THE STORE FOR J.
C. PENNEY COMPANY
MASSACHUSETTS
IN FRAMINGHAM,
BY
KYU LEE
SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
DEGREE OF BACHELOR
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
IN ARCHITECTURE
AT
THE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
1957
JUNE,
SIGNATURE
AUTHOR
OF
.
.
.
.
o4 ARCHITECTURE, JUNE
DEPARTMENT
CERTIFIED
.
BY
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
THESIS
ACCEPTED
BY
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
1957
.
SUPERVISOR
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CHA IRMAN,
DEPARTMENTAL
UNDERGRADUATE
COMMITTEE
THES IS
ON
.
.
.
*
27-A
MCLEAN
STREET
MASSACHUSETTS
BOSTON,
JUNE,
PIETRO BELLUSCHI,
DEAN
SCHOOL
OF ARCHITECTURE
AND
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
DEAR
DEAN
PLANNING
TECHNOLOGY
BELLUSCHI:
IN
QUIREMENTS
1957
PARTIAL
FOR
THE
FULFILLMENT
OF
DEGREE, BACHELOR
THE
RE-
IN
I HEREWITH RESPECTFULLY SUBMIT
A THESIS ENTITLED, "THE STORE FOR J.C. PENNEY
COMPANY IN FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHUSETTS.
ARCHITECTURE,
SINCERELY
LEE
YOURS,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I RECEIVED
TO THANK
FOR THE ADVICE, CRITICISM, AND ENCOURAGEMENT
DURING
THE
PROCESS
OF
THIS
DESIGN,
THE MEMBERS OF THE THESIS
OF ARCHITECTURE,
I
WISH
COMMITTEE OF
DEPARTMENT
OF
THE DEPARTMENT
OF
THE MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY OF THE
ARCHITECTURE AND CITY PLANNING,
OF
THE
THE
MEMBERS
AND
CONSTRUCTION,
MR.
OF
DANA
L.
FACULTY
BOWIE, MANAGER
FRAMINGHAM,
OF
OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS,
THE DEPARTMENT
WHO
J.
C.
ACTED
BUILDING
PENNEY COMPANY
AS
MY
SUPPOSED
CLIENT,
MR.
OF
MELVIN
CITY
AND
F. LEVINE, GRADUATE OF M.
REGIONAL
PLANNING,
CONSULTANT,
THE
MEMBERS
OF
MY CLASS.
WHO
I. T.,
ACTED
AS
DEPARTMENT
MY
PLANNING
THESIS ABSTRACT
THE STORE FOR J. C. PENNEY COMPANY
IN FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHUSETTS
KYU LEE
THE
ITIES
IN
OF
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS
M.I.T.
JUNE, 1957
INTENT
OF
RELOCATING
ACCORDANCE
WITH
BUSINESS DISTRICT
THE
THIS
THESIS
THE
IS
PRESENT
THE
FUTURE
OF
J.
C.
BECAUSE
OF
STUDY
AND
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS.
BETTER
SITE
ZATION OF
DESIGN
THE
THE
AND
DISCUSSION
MADE TO
VITAL
ARE
STORE
AS
OF
BEEN
THE
MEANING
A
IN
J. C.
ON
RELATION
AND
HOW
COMPREHENSIVE
AS WELL
PENNEY COMPANY
THE
HAS BEEN
HISTORICAL
PLACED
WHOLE
OF
POSSIBIL-
CENTRAL
HOW
TO
TO
THE
SELECTED
BACKGROUND
SELECT
SPACIAL
TO COORDINATE
STORE
PLANNING
AS TO ENHANCE
FOR
INTERIOR
A
ORGANI-
REQUIRED
TO GIVE
SPACE
STORE.
GENERAL
ARE
THE
TOWN
ELEMENTS
CHARACTER
OF
FOR
ITS PARTICULAR
HAS
THE
MASSACHUSETTS.
PENNEY COMPANY
THE
EMPHASIS
OF
REDEVELOPMENT
FRAMINGHAM,
MAJOR
EXAMINE
STORE
OF
STORE
TO
TO
DESIGN
OF
OBJECTIVES
THE CENTRAL
SOLVE
PLANNING
STORE PLANNING.
INTRODUCED
ARE
FORMULATED
BUSINESS DISTRICT.
PROBLEMS
DESIGN
AND DISCUSSED.
AFTER
BRIEF
SUGGESTIONS
ON CIRCULATION WHICH
OBJECTIVES
FOR
THE
STORE
IS
THE
SC LUTIONS
FOLLOWING
ARE
PRESENTED:
FOR GENERAL DESI GN
OBJECTIVES:
A)
CONCORD
CIRCULATION
STREET
IS
PLACED
BY
RATING
AUTOMOBILE
BLOCKED
PEDESTRIAN
AND
AND
WALKWAY
RESEPA-
PEDESTRIAN
CIRCULATION.
B)
TWO
PARKIAG
LEVEL
.iAVELING
THEIR
PARKING
DISTANCE
AUTOMOBILES
GIVING
TO
TO
MINIMUM
SHOPPERS
THE
FROM
SHOPPING
AREA.
I.
FOR
STORE
A)
CREATION
MATE
B)
DESIGN
OF
SPACE
OBJECTIVES:
COLUMN-FREE
F OR
AND
CREATION
OF
INTI-
CONTRAST.
COORDINATION
OF
ELEMENTS
INTRODUCED.
ARE
SPACE
STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
AND
MECHANICAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
CBD LOCATION
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
AND DESCRIPTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATION
FOR
.
OF
.
.
THE
.
.
.
.
.
TOWN
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
PLAN
.
.
.
.
6
TOWN AS
. . . .
.
13
.
14
. .
17
.
19
REDEVELOPMENT
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR GENERAL PLAN OF THE
A WHOLE
. . . . . . .
..
...
. . . . . .
SOLUTIONS
TO
THE
OESIGN OBJECTIVES
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PROGRAM
DESIGN
.
.
.
.
OBJECTIVES
IMPROVEMENTS ARE
SOLUTIONS TO
DESIGN
.
.
FOR SITE
MADE
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
THE STORE
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
AFTER GENERAL
. . .
. .
. .
FOR SITE
OBJECTIVES FOR
......
.
.
SELECTION
OBJECTIVES
FOR
TO DESIGN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
a
DESIGN
OBJECTIVES
SOLUTIONS
.
.
C. PENNEY COMPANY
J.
OF
I
. .
SELECTION
.
20
.
21
.
.
.
.
.
23
THE
STORE
.
.
.
.
26
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
INTRODUCT ION
POPULATI ON
RAPID
HOUS ING
HAM,
MASSACHUSETTS,
FOR
BOSTON,
PRODUCES
NEW
YORK,
PROBLEMS
CONGESTION,
CONTINUED
OF
PARKING,
UNHEALTHY
URBAN
THE
COMMUNITY
FEELING
PAST
BY
THE
OF
ELEMENTS
BEST
IN
AND
INTEGRITY
UNITY
AND
COMMUNITY'S
EACH
USE
THE
THE
TO
VARIETY,
COMMUNITY
RAD ICAL
CITY
BE
THE
TASK
CONTROLLED
PLAN
OF
EXISTING
TOWN
THE
AND,
ABOVE
ALL,
BEAUTY
HAS
ECONOMIC,
ITS
HEREAFTER CENTRAL
ABBREV IATION, CBD.
AND
BUSINESS
OF
PROCESS
DISTRICT
A
OSTLY,
CH ANGE
THE
IN
QUESTION0
TO USE
IS
BY
T HE
ETC.,
THEM.
THEIR
A RCH
ITECTS
AND
PLANNER S
CREATING
MODERN
TO
GOVERNMENT,
ELEMEN TS
ACH IEVE
AESTHETIC,
EXPRESSED
STOP
TC
POSSIBLY
CITY
CONTINUITY,
SUCH
T RAF F IC
INEFFICIENT
CAN
IN
THE
AN D
CHANGES
AUTOMO BILES,
COMMUNITY,
FRAMING-
YEARS
RE GULATIONS,
TODAY
ARCHITECT'S
VARIE TY,
TO
OR
OF
COMMUNITIES
RECENT
IN
EXISTING
OF
TOWN
REDEVELOPMENT
NEIGHBORLINES S
TOWN
NOT
ALL
GOAL
COMMUNICATION,
I
A ND
BRING
IN
THE
R AILROADS,
WITH
HAVE TO
HARMONY,
ETC.
AND
AND
COOPERATING
REALITY
HO USING,
INDUSTRY,
ADVANTAGE
PLANNERS,
ZONING
PARTICULAR
PLANNER'S
THE
RE VISING
STR UCTURE
AND
OR
METROPOLI TAN
ETC.,
OF
THE
AND
BUSI NESS DISTRICT.
OH ICAGO,
DETERIORATION
OF
EXPANSION
MANY
INDUSTRIAL
INCREASING
CENTRA L
DOWN-TOWN
IN
AND
PROX IMITY
FORECAST
OCCURING
IS
PHENOMENA
AS
THE
THE
IN
DEVELOPMENT
PROPOSAL
GROWTH
TO
BALANCE,
COHERENCE,
A DDING
EXPRESSING
T HE
TOWN
AS
WILL
W HOLE.
BIOLOGICAL,
SOCIAL,
GOALS,
A
AND
BE
SOLUTION
INDICATED
BY
2
OF
THE
NITY
AS
PROBLEM
AND
WELL
HAS
DIFFERENT
AS
TO
THE
TO
BE
OF
GENERAL
ORGANIZATIONS
MANAGER
OF
J.
INTEREST
INVOLVED
0.
PENNEY
IN
TO
THE
STUDIES
COMPANY.
OOMMUOF
080
5
CBO LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN
THE
rOWN
FOR
ACTIVITIES
EDGE
OF
OF
THE
FRAMINGHAM
A
SMALL
BOSTON
OF
OF
THE
THE
HAVEN,
NORTH-SOUTH
AROUND
OF
THE
9,
THROUGH
MAJOR
COMMERCIAL
THE
AREA
ABOUT
TRANSPORTATION
TOLL
ROAD,
COMPLETED
THERE
OF
COULD
SERVE
HISTORIC,
AS
TOWN
A
IS
CBD
EASILY
ZATION
OF
WESTERN
BETWEEN
THE
IN
THE
OB:
LINE
OF
THE
BOSTON
FREIGHT
AND
RAILROAD,
STATE
LINE
THE
THE
AND
OF THE NEW
INTERSECTION
135
HIGHWAY ROUTE
WITH
INDICATED
TURNPIKE,
MILE
NORTH
THE
IT
HAVE
IN
CONCENTRATED
THE
WHICH
OF
(B ).
MAP
RUNS
THE
EAST-WEST
CB0
IS
MASSACHUSETTS
FURTHER
NORTH,
NOW
THE
TURNPIKE,
AND
WILL
BE
YEAR.
NUCLEUS
AND PEDESTRIAN
USE
A
A TOWN
CIVIC,
MOTIVE
WAY
THE
OCCUR
MAIN
FACILITY.
THIS
AT
ON
AND WORCESTER.
ACTIVITIES
PARALLEL TO
EXISTS
GROUP
THE
RUNS
WITHIN
AS
WORCESTER
FRAMINGHAM
HALF
COMMERCIAL
126.
ROUTE
THE
AREA,
NORTH-SOUTH
HARTFORD
OF
COMMUNITIES
JUNCTIONS
THE
CENTER
OF BOSTON
MASSACHUSETTS
JUNCTION
ROUTE
OF
EAST-WEST
AND
EAST-WEST
MOST
A
THE
RAILROAD WITH
NEW
YORK,
CITIES
TRANSPORTATION
INTERSECTION
ALBANY
GROUP
THE
METROPOLITAN
MAJOR MASSACHUSETTS
TWO
IS
ELEMENTS.
AND
OF
A
HALL,
A TOWN COMMON,
COMMERCIAL
BUILDINGS,
WITH
A
WHICH
COMMUNITY.
GRASPED
CUSTOMERS
VISUALLY,
BECAUSE
OF
BOTH
ITS
BY
THE
CLOSE
AUTOORGANI-
MAs wuA
-~~~~~~~ -T--(4-4Ak
P HIa
MA5AC5USTTS
2.HA-
90STO
Lo1391
AAP
6.A -
E-D.
5-rumLL
meM
Plaiw
..........--....
....
....-
IGkL'GROV
CEMEERY\
XT
AUBURNNAUBTRSST
EDGEL
GROE
C-::.iAs
ELL
-
WORESTRTEARYY
44
RDEENR
S
t;A3
AAELL
Fd
.
AllW.
| PToR
CA T
REW
F
4or
1erf$
I.
LEG
LEVINE
Q
BEiRSA-
OR
R
)
NER
ooP
6
GENERAL CONSIDERATION FOR REDEVELOPMENT PLAN 2
I.
POPULATION:
IN
VIEW OF
PAST
THAT
MATED
FROM
60
THUS
THE
THE
PER
PAGE
2.
OVER
TRADE
WORLD,
POPULATION
RATES
OF
POPULATION
CENT
NEW
SHOPPER'S
GROWTH
ESTIMATES
AREA WOULD
FIGURES
CONTAIN
ARE
ELEVEN
INDICATED
IN
ESTI-
INCREASE
INFLUENCE
OF
COMMUNITIES.
THE
GRAPH
ON
8.
INCOME:
A
RECENT
STUDY
OF
FRAMINGHAM AREA
THE
$100
itOVER
REGIONAL
41.7
WITH
INCOME
PER CENT
INCOME"
WEEKLY
DISCLOSED
IN MASSACHUSETTS.
ITS
IN
FAMILIES
THE
THAT
TO
TOWN
PER
IN
27.4
CAPITA
DATE.
FAMILIES
BRACKET
WAS
SECOND
INCOME FOR
FROM
INCOME
THE
PROBABLY
BE
FOR
1948
INCREASED
SHARP
RISE
ATTRIBUTED
GROWTH
IN THE
QUANTITIVE FIGURES
FROM MELVIN
INCOME
"EFFECTIVE
THE
TO
TOWN
THE
PER
STATE
THIS
PER
INCOMEit
HAS
ONLY
RESPECT
CENT
OF
CENT
QUALITY
SHOWS
RELATIVE
WHOLE FROM
VALUE
WHILE
DATA
RISEN
AS A
IN FRAMINGHAM
TO
THIS
IN
CATEGORY.
1955,
63.5
IN
44.4
HAD
BUYING
THE
THE
ITS
AREA
FOR MASSACHUSETTS
PERIOD.
DENTIAL
LATTER
SAME
INCOME
PER CENT
CAPITA
THE
ITSELF,
PER CAPITA
UP TO
THE
THAT
OF
TO THE WEALTHY WELLESLEY-BROOKLINE AREA
2
IS
1970.
BY
CONSIDERING THE
AREA,
IT
POPULATION,
THE
1955
THE
WOULD
OF
1948
INCREASED
FRAMINGHAM PER
OVER
THE
SAME
INCOME
LEVELS CAN
OF
NEW RESI-
THE
AREA.
LISTED IN THIS SECTION WERE
LEVINE'S M.C.P. THESIS, 1956.
OBTAINED
7
Tr~*w
29
t~wsAvor ~
Mrniy~..
Izs
DI
~*%..
'5OLTON
$TO
SLA.ee/
9
I HUI ~OM
.U
..
i
1
I
\1(4
0
I
L0OE
OZ4
or
~~-=-4
a AI It Iff-&I
A
.ru
U PTO
(
C AMTO K
l.FO12
WA
-,2
jr
1
12(
f
TAE
AREA MAP'
SCAL1 INhi
L.
0
z
o 6o
4
o
FRAMINGHAM
CBD
QBD'e
o
NEARBY
*
SHOPPERSt WORLD
MAJoR
FRAMINGH|AM
FUTURE
T An
8
000
170,
130
140
10
l40o
4o
so
4-0
20
0
194S
l'rso
lqC
19("06
19'T0
9
CBP,
HOWEVER,
4.
BENEFIT
SUCH
TO
LAND
USE:
DIAGRAM ON
PAGE
AROUND
THE
CBD.
PUBLIC
OPEN
EXCEPT
FOR
OF
RECREATIONAL
GENERAL
TO
AND
ONLY
PLAY
THE
AREA
AS
ORIENTED
BE
INCOME
LOW
GROUPS.
USE THIS
DEVELOPMENT
TO
THE
THIS
PLANNING
RE-ROUTE
FREIGHT
THE
HARTFORD RAILROAD
AND
THE PUBLIC
OPEN
INCORPORATED
IN
AREA FOR
FACILITIES ARE
SPACE OF
OPEN
GROUNDS.
TOWN
NEW HAVEN
NEW YORK,
POND
FARM
THE
IS
SCHOOL
RECOMMENDING
OF
AND
SOUTH
SPACE:
CATEGORY
TRACKS
TO
AND
10 SHOWS APPROXIMATE LAND USE PATTERN
GROUND
IS
INCOME
HIGH
COMMON
BOARD
5.
BOTH
NORTH
HAS
AND
GROUP
TOWN
THE
FROM
SHOPPERS
TO MID-INCOME
OF' LOW
3.
DRAWS
TO BE
EAST
SPACE.
THE
PLAN.
CIRCULATION:
1949, 69
As
OF
BY
AUTOMOBILE,
23
BY
BUS.
MOST
WHICH
TRADE
NEW
CBD,
THE
CREASE
AT
SINCE
SING.
PER
OF
WILL
IF TRADE
IS
TO
ESTIMATED
44
OF
CENT
ANALYSIS
INCREASE
OF
THE
ORIGIN
IN
1949
TRAFFIC
PER CENT
IN AREAS
OUTLYING
CIRCULATION
CAME
FROM
INCREASE
CONVERGES
AT
A
AT
WITH
ON
RAILROAD
THROUGH TRAFFIC
OF
AND
10
CAME
WILL
FROM
IN-
IN PROPORTION.
TRAFFIC
AUTOMOBILE
INCREMENT
BE
AUTOMOTIVE
DIRECTIONS, MEETING
THE
AND
POPULATION
COME WILL
THE
ANOTHER WAS
PER
THE
CBD
OF THE
PATRONS
CENT WALKED,
OF
SIX
OF THE
CENT
VOLUME
PRESENT,
FROM
PER
56
PER
THE
GRADE
FROM
CENT,
DESTINATIONS
DESTINATION DATA
FROM
CBD
CROS-
ONE AREA
TO-
LEAVING
IN
THE
OBD.
A SURVEY
N
Soo
1
1
iZoo
3Rvmwl===X
0
II
MADE
1950
IN
53
ABOUT
DESTINED
THE
PER
CENT
FOR
THE
ORIGIN
AND
MOST
OF
AUTOMOBILE
FROM
MAP
SOUTH
USING
16,725
THE
WILL
SHOPPERS
WAS
CENT
THROUGH
1950
IN
FOR
A TWELVE-
VEHICLES.
ARRIVE
BOSTON ALBANY
THE
WILL
THE 08
IN
FLOW
CUSTOMERS
126
ROUTE
INFLUENCE OF
OF
AREA
5 -)
ON PAGE
PER
SURVEY CONDUCTED
APPROXIMATELY
NORTH-WEST
EAST
6.
DESTINATION
WAS
AREA
47
THEN
CBD.
PERIOD
THE
TRAFFIC
THROUGH
TOTAL, LEAVING
THE
OF
HOUR
FROM THE
THAT
AVERAGE DAILY
THAT
SHOWED
DISCLOSES
TO
CBD
AND
RAILROAD
FRAMINGHAM CENTER.
AREA
(SEE
FROM NORTH-
APPROACHING
BECAUSE
BE DEPRECIATED
OF
THE
SHOPPER'S WORLD.
PARKING:
PRESENT
i,168
PARKING
PARKING
TRAFFIC
THEN.
3.5
TO
IN
FACILITIES
FACILITIES
CBD HAS
THE
OVER
FOR 6 ,o0)CARS,
ENOUGH
500,000
PROPORTION
5,200
PARKING
RECOMMENDATION
BLIGHTED AREA
SHOPPING
SHOPPERS,
SPACE
SQ.
TO
FT.
ASSUMED
REGIONAL
3,100,
ESTIMATE,
20
PER
CENT
WHILE
PARKING
SINCE
OF
SELLING
DEMAND
INCREASE
POPULATION
AND
IN
WILL
SPACES.
WAS
BOTH
MADE BY MELVIN
EAST
DISTRICTS
CREATING
SYSTEM.
BASIC
AS
PARKING RATIO
I,
ROUGH
PARKING
INCREASED
A
1949
OF
HAS
IS
THE
SHORT
ESTIMATED
SHOPPERIS WORLD
SPACE
BE
ARE
AND
AND
SIMILAR
LEVINE TO CLEAR
WEST SIDE
PROVIDE
EFFECT
ONE
OF
THE
AREA
BEHIND
LEVEL PARKING
TO SHOPPER'S
WORLD
FOR
12
7.
THIS
SYSTEM
HAVE
TO
PING
AREA.
HAS DISADVANTAGE
WALK
QUITE
(SOME
DISCUSSION
GRADE
OF
AND
CROSSING
BOSTON ALBANY
SHOW
CROSSES
THE
PER
CREASE
5
EFFORTS
FOR
TO
THE
INTERSECTION
OF
HAVE BEEN
DISTRIBUTION
66
AREA CROSSES
OF
THE
AT
THAT
TRAVEL.
29
HAVE
SHOPPERS
RAILROAD
SUMMATION AND
CBD
DISTANCE
TO
SINCE
REACH
TO
800
WALK
THEY
THE
FEET.)
SHOP5
ELIMINATION OF
THE
CONCORD
AND
STREET
CONTINUALLY
IN PROCESS
1895.
SINCE
DATA
LONG
SHOPPERS,
CROSSING:
RAILROAD
THE
A
TO
THE
PER
THE
TRACKS;
THROUGH
RAILROAD
TRACKS
THROUGH
CENT CROSSES
OF
CENT
OF
THE
OF
ORIGIN AND
OF
THE
CBD
TRACKS.
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC
IN THE COURSE
TRAFFIC
THE
TOTAL
DESTINATION
IN
THE
ORIENTED
AREA
THE
THE
THEIR
93
PER
TRAFFIC,
PREDICTED
SUGGESTS
OF
IN
ONLY
FUTURE
ELIMINATION
CROSSING.
REFER TO MELVIN LEVINE'S THESIS, CBD MASTER PLAN.
CENT
INOF
13
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR GENERAL PLAN OF THE TOWN AS A WHOLE
I.
IMPROVE
ACCESS
IN
MUNITIES
FACILITIES,
2.
REINFORCE
3.
CLEAR
4.
SEPARATE
THAT
THE
TRADE
PARKING,
5.
PROVIDE
ADEQUATE
6.
MAINTAIN
7.
PROVIDE
MENTS TO
OF
FIRM
THE
A GENERAL
RESIDENTIAL
CHARACTER
PEDESTRIAN,
AREAS.
CD.
OF
CBD, so
THE
AUTOMOBILE,
AND
BE CLEARED.
080.
FOR
OF
THE
CORE
OF
THE
TOWN
AND
TRY
CONDITION.
ELEMENTS
WITH AUTOMOBILE
A
THE
SITUATION.
TRAFFIC WITHIN
OF
PATTERS
CHARACTER
IMPROVE THE
COPE
ALL,
TRANSPORTATION
OF
TRAFFIC
IMPROVE
PARK ING
CREATE CONTRASTING
TO
8.
THE
MEANS
FROM NEARBY
FORMS
FOR
CIRCULATION
TO
AND
CONFLICTING
SERVICE
BY
TRADE
AREAS
CIRCULATION
AREA
COM-
ADJOINING
FROM THE
AREA
AND CLEARED
PEDESTRIAN
BLIGHTED
CBD
TO THE
SHORT
080
LAND
TO BE
USE
SCALE
RANGE
THE
IN
TOWN
CORE
AND PEDESTRIAN
PLAN
FOR
IMMEDIATE
IMPLEMENTED WITHIN
PLAN
FOR
THE
CBD
IN
ORDER
SCALE.
IMPROVE-
THE CONTEXT
AREA.
SOLUTIONS TO THE DESIGN OBJECTIVES
1.
TRAFFIC
SOUTH
AS
ON
OF
THE
AUTHOR
AND
SYSTEM
WILL
THE
PLAN
WAY
STREET
THE
CBD
STREET
HALL
THE
PLAN,
BE
ALL
MAP
IS
FROM
ELIMINATION
CREATION
WAY
15.
ABOVE,
IS
AND
TO
THE
BETTER
OBJECTIVE
BY MR.
LEVINE
THE
No. 2,
EXCEPT
AROUND
THE
PEDESTRIAN
CIRCULATION
THEREFORE, UNDERPASS
HAS
TO BE
CREATED BEHIND
IN
THE
THE
PEDESTRIAN
BRIDGE
ACCESS
ON
TO
IS
THE
PEOPLE
MET
SPACESPOSSIBLY
OF
DOUBLE
AND
WEST
OF
THE
SHOPPING
MAP
IN PAGE
15.
CONFLICTING
ON
MAP
IN
OBJECTIVE
PARKING
PAGE
15,
FORM
15,
PAGE
No.
SPACES
OF
5
IN
BY
CLOSER
OF
TO
ONE
IN
DISTRICT,
IS
THE
AP-
THE
TOWN
ORDER
TO
RAILROAD
TO
DISTRICT.
OF
BAND
PARKING
AREA
INDICATED
SEPARATED
ARE
OF
NORTH, AND
BLIGHTED
AS
ONE
DISTRICT.
IN
SOUTHERN
LEVEL,
TRAFFIC
WHICH
OVER
THE
15,
FROM
INTRODUCING
IS CAHRIED
INSTEAD
PAGE
CONSTRUCTED
IS
No.
IN
CIRCULATION
3
OBJECTIVE
MAP
THAT
PREFERY
RESIDENTIAL
BRING
PEDESTRIAN
REALIZED.
WITH
INDICATED
THE
SINCE CIRCULATION
SOUTH
AS
THROUGH
RAILROAD,
BY
AND
HALL,
OF
PEDESTRIAN MALL
ACCEPTED
PLAN,
SIMPLIFIED
OF
DOWN
PAGE
IN THIS
SATISFIES
PROPOSED
BY
THE
ON
GREATLY
CONFLICTS
AND
STATED
SYSTEM
OUT
NORTH
GIVE
5.
CARRIED
INCORPORATED
PEDESTRIAN
4.
ON
ALSO
PROACHING
3.
TOWN
LEVINE'S
CIRCULATION
2.
IS
CONCORD
INDICATED
MR.
I
No.
OBJECTIVE
AS
EAST
ON
THE
INDICATED
SELF-EXPLANATORY.
OUT
THE
LEVEL
BY
CBD
PROVISION
AREA,
PARKING
SHOWN
OF
ON
SUGGESTED
DOUBLE
MAP
BY
IN
U,!
/
II)
~~2W
-~
II El
1j~i
r
I-
C'
0
4
'4
-t
10
1. TOWN HALL
2. <H UC4
S. U1.S. PosT
WFICE
TOWN 4:0Mo
THEATER
0'.
q.
?AMW. IN0.
6.
-
A
LANDfUSX WA
HOTEL
doICHEI5TU
I.. . sTrTio,
FUTUI
PACK
16
MR. LEVINE,
LEVEL
THE
UPPER
THE
SHOPPING
VIDED
AS
INTO
SERVICE
WATER
RATIO
4
:
OF
BE
WILL
DISTANCE HAS
P-ULLED
THE
WHILE
STREET,
ONE
TWO AREAS,
OF
THE
PARKING
THE
HAS
SYSTEM
SERVICE
LEVEL
PARKING
TOWN
AREA
TO
PARKING
THE
AREA.
50
PER
CENT
NEXT
TO
THE
WILL
TO
THIS
AREA
BE
DI-
BE USED
IT.
CONSIDERED;
SALES
OF
BACK
SHOPS
THE
DEPRECIATES
I AT FIRST STAGE AND 2 : I
CONSIDERING
BEEN
THE
LEVEL
LOWER
TO
BE MINIMIZED.
TO
TO
CLOSER
CLOSER
CIRCULATION AND
UNDERGROUND
HIGH
WALKING
SINCE
HOWEVER,
APPROACH.
WILL
BE
IN COMPLETE DEVELOPMENT,
EXPANSION
OF
STORES
TOWARDS
17
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF J. C. PENNEY COMPANY, ESTABLISHED
IN 1902
FORTY
SMALLER
CHAIN
ARE
YEARS
AGRICULTURAL
STORES
SUBURBAN
THE
SPREAD
1,720
ABOUT
J. C.
AGO,
PENNEY
TOWNS
IN
IN
ALL
STORES
IN
THE
STORES
FAR
WERE
SINCE
NEST.
FORTY-EIGHT
COMMUNITIES
FOUND
STATES,
LARGE
THEN
AND
AND
IN
NOW
SMALL
THESE
THERE
AND
IN
DEVELOPMENTS.
UNIQUE
FEATURES
OF
THE
COMPANY'S
OPERATION
ARE
AS
FOLLOWS:
I. A
2.
3.
MANAGER,
ASSISTANT
FIFTEEN
REGULAR
EMPLOYEES
DO
MILLION
DOLLARS
A
A
THE
COMPANY
FOR
CASH
IT DOES
YEAR
NONE
IN
OF
A
A
BUSINESS
SMALL
MAIL
STAFF
CITY
ORDER
OF
OF
OR
PERHAPS
SOME
HALF
A
TOWN.
BUSINESS
BUT
SELLS
ONLY.
NOT
JEWELRY,
HAS
AND
MANAGER,
IMPULSE
CARRY
BUT
MOSTLY
DRY
DECISION
MAKING
IS
GOODS
SOTT
SUCH
GOODS
OF
AND
COSMETICS
AS
MIDDLE
TO
LOW
PRICES.
4.. ALL
BRANCH
MANAGER
MERCHANDISE
TO CARRY
RESPONSIBLE
FOR
FIXING,
5.
A
STORES.
WITH
OTHER
FIGURE
BELOW
WORTH,
RESULTING
LITTLE
REAL
IS
ESTATE
MANAGERS
CORRECTLY
WHEN
TO
CARRY
IT.
BUDGET
ON
ADVERTISING,
HE
WHAT
IS
STORE
RELOCATION.
CHAIN
PART
OF
EACH
IN
JUDGE
AND
AS
OF
TO
PENNEY'S
IN
HANDS
HAS
AND
FIXING
REMODELING,
COMPARED
ON
STORES,
THE
MOST
HIGH
PROFIT
PER
FROM
A
POLICY
POSSIBLE.
FIRM
NOTEWORTHY
DOLLAR
OF
OF
NET
OWING
AS
%OF
EARNING
PA ID
EARNINGS
% OF
SALES
EARN ING
AS
OF
NET WORTH
NET WORTH
SEARS
500,489,000
22.o6
5.6
41.7
WARD
4L4,226,000
12.2
4.9
37.9
144,705,000
27.7
5.0
54.9
276,042,000
14.7
6.8
57.3
97,983,000
15.3
3.8
42.9
PENNEY
WOOLWORTH
ALLIED
ST.
1946 - 1949
6.
AMONG
AND
THE
J.
MISCELLANEOUS,
REPORTED
STORE
DEPARTMENT
C.
COMPANIES,
PENNEY
COMPANY
SALES
STORES
DEPT.
CORP.
H.
MACY
'4
5
FIELD
IN
MILLION
440
389
321
& CO.
291
GIMBEL BROS.
MARSHALL
TH E HIGHEST
417
STORES
FEDERATED;DEPT.STORES
R.
HAS
$950
J. C. PENNEY
MAY
ESPECIAL LY APPAREL
FIGURE:5
SALES
COMPANY
ALLIED
AVERAGE
&
00.
225
101-132, FORTUNE MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER 1950 ISSUE.
FROM PAGE 338, TABLE 12, CHAIN STORES IN AMERICA,
1859 ROM
1950
PAGE
BY GODFREY M.
LEBH.AR, NEW YORK
1952
19
PROGRAM
PRESENT
SQ. FT.
A.
BASEMENT
BASEMENT
3,000
SELL ING
NONSELLING
270
To ILET
FOR
OEPT
30
ING
i,196
STOCKROOM
EX-
HEAT-
EQUIPMENT
ROOM.
200
H & V
MAIN
IS
ELIMINATED
LAYAWAY
B.
NOTE
PROPOSED
SQ. FT.
FLOOR
4,500
SELL I NG
12,500
NONSELLING
LAYAWAY
350
TOILET
100
2,550
STOCKROOM
LOAD I NG
70
200
PROV IS ION
FOR
2
TRUCKS
C.
MEZZANINE
SELL ING
810
4,150
270
450
NONSELLING
OFFICE
I
MANAGER'S
OF-
F ICE
10,146
TOTAL
D.
PARKING
REFER TO AREA
ON LAND USE
MAP OF OBD ON
PAGE
15
B
I
SECRETARY
I
FILE
ROOM
20,450
35,000
2:1
RATIO
PARK-
ING TO SELLING.
THE PLAN DESCRIBED
IN PREVIOUS SEOTION
ON
PARKING.
20
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR SITE SELECTION AFTER GENERAL
IMPROVE-
MENTS ARE MADE.
1.
THE
STORE
MUST BE
OTHER
SPECIALTY
SHOPS
ALONG
ORDER
TO CRE.ATE
BALANCE AND
OF
LOCATION
STORE
THE
SUCH AS
J. C.
LOCATION
SOUTH
JORDAN
OF
END
OF
STREET.
THE
OF
STORE
PROPERLY
THE
MOVIE
3.
C.
LOW
LOCATED
FUNCTIONAL
OTHER
THE
NEW
6
KELLEY,
FROM
CLOSER
TO ROUTE
TO
FURTHER
THE
9
THAT THE
DEPRESSED
END
OF
THE
THE
SHOP-
ELEMENTS
TO
MUST
INCOME
ENHANCE
AND MUST
THE
HOTELS,
SPECIALTY
STORE
MIDDLE
OF
DEALS WITH MASS
COMPANY, WHICH
PENNEY
SO AS
COMMODATE PROPOSED
SELLING
INDICATES
COMPANY DEPARTMENT STORE AT
MARSH
TO
A WHOLE
THEATERS,
AND
SHOPPERIS WORLD
PROJECT
J.
FROM
TOWN AS
CATEGORY,
STORE
6
OF
PEOPLE
AMONG
OOMPANY, SHOULD BE CENTRALLY LOCATED.
OF CUSTOMERS
CIRCULATION
PING
THE
IN
DISTRICT.
FAIR COMPETITION
OFFER
DEPARTMENT
CHAIN
PENNEY
EXPERIENCE AT
PAST
2.
A
OWNERS,
SHOPPING
THE
TO
RELATION
IN
CONSIDERED
BE
THE
SUCH
HAS
TO
SPACIAL
GROUPED
TOWN,
BANKS 9
GROUP
AS
CHURCHES,
BE
QUALITY
OF
WITH OTHER
RESTAURANTSs
OPEN
SPACES,
SHOPS.
BE
LOCATED
FIRST
FLOOR
ON SUCH A SITE AS TO ACSPACE
WITH NO
BASEMENT
AREA.
EUGENE
PAGES
J.,
80-83
LOCATING
CONTROLLED SHOPPING
CENTERS,
21
SOLUTIONS TO DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR SITE SELECTION.
OBJECTIVES
DISCUSSION WITH
MANAGER
SETTS,
OF
THE
WHO
POTENTIAL
IS
OF
THE
CATE
THE
TAKING
THE
STORE
PART
OF
STORES ALONG
THE
OF
THE
THE
TO
THE
B)
FRONTAGE VALUE
SITE
IS
THE
SITE
IS
LOCATED
BY
ARE
PRESENT
RIGHT
DEPRESSING
IN
IN THE
THE
IN
PEDESTRIAN
CATED
OF
HABITS,
FEET
IT
HOWARD
AND
BUYING
FRONTAGE
WAS
AND
AGREED
OFFERS
TO
CONCORD
AND DEMOLISHING
ADVANTAGES
LOCATED.
PER
FOOT,
RELO-
STREETS,
SMALL
OF
THIS
RELOCATION
SEE
MAP
INSTEAD
ON PAGE
OF
22.
|14.00
LOCATION.
THEATERS,
THE
BE RELOCATED
NEW
45
OPPOSITE TO
EXISTING
WOULD
THE
WITH
STREET
THE
CHURCH,
THE
FOR
BOWIE,
THE
THE
TOWN COMMON
STORES,
AND
CHAIN
PUBLIC
NUCLEUS OF
AND
STORES9
BUILDINGS.
THE
TOWN.
(SEE
22.)
PAGE
CLOSED
L.
DANA
THE
AREA.
OTHER DEPARTMENT
LOCATED
VISUALLY
NEEDS,
OF
$17.00
is
THE
ON
THE
CENTRALLY
AT
RESTAURANTS,
D)
AND
FOOT
MAP
AFTER
STREET.
PER
IS
MR.
OUT
AS FOLLOWS:
THE
IT
CARRIED
EXPANSION,
HOWARD
FOR
THE
CORNER
SAME
STORE ARE
ARE
CLIENT,
SITE
FUTURE
THE
THE
SURROUNDED
IN
PRESENT
A)
C)
WITH
PUBLIC
REASONS
NEW
AUTHOR'S
FAMILIAR
OF
3
AND
C. PENNEY COMPANY OF FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHU-
J.
EVEN THOUGH
POSSIBILITY
I, 2,
Nos.
STORE
TOWN.
NEW
SMALL
STORES
EVENT
THAT CONCORD
CIRCULATION;
AND HOWARD
LAND USE
WILL
ENHANCE
MAP
THE
ALONG
HOWARD STREET
STREET
PARKING
FACILITIES
STREET CLOSED,
ON
PAGE
VISUAL
22.
IS
AS
INDI-
THEREFORE,
QUALITY
OF
THE
CORE
E
K
f
N
P
A
ISO.#
in-
52.
*,
52
I4OTEL
K'
I-i-A
rzx
I~i
!AI~K
-
'1
1THEATEE
.i
'9'
-~
s
2
tf
"~
'9
'I
-
THE ATKI.
'
'F~41-
5..s.
-A.
n9t.-
.D
7s
5
ml ATE
TO0
--
-
(,0MMON
2
-4
-p
/A
-A
0
-
V2~A E P
WOOL
WOR.'T 4
V
'53
rlI
L
CH
.
-LP
7 - ~
z4,~~AL4-
I5T'3
S 1- T E
57'LP
23
DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR THE STORE
I.
2.
3.
CREATE
SELLING
SPACE
VOLUME,
AND
6.
BUYING
MERCHANDISE.
ADJUSTABLE
TO
SEASONS,
BE
TO BE
DURABLE
AND
IN
CONTROL
MEANS
ENHANCE
FUNCTIONAL QUALITIES
MEANING
ORDER
RELATE
RACKS
ON
VERTICAL
AND
CEILING
SCULPTURAL
TO
MERCHANDISE
THE
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
WALL ABOVE
COMPETE WITH
SHOE
TO
SPACES.
THEM
TO
FALSE
EQUIPMENTS.
OF
EACH ELEMENT.
TO
STRUCTURE.
AS
THE
AND
STORE
THE
AS MUCH
HAS
IF POS-
POSSIBLE
ON
ONE
OR
EXCEPT
DECORATION
TO TIE
FIRST
MEZZANINE
VISION
HAS
TO
SYSTEM
BE
CUSTOMERS t
AND
CREATED
SUCH
AS
EIGHT
FEET,
MEANS
LETTERING
FROM MERCHANDISE,
OR
BY
IN
POSSIBLY
ORDER
MOVE-
NOT
OF
AND
ALONG
TO
MERCHANDISE DISPLAY.
DEPARTMENT
LET
AWAY
SEVEN
INTIMATE
CUSTOMERS1
BEHIND
PIPING
IN
SYSTEM
ELEMENTS
CUSTOMERS1
MENT
OPEN
AND
AND
TOGETHER.
TO
BLE
OF
MINIMUM
ACCESS
CREATE
HIDDEN
DUCT
EXPOSED
EASY
THE
SALES
TABLES.
HAVE
TWO
PROVIDE
BE
ECONOMICAL
THAN
THESE ELEMENTS
OR
TO
INTERIOR
TO
SHOULD
MERCHANDISE
RATHER
MECHANICAL
OF
THE
TRENDS.
CEILING
COLORING
8.
OF
ITS
NONVERBAL
7.
TO
FOR DISPLAY
EXPRESS
OPEN
5.
SPACES
HAS
STRUCTURE HAS
SIBLE,
4.
FLEXIBLE
FLOW
STAY
SPACES
THIS
FOR
CUSTOMERS
IS PARTICULARLY
AND
CHILDRENtS
HAS
TO
IN
THE
BE
IMPORTANT
FLEXITO
DEPARTMENT.
CONTROLLED
STORE
WELL AS
AS
AS
LONG
AS
AS
SUCH
IN
ORDER
POSSIBLE.
PREFERRED
PORTION
9.
OF
LET
THEM
TOWARDS
STORE
IS
PASS
THEM
FRONT
TO
LET
SIDE
HAS
TO
THEM
AREA
SELLING
THE
THAN
OF
10.
FLOW
THROUGH
MOVE
THE
CENTER
SIDE
AISLES
RATHER
OENTER
AISLES
AND
FROM
THE
TOWARDS
DIRECT
AISLES.
BE
DESIGNED
SO
AS
TO
GIVE
SUGGESTION
OPENNESS.
STORAGE
CHAIN
SPACES
STORE.
ARE
KEPT
IN
MINIMUM FOR
THIS
TYPE
OF
25
k
(
4
4,
.4'
4
Y
'
4.
4
£
A~
A
J1IL~.'E I'
liii!
HIlL U I~L&.
I
Polo-
/
-:.
'
4.
4
26
SOLUTION TO DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR THE STORE
I.
COLUMN-FREE
PORTION
2.
OF
CONCRETE
ING
SPACES
WAS
THE
SELECTED
SYSTEMS
THE
AIR
IS
AND
IN
SHOWCASES
AND
OF
SKETCH ON
6.
IBID.
7.
IBID.
8.
OBJECTIVE
FINAL
DRAW-
SPACE
DUCT
FOR
WORK.
CONCRETE
CEILING,
WI rH
DUCT
THE
WORK,
STRUCTURAL
0 PEN I NGS
INDICATED,
META
PAGE
ON
TA BLE S
ARE
PAGE
AND
SYSTEM
27.
DUCT
WORK
. CASEMENTS.
CIRCI ILATION
AIR
SPRINKLER
DIAGRAM
IS
ALSO
27.
DESIGNED
FOR
MAXIMUM
MERCHANDISE.
DRAWINGS
PAGE
No.
ON
INTERIOR
ED
OUT
DECORATION
AND
28.
8
IS CARRI
ENTRY
TION
MERCHANDISE,
GOODS.
THE
I )RAWING ON
DRAWING
TROLLED
OF
THE
THE
IN
US ING
DISPLAY
FINAL
TO
REFER
THE
AT
BOTH
EN DS
A
REQUIREMENTS.
TOG ETH ER
WITHOUT
IN
CONDITIONING
ON
AND
SPACE.
AIR C OND ITION ING
THE
MEZZANINE
PROVIDE ADEQUATE
AIR
THE
VENTILATING
INDICATED
EXHIBIT
5.
THROUGH
THE
INDICATED
REQUIRED
INDICATED
SIMPLIFIED
HEATING
4.
AS
ON
SELLING
TO
AND
IS
COMBINED
ROOF
PASSES
ORDER
SATISFY
WIRING,
ARE
FLOOR
PIPING
WOULD
ELECTRICAL
OF
OF
INTRODUCED
SYSTEM
IN
FIREPROOFING
STRUCTURE
3.
FIRST
STRUCTURAL
INSTALLMENT
SINCE
ARE
OF
IMP ULSE,
BY
THE
PROVIDING
SINGLE
STORE
DISTRIBU-
AND
CONVENIENCE,
AND
CON-
DEMAND
27
F1'TUEES
VII
MTOIJ
SYZ T.
DUC.T NO7LK-
WARJ4 AMt
A..40Pw
4A
PLAN4
N
I
19AN gOI
suic'rou. AA.
-A dm d"4,03orhia I1
co
C'j
-oil
I
I,
11>"'.*.
22-'
11
1
4
I
N
'N
29
9.
THE
OF
FRONT
SYSTEM,
AS
THE
INDICATED
FACADE FACES
PROV
IDED TO MEET
IN
DESIGNED
THE
FINAL
WITH
AND
GLASS
DRAWINGS.
SINCE
SUN CONTROL CONSIDERATION
THE
FOLLOWING
LOUVER
THE
IS
ALSO
6
7
REQUIREMENTS
1
2
3
4
5
AZIMUTH
380sw
620sw
77.5 0 sw
88-5 0 sw
84w
18Ow
67.50
58.50
480
360
250
150
150 SW
29 0 sw
41.5 0 SW
52.5 0 sw
ALTITUDE
230
180
STORAGE
SPACE
ALTITUTE
DECEMBER
IN
ORDER
IS
FREE
TO
SOLUTIONS
OTHER
11.50
RESTRICTED
THE
PERTAINING
THE
SURROUNDING
BUILDING
ROOF
OTHER
HEIGHT
STRUCTURE
BUILDINGS
FUNCTIONAL
PORTION
TO
GENERAL
BUILDINGS
ARE
OBTAINED
LINES
SIMILAR
THE
AREA
RATHER
THE
STORE
OBJECTIVES:
NEW STORE
FLOOR
OF
AREA.
THE
SHOWS
MEANING
ONE
OF
AND
IN
SUNSET
TO
SELLING
COHERENCE CHARACTERISTICS
OF
P.M.
22:
AzIMUTH
A)
WEST,
IS
22:
JUNE
10.
STORE
OF
THAN
BY
ADJACENT
EFFECT OF
EXCEPT
WITH
THE
USE
REST
OF
BUILDINGS.
CORNICE
LINES
THIS WILL ALSO
MERE DECORATIVE
OF
GIVE
EXPRES-
S ION.
CANOPIES
AS
B)
TO
ARE
APPLIED
FOR
SUN
CREATE CONTINUITY ALONG
BETWEEN
THE
WALKWAY
IS
NEW
STORE
ESTABLISHED
AND
TO
CONTROL
THE
SHOPPING
GILCHRISTtS
TIE
PURPOSES
AS
WELL
STREET.
STORE,
PEDESTRIAN
THE
PARKING
AREA
UNIVERSAL SUN CHART, ARCHITECTURAL
EDITION, NEW YORK, 1956.
GRAPHIC
STANDARD,
AND
CENTRAL MALL.
7
FIFTH
30
C)
PLANTED
ON
AREA
SECOND
IS PROVIDED
FLOOR
PARKING
TRANSITION BETWEEN
ZONE
D)
AND
PEDESTRIAN
STRUCTURAL
ENTER
THE
HIGH
AT
THE
LEVEL
EASTERN
IN
TO
OF
THE
STORE
CREATE A
SPEED AUTOMOTIVE CIRCULATION
ZONE.
SYSTEM GIVES DIRECTION
STORE.
ORDER
END
TO
SHOPPERS
AS
THEY
31
B IBL IOGRAPHY
DESIGN
FOR
NEW
MERCHANDISING.
MODERN
F.
YORK:
W.
DODGE
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ARCHITECTURAL
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1954,
Pp.
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FRAMINGHAM YOUR T OWN YOUR PROBLEM.
PUBLISHED BY PLANNING
STUDENTS IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN, HARVARD
CAMBRIDGE, 1948
UNIVERSITY.
GIEDION,
SIGFRIED,
SPACE,
TIME
AND
CAMBRIDGE,
ARCHITECTURE.
1956,~PP. 232KELLEY, EUGENE,
REGIONAL
TRAFFIC
SHOPPING
CENTERS.
CONTROL.
CENTERS;
THE
ENO
LOCATING
FOUNDATION
CONNECTICUT,
KETCHUM, MORRIS, SHOPS AND STORES.
CORPORATION, N.Y., 19L3.
CONTROLLED
FOR
HIGHWAY
1956
REINHOLD
PUBLISHING
KRAUSE, BENJAMIN L., A DEPARTMENT STORE FOR GRAND RAPIDS,
MICHIGAN.
ARCHITECTURAL THESIS, M. I. T., 1939
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CHAIN STORES IN AMERICA, 1859 - 1950,
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1951.
LEBHAR,
GODFREY,
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M.C.P. THESIS, M . I. T.,
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"PENNEY'S,
PP.
RAMSEY
KING
B.
ZAR
THE
SOFT
GOODS",
FORTUNE
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(SEPTEMBER
1950)
101-132.
AND
SLEEPER.
EDITION,
TURNER,
OF
NATIONAL
NEW
JUDITH,
ARCH.
INA-HANER,
STREET,
ARCHITECTURAL
YORK,
ASTRA,
STANDARD,
FIFTH
1956.
DECENTRALIZATION
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GRAPHIC
A
LADIES
APPAREL
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1955