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‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 1 : ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÆü®Ö ÛúÖµÖÖÔ®¾ÖµÖ®Ö ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯Ö®Ö ............................................................................................. 1
1.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÆü®Ö ÛúÖµÖÖÔ®¾ÖµÖ®Ö ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ .......................................................................................1
1.2.2 ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÆü®Ö Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ...........................................................................................................................3
1.2.3 ÃÖ›üÛú ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÆü®Ö ÛúÖ ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö ..............................................................................................................10
1.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ........................................................................................................... 11
1.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö........................................................................................................................................... 11
1.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ...................................................................................................................................... 12
1.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ........................................................................................................... 12
1.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯Öšü®Ö .............................................................................................................................. 12
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 2 : ÃÖ›ÌüÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ Ûêú ÃÖÖ¬Ö®ÖÖë ÛúÖ ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ................................................................................... 13
2.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ........................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ .......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ................................................................................................................ 14
2.2.1 ÃÖ›ÌüÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ...............................................................................................................14
2.2.2 ´ÖÖ»Ö ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÆü®Ö µÖÖ ´ÖÖ»Öœãü»ÖÖ‡Ô ...........................................................................................................20
2.2.3 ÃÖ¾ÖÖ¸üß µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ............................................................................................................................26
2.2.4 ¯ÖϲÖÓ¬Ö®Ö Ûúß •Öºþ¸üŸÖ ........................................................................................................................28
2.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ........................................................................................................... 29
2.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö........................................................................................................................................... 29
2.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ...................................................................................................................................... 30
2.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ........................................................................................................... 30
2.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ...................................................................................................................... 30
2.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ............................................................................................................................. 30
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 3 : ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯Ö®Ö ŸÖ¢¾ÖÖë ÛúÖ ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ................................................................................................. 32
3.0 ˆ§êü¿Ö ............................................................................................................................................. 32
3.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ .......................................................................................................................................... 32
3.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ................................................................................................................ 32
3.2.1 ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ‡×ŸÖÆüÖÃÖ .................................................................................................................32
3.2.2 ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ¯Ö®Ö ¯ÖÏ×ÛÎúµÖÖ ........................................................................................................................36
(I)
3.2.2 ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ÛúÖµÖ¤üÖë ÛúÖ †®Öã¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ ...........................................................................................................43
3.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖ×ŸÖ •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ........................................................................................................... 44
3.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö........................................................................................................................................... 44
3.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ...................................................................................................................................... 44
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3.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ...................................................................................................................... 45
3.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯Öšü®Ö .............................................................................................................................. 45
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 4 : ™ÒüÖÓÃÖ¯ÖÖê™Ôü ´ÖÖÛìúØ™üÝÖ (µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ×¾Ö¯ÖÞÖ®Ö).................................................................................... 46
4.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ........................................................................................................................................... 46
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4.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ................................................................................................................ 46
4.2.1 ÝÖÏÖÆüÛú Ûúß ¯ÖÆü“ÖÖ®Ö .........................................................................................................................46
4.2.2 ´ÖÖÛìú™ü ÃÖ¾Öì µÖÖ ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸ü ÃÖ¾Öì ..............................................................................................................49
4.2.3 ÛúÙü´Ö¸ü ÛêúµÖ¸ü/ÃÖÙ¾ÖÃÖ .....................................................................................................................51
4.2.4 ›üÖ™üÖ²ÖêÃÖ ÛúÖ ×®Ö´ÖÖÔÞÖ †Öî¸ü ˆ¯ÖµÖÖêÝÖ ....................................................................................................53
4.2.5 µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ Ûêú †®µÖ ÃÖÖ¬Ö®ÖÖë Ûêú ÃÖÖ£Ö ÃÖ´Ö®¾ÖµÖ .......................................................................................55
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4.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö........................................................................................................................................... 57
4.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ...................................................................................................................................... 57
4.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ........................................................................................................... 58
4.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ...................................................................................................................... 58
4.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ............................................................................................................................. 58
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 5 : ¯Ö׸ü“ÖÖ»Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ¯ÖϲÖÓ¬Ö®Ö - I ....................................................................................................... 59
5.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ........................................................................................................................................... 59
5.1 ¯ÖÏßÖÖ¾Ö®ÖÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 59
5.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ................................................................................................................ 60
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5.2.2 ÛúÖµÖÔÃ£Ö»Ö Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü .......................................................................................................................64
5.2.3 ÃÖÓ“ÖÖ¸ü Ûúß ×¾Ö×¬Ö ............................................................................................................................68
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5.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö........................................................................................................................................... 70
5.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ...................................................................................................................................... 70
5.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ........................................................................................................... 71
5.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ...................................................................................................................... 71
5.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯Öšü®Ö .............................................................................................................................. 71
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 6 : ¯Ö׸ü“ÖÖ»Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ¯ÖϲÖÓ¬Ö®Ö - II...................................................................................................... 72
6.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ........................................................................................................................................... 72
6.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ .......................................................................................................................................... 72
(II)
6.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ................................................................................................................ 72
6.2.1 ´ÖÖ»Öœãü»ÖÖ‡Ô Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ±úÖò´ÖÔ †Öî¸ü ׸ü¯ÖÖê™Ôü ................................................................................................72
6.2.2 ×¾Ö׳֮®Ö ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü Ûúß ‡®Ö¾ÖÖò‡ÃÖ, ˆ¤ËüÝÖ´Ö µÖÖ ´Öæ»Ö ãÖÖ®Ö ÛúÖ ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖ¯Ö¡Ö, ´Öæ»µÖ ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖ¯Ö¡Ö, »Ö¤üÖ®Ö ¯Ö¡Ö (×²Ö»Ö †Ö±ú
»ÖêØ›üÝÖ), þÖÖãµÖ ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖÞÖ¯Ö¡Ö .............................................................................................................79
6.2.3 šêüÛúÖë Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü - ÛúÖ¸ü¯ÖÖê¸êü™ü/ÃÖ¸üÛúÖ¸üß ..................................................................................................83
6.2.4 šêüÛêú¤üÖ¸ü Ûúß ¯ÖÖ¡ÖŸÖÖ µÖÖ µÖÖêݵ֟ÖÖ, “ÖµÖ®Ö, šêüÛêú Ûúß ¿ÖŸÖí, ‡®ÖÖ´Ö †Öî¸ü •Öã´ÖÖÔ®ÖÖ, ˆ¯Ö-šêüÛêú .....................................85
6.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ........................................................................................................... 88
6.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö........................................................................................................................................... 88
6.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ...................................................................................................................................... 88
6.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ........................................................................................................... 88
6.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ...................................................................................................................... 89
6.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ............................................................................................................................. 89
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 7 : ¾ÖÖÆü®Ö ................................................................................................................................... 90
7.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ........................................................................................................................................... 90
7.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ .......................................................................................................................................... 90
7.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ................................................................................................................ 90
7.2.1 ¾ÖÖÆü®ÖÖë Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü †Öî¸ü ¾ÖÖÆü®ÖÖë ÛúÖ “ÖµÖ®Ö .............................................................................................90
7.2.2 ¾ÖÖÆü®Ö Ûúß ²ÖÖò›üß Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ................................................................................................................98
7.2.3 ÃÖÆüÖµÖÛú †Öî¸ü †Ö¬Öã×®ÖÛú ˆ¯ÖÛú¸üÞÖ ...................................................................................................104
7.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖ×ŸÖ •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ......................................................................................................... 108
7.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö......................................................................................................................................... 109
7.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................... 109
7.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖ×ŸÖ •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ......................................................................................................... 109
7.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................... 109
7.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯Öšü®Ö ............................................................................................................................ 109
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 8 : ÛÓú™êü®Ö¸üÖë ÃÖê ´ÖÖ»Öœãü»ÖÖ‡Ô (ÛÓú™êü®Ö¸üÖ‡•Öê¿Ö®Ö) ................................................................................. 111
8.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ......................................................................................................................................... 111
8.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ........................................................................................................................................ 111
8.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ .............................................................................................................. 112
8.2.1 ÛÓú™êü®Ö¸üÖ‡•Öê¿Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ˆ¤ËüÝÖ´Ö µÖÖ †Öê׸ü×•Ö®Ö ..........................................................................................112
8.2.2 ÛÓú™êü®Ö¸ü Ûêú †ÖÛúÖ¸ü .......................................................................................................................114
8.2.3 ÛÓú™êü®Ö¸ü Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü/¯ÖÆü“ÖÖ®Ö ...............................................................................................................116
8.2.4 ÛÓú™êü®Ö¸üÖë ÃÖê œãü»ÖÖ‡Ô Ûúß ÃÖã¸üõÖÖ ..........................................................................................................122
8.2.5 †ÖµÖÖŸÖ †Öî¸ü ×®ÖµÖÖÔŸÖ ´Öë ÛÓú™êü®Ö¸üÖë Ûêú ‡ÃŸÖê´ÖÖ»Ö Ûúß ¯ÖÏ×ÛÎúµÖÖ‹Ó ................................................................ 127
8.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ......................................................................................................... 130
8.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö......................................................................................................................................... 130
8.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................... 131
8.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ......................................................................................................... 131
8.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................... 131
(III)
8.9 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ........................................................................................................................... 131
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 9 : ´ÖÖ»Öœãü»ÖÖ‡Ô õÖê¡Ö Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Ö²Ö»Ö Ûúß †Ö¾Ö¿µÖÛúŸÖÖ ................................................................. 133
9.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ......................................................................................................................................... 133
9.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ........................................................................................................................................ 133
9.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ .............................................................................................................. 133
9.2.1 ×¾Ö׳֮®Ö ´ÖÖ»Öœãü»ÖÖ‡Ô Ûêú ÛúÖµÖÖí Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ÃÖÓÝÖšü®ÖÖŸ´ÖÛú œüÖÓ“ÖÖ ....................................................................135
9.2.2 þÖÖ×´ÖŸ¾Ö µÖÖ ×´Ö×»ÛúµÖŸÖ ÛúÖ ¯Öî™ü®ÖÔ ...................................................................................................139
9.2.3 ×¾Ö׳֮®Ö ¯Ö¤ü †Öî¸ü ¯Ö¤üÖ®ÖãÛÎú´Ö (ÆüÖµÖ¸üÖÛúá) ...........................................................................................142
9.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ......................................................................................................... 148
9.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö......................................................................................................................................... 148
9.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................... 148
9.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ......................................................................................................... 149
9.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................... 149
9.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ................................................................................................................... 149
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 10 : ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ õÖê¡ÖÖë Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ™ÒüÖÓÃÖ¯ÖÖê™Ôü †Ö¯Ö¸êü¿Ö®Ö .............................................................................. 151
10.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 151
10.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ...................................................................................................................................... 151
10.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 152
10.2.1 ¯ÖîÛúÃÖÔ †Öî¸ü ´Öæ¾ÖÃÖÔ †Ö¯Ö¸êü¿Ö®Ö ........................................................................................................152
10.2.2 ÜÖ®Ö®Ö µÖÖ ´ÖևخÖÝÖ ......................................................................................................................155
10.2.3 ŸÖê»Ö †Öî¸ü ¸üÃÖÖµÖ®Ö ˆªÖêÝÖ .............................................................................................................157
10.2.4 Ûæú׸üµÖ¸ü/¯ÖÖÃÖÔ»Ö ..........................................................................................................................161
10.2.5 ¸êü±Ïúß•Ö¸êü¿Ö®Ö ...............................................................................................................................164
10.2.6 †Ö™üÖê Ûîú׸üµÖÃÖÔ...........................................................................................................................167
10.2.7 †Öê›üßÃÖß ..................................................................................................................................168
10.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 169
10.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 169
10.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 170
10.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ....................................................................................................... 170
10.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 170
10.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ................................................................................................................. 171
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 11 : ×®Ö´ÖÖÔÞÖ ˆ¯ÖÛú¸üÞÖÖë Ûêú ™ÒüÖÓÃÖ¯ÖÖê™Ôü †Ö¯Ö¸êü¿Ö®Ö ............................................................................. 172
11.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 172
11.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ...................................................................................................................................... 172
11.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 172
11.2.1 ×®Ö´ÖÖÔÞÖ ˆ¯ÖÛú¸üÞÖÖë Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü .........................................................................................................174
11.2.2 ÛúÖµÖÔ Ûêú õÖê¡Ö .............................................................................................................................178
11.2.3 ¯ÖÏÖׯŸÖ (¯ÖÏÖꌵÖÖê¸ü´Öë™ü) Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü .......................................................................................................182
(IV)
11.2.4 ÃÖÓ“ÖÖ»Ö®Ö †Öî¸ü ÃÖã¸üõÖÖ Ûúß ÃÖÖ¾Ö¬ÖÖ×®ÖµÖÖÓ ............................................................................................185
11.2.5 ´ÖÖ®Ö¾Ö²Ö»Ö Ûúß ¯ÖÏÖׯŸÖ, ¯ÖÏ׿ÖõÖÞÖ †Öî¸ü Ûú»µÖÖÞÖ Ûêú ´Öã§êü ........................................................................188
11.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 190
11.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 190
11.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 190
11.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ....................................................................................................... 190
11.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 191
11.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 191
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 12 : †Ö¯ÖÖŸÖÛúÖ»Öß®Ö ˆ¯ÖÖµÖ (‡´Ö¸ü•ÖëÃÖß ×¸üïÖÖÓÃÖ) ............................................................................ 192
12.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 192
12.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ...................................................................................................................................... 192
12.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 192
12.2.1 ÃÖ›ÌüÛú ¤ãü‘ÖÔ™ü®ÖÖ ...........................................................................................................................195
12.2.2 ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ®ÖÖë/¾ÖÖÆü®ÖÖë Ûúß “ÖÖê¸üß †Öî¸ü ›üÛîúŸÖß ............................................................................................199
12.2.3 †ÖÝÖ ÃÖê ²Ö“ÖÖ¾Ö ..........................................................................................................................202
12.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 206
12.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 206
12.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 206
12.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ....................................................................................................... 206
12.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 207
12.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 207
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 13 : ™ÒüÖÓÃÖ¯ÖÖê™Ôü õÖê¡Ö ´Öë ÃÖß‹ÃÖ†Ö¸ü (ÛúÖ¸ü¯ÖÖê¸êü™ü ÃÖÖê¿Ö»Ö ׸üïÖÖò×®ÃÖײÖ×»Ö™üß) .......................................... 208
13.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 208
13.1 ¯Ö׸ü“ÖµÖ ...................................................................................................................................... 208
13.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 209
13.2.1 ÛúÖ¸ü¯ÖÖê¸êü™ü ÃÖÖê¿Ö»Ö ׸üïÖÖò×®ÃÖײÖ×»Ö™üß (ÛúÖ¸ü¯ÖÖê¸êü™ü ÃÖÖ´ÖÖוÖÛú ¤üÖ×µÖŸ¾Ö) .....................................................213
13.2.2 †Ö¯Ö¤üÖ ¯ÖϲÖÓ¬Ö®Ö Ûêú ˆ¯ÖÖµÖ .............................................................................................................218
13.2.3 Ûú´ÖÔ“ÖÖ¸üß µÖÖ ÁÖ×´ÖÛú Ûú»µÖÖÞÖ (›ÒüÖ‡¾Ö¸ü : ÛêúÃÖ Ã™ü›üß - †ÝÖϾÖÖ»Ö ¯ÖîÛúÃÖÔ ‹Ó›ü ´Öæ¾ÖÃÖÔ) .................................224
13.2.4 ÃÖã×¾Ö¬ÖÖ Ûëú¦ü : ›ÒüÖ‡¾Ö¸ü ¯ÖÏ׿ÖõÖÞÖ †Öî¸ü †ÖÛú»Ö®Ö ................................................................................232
13.2.3 ¯Ö߯Ö߯Öß ´ÖÖò›ü»Ö ......................................................................................................................... 234
13.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 238
13.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 238
13.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 239
13.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑד֋ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ....................................................................................................... 239
13.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 239
13.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 240
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 14 : ÃÖ¾ÖÔÁÖêšü ¯Ö׸ü¯ÖÖ×™üµÖÖÓ .......................................................................................................... 241
14.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 241
(V)
14.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 241
14.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 241
14.2.1 ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ Ûêú ³Öߟָü .........................................................................................................................242
14.2.2 ÃÖ¸üÛúÖ¸üß õÖê¡Ö.............................................................................................................................248
14.2.3 ¯Ö߯Ö߯Öß ´ÖÖò›ü»Ö ...........................................................................................................................252
14.2.5 ×¾Ö¤êü¿ÖÖë ´Öë ÃÖß‹ÃÖ†Ö¸ü .................................................................................................................262
14.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖ×ŸÖ •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 262
14.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 262
14.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 263
14.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖ×ŸÖ •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ...................................................................................................... 263
14.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 263
14.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯Öšü®Ö .......................................................................................................................... 263
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 15 : ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ÛúÖ ×¾ÖÆÓüÝÖ´Ö ¥ü¿µÖ................................................................................ 265
15.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 265
15.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 265
15.2.1 ¦ãüŸÖÝÖÖ´Öß ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÆü®Ö Ûêú ´ÖãÜµÖ ÃÖÖ¬Ö®Ö ................................................................................266
15.2.2 µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ Ûêú ÃÖÖ¬Ö®ÖÖë ÛúÖ “ÖµÖ®Ö .....................................................................................................267
15.2.3 ¯ÖÖ¸üÖ™ÒüÖÓו֙ü ...............................................................................................................................268
15.2.4 ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ Ûúß ¸üÞÖ®Öß×ŸÖ µÖÖ ¾µÖæÆü¸ü”Ö®ÖÖ .............................................................................269
15.2.5 ‹ÃÖ™üßµÖæ µÖÖ ¸üÖ•µÖ µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ˆ¯ÖÛÎú´ÖÖë Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü .................................................................................271
15.5.6 ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ †Ö¾Ö¿µÖÛú ²Öã×®ÖµÖÖ¤üß œüÖÓ”ÖÖ .....................................................282
15.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 284
15.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 286
15.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 286
15.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ...................................................................................................... 286
15.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 286
15.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 287
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 16 : ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ÃÖê ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ......................................................................................................... 288
16.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 288
16.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 288
16.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 288
16.2.1 ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ®µÖ ¿Ö²¤ü ............................................................................................................................288
16.2.2 ¾ÖÖÆü®Ö Ûúß ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ..................................................................................................................290
16.2.3 µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ Ûúß ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ..............................................................................................................292
16.2.4 ÛúÖµÖÔ¿ÖÖ»ÖÖ Ûúß ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ............................................................................................................298
16.2.5 ÛúÖÙ´ÖÛú ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .....................................................................................................................302
16.2.6 ×¾Ö¢ÖßµÖ ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ......................................................................................................................306
16.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 308
16.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 309
(VI)
16.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 310
16.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ...................................................................................................... 310
16.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 310
16.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 310
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 17 : ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ÛúÖ ×®ÖµÖÖê•Ö®Ö †Öî¸ü ÝÖÏÖ´ÖßÞÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¿ÖÆü¸üß ‡»ÖÖÛúÖë Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ´ÖÖÝÖÔ ÃÖ¾Öì ............ 312
17.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 312
17.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 312
17.1.1 ¿Ö²¤üÖë Ûúß ¯Ö׸ü³ÖÖÂÖÖ .....................................................................................................................312
17.1.2 ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ×®ÖµÖÖê•Ö®Ö .....................................................................................................313
17.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 314
17.2.1 ÝÖÏÖ´ÖßÞÖ ‡»ÖÖÛêú ´Öë ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ÛúÖ ×®ÖµÖÖê•Ö®Ö ........................................................................314
17.2.2 ¿ÖÆü¸üß ‡»ÖÖÛêú ´Öë ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ÛúÖ ×®ÖµÖÖê•Ö®Ö .........................................................................326
17.2.3 ÛÓú¯Ö®Öß Ûú´ÖÔ”ÖÖ׸üµÖÖë Ûêú ×»Ö‹ µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ Ûúß µÖÖê•Ö®ÖÖ ............................................................................336
17.3 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 337
17.4 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 337
17.5 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ...................................................................................................... 339
17.6 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 340
17.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 340
17.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 340
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 18 : ×Ûú¸üÖµÖê ÛúÖ œüÖÓ”ÖÖ †Öî¸ü ×Ûú¸üÖµÖÖ ÃÖÓÝÖÏÆü ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ...................................................................... 341
18.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 341
18.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 341
18.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 342
18.2.1 ×Ûú¸üÖµÖÖ ×®Ö¬ÖÖÔ¸üÞÖ Ûúß ´ÖãÜµÖ ²ÖÖŸÖë ...................................................................................................342
18.2.2 ×Ûú¸üÖµÖÖ ×®Ö¬ÖÖÔ¸üÞÖ ÛúÖ ´ÖÖî•Öæ¤üÖ “Ö»Ö®Ö ...............................................................................................343
18.2.3 þ֟ք ×Ûú¸üÖµÖÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö®Ö ...............................................................................................................349
18.2.4 ×Ûú¸üÖµÖÖ ÃÖÓÝÖÏÆü ¯ÖÏÞÖÖ×»ÖµÖÖë Ûêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ................................................................................................351
18.2.5 ¾Öê ײֻÖ/¾Öê ×²Ö»Ö ÃÖÓõÖê¯Ö (¾Öê ×²Ö»Ö ‹²ÃÖ™ÒêüŒ™ü) .....................................................................................357
13.8 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 360
18.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 360
18.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 361
18.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ...................................................................................................... 361
18.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 361
18.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ................................................................................................................. 361
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 19 : ¸üÖ•ÖÃ¾Ö †•ÖÔ®Ö †Öî¸ü ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¯ÖÞÖ®Ö .......................................................... 362
19.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 362
19.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 362
19.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 363
19.2.1 ÃÖÓ”ÖÖ»Ö®ÖÝÖŸÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÃ¾Ö / µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ¯ÖÏÖׯŸÖµÖÖÓ / µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÃ¾Ö ............................................................363
(VII)
19.2.3 ÝÖî¸ü-ÃÖÓ”ÖÖ»Ö®ÖÝÖŸÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÃ¾Ö / ÝÖî¸ü-µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ¯ÖÏÖׯŸÖµÖÖÓ / ÝÖî¸ü-µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ¸üÖ•ÖÃ¾Ö .............................................364
19.2.3 µÖÖŸÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ÃÖê¾ÖÖ†Öë ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¯ÖÞÖ®Ö µÖÖ ´ÖÖÛìúØ™üÝÖ ....................................................................................368
19.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 375
19.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 376
19.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 376
19.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ...................................................................................................... 376
19.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 377
19.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 377
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 20 : ²ÖÃÖ †Öî¸ü ÛÎæú ÛúÖ ×¿Ö›ü¶æ»Ö ×®Ö¬ÖÖÔ¸üÞÖ †Öî¸ü »ÖÖ‡®Ö “ÖêØÛúÝÖ .......................................................... 377
20.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 377
20.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 378
20.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 378
20.2.1 ²ÖÃÖ ÛúÖ ×¿Ö›ü¶æ»Ö ²Ö®ÖÖ®ÖÖ .............................................................................................................379
20.2.2 ÛÎæú ÛúÖ ×¿Ö›ü¶æ»Ö ²Ö®ÖÖ®ÖÖ ...............................................................................................................381
20.2.3 ¸üÖ•ÖÃ¾Ö ´Öë ׸üÃÖÖ¾Ö µÖÖ »ÖßÛêú•Ö ÛúÖ ×¾ÖÆÓüÝÖ´Ö ¥ü¿µÖ ...............................................................................384
20.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 390
20.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 391
20.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 391
20.6 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ ÛêúÛêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ................................................................................................... 391
20.7 †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö .................................................................................................................. 391
20.8 †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ¯ÖÖšü®Ö ......................................................................................................................... 392
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô 21 : ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×®ÖÛú ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖÆü®Ö ²ÖÃÖÖë Ûúß ¤ãü‘ÖÔ™ü®ÖÖ •ÖÖÓ”Ö †Öî¸ü ×¾Ö¾Öê”Ö®ÖÖ .................................................. 393
21.0 ˆ§êü¿µÖ ....................................................................................................................................... 393
21.1 ¯Ö׸ü”ÖµÖ ..................................................................................................................................... 393
21.2 ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÝÖÏß ÛúÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................ 394
21.2.1 ¤ãü‘ÖÔ™ü®ÖÖ†Öë ÛúÖ ¾ÖÝÖáÛú¸üÞÖ ............................................................................................................394
21.2.2 ¯ÖÏÖÃÖÓ×ÝÖÛú ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ¤Óü›ü ÃÖÓ×ÆüŸÖÖ 1860 .............................................................................................394
21.2.3 ‹ÃÖ™üßµÖæ ´Öë ¯ÖÏ”Ö×»ÖŸÖ ¤ãü‘ÖÔ™ü®ÖÖ Ûúß ¤êüÜÖ-¸êüÜÖ Ûúß ¯ÖÏ×ÛÎúµÖÖ .......................................................................396
21.2.4 ¤ãü‘ÖÔ™ü®ÖÖ •ÖÖÓ”Ö ¯ÖÏ×ÛÎúµÖÖ .................................................................................................................399
21.2.5 ¸üÖÆüŸÖ ÛúÖµÖÖí ÛúÖ ¯ÖϲÖÓ¬Ö®Ö ...............................................................................................................405
21.2.6 ÃÖ¾ÖÖ׸üµÖÖë †Öî¸ü †®µÖ ¯Öß×›ÌüŸÖÖë ÛúÖê õÖן֯ÖæÙŸÖ ......................................................................................406
21.2.7 †×³Ö»ÖêÜÖÖë †Öî¸ü ¤ãü‘ÖÔ™ü®ÖÖ Ûúß ×¾Ö¾Öê”Ö®ÖÖ ...........................................................................................406
21.3 †¯Ö®Öß ¯ÖÏÝÖŸÖß •ÖÖÑ×”Ö‹ Ûêú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ....................................................................................................... 410
21.4 ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö....................................................................................................................................... 411
21.5 ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß .................................................................................................................................. 411
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% Concentration of load impacts body floor material and construction. If you’re
loading with a forklift, consider the concentrated load of not only the forklift, but also
the pallet it is carrying into the body. Make sure the floor strength is appropriate for that
application. The addition of a ‘forklift package’ (if available) and additional cross
members to the rear area of the floor will go a long way toward safely supporting that
added weight.
Also, keep slip resistance in mind with floor selection. If employees will be
stepping onto or into the vehicle’s body, what precautions can be made to prevent slipand-fall accidents?
9. Identify Cargo Access Needs
How will cargo loading and unloading be handled? Will it be from the rear of the
truck, the side, or both? If a box truck is selected, what type and size doors will be
needed? Should built-in stairs or stirrups be included to minimize employee fatigue from
entering and exiting the truck body? Or, if selecting a flatbed, what type and size sides
does the application require? Can removable stake sides be used, or would it be more
efficient for employees to use a swing-open rear gate with fixed posts?
Whatever the body, solicit input from the crew, who will actually be using the
truck, to ensure cargo access specs will optimize employee efficiency and productivity.
10. Factor in Mounted Equipment and other Options
Does equipment — such as a liftgate, ladder rack, trailer equipment, crane, or
compressor — need to be mounted to the truck body? The type of equipment included
might impact the body spec.
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: 140
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18*- ह" 4%
3%
6%
Operators own up to 5 trucks
Operators own 6 to 10 trucks
10%
77%
Operators own 11 to 15 trucks
Operators own 16 to 20 trucks
–1y # -1*@ (2003)
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: 141
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: 147
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Chairman
Vice Chairman & Managing Director
CS & VO
Dy CS &
VO
GM (TR)
GM (ME)
GM (S&P)
Dy GM
(Act)
Dy GM
(Opn)
CE (Opn)
Dy GM
(Store)
Planning
Officer
Ex Eng
(HQ)
Dy GM
(Fina)
Supdt (Tyre)
DC(TR)
Sr SO
(IM)
Dy GM
(Fin)
Estate
Mgr
ME (Stores)
CIA
DC(TR)
Sr SO
(Auto)
CPO
(O&M)
Architect
CA & F O
Dy GM
(EDP)
DC
(Com)
ME (CVO)
Sr SO
(GenI)
GM (PLN)
CCE
GM (P&IR)
अय
GM (Appeal)
DyGM Dy GM
(P&R) (Legal)
Dy GM
(Appeal)
Regional Mgr
Chief
(Stat)
Secretary
(MSRTC)
Regional
Engg
CPO
PO
Sr Stat
PRO
Divisional Controller
E E (Elec)
Depot Mgr (Sr)
CE (R&D)
Sr Programmer
W M CWD /
AWB / NGP
Sr SO
(GenII)
Sr AO (P)
DC
(Stores)
Supdt
(Printing)
ME (O)
DTO
Dy ME
DTS
DAO
Div Stat
DSO
DPO
LO
DE
S&VO
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( )
Managing Director
Legal
Dept
Account & Finance
Dept
Traffic, Maintenance, Admin, Stores &
Purchase and EDP Dept
Dy Financial Controller
Asst Leg
Advisor
Asst Fin Cont
(Acc & Fin)
Stastical
Dept
General Manager
Asst Fin Cont
(Acc & Fin)
Dy GM
Traffic
Personnel Mgr
Manager
EDP
Personnel Off
Legal
Asst
Accountant
Research Asst
Civil Dept
DTO
Materials Mgr
Dy GM (Tech)
Asst Mat Mgr
Works Mgr
Asst
Eng
Jr Eng
Network Eng
DM
Jr Clerk
Asst Accountant
Accounts Clerk
Asst Accountant
Traffic Supdt
Asst Traffic Supdt
Traffic Inspector
APO & EO
Lab Wel
Officer
Purch Off
Asst DM
UDC
UDC
LDC
Asst Store
Off
LDC
LDC
TI & Main
staff
LDC
Driv
Asst DM &
Asst Acc
Main Staff
& UDC
Site
Super.
LDC
LDC
Traffic Controller
Booking Clerk
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: 298
a) "i" 6 ह- - ह "i";
b) N 7=H, , "7p
-7=H, 6 N ह B;
c) /
/ B;
d) (' /
B>
'-< " - =. = B
2. B>
/Y
/"7; '-< " ह * H -. a) !7I (#'d) 6 4 =;
b) !7घ@ &! "i" ह &x "i";
c) -7=H 6 " B;
d) CAd 6 &C B
a 0 A : & =1 I@ *N' -. हK हG 6 = '- "
)
!
= ह हA 6 =1 N -7=H, " 6 / B हK ह हG ,
"i" & " = हG 0
C. ,+
(!) A : 1 & =1 CAd -. ह@ - + ह 6 -; '- " x ह a) =- 4 &! - ह@ - + & ;
b) !7घ@J 6 5:
"i" L ह1 - &;
c) - A 8 (>/ ह M) : (/(//C") f= " "X=4!
7- & p
. *+ f= " "X=4! & " '"- ह a) x &
b) N & X ; + &
c) '-< " &
1. I@ *N' &
2. x &
d) 7N 2*#- &
e) 2" " &
. & /1N a " - . & ह ( ' - O
ह
ह
CAd -. ;x 7N & 1 7- &x " '"- = ह., ! /ह " & - !
=. (
& 1 ह ह- " 2@ & - ह
ह)
A %m
: ( . (. jह, ह, . ( 2!) !X &
6 p
-. / " $
! & p
($
a ")
=1x - ह1 6 8 / / " ! p
- . & ! ह
. " x & ! 7- p
x & 6 p
= 
/ ! p
. " '- " &. . & ! 7- p
ह
: 299
'- " & 6 p
= 
/ ! p
, : I& ' +L N _ -% `% % 1-' -
ह> 17
1. I@ *N' 2. x &
3. CAd *= " &
N f= " & ! 7- p
N & 6 p
= 
/ ! p
f= " & ! 7- p
f= " & ! 6 p
= 
/ ! p
f= " & 6 p
- . 2 :
1. "ह " ; + & & ! - ह "ह '7I2 " & p
" "ह ! p
7 - = हA 2. "ह !X '"- ह7 + & & ! -, ह **
_8
ह1 2+ & ह . =_' 2+ + & ह ह & 2 =7x ; "ह 2; ! $
& ! p
1 =1x ह1 हA 3. "ह !X ह@ - ! + & & ! - , ह *+
"
! + ह CAd =ह ह@ ! + ह ह /Cd ! "ह 2; ! $
/CAj# & ! 1 ह1 हA 4. "ह 2; " ; + & & ! - ह - -. (i) & ! " (ii) 1 =1x 6 /" (iii) & !
1 घ@ ! , =1 " 2. ह "ह 2; " ; + & & ! ह
5. "ह !X ; + & 6 p
1 (i) " - . 7- & !
1 / "ह ! p
! - ! ह" H# (05')
4 H# : O (%!) /
1 *+ ` f= " &x "B & p
7 ह1 हA &x /
1 ह"' ' " :
N = हA x & p
&x ' /
1 ( ) =  X 100
f= " &x p
x & ! p
ह
: 300
&x ' /
1 (1 ) =  X 100
/-f & ! p
x & ! p
8 V( A () =  X 100
/-f & ! p
N & ! p
0. A () =  X 100
/-f & ! p
A () : 'ह /L f= " 7- & " '-
" & !,!! -! ह! ह" ! ! ह" :
'- " & p
'-< " & ' =  X 100
f= " & p
ह ' . "
" '-< " & -. - = हA 6
. ,!S@ !X '-< " & 6 p
-. - = हA * , ह 7 $
a /T U
-. -- ! ह" , "
• I@ *N' -. ह@+ + &
• x &
• CAd =ह - + &
A *N# : & /$! 2" X . ! " & - . 6
-1"@ " " = हA 6 1 &x " & 4 p
-.
= हA &x - / & -. = हA =ह " x -
& 'f! ( ! + हA :
H# : ! x - & -1"@ 1 & /
1 ह
! ह" . ! - . 7- "
&' ( ) =  X 100
& O 7- &
!X - . 7- "
&' (. ) =  X 100
& . *
O - A *N# : & /$! हA f= " & & - . E
! - . -1"@
& /$! ! =  X 100
ह
: 301
! f= " &
!X "
& /$! . -. =  X 100
& . *
A H
C : /3/ : ( ! '- &
'7I2 ! / ; ह1 हA -1"@ " & 6 2
7 - -. . PU ! &x &
-1"@ =1x 1 & p
!
= हA 3/ / H? >
O (
"#") ' -1"@ -@ + :
& ` - . - -1"@
=  X 100
& ` /7N + -@
. PU !X . #1 6 .".- / !X #1 " +
7- ; 6 & 7- - . - -1"@ ! ह" B-B& ( )
/ /7 : $
'“4- C" "
" !'. . 7 $
ह
(AP$
/" ) - ' ' ' - ' ' E E
ह! ह" / E/ : "@ @ "
" $
'“4- " !. . ;- "
घx @ !' " A
= हA * ह = हA ;-
- " "
ह1 6 / ह& $
- " ;-; 2 /-f "&- :
= हA B-l 1&
(/) B-B& : ह <+.". ` 7' ह @ . *
'-' ' -; हA = U
- ह
*N# 9#
l-B& : 'ह '! - ह" =1 ह .@
4 /-f
=A ह, , "&- 6 7< /$! " 7 - -.
ह ! ह" 9
OE (,./) B-B& : ह E') -( .! -
=1 /
हA /ह S
4 ;- ह = हA $
.@
4 1 "
7
2 <+." ` 7' ;;-"i" - &=
& ; !*- 1 7 ह& &!- ह. 6 * -. ;7! >= (0) &(" >=I (E0) )
ह
16.2.5 * @U!.
3/ %3/ : "1@ _1@ हA ह :
PN = . "1@ _1@
ह
: 302
/C" " .= ")
" , !
' " !
, _1@ & ,
हA " " -. W _1@ & 2", , ' &! =7x -. 7N ह1 6 *" 2 हG *, #N@, N-, @ '
@8, - d @8, &7d N-, A' N-, #1 N-, E-, O"A @ # @,
- हK 2 =ह 8 " &. . हG 6 =" '"- हK हG :
1. 1+ W :
PN =1 8AN@= .N@ 1948 (1948 .
' 63) " (
8AN@ " " - हA 2. 1+ W :
PN = | !7 :
SL " 7N :
PN
'H 1 " -. -4 $- 4 -4 ह1 ह
%./ E : . @ = A= & " “#N@” - हA ह
:
PN =1 =" , /ह @ = A= " "7 { / 6 /
~ . H 1 4 " " - हA c7 E : . "1@ ह & " “*” - ह :
PN हA =1 "1@
ह (@"A) !* ! ह" घ%/ : “
घ@ ” हA ह "
= !X "1@ _1@ 1N / < ! ह! :
PN " ह1 हA
6 *" '"- हA :
1. & - "
!X . . " " &
'
2. ह
4 H " &
"
, /" - ! B/ ह (
1. . ! & " “
'” हA ह "
=& . & ! '7I2 " " '7 हA 6 / B =& ह & ! " "
! ह" , *" W 1+ "
'"- हK ह1 = !X & - &.
' . . .! ह ह *
' & " - :
PN "
""8 & -. >
ह1 हG ह
" - -. = हG 2. “ह
4 ” हA ह =1 . &, / 6 / "--!+
-O ह! ह"
' ' ! ह" , =" ; X '"- हG :
a) W =1 -; , (-!
, =@ !;, , '@ 1 ,
@@ d 6 W ह " =7x ह;
b) & 1 - 6 A= " ;x ;
c) > / =ह =ह . :
PN & 1 != हA / =ह =ह ह & 1
! ह" & ह ह ह AO! ह" & ह ! ह ह / != ह" ;
d) & "i" 6 ! ;- ; =7x ; e) & " "- -!+ 6 & "- /+
3. “"ह= /P ” (“
# 28 "
@ # ”) हA ह = !X
ह
: 303
. :
PN ! 4 ह - *-. ह1 हA O5 = “4@ '“4- " "
7y -;& : #-/ (:
j) हA ! “4@ ह1 6 /
! “4@ ;$" ह1 & /
1 }O/ H : ह ह
“4@ " &
"
हA =" @,"- Hह
( ' , ह" (
~ " " "
=1 &+ +
" E
! ह1) *" ह "
'"- हA =1 & "X=4! " 6 & - & -. "X=4! " &!' ' ह
C. E
1. . ,!S@ " ! **
(/(/B>/"7p
-
) " "
7- " 7- 7N " ह *" , 6 !हx "=!4 7N " '"- ह
7N "
1 -; "4ह " &@ हA :
a) _A8 @8 (*, #N@, , & @ ' @O8 6 _A8 7*=
@8)
b) "i" 6 ;; @8 ( , 4 = 6 #Od,
& 1 !7I 6 / ह 1 =1x)
c) ' 6 ,", , -; B, (, /'
, j
4@,
7B, = 6 a" 5
2! ह 2. -; a
H -. = ! = ह. :
• /$! (& &O# ", @
& {, Π" 2!) -. @8
• - *=
d " (, '-<, & @ ', '5@ 6 !l) -. @8
• dd@ -. @8
E 0C /? 3 (-O 8-#) : ह . ,!S@ 2;
! 7- 7N "
7 हA =1 / ! x- & p
" ;
! ह" 7- 7N "
" 7 =  X 100
x & 7- p
" 7 $
"4ह _A8, '- ;; 6 ' -- - = हA * " 7 $
#1 ( ( - ! ह" E 0C 100 H# : 4 & /
1 ह /C" &!- = हA *-. C4 2U
& /' -O ह! ह" 'ह "
/
1 4Jह 1 "j ! हA /!ह -., . /C" " & " 7 9.3
हA 6 & /
1 ! x 300 " & हA , 1 " 7 100
E ह ह
: 304
9.3
=  X 100 = 3.1
300
+O *
3 (+O O/7) : C4 & "c !- /
1 6 C4
/$! " " = हA = . . -1"@ " :
N = हA C4 /$! " 7 " ! " C4 <@*" = हK ह1 ह.
+O *
3 घ%/3 / : ! “4@ 2. C4 घ@ 6 "@ "
+ 6 “4@ घ@ " 6 C4 /
1 ह1 हA -f }O/ : ह . !X C4 A#-< “4@ घ@ - ' & ,+ . * “4@ ह C4 p
! - = हA /
1 }O/ : ह . !X C4 @
d “4@ घ@ 7- 1 1 / '( !X “4@ ह C4 p
! -
! ह" +O *N#
!X ! - . "
C4 /$! =  X 100
7 . . C4 ! 7- p
*,( 0C
/-f " !
/P 7 =  X 100
B " !
/-f " ! "@ ह= =@ 7 /P p
ह1 हA B " ! . ! ह= =@ " != :
PN
7- p
" jह ' 6 A F7 ˆ
p
1 घ@ - = हA ,(#,(
" ! + .F ! ह
(jह ' 6 F7 ˆ
1 F1x)
7P (100) =  X 100
B " !
C 0C,(
7- 7P = 7P - ' 2B @8 '
(&'D 7- @8 " ' 2B @8 '"- ह1)
' 2B @8
' 2B @8 (%) =  X 100
ह
: 305
;&-! ,(#
B " !
;&-/7 +O घ%/ }O
. - /-@*" C4 घ@
/-@*" 7 '“4- =  X 100
- '“4- 6 p
A *N# : "&- "AO /$! . -. - . 7 -1"@ " 7- 7 . . " ! ! - = हA 16.2.6 V
@U!.
,L
% (S? Lv) : 1 --- = j = 6
1 --- = & 27( = Pj
" 2 हA Pj
–1 -. 7 ह1 हA :
1. @@ &C =" " , J" &7d 2! '"- हG ;
2. 4 ह (O;
3. 2B '75;
4. 2P" 7& ;
5. # '75; 6. - 6 - = . " 97 -+ x
E-
,L
% (-S? Lv) : X _1@D ' &„ –1 j = A-
Pj
" 2 हA 6 *" '"- हG :
1. &, '5@, @,"-, @@ 2! ] '75;
2. =- B 6 G@ ;
3. " B (N-O ") '75;
4. *- @G # '75;
5. &x "J 6 !1(4 & &C;
6. &ह = ह "i"/;; '75;
7. Q ;
8. ' f
=; 9. –1
(!J 2
O) : –1 j 7- = - (JO) = ह-
ह" H# 3/ (5#
" - 0& )
Pj
= 
-1"@
H# / 3/
ह
: 306
Pj
2"! @ -1"@ =  X 100
" X & 6 &AL B"
H# A - . !X Pj
2"! & f= " =  X 100
/ !X f= " & 6 p
%E 4
(H31/ J/) : _1@D ' " & " . .
7- ;H 1 - :
'2 d@ O@' ह ! ह" '- :
' " < - -. . . ;H "! '"- ह1 हG , , 4= f
=, '7„ =
1 6 2
'"- हK ह1
• - :
1 !1 " &@ = हA :
• c ; (.&- O@) ;
• P ; (8N# O@)
6 lE (=A J/) : W ; =1 -1"@ " " &!- = हG • , /, -7hƒ, !;
• E', †4& 6 l-A;
• "E;
• 2@1 6 *"- = - # "J;
• " 2 -
& "45
¦ (#.');
• & 6 .&-= !7I 6 4 = ; ;
• @@ 6 _A8 @ ';
• N 6 "X" _A8 -. ; . !हx C4;
• N _A8 -. ! <@*"
,( lE : V ; =1 -1"@ " " &!- हK हG • @*" - " " ( 6 Q );
• S
(O# @ 8#);
• & ;
• & 6 &" f
=;
• ,
, / 6 "i" ;
• @8 6 ह;
• - ;
• # "J 6 @ ';
• '75 : E 0
, , , # 2! '75, ';
• & - = "45
¦ (#.');
• 5
6 ' 2! -;
• (', B>
6 Y
| ; ह
: 307
C 4
: c ; 6 P ; 1 "- 7- ; & हA C 4
A :
. !X 7- ;
7- ; & (O /f= ") =  X 100
/ !X & 6 p
(O /f= ")
4
(#
" - J/ 3 /) : -1"@ ; ." -. 7- ; 1 7- -1"@ !
= हA '"' 'f! :
N = हA -1"@ c ; - "> % P ह हA -1"@ P ; - " &{ घ@
घE
4 M! ह" /1 ,(# (f 1/ 3) : - 7 7- Pj
"B
- :
' ह1 हA * -; 7 =! ह" :
- :
% ! -! =  X 100
Pj
- 7 - !B 6 B" A" ह1 हA * 7 1 =& 100
' घ@
= हA 1 /-f '7„ - (@ 2 d@ ",=) ! ह" t-$ J72/ : h-+ O*@ ह d&!7 हA =ह 7- = Pj
7- :
1 ह 4
हG ह ह d&!7 हA = 1 - 6 ह घ@ ह1 हA /1 = (? : 7- Pj
7- ; = E
! ह1 हG ह
! ( ! ह! ह" = : 7- ; - = = E
! हA / ' " "45
¦ 6
f
= !
; - ! 1 - - 2 = हA C\ 9 : 7- ; - = = E
! हA ह '7„ - ह1 हA 2" X
' - ह- ' 1 '7„ - " = हA 16.3 "# 1. & -. A= "75
N
हA ?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 5
d) 10
2. -. A= "75
N
हA ?
a) 3
b) 5
c) 5 (?)
d) 1
3. _1@ -. 2 " ! ?
ह
: 308
a) @A N
b) c) _
d) E
4. N
2- " (.PN=@) " 2- !=, 2- ;x .
ह 2 हG ?
a) ह
b) हK
5. @A ## " & B" ह1 हA ?
a) 20 25
b) 23 34
c) 50 80
d) 35 70
6. "# & B" ह1 हA ?
a) 20 25
b) 23 34
c) 50 80
d) 35 70
7. . & h#/ ह1 = / " @,"- Lह "
L -
= हA & / h#/ हK " =.
a) ह
b) हK
9. N
7N PSC
& 1 *+ (/(//C") f= " "X=4! & 7p
" = हA ?
a) ह
b) हK
10. " 7 @8 '1 (-4 x-) 1 ,!S@ 2; ! f= "
& p
"B / ! 7- 7N "
7 " ( = हA N
ह + ह ह" ?
a) ह
b) !
11. N
&, '5@, @,"5, @@ 2! ] -. 4- '75 Pj
" '"- = हA ?
a) ह
b) हK
16.4 * *+ " ह" " .@
4 " . " + = ह 'f!-
& " = * 'f!-
" ‰
1 !A P! H "
ह
: 309
"!! "- 6 &!- " &ह = "- = B> " " ह :
PN .@
4 C
< 1 हG 6 * 2 - U-( - :
/L " MF @
" हG 16.5 "0 : @ @ _1@ #@ d
"?;"1 : ^@ <हG ;" : <हG "? : 8@ ,@8@
-M
OA : :ह- &
"#" : -1"@ -@
16.6 "# ! 1. B
2. D
3. B
4. ह
5. D
6. B
7. ह
8. ह
9. !
10. हK
16.7 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
& '“4- 6 #1 '“4- " -;
@ " 1 ( A= -1# 1 ( *#' 2 N
1 - हG ?
x & 1 ( h-+ O*@ 1 ( 6 L $ -. * "ह$ & " "%.
16.8 1. 2+2@ ' : “iP#
" 28 _1@ @i”
ह
: 310
ह
: 311
17 : 2 2 <
=*/ -ह* 1! !) 17.0 M
ह :
• = B> " 6 1 @ B> " = & " "%
• 'ह *- " 6 J" *- " = 1= " 1
"% • "H , " '
, " '“4d- & " = • = 2- -. . . D & " &
17.1 = " *"- ह1 - 'f! 1 "% -. ह" ह- /
( & " =
17.1.1 @U!" 7W
'ह !
(! %
- ,ह - (+! ' ! ह" :
1. =ह -, , F &1# 4 B> "@ 2!
ह" ".
(@ M
4@ @/) " = = हG 2. =1 -; "!# 1 4 हG = ( @/)
" = = हG • 5000 4" 2&!
• 75 8! 7I( "= 2&! A- ( " " - ह1 6
2&! घ$ " " 400 :
PN " ह1
• V '( B> != j ह1 =1 &- 'ह I% !' ह1 =A -
B
', 1= O-1
6 "ह$4 @ Y
ह
: 312
!" 7
*- =ह 'ह *- " c हK ह1 J" *- "
*
2011 %
- (! - 12102 -; 2&! " J" 2&!
8331 ' - 68.84 ' हA , ,ह 3771 (' -
31.16 0) ह" 17.1.2 1 %
'ह 6 "78P- = --- ह1 हG 'ह 'ह &{ = 6 J" *- " > &{ " 1 4 -.
'ह 6 J" !1 *- " 4 1= 2U
हA x x-(O
6 97 -+ 7 ह7 . !1 " = $
ह" 4"
! हA 6 *-. = 1= & $
U
हA 'ह *- " 6 J" *- " = 1= & " . "ह$4
8 हA /!ह -., J" 2&! &ह7 '- *- " &; ह7 + हA , /ह 2 " =1x
- !4
&ह7 E
! हG 6 ='A- 1=" "= " 8 =ह *" - =
= 2U
. - हG * -- "
E
- J" - हG 6 /ह 'ह - " '"- हK =
*-. 1= &ह "% -. = 1= 1 !1 ह " &@ &ह!
= हA :
• J" *- " = 1= &
• 'ह *- " = 1= &
M
ह “" S_
” & " = $
2U
हA , = हA
“I %" () % 2 हO N D $ +L R% हT ह> ” 2 S_
6 S_
7B! ह" $
1 @" =" "7p
x :
2! =1x =i"! E
हA 6 ह 8 हA 1+ = & - W -. & हK -. N
ह 2, :
ह हK हA 1 "/.@
4 ")
" J" < 4 =i"! - x हA 6 W -. .@
4 -. "
= ह1 हA =1 - "H & - ह " हG * - E
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O O : "1@ _1@ .N@ "1@ a" 4 1961
A }O : " 6 "
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2. & '“4- & " " 2 - "7; & & " &*.
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: 391
20.8 1. ह
: [( "9 - $ & &e), =- 28 _1@ "A="@
ह
: 392
21 : 2 ह # * ;%घ 2
) 21.0 M
:
• x !7घ@<R 6 / )
! & " =
• .@
4 & ह1 - !7घ@< = 6 • ह !7घ@ -. 7' 6 = - + & " =
6 ह ह * ;-8 + हA 21.1 !7घ@ 1 * ( हA : “= " घ@ - 1= 6
> घ@ =" . 7, !, :
PN C
C
8-
A
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-8
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= हA * ह )
@
6 h
( ' ' ह" ( ! ; X ह" ! ' " ह 1 7B &
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हK !
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6 ह x *"- - )
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x 7B /
7F F F1x हA - 8 . ' 1
!7घ@< 1 1 /Q!
$ हK ~ हA =ह ह" 'ह & हA ह
" + ह "
< " x हA =A :
• &ह7 r ह1 ह 'ह > 6 2" " " r &{1 A! हA 6 * =ह = "P5
- ह &{- ह" • ह M
4- / 7 " x " &{1 हK ह7 +
ह" • 1= 6 #=* " vPS@1 !;+ ! हA ह
: 393
•
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ह1
हA * ह हK, L 1 W C
< 1 -4 ह1 हA = . ह " !7घ@< 1 &- ह
- H
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*ह )
ह1 हA 21.2.1 !$घ1)B &G+
' /C" !7घ@< 1 -; a
" = हG :
• =- घ
• O/(
• AE
_3/ #Cघ/=% : . !7घ@ 1 F1@ !7घ@ & " = हA =& /" :
PN :
PN
1 1@ - - /ह - " c x , =" !4 ह @N ह1
d7 &x 7 ह1 6 / "i" ; . PU ', &ह% 5000
I. 10,000 I
, E
! ह1
4/%9 #Cघ/ : =& !7घ@ . :
PN :
PN
. "4ह घ
- ह1
6 / -. - " c =., !4 ह @N - 6 /" &x
7 ह1 = "i" ; . PU ', &ह% 5000 I
10,000
I
E
! ह1 1 W !7घ@ 1 &x/ !7घ@ " c = हA "घ : =- घ !7घ@ & घ@ - ह !7घ@
हA =" 1@ =ह , $- 7F "
&!, " = B ह ! ह" E
/C" 6 &ह !7घ@< c 1 - & - ह हA N
7F ""- " &x 6 F1@ 1@ & a = :
PN
ह ह" &ह% ह ! ह" E AE ' ह1 6 घ
- :
PN
1 " / &! = !
ह1, 'ह ( ह ! ह" -A ' ह
1@ "
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7
6 ह :
PN
1 F1@ 1@ " " 2 हA "
X W
!7घ@< 1 + ""- " =- !7घ@ " c = हA 21.2.2 2 5 8 1 ह 1860
(!' ह! ( - '
) " "
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: 394
हA *" ,ह ह " हA '( A :
< P$ ह1 =1 1 ( 6 / !# /!ह -. "X=4!
! " "1@ ह 4 1988
(!' ह! . 279, 304, 336, 337 338 हG = & " !' ' ह" :
► ) 279 : = 7 9 *d *d# =
1+ :
PN ह 1 * 7 -ह * *# हA = " = 1 ; /$ ह1 :
PN 1 ' 1@ 7 A!
ह
(
ह, 1 / Fह "ह &{+ = - -. " , . ह= I
&{. = - =7" , !1 !# =.
► ) 304" : ह *! % “1+ :
PN =1 7
-ह 1 :
PN "$
7 & हA , . ' !
"ह$
&& ह1, 1 / !1 (H &{+ = - -. "
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► ) 336 : !4 = A
PN 7B 1 ; " #- - “ (
:
PN =1 1 * 7 -ह 9 हA = !4 d=! A
PN 7B ; " x = हA 1 / "ह &{. = - " , !1 X I
&{. = - =7" , !1 !# ”
► ) 337 : !4 = 6 A
PN 7B 1 ; " #- - 1@
ह- “1+ :
PN =1 1+ * 7 -ह 9 , = !4 d=! A
PN 7B ; " x =., :
PN 1 1@ =p" ह7 हA 1 / Fह
"ह &{+ = - -. " , X I
&{. = - =7" , !1 !# =.”
► ) 338 : !4 = A
PN 7B 1 ; " #- - E ह- “1+ :
PN =1 1+ * 7 -ह 9 , !4 d=! A
PN 7B ; " x =., :
PN 1 1@ =p"
ह7 हA 1 / !1 (H &{+ = - -. " ,
. ह= I
&{. = - =7" , !1 !#! ' ”
7 -ह | -; < " . "X=4! हA 7 "
$
=5!&= $
/- हA , '
'ह - हK हA , - *" W '"- हA = ह- -J ' '
ह = हA d7 1 ह / 1- .
" ' ! ह" 7 /- " 2 . W =1;" /L " हA =1
" /! = हA ह हA :
=1 7F W " 4 =ह ह1 हA =1
"
:
ह 1 X " " & - !D ' . "7S
7F W ह1 हA =1 . "%! "7S
हK . ह हA * &A * A4 -
' ! , - W P
" =1 & हG ह
: 395
- ह हK & =1 / & ह ह. 6 / ह & ह1
1 /" ह ह1 7 /- ""- " "
X !1( :
PN .
6 $" :
1 हA ; -ह ""- " ह :
PN 1 हK
=1 / ह N
ह / ] हK '..-.
' 'f!
'' ' '.
' ' " - 1 ( हA ;
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" P " . MF-- "%! :
PN F 3&
A
• (!' ह! . 279 !ह! . + !( ह! ह" ह !
7 -ह ह - ह ह1 = " = ; " x =. !4 :
PN 1 =p" 1@ ह7 ह1 = l x - हO &=
2 " ह हK हA * 7 -ह हA , ', _A8 6
x "ह$4 हG = 2 7 -ह ह1 हA • 1870 .
' 25 =
2+ " =1x + 304 & ..-. ह
हA = " !4 :
PN "$
7 ह1 = हA * W ""- " -4 ह1 हG =" "X 1+ *! हK ह1, ह & 1+ *5" ] ह1 हA . . y "$
7 ह ; 'ह
2 *! " ह$
&& हK ह1 ह. 304. W -.
!D ' हA =1 2+ 299 300 !
&ह हG 279 - W ""-
" -4 ह1 हA =1 " = 1 ; " #- ह7 . = ह
-O
हG =& 304. ह 2 - " *! " ह$
" 1+ 7 -ह '"- हA • " = 1 !4 A
PN 7B 1 ; " #- - 7 6 -ह
336 !ह! ' ह" 0 ( ह & -
ह- ह, &
E ' ( E ह- ह" ! ह . 337 338 ह N !#
हA . 336
338 ह 2 - -. *MF *! &
' 4 ह ह" ./ !ह! 4 ह . 279 !ह! (+! .
F1@ हG ; 304. ह 2 - 7- " =" 7 -ह "$
7 ह1 = हA • ह- ह " qM -
ह हA . :
PN =&4% x & E ह
हA 6 * =
7F :
PN
"X & हA 1 ह "ह= 7 6
-ह *d ह ""- हK ह1 &P5 ह 2 *! ह$
&&
ह
21.2.3 4)
9 / . !$घ1) ! H- H E
/C" !7घ@ = C
. "1@ ह " 1988 )
VIII,
. 134 ह &. . " 2 + हG ह- 7F C
. -- /C" " --- हG 6 W E
"1@ ह " " =ह हA /C" " - !7घ@ = C
< "
& &+ + हG ह
: 396
21.2.3.1 _3/ O #Cघ/
!7घ@ घ@ P " ह * =i"! हA ह ह 1 . 8 1 6 V
हK F4 @ / - ह1 =& =C1' =ह / > &ह W :
ह ह1; 1 6 & = ! 6 >
B , /& .@
4 !7घ@ * &! * @" 7-
@ ' ह7 !7घ@ & " 4 ! -घ@ x :
PN 1 @" /- - - = #N@ =i"! " 2 हA 7F .@
4 #N@ 1 =" + ' ! ; ! ( ह" > B _1- " / @" #1 1 =ह !7घ@ घ@ हA 6 / & 1 = ह & हA !7घ@ = . !7घ@ =
- " A
. = हG @" #1 B (E)/7*= $ "
@" 1 - = !7घ@ @" 1 x / -. ; 7" ह1 हA 8 #N@/@" x U! 1 !7घ@ = = हG #N@
1 - “4@ -. #1 = !
= हA @" #ON@ -ह 7 x/x &
- @" U! 1 &. 2U
; /L. = &! " & .@
4
` 7 !
=. 7F .@
4 $- 2 ;D /L -. x/x
1 B4, X MF-; ' 7 हG * & ह 1 7- !D '7 1 7- @ ' =! #1 "
!
=. - * '( !D ' ह 1 ' =. ! ह 1
7- @ ' = हA 1 W P " ह & .@
4 =i"! ह1 ह
7B 6 -. &4 F xFx हK ह1 ! -. . " 1
7N - & =& 7- * & 7PS@ ! "1@ ह
B ( - "1@ :ह- *N@) ` B 2U
हA हK
B P " "1@ ह ह x - 13
ह1 7PS@ ! ह
.! ( ' ! ह" ह = 6 !7घ@ = 2 7- ""- f
1 "7& @ ' #
()/" " 4 1@ (0 - 8@ *8O"D'
1@ )/
!7घ@ 1@ (E - _A8 .N# @ 1@ ) != हA ह @" =i"! हA ह @ ' #
/.82+2 != " 7- "!! 2"
X "7!" -; < ह != = हA :
• . 279 - = 7 x -;
• . 337 - !4 = A
PN 7B 1 ; " #- -
1@ ह7 ;
• ." .N@ 119 - ह - !
$;
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@" * 6 #N@ &
- 6 8 !7घ@ - !X 6 ह - , N' A
1@ A
=" !7घ@ - !4,
ह P/x P, O, (, ह
*O, 0- E4, !7घ@ "-=7- "
' r " 6 ! 1+ 1 = ह1 1 / ह
: 397
ह =! !7/C</x /
1 - - !7घ@ A
घE '4( U"!! ह -' =1 2 2 6 =A ह1 ह X !- " 2 &
! !7घ@ = 6 7- .#/.82+2 - = -. 7
! = हA = */#N@ ;-8 2U
+ ! ह" 21.2.3.2 4/%9 "घ #Cघ/
!7घ@ घ@ P " ह * =i"! हA ह ह 1 . 8 1 6 W
ह - =& =C1' =ह / > &ह W
:
ह ह1; 1 6 & = ! 6 > B ,
/& .@
4 !7घ@ * &! * @" 7- @ '
ह7 !7घ@ & " 4 ! !7घ@ x :
PN 1 @" /- - - = #N@ =i"! " 2 हA 7F .@
4 =" ' ! ; *== #N@ 1 !
ह" > B _1- " / @" #1 1 =ह !7घ@ घ@ हA 6 / #1 #1
& 1 = ह & हA !7घ@ = . !7घ@ =
- " A
. = हG @" #1 B (E)/7*= $ "
@" 1 - = !7घ@ @" 1 x / -. ; 7" ह1 हA 8 #N@/@" x U! 1 !7घ@ = = हG #N@
1 - “4@ -. #1 = !
= हA @" #ON@ -ह 7 x/x &
- @" U! 1 &. 2U
; /L. = &! " & .@
4 ` 7 !
= -A E')
$- 2 ;D /L -. x/x 1 B4, X MF-
' 7 हG * & ह 1 7- !D '7 1 7- @ ' =! #1 "
!
=. - ,+ !D ' ह 1 ' =. ! ह 1
7- @ ' = हA 1 W P " ह & .@
4 =i"! ह1 ह
7B 6 -. &4 F xFx हK ह1 ! -. . " 1
7N - & =& 7- * & 7PS@ ! "1@ ह
B ( - "1@ :ह- *N@) ` B 2U
हA हK
B P " "1@ ह ह x - 13
ह1 7PS@ ! ह
.! ( ' ! ह" ह = 6 !7घ@ = 2 7- ""- f
1 "7& @ ' #
()/" " 4 1@ (0 - 8@ *8O"D'
1@ )/
!7घ@ 1@ (E - _A8 .N# @ 1@ ) != हA ह @" =i"! हA ह @ ' #
/.82+2 != " 7- "!! 2"
X "7!" -; < " != = हA :
/=/4
ह
: 398
•
•
•
•
. 279 - = 7 x -
;
. 338 - !4 = A
PN 7B 1 ; " #- -
1@ ह7 ;
." .N@ 119 - ह - !
$;
." .N@ 177 - !# -. "
"घ :
• . 279 - = 7 x -;
• . 304 - -ह "$
7 &;
• ." .N@ 119 - ह - !
$;
• ." .N@ 177 - !# -. "
;
• ." .N@ 184 - !
C ह
* & @" * 6 #N@ &
- 6 8 !7घ@ - !X 6
ह - , N' A
1@ A
=" !7घ@ - ), ह
/x/" P, O, (, ह
*O, 0- E4, !7घ@ !-=7- "
' r " 6 ! 1+ 1 = ह1 1 /
ह =! !7/C</x /
1 - - !7घ@
A घ@ U"!! ह -' =1 2 2 6 =A ह1 ह
X !- " 2 &
! !7घ@ = 6 7- .#/.82+2 - = -. 7
! = हA =1 */#N@ ;-8 2U
+ -. = हA घ =- !7घ@< ""- " "X p
2 "7p
6 SL !7घ@ - !X हG 6 !7घ@ 1 ह+ "% S@ हG * ह हK, SL > 8- (' ह) -. ह -x- हG 21.2.4 !$घ1) x !7घ@ = -; vPS@1 = हA :
a) *
b) ह
c) O
d) a) c7
.@
4 & x !7घ@< )
;7- ह7 2 हA x !7घ@<
& 2"8ह" हA 7 6 -ह 9 x - * ह हK, !N
8 ह हK हA * x " =&4% ! ; हG &P5 / A
6
- "
A! - हG & * 2" X '- ह 7-$" 7B 8
! /L हG 6
!4 ह x /
1 - !4 -1 7B ह . &A N
ह
: 399
"" 9 x - हG * " W * + !7घ@< -.
=i"! . . हG :
PN$ 7F & x- " ह1 = =ह !7घ@. घ@ हG :
1. Xह 2. l -
3. !-2$"U
4. !" 87 c 5. 2C"
6. " 47. 8. 4E
:
PN$ " + & ह1 हA /!ह -, = "हX- " ह -M ह" , 'B, -4, 2, =i" Aह 7B 1 - "1!'
-2, "
< ह1 हA EFह E
! * Xह /
1 1 /हK 2Jह MF M
// ! हG ह ! ; हA & / - " N * A
हK ह1
& = *= 6 8 Xह W " 2" X Xह ह7 . !7घ@ ' ह1 = हG * =ह ह ह1! ह" Hह ह- /E !
ह 6 Xह & L ह ! ; 7=*' हK ह1
! ;x ह1 8 - 7F L / N & &!- 2! ह1
हG =& & 3- I हA W & &!- !X !7घ@ ' ह1 = हG 1 y Xह & " { ! ; = हA 4 ह & & = हG & 1
3- =ह Xह I ह1 हA *-. ' 2! ह1 हA &
" { -. 3- - Xह *= हG , &=
* A!- & @O =
ह *= =ह हA / N * )
3- &!- ( ह ह
) ,
" _A8 6 / _A8 " & 1 - /x&7 " - ह1 हA * 1
ह हK ह1 /
& " { ह हG 6 * =ह !7घ@ घ@ हA * "
!7घ@. @ & - " N ह1 हG h - - 2" X * =5! =5! _ 4 /- " ह1 हG
6 W " 1 Xह 3- -. Lह & 1'' हG 3- &Q
- ह1 & 1 - 1'' हG ह ! ; हA * 3- 1 - -- ह1 ! ; h - हG W P " !1 !7घ@. घ@ हG :
• h - & I -. j !4 हK ह1 & " -
ह F- ह = x हA • & h - F 2 ह ह & F- ह @
= हG * - | &. . ""- 1 !4 =
! ; $
2U
हA 6 ह
हA 3- =Œi 6 & !4 ह @
ह
: 400
-ह= ह = !- =i"! हA ह Xह घ@ !7घ@ vPS@1 = > 7F * A " ह - ह हK ह A
- ! हK <@ 6 ह 1 " " = l -1 हK 7F * 1 ह 1 हG x 1 @ Xह
6 x *- &ह7 = l x - = 8 ह ह !
l - 1 A! हA * ह 7 = l /"! - N
!7घ@< & हA 2=- E
! .@
4 & " :ह- _Ad @" *"- ह हG =1
( ' -E ! 'ह ! & हA 6 &
@O I &A - + हA , &P5 ह & l "-4" " "!! हA ह
= *@ -=@ _1@ @" (E) > B ह- = हA 7F .@
4 /ह "- - -@ 4 2 <d# - * ( &' /!" /L. हG = !- * @ *d *ह j हA , -HNU
7F * &ह7 &ह 9 ह 1 हG #- हG /ह - हA -A &
> " हA /ह ह ह हK ह1 + = / > &ह हG 7F
* 1 . ह @
d -, E ! E ! ह- ह
! हA /ह " ! ; &A !1 & ह- ( ! ह" , &
(! !
2; ह1 =1 2 घ@ ह = 1 ! ; ह हA ह -2$"U :
PN$ ह ह
ह1 हA =1 !7घ@< घ@ " ; 1! ! हA * W :
ह = 2 @ &AL 6 2 @ =!
-
" ;x x/
& =7@+ = हA # ?C6 09
!" 87 c $
7$ " (= 28 "*#) . ="= 7 हA * 'B हहK = ह - "
+ B 2P" घ@. घ@ हG - ",
-, "1# 6 ह $
' " 2 हG , O !7घ@ घ@ ह1 हA , 1+ > ;& ह1 हA =A h 8- ह1 @
d
6 ' @" 8- ह1, Pd# 2! W " * &!ह 6 ह
ह1 = हA
6 | 2 x Q - ह & ह = हA - * &!ह 6
!ह' ह- " h - &=
.N-@ !& ! हG 6 = 5 = ह" * W :
ह = (1) @ &AL 6 2 @ =!
-
" ;x x/
6 (2) ह B 1@ =
=7@+ = हA H+ ह
: 401
" 2C" . हA = =ह x !7घ@. ह1 हG 7F *
ह - N AE-F1@ & 2C" ह1 = हG " -=. 2 - ह ह && हO &= &! <@ d -. =ह हK ! ह हA , * "> 7F *
2C" ह1 /L हG 6 * "1!' " /" . " '14 A
ह1 =
ह" =& ह ! ; हA x /
1 - -1 6 A!- / ह 7" *d " & & ह हG 6 ह - "
=& #N@ * *MF I„ x 1 *' हA 1 * 2C" ह1 = हA W * " 2" !* ह " हA =" - 6 - /हK *"- -. & हG 2C" 81@ - !7घ@. 6 ह घ@ ह1
हG 2C" :
ह = x 6 & j ! ह"
6 * 2C" :
ह 2! ह हA 1 #1 / ;-8 j '
(
/-f ह) ह- = हG "
9O
ह - N * 1 7F PU P
" @ - ह1 हG =A Xह हK, I4, M ,) <@ , /E ) , # &{| # " , h
S, !7घ@ & -. @
d घ7"| हK घ7"| 2! * l-N .N' $ C
हG ! l- N .N' / C
"
"
x&x 1x- - ह7 2 1 / " !7घ@ घ@ हA 2+@. > B @ A" /A" (
! /-f ह) 84 @ = ! ; "
4- -
= हA 6 6 x & *
-E ! ह" *#
=& * '& ' ह- " ह1 हA & / *d X'- "! B x =
ह" 100 "--@ N " 51ह- "> 30 "-J" / E
! हA 1 / '& , " ह - " =. '& =ह * "% , &4% 6 -
B" ;$" ह1 = हA 6 * =ह / ह > हK ह =
7- h! .-*= (U U-() "!! * 51ह- हA ! = = O=@ - 1 :
A 7- *
1 @ &A l हA / =7" -
= हA !- " "7!"
( ' ! ह"
& 6 "ह =- ह1 हA * ह हK / -*
!/ = हA v
&
@ * "7A! 6 X " ह1 = हA =& * 1 a",
K! 6 "
1= 2! "
!. &A / - " -
= हA 1 $
@ ' 6 " ह - 13
7
7N ह1 = हG
6 ह P x 7B -. ; & = हA "7S
7F PU < " K!
> हK 6 /K! " ह - ह ह 1 !7घ@< ह
: 402
=- " = घ E, / E, A# < “4@, jह ' Aह = U-( . –1 हA = * @ 2- = हA =
#1 j = हG #
= "=1 ह1 =A $ (- f-*#), ~. (*@ f-*#) -
B" B ह1 Aह 7F "7; ' "
हG =1 7B *d 1 हG 7F * !- "= ह1 हG @
d !" 1x ! घ@. !7- हK हG *
ह
*
-A PU P
" हK 6 " * !
&{ = हA @
d !" 1x ! हG b) &ह
E ह
.
' 1988 )
VIII (
>), . 136 - . "1@ ह 1+ !7घ@ घ@ हA 1 E
"1@ ह B 1 / ह
B j हA 6 * /T U
-. ह /
7N "
W
" ' हA =ह ह ह ह1 6 ह = -. ह 1 - = हA
&'D ह "-/.! E') ह & !
=. ह * ह -
=
हA 6 ह 6. 4 &! X& घ@ "- 1 -X@ !
(/&x !7घ@ ""- " /C" "
X ह 1 !7घ@ & हK ह@ =& "1@ ह B - हK ह7 = + E
"1@ ह 4 /1N !7घ@< > 6 x 7B 7PU
-. 7F . " &. हG /!ह -. 7F E
" :
हA ! 1+ &x
- 6 "$
7 ह7 + ह1 1 !7घ@ " '"- ह 1 / "- !7घ@ - ह@ हA !4 < 7F E
" ह हG !7घ@ F1@ ह1 & ह 1
/ "- !7घ@ - हK ह@. * &=
7- ह 1 =f - !- "B ; =. ह > ह- & " "1@ ह B 1@ &! ह !- ह 1 F1x E
! .@
4 > 8- -. ह 2 = हG = '7I2
ह B / 1@ ह ह1 हA =1 / !7घ@ F- ! #1 ह
' & 4 0 ! ह! ह" ह
-
C" " . . H 1 '“4- 7 4 हK 2; " ह
B ह1 हA .@
4 & घ@ 7F W !7घ@< & " &
हA =1 ह &! -; " 6 &x 7 ह1 =ह घ@ K
4 #
& 7 हG 6 / ;-; L हK हA 1 & P ह1 (
ह! ह"
(- "1x & 1 घ7" N / F- ह - 2
ह 1+ -"- हK ह = 6 * =ह !7घ@ घ@ हA ह
: 403
c) 4
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, (5) S &( ' E .!
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: 404
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:
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: 405
!7घ@ A-(/"-घ हA 1 7- !7घ@ &! " & ह
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: 406
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ह
: 407
'ह
( 3
4
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p
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7-3 03
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4
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p
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ह
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ह
: 408
( (: : “ $J ()” "U $ ' /!(H)( $(I "3U
&B)
$ E
"1@ ह " " :
हA =- !7घ@ ""- " ह *
1 7- $- l * 1 ह- =" F1x !
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/C" " ;7! C
. हG /C" C
< 1 !1 "4ह " &@ = हA :
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! ह" • B ! ह & -. 7F .@
4 !1 #1 & . 7N !7घ@ =
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4 . A- L हG =" "7p
& ('!'!),
/ "7p
& ('!'!) 6 & #1 & ह1 हG A- 1 ,!S@ "
"
-, ह! ह" • ! * !1( = हA 1 / ;-8 + -. ह .@
4
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1 --- !. . हG 2" X + ./
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o 7N & ! , - "7p
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* ;-8 /
7N + हA "
X *
1 &; हK = =& !- * L1 + -.
हK ह
: 409
21.3 "# 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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PN
1 W 1@ - = / 2/@#1 "= " = 6 # @c 7 ; " ह1 (10,000 I
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b) . :
PN . ! E
! - " c ह
c) . :
PN
"X
d) /1N " 1+ हK
!7घ@ हA a) :
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)
b) . :
PN . ! E
! - " c ह
c) . :
PN
"X
d) /1N " 1+ हK
=- घ !7घ@ हA a) :
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1 W 1@ - = / 2/@#1 "= " = 6 # @c 7 ; " ह1 (10,000 I
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b) . :
PN . ! E
! - " c ह
c) . :
PN
"X
d) /1N " 1+ हK
घ !7घ@ " -+ = - 304 !ह! ' ! ह" a) - =7"
b) 2 (H -. 6 =7"
c) d) "$
7!#
!7घ@ - 6 !7घ@
O#u 1 ह हG a) 0
b) c) 21 >
d) = !7घ@ = " = हA a) - *, #N@, & "
b) *, ह
, x 6 & "
c) - * 6 ह & "
d) - *, ह 6 & "
.@
4 !7घ@ = "
* &„
= हA a) - l -, !-2$"U 6 2C"
b) c) - !" 87 c " 6 @
d) /1N ह
: 410
8.
9.
!7घ@ -; ; = हG a) - * 2- -.
b) ह " 7 -.
c) x - f-A O@ 1 ह@ -.
d) /1N /T U
-.
& !7घ@J ह1 -. 2 > :
!
$
ह" a) * b) #N@ c) - d) - "X=4! 7- " 21.4 * *+ 1 { &! ह" !7घ@ =7x 4 ह-7< 6 & "
= = & !7घ@< घ ह1 ह1 हA *-. "1@
ह 1@ - * !7घ@< = 'B `
= हA !7घ@ = "
"7; )
; = हA 6 हG
*, ह
, x 6 !7घ@ = 6 &! ! * =i"! ! ह" ! .! '> * ;-8 + हG * 1 -
"7!"
- = + " x हA !7घ@ &! 'y * 1 7
! 30 ! 'B 7= x हA & "- ह1 .@
4 1 ह! .
, E 0" ! - (-!
O! ह" 21.5 5# : '
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"0 : @ @ _1@ #@ d E
/C"
5 : _A8 *N@ B
"&5 : "1@ :ह- *N@ "1@ ह B
= =./ : "1@ :ह- .N@ "1@ ह 4 1988
" : 7- @ ' #
"?5 : 8@ *8O"D' 1@ " 4 1@ "
5" : *8O"D' @ N1-O= ,/@"
21.6 # "# Q1 (a), 2 (b), 3 (c), 4 (b), 5 (b), 6 (b), 7 (d), 8 (d), 9 (b)
ह
: 411
21.7 1. .@
4 & !7घ@ = N /L. = - !" & " "%*.
2. E
/C" & ह1 - !7घ@< 1 " -. N
!"
/L. = हG ?
3. .@
4 " & !7घ@< -. X-*
- -; A
. = हG ?
21.8 1. .7- i@ @ @P@N 28 @ @ _1@ , 2+2@ ` '
2. "# ' 8O _1@ .# *##@ 1# *@', l@ @
ह
: 412