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Commercial spinoff is Netscape.
Now non-Techies can use the Internet
Until 1992, user community doubled every year, this
year it doubled it’s user base in 3-months.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History -- 1993
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The United Nations and the White House are added
to the list of accessible sites.
AOL goes after the general public
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People with little familiarity with computers
User-friendly, kid-friendly, family friendly
Competitors are going after the Techies
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History -- 1993
AOL for Windows
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History – Late 1990s
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1995
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Independent services start providing Internet access.
Search Engines Yahoo and Altavista appear
1996
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Microsoft releases Internet Explorer
Browser war and lawsuits of Microsoft as a monopoly begin
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Great Idea: AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) released,
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changing the way people communicate over the Internet
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1998
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AOL buys Netscape, creates alliance with SUN Microsystems
Google arrives, with a new kind of search mechanism using
ranking rather than categories.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History – The new Century
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2000
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Time Warner buys AOL. This was supposed to create a
mega-competitor to Microsoft. NOT!
Dot com bubble bursts
2001 – Great Idea: Google uses a new search idea,
ranking of sites rather than categories.
JuniperResearch Internet population forecast:
Between 2006 and 2011, “38 percent increase in the
number of people with online access will mean that,
by 2011, 22 percent of the Earth's population will
surf the Internet regularly.”
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History – Things to Think About
Some see the Internet as having two stages:
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Before Browsers (Mosaic and the World-WideWeb)
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A world of shared but “flat” information
Email, newsgroups, heavy US government involvement
After Browsers
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Truly a WORLD-WIDE web
Dynamic, 3-dimensional, ever changing, International
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History -- Things to Think About
The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History
by Gregory Gromov
Epilogue and Prologue ...
The WWW creates a multidimencional Web of Roads.
Those Roads have their beginning at the civilization
that was raised on a concept of a plane BOOK; the
civilization that has existed for thousands of years.
The Hyperlinks -- Roads of WWW -- lead from a BOOK
of a plane text to the multidimencional Universe of
WORDs, to the WORD's WORLD, which becomes the
kernel concept of the next civilization...
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
Internet History Links
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
www.computerhistory.org/internet_history
www.netvalley.com/archives/mirrors/davemarsh-timeline1.htm
www.informationweek.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml?arti
cleID=1931047230
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL#History
www.hm-treasury.gov.uk
www.netvalley.com/archives/mirrors/davemarsh-timeline1.htm
www.netvalley.com/intval/07262/main.htm?sdf=1
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Digital_divide
Kershner, H.G., “Computer Literacy 3rd Ed.,” 2000
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
History -- 1992
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Digital Divide
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Haves vs have-nots
Rich vs poor
First World vs Developing world
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
So Who Owns the Internet?
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It was started by the US government.
It’s goal was to create a complex, redundant,
interconnected web of computers that could survive
just about anything.
The success of the Internet is obvious.
Blackouts, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes and
floods interrupted service in the localized areas The
rest of the system runs interrupted.
The goal was to create a network with no central
node, no core, no center.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
So Who Owns the Internet?
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No One owns the Internet.
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Individuals, corporations, and governments own or
control parts of it.
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The Internet does have coordination.
Volunteers from many nations serve on advisory
boards and steering committees to develop
standards and provide coordination to the Internet.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
So Who Owns the Internet?
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Great Idea: The Internet Society – is the
Internet’s central coordinate (www.isoc.org)
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an international volunteer organization
sets Internet standards and policy in a
cooperative way
Anyone can join
This open invitation makes the Internet a truly
worldwide, democratic organization.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
So Who Owns the Internet?
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Each associated network governs itself and agrees to
live by the standards set by the volunteer Internet
boards.
Different organizations and nations create
regulations and rules that govern the operation of
individual sub-nets
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Within the US individual states have different rules
Rules that govern the Internet in the United States are
much more liberal than those that govern the Internet in
China.
These rules change constantly in response to the
needs of the citizens and users in different locations.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner
What is the Internet?
So Who Owns the Internet?
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Other organizations play critical roles.
InterNIC is a non-profit group
 Originally created by the National Science Foundation
 Now independently funded
 Coordinates Internet registration throughout North America.
 Anyone wanting a permanent connection ( in North America)
the Internet must register with InterNIC.
 Organizes and keeps track of site names and site addresses,
 Sets the rules on registration
 Sites pay an initial registration fee and annual fees thereafter.
 Coordinates and approves names on a first-come, first-served
basic.
 Rules governing names increasingly reflect copyright and
trademark regulations and require continuous use of the
names.
Similar “NIC” exist throughout the world and coordinate their
registrations.
Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner