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`mXrMm Amnë`m _amR>r dmMH$m§Zr {H$Vr d H$gm Cn`moJ Ho$bm ho H$imd`mg _mJ© Zmhr.
`mZ§VaMo XmoZ à`ËZ Pmbobo {XgyZ `oVmV. Ë`m§n¡H$s EH$ Amho Vmo gaH$mar _mÜ`_m_m\©$V
Pmbobm Am{U Xwgam Amho Vmo EH$m nwñVH$ {dH«o$Ë`mMm. AWm©V `m XmoÝhr à`ËZm§_Yrb dmMH$dJ© _mÌ gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$ ZmhrV, Va g§ñWm AmhoV.
1931 gmbr ~m°å~o ~wH$ S>no mogmR>r Zmam`U J§JmYa {b_`o 4 `m§Zr "àmW{_H$ emim§H$[aVm
dmMZr` nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr' V`ma Ho$br. å`w{Z{gnb ñHy$b H${_Q>rZo `m `mXrMm Cn`moJ H$amdm
Agm Ë`mMm hoVy hmoVm Ago {XgVo. H$gohr Agbo Var Ë`mV "{e\$mag' hm _hÎdmMm hoVy hmoVm
ho ZmH$mê$Z MmbUma Zmhr.
1936 gmbr _w~§ B© gaH$maZo "IoS>Jo mdmVrb bhmZ J«W§ mb`m§gmR>r `mo½` Aem nwñVH$m§Mr
5
`mXr' àH$m{eV Ho$br. `m XmoÝhr `mÚm§Mm Cn`moJ nwñVH$ IaoXrgmR>r ìhmdm Ago Ë`m§À`m
{Z_m©Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo, ho CKS> Agbo Var dmMH$m§Zm Ë`mMm {ZpíMV Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVm `oUo
eŠ` hmoVo. Vmo {H$VnV Pmbm dm Ho$bm Jobm ho H$imd`mg _mJ© Zmhr.
`mZ§VaMm à`ËZ d Vmohr OmUrdnydH© $ Oa H$moUr Ho$bm Agob Va Vmo åhUOo J«W§ àgmambm
dm{hboë`m "b{bV' `m _m{gH$mZo. b{bV `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mZo Xadfu MmoI§Xi dmMH$m§Zm
AmdS>bëo `m nwñVH$m§Mm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Xadfu _amR>rV øm boIH$, g_rjH$,
dmMH$m§Zm nÌo nmR>dyZ Ë`m§Zm AmdS>Umè`m VrZ nwñVH$m§Mr (Ë`m Ë`m dfm©Vrb) Zmdo g§nmXH$
_mJdyZ KoVmV Am{U gdmªV OmñV ng§VrZwgma H«$_dmar bmdyZ Ë`m dfm©Vrb nwñVH$m§Mr {e\$mag
"b{bV'_Ü`o Jobr AZoH$ df©o àH$m{eV hmoV Ambr Amho. dmMH$m§Zm Vr `mXr Cn`wŠV R>aV
Amho.
1986 gmbr "_hmamï´> Q>mBåg' `m X¡{ZH$mZo 29 OyZ amoOrÀ`m A§H$mV "_amR>rVrb
gm{hË`boUr' `m ZmdmImbr _amR>rVrb {ZdS>H$ 100 nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr à{gÕ Ho$br. hr {ZdS>
_hmamï´> Q>mBågÀ`m g§nmXH$s` {d^mJmZo Ho$br hmoVr. nwT>o hr `mXr "J«§Wmbr' V\©o$ XrnH$ Kmao
`m§À`m g§nmXH$ËdmImbr nwpñVHo$À`m ê$nmZo àH$m{eVhr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mV lr. Kmao `m§Zr
Ë`m nwñVH$m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV gmam§ehr {Xbm Amho; na§Vw Ooìhm hr `mXr _Q>m_Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmbr
hmoVr Voìhm Ë`mda ~amM _moR>m nÌì`dhma Pmbobm Amho. Vmo nÌì`dhma nm{hbm Va Ago {XgVo
H$s {ZdS>r~m~V _amR>r dmMH$ ~amM OmJê$H$ Amho.
10 Am°JñQ> 1986 amoOrÀ`m "_hmamï´> Q>mBåg'_Ü`o dmMH$m§Zr "gm{hË`boUr'À`m g§X^m©V
nmR>dboë`m nÌm§Mm Jmofdmam {Xbm Amho. Ë`mV H$mhr nÌohr N>mnbr AmhoV, Va H$mhr boIdOm
{Q>nUohr XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. J. à. àYmZ, am_ eodmiH$a, am. {^. Omoer `m§Mr Oer Ë`mV
nÌo AmhoV VerM H$mhr à{V{H«$`mhr ~mobŠ`m AmhoV. S>m°. ^r_amd Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr Zì`m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 6
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 7
{e\$mag `mXrMm àma§^
AWm©VM Aem {e\$mag `mXtMr gwédmV B§JO
« rVM Pmbobr {XgVo.1 J«W§ m§Mo _mUgmÀ`m
Am`wî`mVrb _hÎd AZoH$m§Zr {deX Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mV Ë`mMr gwédmV Pmbobr {XgyZ `oVo.
apñH$Z `mZo Amnë`m EH$m ì`m»`mZmV (grg_ A±S> {bbrO) "_hmZ J«§W åhUOo _mZ{gH$
eŠVrMo ImÚ' Ago dU©Z Ho$bo; Va {_ëQ>ZZo _moR>çm J«§Wm§Mo ""The Precious life blood
of an author prolonged and kept on purpose for a life beyond life'' Ago
dU©Z Ho$bo hmoVo. Aem dMZm§Mm Imobda {dMma Ho$bm Vmo ga Om°Z ë`~mH$ `m§Zr. Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m "ßboPg© Am°\$ bmB©\$' `m J«§WmV "W«r h§S´>oS> ~wŠg' åhUyZ EH$ `mXr àH$m{eV Ho$br.
ho J«§W àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mZo Amnë`m g§J«hr R>odmdoV Aer {e\$maghr Ho$br.
`m `mXrMm Am{U ë`~mH$ `m§À`m {e\$magtMm `mo½` Vmo n[aUm_ B§J«Or J«§Wì`dhmamV
C_Q>bm. "aQ>b§O A±S> H$mo' `m H§$nZrZo ë`~mH$À`m gëë`mà_mUo e§^a nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Ho$br.
nwT>o _J AZoH$M àH$meZ g§ñWm§Zr Amnmnë`m _m{bH$m àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. Om°O©
~ob A±S> H§$nZr, H°$gb Am{U H§$nZrZo Amnë`m _m{bH$m ~mOmamV AmUë`m. _°H${_bZMr
E{b_|Q>ar Šbm{gŠg, Am°Šg\$S>© àogMr dëS>© Šbm{gŠg {garO Aem _m{bH$mhr Amë`m.
Penguin, Pelican gr[aOÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZhr CÎm_moÎm_ nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Pmbr AmhoV. AWm©V
`m _m{bH$m§Mm hoVy H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ J«§Wmb`o g_¥Õ ìhmdrV hm hmoVm d Vmo B§J«Or ^mfoV `eñdrhr
Pmbobm Amho.
_amR>r ^mfoVrb n{hbm à`ËZ Am{U na§nam
`mXrMr JaO _m§S>br Amho; Va S>m°. ^mbM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Zm Vr `mXr nwaoer g_mdoeH$ dmQ>br
hmoVr. em§Vm eoiHo$ `m§Zr "Aer {ZdS> A§{V_ ñdê$nmMr H$R>rU'M AgVo Ago Z_yX Ho$bo hmoVo.
17 Am°JñQ> 1986 amoOr "_hmamï´> Q>mBåg' Zo AmUIr H$mhr à{V{H«$`m Ë`mM {df`mda
N>mnë`m. àm. _. X. hmVH$U§JobH$am§Zr Ë`mV 75 J«§Wm§V _V^oXmbm A{YH$ dmd Amho Ago
Z_yX Ho$bo hmoVo. _. lr. Xr{jV `m§Zr AmUIr H$mhr _hÎdnyU© J«§W gmXa Ho$bo hmoVo. Va ~m. dm.
XmVma `m§Zr AmUIr 51 J«§Wm§Mr ^a gwMdbobr hmoVr. S>m°. {d.{^. H$mobVo `m§Zr Ago _V
_m§S>bo hmoVo, H$s hr gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$m§À`m ng§VrMr nwñVHo$ AmhoV. BVahr H$mhr à{V{H«$`m
Ë`mV AmhoV. dmMH$m§Mm à{VgmX bm^bobr hr _amR>rVrb Var n{hbr `mXr åhUmdr bmJob.
amZS>o qH$dm H¥$îUmOr JmS>Jri `m§À`mnmgyZ {dMma Ho$bm Va OdiOdi 90 dfmªZ§Va _amR>r
dmMH$ BVH$m OmUrdnyd©H$ bj XoD$Z nmhÿ eH$Vmo hr gwIX ~m~ åhUyZ Zm|Xdm`bm hdr.
3 E{àb 1988 À`m "_hmamï´> Q>mBåg' _Ü`o e§H$a gmaS>m `m§Zr EH$ boI {b{hbm
Am{U nwÝhm _amR>r dmMH$m§Mo EH$m {e\$mag `mXrH$S>o bj doYbo. 1977 gmbr S>m°. A°S>ba
`m§Zr {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb _hmZ nwñVHo$ H$moUVr `mMr EH$ `mXr V`ma Ho$br hmoVr. e§H$a gmaS>m
`m§Zm Vr Voìhmhr (åhUOo Xhm dfmªZ§Vahr) VmOr dmQ>br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr Ë`mda boI
{b{hbm hmoVm, na§Vw Ë`mg \$magm à{VgmX bm^bm Zmhr. B§J«Or nwñVHo$ Agë`m_wio ho KS>bo
Agmdo H$m` ? VmoM àH$ma _mZd|ÐZmW am°` `m§Zr V`ma Ho$boë`m `mXr~m~Vhr Pmë`mMo OmUdVo.
`mXrÀ`m ì`{V[aŠV "_bm AmdS>bb
o o nwñVH$ / nwñVHo$', "Joë`m dfu dmMbobr nwñVHo$',
"H$m` dmMb', "_mPo dmMZ', "J«W§ Jm¡ad', "J«W§ {e\$mag', "bjdoYr nwñVHo$' Aem doJdoJiçm
_Q>m, bmoH$gÎmm, b{bV `m§_Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmboë`m boIm§_YyZ, AmT>mì`m§_YyZ dm gXam§_YyZ
boIH$m§Zr dmMH$m§Zm dmMZm~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bobo Amho. dmMH$m§Zm `mVyZhr {e\$magr àmá
Pmboë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m gdmªMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Zm_d§Vm§Mo {dMma {dMmamV KoD$Z, dmMH$m§À`m
JaOm bjmV KoD$Z EH$ CÎm_ "{e\$mag `mXr' _amR>rV V`ma ìhm`bm hdr. dmMH$mMo d`,
dmMZ {dH$mgmMr {Xem, dmMZmMo A{^é{Mg§nÞVoV ìhmdo Ago pñWË`§Va bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m
`mXrMr aMZm H$am`bm hdr Amho. VÁk ì`ŠVr, dmMH$, boIH$ d J«§Wnmb `m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z
ho H$m`© H$am`bm hdo.
B§JO
« rVrb à`moJ
B§J«OrV H$go à`moJ hmoVmV `mMr XmoZ CXmhaUo XoVmo. Ë`mdê$Z AmnU AOyZ {H$Vr _mJo
AmhmoV `mMm A§XmO `oB©b. `m§n¡H$s n{hbo nwñVH$ Amho 'Reader's Guide to Women's
Studies.'6 ho nwñVH$ Eleanor B. Amico `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$bo Amho; Va 'Reader's Guide
to Literature in English' 7 ho nwñVH$ Mark Hawkins-Dady `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$bo
Amho.
hr XmoÝhr nwñVHo$ åhUOo dmMH$m§Zm dmMZmV _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmè`m gyMr AmhoV. `mMr
aMZm dUm©ZwH«$_o AmH$ma{dëho Amho. Ë`m {df`mVbo {df`, g§km, boIH$ `m§À`m{df`rMo dmMZ
H$am`Mo Pmbo Va H$moUVr nwñVHo$ dmMm`bm hdrV `mMr _m{hVr Ë`m Ë`m Zm|XrV {Xbr Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 8
Zm|XrMr gwédmV Ë`m {df`mVbr nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr XoD$ZM hmoVo. hr `mXr XoD$Z Pmbr H$s Ë`mZ§Va
Ë`m Ë`m nwñVH$mMo _hÎd g§nmXH$m§Zr WmoS>Š`mV {deX H$ê$Z gm§{JVbo Amho. nwñVH$mMo dU©Z
dmMyZ dmMH$ Ë`m nwñVH$mH$S>o diy eH$Vmo.
`m gyMrMm hoVy gm§JVmZm g§nmXH$s`mV Ago Z_yX Ho$bo Amho H$s, "The purpose of
the Reader's Gudie to Women's Studies is to provide the reader with brief
discussions of some of the best books on over 500 topics and individuals
in women's studies." 8
`mdê$Z ho bjmV `oVo, H$s dmMH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmZm g§nmXH$m§Zr {H$Vr _ohZV KoVbr
Amho. EImÚm {df`mda CÎm_ nwñVHo$ {ZdS>Uo hr gmonr Jmoï> Z¸$sM Zmhr, nU Vo 'The Best
Books' gwMdV AmhoV `mMmM AW© Ë`m§Mo H$m`© {H$MH$Q> Pmbo AgUma. g§nmXH$m§Zr Vo nma
nmS>bo Amho ho H$moUVrhr Zm|X dmMyZ H$mT>br H$s bjmV `oVo.
_amR>rV "dmMZ H$am' Ago gm§JVmZm Aer gmYZo AmhoV H$m ? `mMm {dMma Ho$bm OmV
Zmhr. Im§S>oH$a, AÌo, \$S>Ho$, _mS>ImobH$a dmMm, Xidr, V|Sw>bH$a dmMm ho gm§JUo \$gdo Amho.
AÍ`m§Mo Zo_Ho$ H$m` dmMm`Mo ? Xidr-V|S>wbH$am§Mr H$moUVr nwñVHo$ dmMm`Mr Vo gm§J`bm ZH$mo
H$m ? ho Ogo boIH$m§À`m ~m~VrV Amho VgoM Vo {df`m§À`m ~m~VrVhr Amho. CXmhaUmW©,
"nm¡am{UH$ ZmQ>Ho$' `m {df`mda dmMZ H$am`Mo Pmbo Va dmMH$mZo _amR>rVrb H$moUVr nwñVHo$
dmMm`bmM hdrV Vo gm§Jm`bm hdo. Ago Pmbo Va Vr "dmMH$ {e\$mag `mXr' hmoB©b.
A{YH$ dmMZ `mXr Am{U {e\$mag `mXr
AZoH$Xm {dídH$moe, M[aÌH$moe dJ¡ao gmYZm§_Ü`o Zm|XrÀ`m Vimer Ë`m Ë`m {df`mdarb
nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr XoÊ`mV Ambobr AgVo (CXmhaUmW©, AZ§V Omoer `m§Zr V`ma Ho$bobo M[aÌH$moe
qH$dm J§. Xo. ImZmobH$a `m§Mo "dmL²>_` godH$'Mo I§S> nhmdoV.) H$moem§_Yrb gyMr Am{U
{e\$mag gyMr `m§V gyú_ ^oX Amho. Vmo ^oX Agm, H$s H$moem§_Yrb Zm|X dmMë`mda Ë`m
{df`mda A{YH$ dmMZ Oa dmMH$mZo H$am`Mo R>adbo Va Ë`mg {Xem {_imdr åhUyZ Vr `mXr
XoÊ`mV `oVo. Ë`mg further reading Ago åhQ>bo OmVo Va Reader's guide _Yrb `mXr
{e\$mag H$aUmar AgVo. _amR>rV Aer dmMZ {e\$mag `mXr V`ma H$am`Mr Pmbr Va Ë`mgmR>r
AZoH$ OmUH$am§Mr _XV ¿`mdr bmJob. Aer _XV KoD$Z 200 dfmªÀ`m _wÐU H$mimVrb
nwñVH$m§Mr {e\$mag gyMr H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ Pmbo Amho.
g§X^©
(1) VmH$madmd, Zr. g. àmMrZ nwñVH$mb`o d Adm©MrZ dmMZmb`o. "n§Mm_¥V' _Ü`o
g_m{dï>. A{b~mJ : Zd H$mo§H$U àH$meZ, 1951, n¥. 9.
(2) JmS>Jri, H¥$îUmOr naewam_. g§gmagwI. nwUo : ~id§V JUoe Xm^moiH$a, 1893.
30+383+2 n¥.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 9
(3) amZS>o, _hmXod JmoqdX. A note on the Growth of Marathi Literature, 1898.
(In The Miscellaneous writings of the Late Hon'ble Mr. Justice M. G.
Ranade) ^mfm§Va, g. J§. _mbeo. _w§~B© : _amR>r g§emoYZ _§S>i, 1982. 28-30
n¥.
(4) {b_`o, Zmam`U J§JmYa. àmW{_H$ emim§H$[aVm dmMZr` nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr. _w§~B© : ~m°å~o
~wH$ S>onmo, 1931. 4+55 n¥.
(5) _w§~B© gaH$ma. IoS>oJmdm§Vrb bhmZ J§«Wmb`m§gmR>r `mo½` Aem nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr. _w§~B© :
_w§~B© gaH$ma, 1936. 36 n¥.
(6) Amico, Eleanor B. (ed.) Reader's Guide to Women's Studies. Chicago
(7)
(8)
& London : Fitzroy Dearbom Pub.; 1998. xxx +732 pp.
Hawkins-Dady, Mark. Reader's Guide to Literature in English. London
& Chicago : FD, 1996. xxxix + 970 pp.
VÌ¡d (Amico, Eleanor) vii p
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dmMÊ`mV Ambo. kmZoœar, Xmg~moY d _wŠVoœar ^maV ho àW_ _mÂ`m hmVr nS>bo d
n¡emÀ`m AS>MUrV AgyZhr _r ho {dH$V KoVbo. Ë`m§À`m CËH¥$ï> doÀ`m§Mohr \$bH$ V`ma
Ho$bo. N>m§{Xï>nUmM Vmo ! ~mOmamVyZ \$bH$ AmUmdo, Vm§~S>çm emB©Zo aoKm _mamì`m, H$mJX
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_ZZmZo AW© IwbV OmVmo, AW© IwbV Mmbbm H$s {MÎm AWm©ê$T> hmoD$Z AmZ§X hmoVmo, VoM
Vo JwUJwUmdogo dmQ>Vo, JwUJwUVm JwUJwUVm nwîH$igo nmR> hmoD$Z OmVo. `m Aä`mgH«$_mZo KmoH§$nÅ>r {edm` - nmR> nmR>m§Va nwîH$i Pmbo. _amR>r ^mfm hr _mPr AmB©, Jrdm©UdmUr hr
_mPr AmOr d B§J«Or hr _mPr _mder Ago _r åhUV AgVmo. B§J«Or dmL²>_`mVyZgwÕm
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dmT> Pmbr AgyZ Ë`mV nma§n[aH$ N>mnrb gm{hË`~amo~aM A§H$s`
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gw_mamg B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ hr _o. S>m`bm°J `m§À`mgma»`m _m{hVr
{dH«o$Ë`m§_m\©$V OmiçmV AmUbr Jobr Vr nyU© ê$nmV Am{U gwa{MV
Aem ñdê$nmV. 1990À`m _Ü`mg B§Q>aZoQ> hr OmJ{VH$ ñVamdaMr
_m{hVrMr l¥§Ibm ApñVËdmV Amë`mZ§Va `m nyU© _OHw$am§À`m
_m{hVr g§M{`Ho$V {MÌo, ZH$meo, aoImQ>Z, AmdmO `m§Mm g_mdoe
H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr. AmVm gd©Ì B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$ hr boIH$,
erf©H$, {df`, ^mfm `mda emoY KoD$Z Zo_Ho$ boI hþS>H$Ê`mÀ`m
gw{dYo~amo~aM nyU© boI Amnë`m g§JUH$mda OgmÀ`m Vgm CVadyZ
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 11
KoÊ`mMr gmo` dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY Pmbr Amho. `m godo_wio AmVm
EH$ Zdr g§H$ënZm {dH${gV Pmbr Amho Vr åhUOo g§H$bH$
(A°J«rJoQ>a). `m boImV `m g§H$ënZoMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
{Za{Zamiçm àH$meH$m§Mr B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ EH$mM {R>H$mUmhÿZ dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmo.
g§H$bH$ hr Hw$Ur ì`ŠVr ZgyZ Vr EH$ ì`mnmar g§ñWm AgyZ nyU© boIm§Mr g§M{`H$m. EH$m
{d{eï> {df`mg dm{hbobr na§Vw EH$ nyU© CËnmXZ åhUyZ d¡`pŠVH$ dJ©UrEodOr EH$Ì dJ©UrV
CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVmV. `m dJ©UrV boIm§Mm emoY KoUo, boI nmhUo, boI Amnë`m
g§JUH$mda CVadyZ KoUo, ñWm{ZH$ Omiçm§VyZ hr gw{dYm EH$mnojm OmñV OUm§Zm, {Za{Zamiçm
{R>H$mUm§hÿZ nmhÊ`mMr A{YH¥$V nadmZJr g§H$bH$mH$Sy>Z {Xbr OmVo.
B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$
g§H$bH$mMo \$m`Xo
B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$ åhUOo BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_m§Ûmao àH$m{eV Am{U {dV[aV Ho$bo OmUmao,
A§H$s` ñdê$nmV gmR>dbobo {Z`VH$m{bH$. Á`mVrb boI ho H$moRyZhr g§JUH$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo
nmhVm, dmMVm dm CVadyZ KoVm `oVmV. ho {Z`VH$m{bH$ H$mJXm{dZm Am{U ^mg_mZ Ago
åhQ>bo OmVo. N>mnrb ñdê$nmVrb {Z`VH$m{bH$m~Ôb AgUmao ^md{ZH$ ZmVo ~mOyg R>odyZ
{dMma Ho$bm Va B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m àH$meZmMr
gwédmV A_o[aH$Z Ho${_H$b gmogm`Q>rZo Amnbr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ A§H$s` ñdê$nmV àH$m{eV H$ê$Z
1983 gmbr Ho$br; Va "hm°adS>© {~{PZog [aìøyVrb' nyU© boI {~pãbAmoJ«m{\$H$ [aQ´>m`ìhb
gpìh©ggo Zo (~rAmaEg) 1982 _Ü`o A§H$s` ñdê$nmV CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo. `mÀ`m Cn`wŠVVo_i
w o
`mV PnmQ>çmZo dmT> hmoV Jobr Amho. AmO OdiOdi gd©M AmKmS>rÀ`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m
B©-Amd¥Î`m CnbãY AmhoV. H$Xm{MV ^{dî`H$mimV Ho$di B©-Amd¥Î`mM àgmamV amhVrb.
B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ g§H$bH$mÀ`m _m\©$V KoÊ`mV AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. Ë`mMm {dMma
g§H$bH$mMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mnydu H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. J«§Wnmb, dmMH$ Am{U àH$meH$ `m
{VKm§Zmhr Vo H$go \$m`Xoera hmoVo OmUyZ KoD$ `m.
B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo òmoV
B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m òmoVm§Mo Mma àH$mam§V dJuH$aU H$aVm `oB©b.
(1) _moR>o àH$meH$ (200 hÿZ OmñV {Z`VH$m{bHo$ àH$m{eV H$aUmao),
(2) bhmZ Am{U _Ü`_ àH$meH$,
(3) g§H$bH$ (A°J«rJoQ>a),
(4) {deof g§H$bH$ (ñnoeb A°J«rJoQ>a).
`m Mma àH$mam§{edm` AZoH$ {dÚmnrR>o, ì`mdgm{`H$ g§KQ>Zm, {Za{Zamio àH$ën ho B©{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo CÎm_ òmoV AmhoV. {df`m{Y{ð>V g§Ho$VñWio Am{U g_mB©H$ AmdS>rMr Omir
hrgwÕm B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm Mm§Jbm òmoV AmhoV.
g§H$bH$ (A°Jr« JoQ>a)
emoY KoVm `oUo eŠ` AgUmam A§H$s` ñdê$nmVrb Am{U _mJrb A§H$m§Mr nU Ë`mM
{R>H$mUr CnbãY AgUmar g§Mm{`H$m åhUOo A°Jr« JoQ>a qH$dm g§H$bH$ åhUVm `oBb
© . hm g§H$bH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 12
J«W
§ nmb
g§H$bH$ AZoH$ àH$meH$m§Zr à{gÕ Ho$bobr B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ EH$g§Y dmVmdaUmV XoV
Agë`mZo J«§WnmbmMm {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m àmárgmR>r IMu nS>Umam doi dmMob. Ë`m doioMm
Cn`moJ BVa _hÎdmÀ`m H$m_m§gmR>r H$aVm `oB©b. A{Ve` ghOnUo Am{U gmoß`m nÕVrZo B©{Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ boIm§Mm emoY KoÊ`mMr Am{U g§X^m©gmR>r bmJUmè`m boIm§À`m à{VàmárMr
gmo` g§H$bH$ XoV Agë`mZo Am{U dmMH$ ñdV:M emoY KoD$ eH$V Agë`mZo J«§WnmbmdaMm
VmU H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b. Amnë`m dmMH$m§À`m _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm ^mJdÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm
à_mUmV B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr IaoXr H$aVm `oB©b Am{U `m g§H$bZmg gwJ_ àdoemMr gw{dYm
XoD$Z dmMH$m§Zm _XV H$aVm `oB©b.
dmMH$
dmMH$m§Zm Amnë`m H$m_mÀ`m OmJrM EH$mM òmoVmVyZ _m{hVrMm emoY Am{U nwZàm©árMr
gw{dYm {_imë`mZo dmMH$m§Mm doi dmMob.
àH$meH$
bhmZ àH$meH$m§Zm g§H$bH$mer Amnë`mbm \$m`Xoera R>aUmam H$ama H$ê$Z Amnë`m
gd© B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Zm Ë`mMm dmMH$dJ© {_i{dVm `oBb
© . d¡`pŠVH$ dJ©UrXmamVyZ \$ŠV {ZdS>H$M
B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§ZmM ~mOmanoR> {_iVo. Img H$ê$Z `mo½` Vmo _m{hVrgmR>m ñdrH$maUmè`m
`O_mZmMr {ZdS> Ho$ë`mg øm bhmZ àH$meH$m§Zm _moR>çm, AmKmS>rÀ`m àH$meH$m§Zm {_iUmè`m
gdbVrhr {_idVm `oVrb. `mCbQ> _moR>çm àH$meH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mr H$_r dmnabr OmUmar àH$meZo
dmMH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMdyZ Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmam IM© H$mhr à_mUmV dgyb H$aVm `oB©b. AmVmÀ`m `m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 13
~Xbboë`m n[apñWVrV N>nmB©, OwiUr, {dVaU `m ~m~r B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$ OmiçmV R>odUo ho
àH$meH$m§Mo EH$ H$m_ Amho.
g§H$bH$mZo OmñVrV OmñV B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ OmiçmV XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$ë`mg J«§Wmb`o
N>mnrb Amd¥ÎmrMr dJ©Ur ~§X H$aVrb Am{U Ë`m_wio àH$meH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoUma Amho.
`mgmR>r g§H$bH$m~amo~a B©-{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m dJ©Ur~m~V `mo½` Agm H$ama H$amdm bmJob.
g§H$bH$ {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Vrb gd©M boI Amnë`m nyd© boIgyMrgmR>r {ZdS>Vrb Ago Zmhr, Va
Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm àH$meH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$amamà_mUo g§H$bH$m§Zm nyd© boIm§À`m {ZdS>rg _`m©Xm KmVë`m
OmVmV. g§H$bH$ àH$meH$m§er H$ama H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ Amnë`m g§JUH$ ñWmZmda
R>odVmV. Va H$mhr ~m~Vr§V (CXmhaUmW©, Amo{dS>, AmogrEbgr) EH$m g_mB©H$ _mÜ`_mÛmao B©{Z`VH$m{bHo$ hr EH$mM godmH|$ÐmV R>odyZ dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY Ho$br OmVmV. H$mhr g§H$bH$
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Vrb boIm§Mr erf©H$o Am{U Ë`m§Mo gmam§e `m§Zm _Ü`dVu H|$ÐmVyZ dmMH$m§Zm àdoe
XoVmV. nyU© boIm§Mr CnbãYr _mÌ àH$meH$m§À`m ñWmZmdê$ZM hmoVo. `mVrb {H$_VrMm ^mJ
åhUOo dJ©Ur, N>mnrb d BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ àH$mamgmR>r Odinmg gmaIrM AgVo. Va XmoÝhr àH$ma
ñdrH$maë`mg dJ©UrV Odinmg gdbV XoVmV. AmVm àH$meH$m§H$Sy>Z J«§Wmb`m§gmR>r EH$ Zdm
n`m©` nwT>o Ambm Amho. `mV AZoH$ J«§Wmb`o EH$Ì `oD$Z EH$Ì dJ©Ur ^aUo. Zoh_rnojm WmoS>r
OmñV dJ©Ur ^ê$Z àH$meH$mÀ`m gd©M {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr CnbãYr. hm àH$ma H$Ýgm°a{e`m
åhUyZ à{gÕ Amho. Amnë`mH$S>o emñÌr` Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§emoYZ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm
à`moJemim§Mr J«§Wmb`o VgoM ^maVr` V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm§Mr J«§Wmb`o `m§Zr Aem VèhoMr ì`dñWm
ñdrH$mabr Amho. ^{dî`H$mimV `mV {H$Vr dmT> hmoB©b Vo `m§À`m AZw^dmda Adb§~yZ Amho.
(1) gmo`rMm g§H$bH$
àË`oH$ àH$meH$mer doJdoJim H$ama H$aÊ`mnojm g§H$bH$mer EH$M H$ama H$ê$Z J«W§ mb`m§Zm
B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ KoVm `oVmV. `mV l_ Am{U doi dmMVmo. EH$mM {R>H$mUr hr B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$
Agë`mZo Vr MmiVmZm AS>MU `oV Zmhr. g§H$bH$mg àH$meH$m§H$Sy>Z Ë`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb
boIm§Mo boIm{YH$ma hñVm§V[aV Pmbo AmhoV H$s ZmhrV `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVbr nm{hOo.
H$Xm{MV `mMr qH$_V Am{U g_m{dï>VoMr ì`már `m_wio hr dmMH$m§À`m ng§Vrg Z CVaÊ`mMr
H$maUo hmoD$ eH$VmV.
(2) ghO CnbãYVm
g§H$bH$ ho H$mhr àH$meH$m§MrM {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Amnë`m ñWmZmda R>do VmV. Ë`mV ~è`mMXm
{dZmewëH$ {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. Ë`m_wio dmMH$m§Zm hdr AgUmar gewëH$
{Z`VH$m{bHo$ g§X^m©gmR>r {_iV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio g§H$bH$mMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Vmo H$moUH$moUË`m
àH$meH$m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmo ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(3) {dídmgmh©Vm
g§H$bH$mMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Ë`mMr Im{g`V qH$dm d¡{eîQ>ço H$m` AmhoV `mMr _m{hVr
H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r H$moUVr d¡{eîQ>ço {dMmamV KoVbr nm{hOoV H$s Á`m_wio
`mo½` {ZdS>rg _XV hmoB©b Vo nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Vr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo -
B©-{Z`VH$m{bHo$ dJiUo Am{U ZdrZ {Z`VH$m{bHo$ g_m{dï> H$aUo `m à{H«$`m AZoH$
g§H$bH$ Amnë`m dmMH$m§Zm nyU© gyMZm Z XoVm H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m dmMH$m§Zm `m Jmoï>r
AS>MUrÀ`m R>aVmV. {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m nwadR>çmV gmVË` amhV Zmhr. H$mhr g§H$bH$ Aem
~XbmMr _m{hVr Amnë`m dmMH$m§Zm nÌmÛmao dm B©-_obZo H$idrV AgVmV. gd© ~Xbm§Mr
doimodoir _m{hVr Am{U nyd©gyMZm {Xë`mZo dmMH$m§Zm Ë`mà_mUo Amnbo YmoaU R>a{dVm `oVo. `m
Jmoï>t~amo~aM AmXe© g§H$bH$ H$gm R>admdm `mMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo {dMmamV ¿`mdr bmJVmV.
Vr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo Aer :
(1) AmdmH$m (H§$Q>oÝQ>) : g§M{`Ho$V g_m{dï> {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Vrb nyU© boI, gmam§e Am{U
erf©H$ `m§Mr gw{Z`mo{OV aMZm AgUo, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo àñWm{nV àH$meH$, àñWm{nV
{Z`VH$m{bHo$ Am{U {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m _mJrb I§S>m§Mr CnbãYr `m _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r
{dMmamV ¿`m`bm hì`mV.
(2) JwUdÎmm : g§M{`Ho$V H$m`_ JwUdÎmm amIbr OmVo H$m Zmhr ?
(3) g_n©H$Vm : dmMH$m§À`m JaOoer gwg§JV AgUmar {Z`VH$m{bHo$ g§M{`Ho$V AmhoV
H$m?
(4) gmXarH$aU : ghO g_Oob, emoYVm `oB©b Agm à_m{UV AmamIS>m Agmdm.
(5) H$mbmZwê$nVm : ì`mdhm[aH$Vm, ZmdrÝ`, H$m`_ ZdrZ {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr CnbãYr
AgUmar.
(6) gwb^ emoYà{H«$`m : emoYà{H«$`m hr dmnaUmè`mbm gwb^, ghO gmonr Ë`mMà_mUo
àJV dm Z_wÝ`mXmIb Aer AgUmar, _XVrMr CnbãYr Amho H$m ?
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 14
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 15
g§H$bH$m§Mo àH$ma
g§H$bH$m§Mo AZoH$ àH$ma gÜ`m kmV AmhoV. `mVrb _hÎdmMm àH$ma åhUOo àH$meH$m§da
H|$Ðr^yV Agbobm (CXmhaUmW©, gm`Ýg S>m`aoŠQ>), Va H$mhr {df`m§da H|$Ðr^yV (CXmhaUmW©,
Amo{dS>, A°S>mo{Zg) AmhoV. H$mhr g§H$bH$ nyU© boI d gmam§e Ago EH$Ì _m{hVr XoVmV. boI
H$moUË`m _m{gH$mVyZ KoVbm Amho hr _m{hVr g§H$bH$ XS>dZy R>do VmV. _mÌ Vo H$moUVr {Z`VH$m{bHo$
XoD$ eH$VmV Ë`mMr `mXr XoVmV. hr `mXr H$mhtÀ`m ~m~VrV H$m`_ AgVo Va H$mhr `mV gVV
~Xb H$arV AgVmV.
g§H$bH$mMr {ZdS>
(7) dmMZr`Vm : _yi boI dmMÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm AmH$ma, a§J, AmamIS>m hm N>mnrb
ñdê$nmgmaIm Agmdm.
(8) pñWaVm / ñW¡`© : emoYà{H«$`m, V§ÌkmZ Am{U BVa godm `m§V gVV ~Xb Zgmdm.
(9) gwb^ N>nmB© : nyU© boI N>mnyZ KoÊ`mMr gmo` Agmdr.
(10) ghO gwb^ MmiÊ`mMr CnbãYr : ghOnUo {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Vrb boI MmiVm
Ambo nm{hOoV.
(11) qH$_V : hr dmMH$m§Zm nadS>Umar Agmdr.
(12) _mJrb I§S>m§Mr gmR>dU Am{U CnbãYr : Ooìhm JaO ^mgob Voìhm _mJrb
A§H$mVrb boIm§Mr CnbãYr ghO ìhmdr, VgoM {Z`VH$m{bH$ ~§X Ho$bo Var nyduMo
I§S> CnbãY ìhmdoV.
(13) Cn^moŠË`m§Mr AmH$S>do mar : nyU© boI CVadyZ KoUo Am{U AZwH«$_{UHo$Mm dmna,
gmam§e `mMr AmH$S>odmar R>odbr Omdr.
(14) VmËnwaVm dmna : H$m`_Mo gXñ`Ëd ñdrH$maÊ`mnydu H$mhr H$mi g§M{`Ho$Mm VmËnwaVm
dmna H$aÊ`mMr gmo` Agmdr.
_hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>i J«W
§ mb` : B{Vhmg,
ñdê$n d J«§Wmb` godm
{X. lr. MìhmU
Joë`m A§H$m§_Ü`o ^maVmÀ`m bmoH$g^oÀ`m J«§Wmb`mMr {dñV¥V
Amo i I H$ê$Z Xo Ê `mV Ambr hmo V r. `m A§ H $mV _hmamï´ >
{dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m J«W§ mb`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho Vr VoWrb
J«W§ nmb {X. lr. MìhmU `m§Zr. `m J«W§ mb`mVrb gm{hË`mMm dmna
H$ê$Z AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Amnbo J«§W {gÕ Ho$bo AmhoV, VgoM
g^mJ¥hmVrb Aä`mgnyU© MM©oV `m J«§Wmb`mMo `moJXmZ \$ma _moR>o
Amho. AZ§V WmoamV, am. Ho$. bobo Aem {d»`mV J«§Wnmbm§Zr ho
J«§Wmb` Zmdmê$nmbm AmUbo Amho. lr. MìhmU VmoM dmagm nwT>o
MmbdV AmhoV.
{ZîH$f©
g§H$bH$m§er H$ama H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`m§Zm Am{W©H$ bm^ hmoUma Amho. `m H$amam_wio dJ©Ur
^aboë`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§nojm doJdoJiçm àH$meH$m§Mr àË`j Ë`m§À`mer H$ama Z H$aVm, {H$Vr
Var OmñV {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Ë`m§Zm dmnaVm `oUma AmhoV. H$_r l_m§V Am{U Anwao _Zwî`~i
AgyZgwÕm J«§Wmb` Amnë`m dmMH$m§Zm àJV Aem g§X^©godm XoD$ eHo$b.
CÔoe
g§X^©
(1) hm¡Vm (Eg.Ama.) Am{U JrVm - A°J«rJoQ>a : E [aM A±S> BH$m°Zmo{_H$ gmog© Am°\$ B©OZ©ëg, Am`pñbH$ ~wboQ>rZ 49(2), 2004. 111-218.
(2) ~Q>ba (S>r) - X am`qQ>J BO Am°Z X do~ \$m°a gm`g OZ©ëg BZ {àÝQ>, ZoMa Z§~a
397, 1999. 195-200
(3) AmogrEbgr - \$ñQ>© gM© BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ H$boŠeZ Am°ZbmB©Z
EMQ>rQ>rnr://S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y, AmogrEbgr. AmoAmaOr/AmogrEbgr/_oZy/
BH$mo.EMQ>rE_
ooo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 16
{dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb` ho Ho$di {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§gmR>r Amho Am{U `m Ñï>rZo
gXñ`m§À`m AZoH${dY JaOm ^mJ{dUo hm `m J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ñWmnZo_mJrb à_wI CÔoe Amho.
AmnU ñdrH$maboë`m g§gXr` emgZàUmbrMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i, {dYmZ_§S>i d
Ý`m`nm{bH$m Ago VrZ ^mJ AmhoV. H$m`©H$mar _§S>i n`m©`mZo _§{Ì_§S>i ho {dYmZ_§S>imbm
O~m~Xma AgVo d Vo g§`wŠV O~m~XmarÀ`m VÎdmda H$m`© H$aVo. {dYmZ_§S>imbm H$m`©H$mar
emIoda gVV {Z`§ÌU R>odmdo bmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm VrZ àH$maMr H$m_o
H$amdr bmJVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o d¡Ym{ZH$, Q>rH$mË_H$ Am{U Am{W©H$ åhUOo emgZ`§ÌUobm Amdí`H$
AgUmè`m IMm©gmR>r Am{W©H$ VaVwXt§Zm _§Owar XoÊ`mMo Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMo H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo
Ago gm_mÝ`V: _mZbo OmVo. øm {VÝhr ñdê$nmMr H$m_o {d{Y_§S>imbm g^mJ¥hmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
dm g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g{_VtÀ`m _mÜ`_m§VZy H$aVmZm {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr g^mJ¥hm_Ü`o MM©go mR>r
dm {d{dY g{_Ë`m§À`m ~¡R>H$m§_Ü`o MMm© {df`mV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mVyZ OZ{hVmMo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 17
{ZU©`, YmoaUo dm H$m`©H$« _ AmIÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mMr `mo½` A§_b~OmdUr dm H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{d{dY àH$maMr AÚ`mdV, g§{já na§Vw n[anyU© d {dídmgmh© _m{hVr gÝ_mZZr` gXñ`m§Zm
bmJV AgVo. Vr _m{hVr nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ {d{Y_§S>i J«§Wmb` H$arV AgVo. {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m
J«W§ mb`mÀ`m ñWmnZo_mJrb _w»` CÔoe hmM Amho. Ë`mgmR>r ZdZdrZ àH$m{eV hmoUmar Cn`wŠV
nwñVHo$ Am{U BVa dmMZr` gm{hË` BË`mXr àmá H$aUo, Ë`mda Vm§{ÌH$ gmonñH$a H$aUo, Ë`m§Mr
XodKod H$aUo Am{U Ë`m§Mo OVZ H$aUo d Ë`m gm{hË`mÀ`m AmYmao XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mo _m.
nrR>mgrZ A{YH$mar, gXñ` d {dYmZ_§S>imMo A{YH$mar Am{U H$_©Mmar `m§Zm bmJUmar nwñVHo$,
g^mJ¥hmÀ`m _mJrb H$m_H$mOmMr H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo (Debates), Ahdmb, d¥ÎmnÌm§_Yrb H$mÌUo
d {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_Yrb boI, BË`mXr _m{hVr nwadyZ Ë`m§Mr g§gXr` d _VXmam§àVr AgUmar
H$V©ì`o d O~m~mXmè`m n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m d g_mYmZH$maH$nUo nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Am{U Mm§Jë`m
g§gXr` àWm d na§nam {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r d øm gdmªÛmao g§gXr` bmoH$emhr A{YH$ g_¥Õ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r _m. nrR>mgrZ A{YH$mar, gÝ_mZZr` gXñ`, {d{Y_§S>imMo A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar
`m§Zm bmJUmar gd© _m{hVr Ano{jV doioV nwa{dUo hm `m J«§Wmb` godoÀ`m ì`dñWo_mJrb
ì`mnH$ hoVy Amho.
Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^_y r
_hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m J«§Wmb`mMm B{Vhmg nmhVm ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV 1922n`ªV
Amnë`mbm _mJo Omdo bmJob. {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>m_Ü`o 1919À`m H$m`Úmà_mUo 1921 gmbr
Ë`m doiÀo `m _w~§ B© àm§VmMo n{hbo bmoH$m{Z`wŠV H$m`Xo_S§ >i ApñVËdmV Ambo. `m H$m`Xo_S§ >imÀ`m
gXñ`m§Zm doJdoJio H$m`Xo H$aVmZm Ë`mdarb MM©ogmR>r g^mJ¥hm_Ü`o bmJUmar Amdí`H$ Vr
nwñVHo$, Ahdmb d AÝ` g§X^©gm{hË` CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`mMr Amdí`H$Vm
{dMmamV KoD$Z H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m gwì`dpñWV Aem J«§Wmb`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 18 _mM©
1922 amoOr Ë`m doiÀ`m ~m°å~o bo{Oñbo{Q>ìh H$m¡pÝgbMo ào{gS>Ýo Q> ga Zmam`U JUoe M§XmdaH$a
`m§Zr n{hbr J«§Wmb` g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma gßQ>|~a 1922 _Ü`o
J«§Wmb`mg§~§Yr EH$ gwnadm`Par H${_Q>r Zo_Ê`mV Ambr. `m J«§Wmb` g{_VrZo J«§Wmb`mgmR>r
bmJUmè`m Amdí`H$ nwñVH$m§Mr _m. g^mnVr d _m. AÜ`j `m§À`mH$S>o {e\$mag H$amd`mMr
BVHo$M H$m_ hmoVo. gXa H${_Q>r nwT>o 1924, 1927 Am{U 1931 _Ü`o nwZJ©{R>>V H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. nwT>o 1937 _Ü`o ~m°å~o bo{Oñbo{Q>ìh H$m¡pÝgbMr 19 Owb¡ 1937 d 20 Owb¡ 1937
amoOr AZwH«$_o {dYmZg^m d {dYmZn[afX Aer XmoZ g^mJ¥ho ApñVËdmV Ambr. J«§Wmb` _mÌ
XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§gmR>r EH$ÌM R>odÊ`mV Ambo. E{àb 1948 _Ü`o XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr EH$ g§`wŠV
g{_Vr J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$ma^mamda XoIaoI R>odÊ`mgmR>r Zo_Ê`mV Ambr.
Ë`m doir _w§~B© d nwUo `oWo {d{Y_§S>imMr A{YdoeZo ^aV AgV. Ë`m_wio 1955 n`ªV
{d{Y_§S>imMo J«§Wmb` _w§~B© d nwUo `oWo H$m`©aV hmoVo. _w§~B© `oWo AmVmÀ`m OwÝ`m g§~moYë`m
OmUmè`m H$m¡pÝgb hm°b_Ü`o Xwgè`m _Oë`mda d nwUo H$m¡pÝgb hm°b_Ü`o, AmVmÀ`m H${_eZa
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 18
Am°{\$g_Ü`o n{hë`m _Oë`mda J«W§ mb` H$m`©aV hmoV.o _w~§ B© H$m¡pÝgb hm°b_Ü`o Xwgè`m _Oë`mda
gXñ`m§Zm J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o `oÊ`mgmR>r {bâQ>Mr ì`dñWm hmoVr.
1956 _Ü`o amÁ` nwZa©MZm Pmbr d {Û^m{fH$ _w§~B© amÁ` ApñVËdmV Ambo. 1960
_Ü`o {Û^m{fH$ _w§~B© amÁ`mMm H$mhr ^mJ JwOamV amÁ`mV Jobm d _amR>r ^mfH$m§Mo g§`wŠV
_hmamï´> amÁ` ApñVËdmV Ambo. Ë`m doir JwOamV amÁ` {dYmZg^obm `m J«§Wmb`mVrb H$mhr
J«§W, Ahdmb, BË`mXr hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 1 _o 1960nmgyZ ho J«§Wmb` "_hmamï´>
{dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb`' åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV `oD$ bmJbo Amho. 1960nmgyZ ZmJnya H$amamZwgma
_hmamï´> {d{Y_§S>imMo EH$ A{YdoeZ ZmJnya `oWo KoÊ`mV `oV.o Ë`mgmR>r ZmJnya {dYmZ^dZm_Ü`ohr
J«§Wmb` H$mhr à_mUmV àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o {deofV: Amnë`m amÁ`mÀ`m
XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr {S>~oQ>g², bmoH$g^oMr d amÁ`g^oMr {S>~oQ>g², Amnbr ~OoQ> àH$meZo,
J°PoQ>g², [anmoQ>©g², _hm_§S>im§Mo d Amnë`m {d{Y_§S>im§À`m g{_Ë`m§Mo [anmoQ>©g² `m _hÎdmÀ`m
gm{hË`mMr àË`oH$s EH$ àV VoWo H$m`_ ñdê$nr ì`dñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
J«§Wmb`mgmR>r VoWo gmYmaUV: bmJyZ Agbobo XmoZ hm°b, gw_mao 2000 ñŠdoAa \y$Q> BVH$s
OmJm CnbãY Amho. gXñ`m§gmR>r VoWo arqS>J ê$_Mrhr ì`dñWm Amho. Xadfu bmJUmao,
df©^am_Ü`o Zì`mZo Ambobo AÝ` gm{hË` VoWo Q´>Šg_YyZ ZoÊ`mV `oVo. Ë`m df©^amVrb ZdrZ
gm{hË`mn¡H$s Amdí`H$ Vo VoWo R>odÊ`mV `oD$Z AÝ` naV _w§~B©g AmUbo OmVo, Ago gmVË`mZo
gwê$ Amho.
_w§~B© `oWo OwÝ`m {dYmZ^dZm_Ü`o 1980n`ªV J«§Wmb` d {d{Y_§S>i H$m`©aV hmoVo.
1981_Ü`o {dYmZ_§S>imMr {dÚ_mZ ZdrZ d ^ì` dmñVy V`ma Pmbr d 1981 _Ü`o
{dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m 20 _Obr ^ì` àemgH$s` Q>m°da_Ü`o J«§Wmb` 5 ì`m d 6 ì`m _Oë`mda
EHy$U gw_mao 6000 ñŠdoAa \y$Q> OmJo_Ü`o àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
ñdê$n
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m gXñ`m§Zm H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mgmR>r,
g^mJ¥hmg_moarb ZdrZ MM©og AgUmè`m {dYo`H$m§g§~§Yr dm gwYmaUm§gmR>r bmJUmao AÚ`mdV
H$m`Xo, hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg, hmD$g Am°\$ bm°S>©g VgoM, AÝ` amÁ`m§Mr {S>~oQ>g² `m{edm`
gXñ`m§Zm emgZmÀ`m AÝ` ImË`m§g~§ Y§ rMr, g^mJ¥hmg_moarb H$m_H$mOmÀ`m g§X^m©Zo MM©go mR>r
bmJUmar Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr, gXñ`m§À`m boIr _mJUrZwgma g§~{§ YV ImË`mÀ`m g{Mdm§H$Sy>Z
_mJdyZ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV `oV Ago. VgoM {S>ŠeZarO, EÝgm`Šbmonr{S>`mO, BAa~wŠg, {S>aoŠQ>arO, H$m`Xo, {Z`_, J°PoQ>g², ZH$meo Am{U AÝ` _hÎdmMr àmg§{JH$ àH$meZo d
g§gXr` KQ>Zm-KS>m_moS>r `m {df`m§Zm dm{hbobr - (1) nmb©_Q| >ar A\o$Ag©, (2) OZ©b Am°\$
X ŠbmH©$-A°Q>-X-Q>~o b BZ Eånm`a nmb©_Q| >g,² (3) B§Q>aZ°eZb A°ÊS> H§$n°a{o Q>ìh bm°, (4) amD§$S>
Q>o~b hr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ KoÊ`mV `oV hmoVr.
ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va ^maVm_Ü`o {d{Z`moOZmMo `wJ gwê$ Amho. Ë`m_wio gd©gmYmaU
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZm_Ü`o emgZmer g§~§Y `oÊ`mMo à_mU {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>VM Mmbbo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 19
Amho. gmYr {dhra ImoXÊ`mnmgyZ Vo _moR>o nmQ>~§Ymao àH$ën C^maÊ`mn`ªV Am{U bhmZ bhmZ
CÚmoJm§nmgyZ AmdmT>ì` H$maImÝ`m§Mr C^maUr H$aÊ`mn`ªV, {nÊ`mMo nmUr, añVo,
drO, OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Mm nwadR>m, {ejU, àXyfU {Z`§ÌU, àmW{_H$ Amamo½` gw{dYm,
_hmJmB©da {Z`§ÌU, BË`mXr àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr emgZmMm g§~§Y {Xdg|{Xdg A{YH$ AQ>i hmoD$Z
~gbm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMo C{Ôï> AmnU ñdrH$mabo Agë`m_wio OZVoÀ`m
gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb AZoH${dY Jmoï>ter emgZmMm àË`j g§~§Y `oVmo. Ë`m_wio nydunojm
emgZmÀ`m H$m`©joÌmMr ì`már AmVm \$maM {dñV¥V à_mUmda dmT>bobr Amho Am{U Ë`m
AZwf§JmZo {dYmZ_§S>i gXñ`m§À`m O~m~Xmè`mXoIrb VodT>çmM à_mUmV dmT>ë`m AmhoV.
n`m©`mZo {dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb`mda gXñ`m§Zm _m{hVr nwa{dÊ`mMr Or O~m~Xmar Amho VrVXoIrb VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm dmT> hmoUo An[ahm`© Amho. `m Ñï>rZo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr Jmoï>
bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho d Vr åhUOo B§½b§S>_Ü`o Oar H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m VÎdmMm
A§JrH$ma Ho$bobm Agbm (g§X^© - {~«Q>Z 1971 n¥. 122) Var VoWo ^maVmà_mUo {Z`moOZ Zmhr
hr Jmoï> bjmV KoVm, ^maVr` {dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb`mMr H$m`©ì`már, hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_ÝgÀ`m
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$m`©ì`márnojm A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Amho, Ago {dYmZ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mV A{Ve`moŠVr
hmoUma Zmhr.
^maVmV Mmby Agbobo {Z`moOZ JwU Am{U VXZwfJ§ mZo ApñVËdmV Ambobr {dH$gZerb
d {_l AW©ì`dñWm d `m XeH$m_Ü`o Amnë`m XoemZo Zì`mZo ñdrH$mabobr _wŠV AW©ì`dñWm,
ImOJrH$aU VgoM _m{hVrMm ñ\$moQ> Am{U _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZmMm dmT>Vm dmna Am{U H$ë`mUH$mar
amÁ`mÀ`m VÎdmZwgma Mmby Agbobo àemgZ, BË`mXt_wio emgZmMm ì`dhma {d{dYm§Jr (Complex) d VgmM H$mbì`` (Time-Consuming) H$aUmam Pmbobm Amho. `m_wio {Za{Zamiçm
Cnm``moOZm Am{U H$m`©H$« _ `m§Mr AmIUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§Mr A_§b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
_§Í`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ImË`mVrb VÁkm§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ gëë`mda _moR>çm à_mUmV Adb§~yZ
amhVm `oVo. `m CbQ> _§{ÌJUmIoarO {d{Y_§S>imVrb gÎmmê$T> njmMo BVa gXñ` Am{U {damoYr
njmMo gXñ` `m§Zm Ago H$moUVohr gmhmæ` CnbãY ZgVo. Ë`m§Zm Oa emgZ ì`dhmamda `mo½`
àH$mao XoIaoI R>odyZ, Ë`mda A§Hw$e R>odÊ`mMo (Watch-dog Function) Amnbo H$V©ì`
n[aUm_H$maH$nUo nma nmS>md`mMo Agob Va _§Í`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ImË`m§Vrb VÁkm§_m\©$V Oo gmhmæ`
CnbãY hmoVo Ë`mM ñdê$nmMo gmhmæ` H$mhr à_mUmV Var {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm CnbãY
hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$moUË`mhr gXñ`mbm Á`m H$moUË`m {df`mda Amnbo bj H|${ÐV H$amd`mMo
AgVo, Ë`m gd©M {df`m§Mm Vmo VÁk hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr ho Iao Agbo Var Ë`mbm Á`m àíZm§Mo
g§Vw{bV (Balanced) AmH$bZ H$amd`mMo AgVo qH$dm Á`m àíZmg§~§Yr AmYma^yV {ZU©`
¿`md`mMm Agob Ë`m àíZm~m~V g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm A§Jr AgVmZmXoIrb AZoH$Xm,
Ho$di doioÀ`m A^mdr Ë`mbm Ë`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm ìhmdo bmJVo hr Jmoï> ZOaoAmS> H$ê$Z MmbUma
Zmhr. gXñ`mbm g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmV ^mJ KoÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mì`{V[aŠV Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m
_VXmag§Km~m~V, Ë`m§À`m njm~m~V Am{U Vmo Á`m H$moUË`m g§gXr` AWdm g§gXoVa g{_Ë`m§Mm
g^mgX Agob Ë`m g{_Ë`m§~m~V H$mhr ~m§Yrb H$V©ì`o AgVmV hr Jmoï> AZoH$Xm {dgaÊ`mV
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 20
`oVo. åhUyZM, g§gX dm {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§Zm g§emoYZ{df`H$ godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo åhUOo
Ë`m§À`mda gmon{dÊ`mV Amboë`m AZoH${dY O~m~Xmè`m§nH¡ $s EH$m _hÎdmÀ`m O~m~Xmarg§~Y§ r
Ë`m§À`mda Agbobo AmoPo hbHo$ H$aÊ`mMmM EH$ àH$mao à`ËZ hmo` d hr O~m~mXmar AmOÀ`m
{d{Y_§S>i J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr godm {d^mJmMr Amho Ago åhQ>ë`mg Vo dmdJo hmoUma Zmhr.
BVHo$ `m godm§Mo ì`mnH$ d _hÎdnyU© ñdê$n Amho. `m ~m~rMm AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma
H$aVmZm Imbrb CVmam {dMmamV KoUo Cn`wŠV R>aob.
The facilities available to the Opposition and Backbench Members
in general should be greatly increased, particularly the expansion of the
Library into a Parliamentary work-shop of research and investigation employing many trained research workers who could serve committees. There
should thus be the deliberate creation of a 'counter-bureacracy' to whitehall,
part Complementary and part to break new ground, to obtain information
for Parliament.
(Crick, Bernard, Reform of Parliament, Weidenfild and Nicoloson,
London, 1964 : Page 194.)
`m nmíd©^y_rda _hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb`mMr gd©gmYmaU _m{hVr, VoWo {Xë`m
OmUmè`m godm d Ë`m§Mm dmna, BË`mXr ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
H$m_mÀ`m doim
{Z:gÌ H$mbmdYrV gH$mir 10.45 Vo gm`§H$mir 5.30 `m H$m`m©b`rZ doioV d
gÌH$mimV 9.45 qH$dm g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ hmoÊ`mnydu EH$ Vmg Vo gm`§H$mir g^mJ¥hmMo
H$m_H$mO AmQ>monon`ªV qH$dm gm`§H$mir 6.30 n`ªV `m XmoÝhtn¡H$s Or doi Z§VaMr Agob Ë`m
doion`ªV J«§Wmb` godm CnbãY AgVo. àW_nmgyZ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m doim darbà_mUoM
R>aboë`m AmhoV.
A§XmOnÌH$s` dm{f©H$ VaVyX
J«§Wmb`mgmR>r Xadfu J«§W, d¥ÎmnÌo, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, BË`mXtÀ`m IaoXrgmR>r d J«§W,
Ahdmb d {Z`VH$m{bHo$, BË`mXr§À`m ~m§YUrgmR>r gÜ`m é. 10 bmI BVH$s A§XmOnÌH$s`
VaVyX CnbãY Amho. CnbãY Pmboë`m _m{hVrZwgma 1966 nmgyZ é. 20,000/-; 1975
nmgyZ é. 50,000/-, 1990 nmgyZ é. 5 bmI d 1996 nmgyZ én`o 10 bmI Aer `m
AW©g§H$ënr` dm{f©H$ VaVwXr_Ü`o dmT> hmoV Jobr Amho. d¥ÎmnÌo, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, Ahdmb d
nwñVHo$ `m§À`m {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V OmUmè`m {H$_Vr {dMmamV KoD$Z d àH$m{eV hmoUmao {d{dY
{df`m§darb Cn`wŠV {dnwb gm{hË` {dMmamV KoD$Z gXa _`m©Xm dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
`m J«§Wmb`mÀ`m dm{f©H$ VaVwXr_YyZM XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mo _m. nrR>mgrZ A{YH$mar,
{damoYr nj ZoVo d A{YH$mar `m§À`m {ZdmgñWmZr d H$m`m©b`m_Ü`o XoÊ`mV `oUmar d¥ÎmnÌo d
{Z`VH$m{bHo$ `m§À`mda hmoUmam IM© ^mJ{dÊ`mV `oVmo. hm IM© Xadfu gw_mao XmoZ bmIm§n`ªV
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 21
hmoVmo Amho. J«§Wmb`mgmR>r bmJUmar ñQ>oeZar _mÌ g{Mdmb`mÀ`m EH${ÌV VaVwXr_YyZ KoÊ`mV
`oVo.
J«W
§ mb`mMo àemgZ d H$_©Mmar dJ©
{dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§gmR>r J«§Wmb` EH$M Amho. `m {d^mJmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ
H$m_mMr gd© ì`dñWmnH$s` O~m~Xmar J«§Wnmb, _m{hVr d g§emoYZ A{YH$mar `m§À`mda AgyZ
g§nyU© àemgH$s` {Z`§ÌU {dYmZ_§S>imMo àYmZ g{Md (1) `m§Mo Amho. EHy$U àemgH$s` d
ì`dñWmnH$s` aMZm nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
Am°JZ© m`PoeZb MmQ>©
àYmZ g{Md (1)
J«W
§ d BVa dmMZgm{hË` g§Jh«
J«W
§ nmb, _m{hVr d g§emoYZ A{YH$mar (g§»`m 1)
CnJ«W
§ nmb VWm g§emoYZ ghm`H$ (1)
ghm`H$
(gm_mÝ` Aà{e{jV -5)
Vm§{ÌH$ ghm`H$
(à{e{jV-4)
1966 _Ü`o EHy$U 9 H$_©Mmar H$m`©aV hmoVo, Va 1975 _Ü`o 18, 1990 _Ü`o 20 H$_©Mmar
Am{U1997 nmgyZ EHy$U 26 H$_©Mmar J«§Wmb` {d^mJm_Ü`o godm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV.
_mÌ `m_Yrb J«§Wnmb, CnJ«§Wnmb d 4 Vm§{ÌH$ ghm`H$ d g§JUH$ H$jmVrb {díbofH$ d
àmoJ«°_a dJiVm AÝ` gd© H$_©Mmar ho Aà{e{jV AmhoV ho AmdO©yZ bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIo Amho.
Mma Vm§{ÌH$ ghm`H$ d {díbofH$ Am{U H$m`©H$« _ Am`moOH$ hr 1997 nmgyZ ZdrZM nXo {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z Ë`m Ë`m joÌmVrb à{e{jV H$_©Mmar Ë`m nXm§da Zo_Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. _mÌ
AÝ` gd© H$_©Mmar ho Aà{e{jV Va AmhoVM; na§Vw Ë`m§Mr J«§Wmb`m_YyZ {dYmZ_§S>i
g{Mdmb`mÀ`m AÝ` H$m_H$mOm§À`m {d^mJm§_Ü`o, H$jm§_Ü`o dma§dma ~Xbr hmoV AgVo. Ë`mMo
Xwîn[aUm_ J«§Wmb` gododa hmoVmV hohr {dXmaH$ gË` Amho.
nÕVr {díbofH$ (1)
H$m`©H$« _ Am`moOH$ (1)
{bnrH$
_hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§J«hm_Ü`o J«§W d J«§WoVa dmMZgm{hË` Ë`m_Ü`o
Amnë`m {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr, g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr, AÝ` H$mhr amÁ`m§À`m
{dYmZg^m/ n[afX `m§Mr, VgoM AÝ` H$mhr Xoem§À`m g§gXmÀ`m g^mJ¥hm§À`m H$m_H$mOmMr
H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo (Proceedings), amÁ` d H|$Ð emgZmMo, {deof Mm¡H$er g{_Ë`m§M,o {d{Y_§S>io
d g§gXoÀ`m g{_Ë`m§Mo, Am`moJm§Mo Ahdmb, amÁ` d H|$Ð emgZmMr amOnÌo, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo
~m§Yrd I§S>, BË`mXr gm{hË` g§J«hr Amho.
J«W
§
(gm_mÝ` Aà{e{jV -6)
`mà_mUo gÜ`m 26 H$_©Mmar H$m`©aV AmhoV. J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$m_mMm ì`mn H$mbm¡KmV
gd© ÑîQ>çm dmT>V Jobm Ë`m à_mUmV J«§Wmb`mMo _Zwî`~i _mÌ A{YH$ dmT>bobo {XgV Zmhr.
{dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m J«W§ mb`m_Ü`o Z¡g{J©H$ {dkmZo d gd©gmYmaU AgUmao b{bV dmL²>_`
dJiVm H$m`Xo{df`H$ amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, H¥$fr VgoM KQ>Zm
d g§gXr` {df`m§darb nwñVHo$, dm{f©H$o , kmZH$moe, eãXH$moe AmXr gd© kmZemIm§Zm ì`mnUmar
Cn`wŠV nwñVHo$ _hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m g§Jh« r AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o J«W§ mb`mÀ`m dm{f©H$ VaVwXr_YyZ
IaoXr Ho$bobo d A{YnarjH$ nwñVHo$ d àH$meZo VgoM g§gX dm AÝ` amÁ` {d{Y_§S>io
`m§À`mH$Sy>Z _mo\$V àmá Pmboë`m J«§Wm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o Aem IaoXr J«§Wm§Mr
g§»`m 47,000 Amho.
amÁ`emgZmÀ`m A{YnarjH$ nwñVHo$ d àH$meZo `m {d^mJmH$S>o narjUmgmR>r Ambobr
nwñVHo$ Ë`m§Mo H$m_ Pmë`mZ§Va Xa VrZ _{hÝ`m§Mr Ë`m§À`mH$S>rb nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr {dYmZ_§S>i
J«W§ mb`mH$S>o ng§VrgmR>r nmR>{dVmV. nwae
o m OmJoA^mdr Ë`m_Yrb Cn`wŠV nwñVHo$M Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
{dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb`mgmR>r _mJdyZ KoÊ`mV `oVmV, Aer àWm gwê$ Amho. Aem ^oQ>rXmIb
Amboë`m nwñVH$m§Mr g§»`m gw_mao 20,000 Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 22
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 23
Q>H§ $boIH$ (1)
XßVar (Aà{e{jV-2)
{enmB© (1)
h_mb (3)
H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo (àmo{gqS>½O), Ahdmb ([anmoQ>©g²), amOnÌo
(J°PQo >g)² BË`mXr
{dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o _hmamï´> amÁ` {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m
H$m_H$mOmMr 1862 nmgyZMr H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo, ^maVmÀ`m g§gXoMr 1854 nmgyZMr d AÝ`
H$mhr amÁ`m§À`m d AÝ` Xoem§À`m g§gXm§À`m g^mJ¥hmVrb H$m_H$mOm§Mr H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo g§J«hr
AmhoV.
Ë`m_Ü`o {~«{Q>e g§gXr` B{Vhmgmg§~§YrMo 1066 Vo 1806 n`ªVMo H$mo~oQ>g² nmb©_|Q>ar
{hñQ´>rMo gd© I§S>, Ë`mMà_mUo H$mo~oQ> d h°ZgmS>© `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$bobo 1803 Vo 1900
n`ªVMo Am{U Ë`mZ§VaMo, 1901 Vo 1910 n`ªVMo hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Z d hmD$g Am°\$ bm°S>©g
`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mo {~«{Q>e emgZmH$Sy>Z à{gÕ Ho$bobo gd© {S>~oQ>g² gmYmaUV: 1982
n`ªVMo CnbãY AmhoV. ^maVmVrb g§gXoMo J«§Wmb` gmoS>bo Va AÝ`Ì hm g§J«h Šd{MVM
AmT>ib
o . `m{edm` ~«÷Xoe, qgY àm§V, Ý`y{Pb§S>, ZoXab±S, Am°ñQ´>{o b`m Aem H$mhr Xoem§Mrhr
{S>~oQ>g² CnbãY AmhoV.
_hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>imMr H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo g§nm{XV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ho {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m H$m`©dmhr
g§nmXH$m§À`m H$m`©H$jo_Ü`o `oVo. Ë`m§À`m {d^mJmH$Sy>ZM `m H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmm§gmR>r eodQ>r
{df`Zm_mÀ`m AÚmjamZwH«$_o d gXñ`m§À`m AmS>ZmdmZwH«$_o AZwH«$_m{UH$m V`ma H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV
`oV.o AZwH$« _m{UH$m§Mo I§S> _yi H$m`©dmhr d¥Îm àH$m{eV Pmë`mZ§Va ñdV§Ì[aË`m, A{YdoeZmZwH$« _o
àH$m{eV Ho$bo OmVmV.
`m{edm` J«W§ mb`m_Ü`o emgZmÀ`m {d{dY ImË`m§Mo , {d{Y_§S>i d g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§M,o
g§`wŠV {M{H$Ëgm g{_Ë`m§Mo Ahdmb, Mm¡H$er g{_Ë`m§Mo, Am`moJm§Mo Ahdmb, AW©g§H$ënr`
gd© àH$meZo, gw_mao 1927 nmgyZMr ^maV gaH$maMr d _hmamï´> emgZmMr amOnÌo gd© ^mJ
CnbãY AmhoV. VgoM g§gXr` {df`m§Zm dm{hboë`m H$mhr {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo A§H$ H$m`_ñdê$nr
CnbãY ìhmdoV åhUyZ ~m§YUr H$ê$Z KoVbobo AmhoV.
darb gd© J«§W d AÝ` dmMZ gm{hË`mn¡H$s \$ŠV IaoXr Ho$bobo J«§W [aVga Zm|XUr
Ho$bobo d dJuH$aU (S>çwB© S>o{g_b Šbm{g. Am. 20 dr), Vm{bH$sH$aU (A°½bmo A_o[aH$Z
H°$Q>bm°qJJ H$moS>à_mUo) dm AÝ` Vm§{ÌH$ gmonñH$ma H$ê$Z ì`dñWm bmdÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
_mÌ, A{YnarjH$ nwñVHo$ d àH$meZo `m§À`mH$Sy>Z _mo\$V àmá Pmboë`m J«§Wm§darb Vm§{ÌH$
gmonñH$ma nyU© ZgyZ _Zwî`~imA^mdr Vo H$m_ AnyU© Amho. hr gd© nwñVHo$ T>mo~i _mZmZo
{df`mZwgma doJir H$ê$Z a°H$da R>odÊ`mV Ambobr AmhoV.
VgoM gd© H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo Ë`m Ë`m g^mJ¥hmMr, H$mbmZwH«$_o bmdÊ`mV Ambobr AmhoV.
gd© Ahdmb {df`dma a°H$da R>odÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. amOnÌo ^mJdma d H$mbmZwH«$_o a°H$da
bmdÊ`mV Ambobr AmhoV. {d{Y_§S>i d g§gXoÀ`m gd© g{_Ë`m§Mo Ahdmb Ë`m Ë`m
g{_Ë`m§Zwgma, _hm_§S>im§Mo Ahdmb _hm_§S>imZwgma H$mbmZwH«$_o bmdÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 24
EHy$U hr ì`dñWm H$m_H$mOmÀ`m gmoB©Zwgma T>mo~i _mZmZo bmdÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. øm gd©
gm{hË`mdarb Vm§{ÌH$ gmonñH$ma _Zwî`~imA^mdr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ AnyU© Amho. EHy$U g§J«h
nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
J«W
§ mb` g§Jh«
J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o OmZodmar 2000 AIoa.
(IaoXr 47,000 + {dZm_yë` ^oQ> = 20,000) 67,000
(1)
nwñVHo$
(2)
J«W
§ Vo a gm{hË` :
(1) H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo
_hmamï´> {dYmZg^m, (1862 nmgyZMr)
_hmamï´> {dYmZn[afX,
bmoH$g^m,
amÁ`g^m,
1 bmImÀ`m da
(1854 nmgyZMr)
(2) h°ZgmS>© {S>~oQ>g²
(hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg d bm°S>©gÀ`m 1066 nmgyZMm
B{Vhmg d 1803 nmgyZ 1982 n`ªVMr d AÝ` H$mhr
Xoem§Mr Am{U AÝ` H$mhr amÁ` {d{Y_§S>im§Mr 1982
n`ªVMr {S>~oQ>g² CnbãY AmhoV.
(3) amOnÌo
_hmamï´> emgZ
^maV gaH$ma
1923 nmgyZ
1927 nmgyZ
(4) g{_Ë`m§M,o Am`moJm§Mo Ahdmb
amÁ` {dYmZ_§S>i, g§gX {deof g{_Ë`m d Am`moJ
(5) {ZdS>H$ {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo ~m§Yrd I§S> (g§gXr` {df`m§darb {Z`VH$m{bHo$, bmoH$amÁ`, BË`mXr)
EHy$U g§Jh« - 1,67,000/åhUOo EHy$U 1,67,000 BVHo$ J«§W d J«§WoVa g§X^©gm{hË` J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§J«hr Amho.
ho gd© gm{hË` {dYmZ^dZmÀ`m 5 ì`m d 6 ì`m _Oë`mda CnbãY Amho. J«§Wmb`mMo ho
XmoÝhrhr _Obo dmVmZwHy${bV AmhoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 25
d¥ÎmnÌo d {Z`VH$m{bHo$
J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o gÜ`m amï´>r`, amÁ` d {Oëhm nmVirdarb gw_mao 80 À`m da d¥ÎmnÌo d
150 À`m da {Z`VH$m{bHo$ KoÊ`mV `oVmV. Ë`m§Mm Vnerb nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
Vnerb
dJ©UrÛmao
^oQ>rXmIb
EHy$U
d¥ÎmnÌo
36
50
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gmám{hHo$
32
3
35
nm{jHo$
8
5
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hr 80 d¥ÎmnÌo d 150 {Z`VH$m{bHo$ {dYmZ^dZmÀ`m 6 ì`m _Oë`mdarb Imobr
H«$_m§H$ 602 _Ü`o gXñ`m§À`m Cn`moJmgmR>r CnbãY AmhoV. _w§~B©_YyZ à{gÕ hmoUmè`m à_wI
15 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m d amï´>r` ñVamdarb 5 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m \$mB©ëg 5 df©on`ªV R>odÊ`mV `oVmV.
g§gXr` {df`mbm dm{hbobr gw_mao 10 {Z`VH$m{bHo$ H$m`_ñdê$nr R>odÊ`mV `oVmV. AÝ`
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§_Yrb d d¥ÎmnÌm§_Yrb _hÎdmMo boIM VodT>o H$mTy>Z H$m`_ g§X^m©gmR>r R>do Ê`mV
`oVmV.
J«W
§ XodKod
J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o KoÊ`mV `oUmao J«§W d BVa dmMZr` gm{hË` ho gmYmaUV: H$m`Xm,
{d{Y{dYmZ, amÁ`emñÌ d bmoH$àemgZ, g§gXr` àWm d nÕVr, AW©emñÌ, g_mOemñÌ,
Y_©, H¥$fr, M[aÌ, AmË_M[aÌ, BË`mXr VgoM dm{f©Ho$, kmZH$moe, BË`mXr gd© kmZemIm§Zm
ì`mnUmao Amho.
gXa J«§W J«§Wmb`mÀ`m {Z`_m§Zwgma gXñ`m§Zm XoÊ`mV `oVmV. gmYmaUV: gXñ`m§Zm
EH$m doiog XmoZ nwñVHo$ KoVm `oVmV. KoVbobr nwñVHo$ naV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV A{YdoeZmÀ`m
H$mimV gmV {Xdgm§V Va A{YdoeZ Zgob Ë`m H$mimV 15 {Xdgm§V naV H$amdrV Ago
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 26
Ano{jV Amho. AË`§V {H$_Vr d Xw_ui nwñVHo$ doirM naV Z Ho$ë`mg d ñ_aUnÌ
nmR>{dë`mZ§Vahr Oa gXñ`m§Zr nwñVHo$ naV Ho$br ZmhrV Va Ë`m nwñVH$mÀ`m {H$_VrEdT>r
aŠH$_ dma§dma H$idyZhr Z ^aë`mg A§{V_V: qH$dm Aer aŠH$_ O_m Pmë`m{edm` Ë`m§Zm Zm
haH$V à_mUnÌ {Xbo OmV Zmhr d Ë`m{edm` Ë`m§Zm noÝeZ {_iV Zmhr. àg§Jr gXñ`m§À`m
nwT>rb _{hÝ`mÀ`m nJmamVyZhr Vr dgyb Ho$br OmVo. _mÌ g§X^© J«§W J«§Wmb`m~mhoa ZoVm `oV
ZmhrV Va Ago Xw_ui d _m¡{bH$ g§X^© J«§W gXñ`m§Zr J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`o nmhmdoV Aer Anojm
Amho.
dmMZ H$j
gXñ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmVrb ^mfUm§À`m V`marH$[aVm J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o ~gyZ H$mhr
{Q>nUo H$mT>Vm `mdrV, Aä`mg H$aVm `mdm, g§X^© nmhVm `mdoV OoUHo $ê$Z, Ë`m§Mr g^mJ¥hmVrb
H$m_{Jar Aä`mgnyU© d Cn`wŠV ìhmdr `m Ñïr>Zo gwgÁO, àeñV d dmVmZwHy${bV dmMZ H$j
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m 6 ì`m _Oë`mda H$j H«$. 603 _Ü`o CnbãY Amho. gXñ`m§Zr Ë`mMm OmñVrV
OmñV bm^ ¿`mdm hm `m_mJo hoVy Amho d Ë`mMm gXñ` bm^ KoVmV. _m. eaX ndma, _m.
{edmOramd nmQ>rb-{Zb§JHo $a, _m. _Zmoha Omoer, _m. am_amd Am{XH$ `m§À`mgmaIo d[að> ZoVho r
JaOoZwgma Vmg-XmoZ Vmg gbJ `m dmMZH$jm_Ü`o ~gyZ g§X^© nmhÿZ bm^ KoVmZm dma§dma
AZw^dmg `oVo.
J«W
§ mb`m_YyZ XoÊ`mV `oUmè`m {d{dY g§X^©gdo m
gXñ`m§Zm g^mJ¥hmVrb Ë`m§Mo A§JrH¥$V H$V©ì` nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Á`m {df`m§Mm Aä`mg
qH$dm MM©go mR>r nydV© `mar H$amd`mMr Agob Ë`mgmR>r J«W§ mb`mH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm nwñVHo$, d¥ÎmnÌH$mÌUo,
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Vrb boI, {d{dY àH$meZm§Vrb gm§p»`H$s` _m{hVr, H$m`©dmhr d¥Îmo, AmXr
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV `oVmV. Aem godm§Mm Vnerb nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
d¥ÎmnÌ-H$mÌUo godm {d^mJ
gXñ`m§Zm g^mJ¥hmV gw{d{hVnUo d à^mdrnUo H$m_ H$aVm `mdo `m Ñï>rZo Cn`wŠV Ago
g§X^© {_iÊ`mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌ H$mÌUm§Mm ñdV§Ì {d^mJ Amho. {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o
_hmamï´>mVrb ~hþVHo $ gd© à_wI d¥ÎmnÌo, {Oëhm d¥ÎmnÌo d {Z`VH$m{bHo$ `oVmV. àË`oH$ {OëømVrb
{H$_mZ EH$ Var d¥ÎmnÌ _mo\$V `oV AgVo. gw_mao 80 d¥ÎmnÌo d 150 {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_Yrb
{deof boI, g§nmXH$s` d _hÎdmÀ`m ~mVå`m§Mr nmhUr H$aV AgVmZm ^{dî`mV g^mJ¥hmV
CnpñWV hmoD$ eHo$b Aem A§XmOmZo àM{bV {df`m§darb Cn`wŠV ~mVå`m, boI H$mnyZ
KoD$Z Img hoVyZo V`ma Ho$boë`m \$moëS>g©_Ü`o H$mbmZwH«$_o EH${ÌV R>odÊ`mV `oVmV. àË`oH$
H$mÌUmda d¥ÎmnÌmMo Zmd, {XZm§H$ d {df` H«$_m§H$ {b{hÊ`mV `oVmo. gXñ`m§À`m _mJUrZwgma
g§~§{YV {df`mdarb _m{hVr Ëd[aV XoÊ`mV `oVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 27
øm god_o i
w o EImÚm _hÎdmÀ`m àíZmg§~Y§ rMr CXmhaUo _w~§ B©Vrb 40 bmI Pmono S>nÅ>rdmgr`m§À`m {ZdmgmMr g_ñ`m qH$dm _w§~B©Vrb OwÝ`m, nS>Š`m B_maVtMr g_ñ`m, _w§~B©Vrb
dmhVwH$sÀ`m H$m|S>rMm, dmT>Ë`m àXyfUmMm àíZ Agob, VgoM _{hbm§darb AË`mMma, amÁ`mVrb
~mb_Owam§Mm àíZ qH$dm amÁ`mVrb H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWoMm àíZ, drO XadmT>rMr qH$dm I§{S>V
drOnwadR>çmMr g_ñ`m, Adf©U, A{Vd¥ï>r, eoVH$è`m§À`m AmË_hË`m, Ë`m§À`m H$Om©Mo àíZ,
_hmJmB© dm {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr d ñdñV YmÝ` {dVaUmMr g_ñ`m, am°H$o b Q>M
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 28
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AÚ`mdV _hmamï´> A{Y{Z`_
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gd© _hÎdmMo A{Y{Z`_ AÚ`mdV R>odUo ho EH$ _hÎdmMo VgoM EH$m Ñïr>Zo A{Ve` Vm§{ÌH$
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bmJVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 29
J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o _hmamï´> A{Y{Z`_ `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m g§{hVoÀ`m 1 Vo 9 I§S>m§À`m àË`oH$s
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Amë`mZ§Va amÁ`nmbm§Zr Ë`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZ§VaM Ë`mMr J°PoQ>_Ü`o à{gÕr hmoVo d Ë`mMo
H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. Ë`mM {Xder gXa gwYmaUm qH$dm ZdrZ H$m`Xm _hmamï´> H$moS>_Ü`o
g_m{dï> H$ê$Z H$moS>À`m gd© àVr AÚ`mdV H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z g§X^m©gmR>r R>odÊ`mV `oVmV.
H|$Ðr` A{Y{Z`_m§gmR>r E. Am`.Ama. (All India Reporter) ho 35 ìhm°ë`yågMo àH$meZ
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àmá H$aÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ nwñVH$m§Mm S>oQ>m~og V`ma H$aUo gwê$ Amho. ZOrH$À`m H$mimV B©_ob, ZoQ>dH©$ godm gwê$ R>odÊ`mV `oUma AmhoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 30
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 31
gXñ`m§Mm g§{já n[aM` àH$meZ
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g_mdoe Amho. {dVaH$m§H$Sy>Z Amboë`m ZdrZ J«§Wmn¡H$s Cn`wŠV J«§W àW_ J«§Wnmb {ZdS>VmV
d A§{V_ _mÝ`VogmR>r J«§Wmb` g{_VrMr ~¡R>H$ ~mobmdyZ Vo gd© J«§W _mÝ`VogmR>r, AmYr
{df`dma `mXr g{_Vr gXñ`m§H$S>o nmR>dyZ ~¡R>H$s_Ü`o Ë`m~m~V {ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo. Or
nwñVHo$ g{_VrZo _mÝ` Ho$br Vr KoVbr OmVmV d AÝ` naV Ho$br OmVmV. _mÝ` nwñVH$m§da
arVga nwT>rb gmonñH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$m gmYmaUV: gÌ H$mbm_Ü`o hmoVmV.
{Z:gÌH$mbm_Ü`ohr JaOoZwgma g{_VrMr ~¡R>H$ ~mob{dÊ`mV `oVo.
ooo
kmZì`dñWmnZ : Zì`m `wJmVrb Zdo AmìhmZ
gw. A. Hw$bH$Uu
kmZ hr EH$ eŠVr Amho. gd© kmV _m{hVr åhUOo kmZ.
VmpÎdH$ ÑîQ>çm d aMZmË_H$ nÕVrZo Agbobr àË`oH$ _m{hVr hr
kmZ {Z_m©U H$aVo. kmZeŠVr hr gÎmm d g§nÎmr {_idÊ`mMo EH$
gmYZ Amho. Eg. Ama. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr kmZmMo dU©Z nwT>rbà_mUo
Ho$bo : "Total totality of the idease conserved by the
human" `mZwgma kmZ åhUOo EHy$U _mZdr H$ënZm§Mo {díd !
"_m{hVr AgUmao dmñVd qH$dm pñWVr Am{U Á`mMm AZw^d KoVbm
OmVmo qH$dm Á`m§Mr OmUrd hmoD$ eH$Vo' Vo kmZ. kmZì`dñWmnZ
åhUOo _yë`{Z{_©VrMr H$bm Or EImÚm g§ñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZo A{Ve`
Amdí`H$ d _hÎdmMr AgVo. kmZì`dñWmnZmVyZ AZoH$ Jmoï>r
gmYVm `oUo eŠ` AgVo. AZw^d {_iVmo, kmZ {_iVo, {ZnwUVm
`oV,o Á`m_wio ZdrZ j_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVmV, J«mhH$_yë` dmT>V,o ZdZdrZ
H$ënZm§Zm dmd {_iVmo, H$m_mOm XOm© dmT>Vmo. kmZì`dñWmnZ ho
g§ñWoMo infrastructure gmaIo H$m_ H$aVo. Á`m_wio gÜ`mMr Or
CnbãY _m{hVr Am{U kmZ Amho, Ë`mVyZ _m{hVr d kmZmMo {dVaU
A_`m©X hmoD$ eH$Vo. X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV kmZ Am{U _m{hVrMm `mo½`
Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVm `oVmo.
IamoIa V„rZ hmoD$Z AmnU EImXo nwñVH$ dmMVmo Voìhm Amnë`m _Zmda Ë`mMm
Ho$dT>m n[aUm_ Pmbobm AgVmo, `mMo EH$ _OoXma CXmhaU _bm AmR>dVo. hmS>uMr "Q>og²' hr
H$mX§~ar dmMVmZm _r AJXr ñdV…bm {dgê$Z Jobmo hmoVmo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr _r añË`mdê$Z
OmV AgVm EH$ gw§Xa H°$b|S>a EH$m XwH$mZmV _mÂ`m Ñï>rbm nS>bo. g§Ü`mH$miMm gmoZoar
gy`©àH$me nS>bm Amho, Am{U EH$m JdVmÀ`m J§Orbm Q>oHy$Z EH$ B§p½be IoS>di _wbJr
C^r Amho, Ago V {MÌ hmoVo. hmS>uMr "Q>og²' AerM {XgV Agbr nm{hOo, Ago _bm
dmQ>bo Am{U _r Vo H°$b|S>a {dH$V KoD$Z _mÂ`m ImobrV AmUyZ bmdbo. Z§Va EH$Xm
bm`~«arV "J«°{\$H²$' qH$dm "ñ\$s`a' qH$dm AgboM Hw$R>bo Var gw§Xa AmQ>© nonada N>mnbobo
EH$ B§p½be {Z`VH$m{bH$ MmirV AgVm, hmS>uÀ`m "Q>og²' Mo ZmQ>H$ H$ê$Z "hmS>u ßboAg©'
ZmdmÀ`m hmS>uÀ`m MhmË`m H$mhr hm¡er ZQ>ZQ>tZr Vo Hw$R>ë`mVar {WEQ>amV XmI{dë`mMr
_m{hVr _mÂ`m Ñï>rbm nS>br. Ë`mV H$mhr {MÌohr {Xbr hmoVr. "Q>og²Mo H$m_ H$am`bm hrM
_wbJr `mo½` Amho,' Ago hmS>uZo gm§{JVë`mdaM Ë`m ZQ>rMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Amë`mMo Ë`m
boImV gm§{JVbo hmoVo. AmíM`m©Mr Jmoï> åhUOo _mÂ`m H°$b|S>adaë`m {MÌmVë`m Ë`m
_wbrV Am{U ZmQ>H$mVë`m Ë`m "Q>og²' _Ü`o H$_mbrMo gmå` hmoVo.
- AZpÝVH$m, n¥. 116
- AZ§V H$mUoH$a
_m{hVr d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m H«$m§VrZo kmZjoÌmV kmZì`dñWmnZ AmH$ma KoD$ bmJbo Amho.
ZdZdrZ kmZmMo / _m{hVrMo CËnmXH$ Am{U Xbmb Cn`wŠV kmZ~±Ho$Mm \$m`Xm ZmdrÝ`nyU©VoZo
~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg Am{U àgm[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r MwaerZo à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
kmZì`dñWmnZjoÌ kmZ n[aUm_H$maH$nUo emoYUo, {_idUo, g§M` H$aUo, {dH${gV
H$aUo, dmnaUo, gmR>dUo Am{U gh^mJr hmoD$Z dmQ>Uo `m§À`mer g§~§{YV Amho. VgoM `m_Ü`o
AZoH$m§Mr gm_y{hH$ hþemar dmnê$Z ñnï> d Añnï> Ago XmoZhr àH$maMo kmZ dmT>dyZ Vo ê$nm§V[aV
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 32
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 33
H$aUo, hñVm§V[aV H$aUo qH$dm ^mJrXmar H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr dmT>rg bmdVm `oV.o `mVyZM H$ënH$Vmhr
dmT>rg bmJVo.
{Xdg|{Xdg gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmV kmZ à^mdembr R>aV Amho. `m_wio g_mOmMo bj
kmZ d _m{hVr `mH$S>o A{YH$ OmD$ bmJbo Amho. bmoH$m§Mr _m{hVr d kmZ `mg§~§YrMr _mJUr
A{YH$m{YH$ dmT>V Amho. `m_wio J«W§ mb` d g§àfo U Aä`mg {dH${gV hmoÊ`mg Mm§Jbo dmVmdaU
V`ma hmoV Amho. åhUyZM AmYw{ZH$ AW©àUmbrV _m{hVr d kmZ hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ ~Zbm
Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a g_mOmbm J«W§ mb`mVrb _m{hVr d kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ AgUo hr AË`mdí`H$
JaO Vrd«VoZo ^mgy bmJbr Amho. hiyhiy `mÀ`m à^mdmZo kmZ g§emoYZ d {dH$mg, kmZ_ybH$
{Z{_©Vr, J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmè`m§gh Cn`moJH$V©o qH$dm dmMH$ `m§À`mV kmZmMr XodmU-KodmU d
gh^mJ, H$_©Mmè`m§Zm à{ejU, dmñVd kmZmMr à{H«$`m Am{U Ë`mÀ`m {d^mJUr~m~VÀ`m
Om{Udm A{YH$ Vrd« d J{V_mZ hmoVrb.
`m Zì`m eVH$mV g§nUy © OJ g§nH©$gmYZm§À`m AmË`§{VH$ dmnamZo "kmZH«$m§Vr'H$S>o PonmdV
Amho. `m_wio OmJ{VH$ eŠVr A{YH$ {demb, Vrd« Am{U doJdmZ hmoV AmhoV. åhUyZM
kmZeŠVrMo ì`dñWmnZ AË`mdí`H$ hmoV Amho. `m_wio gh^mJ, BVam§H$Sy>Z {eH$Uo Am{U
nwZgªemoYZ Q>miUo `mgmR>r _XV hmoVo. `mnydu H$mhr à_mUmV `m Jmoï>r Ho$ë`m OmV AgV; nU
AmVm BboŠQ´>m{° ZH$ _mÜ`_mÛmao ho gd© A{YH$ ZmdrÝ`nyUV© Zo o KS>V Amho. VÁk Am{U kmZm{Y{ð>V
àUmbr, V§Ìo d nÕVr Am{U gmYZo `m§Mm {dH$mg gÜ`mÀ`m kmZì`dñWmnZ joÌmVyZ {dH${gV
hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
kmZmÀ`m ì`m»`m do J do J içm Ñ{ï> H $mo Z m§ V y Z Ho $ ë`m Jo ë `m. International
Encyclopedia of Information & Library Science Zo Ho $ bo b r ì`m»`m :
"Knowledge in information evaluated and organized in the human mind so
that it can be used purposefully."
kmZì`dñWmnZ ho J«§Wnmbm§À`m Ñï>rZo ZdrZ Zmd Amho. J«§WnmbZjoÌmV hr A{Ve`
àJV g§H$ënZm Amho. qH$~hþZm gÜ`mMm dma§dma MM©Vo `oUmam {df` Amho. hm {df` ì`dñWmnH$s`
emñÌk Am{U _m{hVr-V§Ìk `m§À`mhr AmdS>rMm {df` Amho. kmZì`dñWmnZ H$mhr _yb^yV
KQ>H$m§Zmhr g§~mo{YV H$aVo; Á`m_Ü`o gwJ_Vm, g§KQ>Z, _yë`_mnZ, ì`dñWmnZ, _m{hVrMr
gË`mgË`Vm Am{U {dVaU ì`dñWm - Á`m_wio Cn`moJH$Ë`m©g Cn`wŠV R>aUmar _m{hVr
Ë`mÀ`mn`ªV nmohmoMy eHo$b - `m gdmªMm g_mdoe `m_Ü`o hmoVmo. ñnY©oÀ`m `wJmV kmZmMo
g§dY©Z, {dH$gZ Am{U ì`dñWmnZ ho EH$ AmìhmZM Amho.
kmZì`dñWmnZmMo CÔoe
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Imbrb C{Ôï>o kmZì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`og§X^m©Zo {ZpíMV H$aVm `oVrb.
gÜ`mÀ`m dmñVd kmZmMm {dH$mg H$ê$Z ZdrZ kmZmMm {dH$mg n[aUm_H$maH$VoZo d
H$m`©j_VoZo H$aUo. `m_Ü`o g§ñWoÀ`m d H$m_Jmam§À`m ì`pŠVJV C{Ôï>m§Zm g_moa R>odUo
hm _hÎdmMm ^mJ amIUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 34
gdmªZm ghOnUo CnbãY hmoD$ eHo$b Aem àH$mao kmZmMo {dVaU, àXe©Z
n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m H$aUo d Ë`mMr gwa{jVVm amIUo.
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g§ñWo_Ü`o kmZ XodKodr_Ü`o `oUmao AS>Wio Xya H$ê$Z Zdo kmZ gd© {d^mJm§Zm gd©Ì
{dV[aV hmoD$ eHo$b, Zì`m H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`mMr _m{hVr hmoD$ eHo$b Aem nÕVrZo kmZ
g§àofU KS>dUo.
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g§ñWoV A§VJ©V d BVa g§ñWmVJ©V OmiçmV à^mdr Am{U H$m`©j_ Ago CÎm_ kmZmMo
EH$ÌrH$aU CnbãY H$aUo.
kmZH$jm§Mm {dMma H$aVm kmZì`dñWmnZmMr Imbrb C{Ôï>o {ZpíMV H$aVm `oVrb.
(1) kmZmV `oUmè`m AS>Wiçm§Mr AÚ`mdV _m{hVr R>do Zy qH$dm Zm|Xr R>do Zy ~XbË`m
n[apñWVrZwgma Ë`m_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$ê$Z CÎm_ kmZ H$aUo.
(2) godmà{H«$`og§X^m©V Á`m Á`m {R>H$mUr kmZmV doJdoJiçm nmVir§da AS>MUr
{Z_m©U hmoVmV Aem OmJm {ZpíMV H$ê$Z Aem {R>H$mUr kmZmMm `mo½` àH$mao,
H$miOrnydH© $ dmna H$aUo.
(3) Cn`moJH$Ë`mªÀ`m Ñï>rZo d A{YH$m{YH$ gj_ dmna hmoB©b qH$dm Cn`wŠVVm
dmT>ob Aem àH$mao {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m AS>Wiçm§da Cnm``moOZm H$aUo.
(4) Ooìhm kmZ CnbãY AgVo Voìhm Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo, Jmoim H$aUo Am{U JaO
{Z_m©U hmoVo Voìhm VoM kmZ Cn`moJmV AmUUo.
S>oQ>m (Data), _m{hVr (Information), kmZ (Knowledge), Am{U MmVw`©
(Wisdom) `m gd© ~m~r EH$_oH$s¨er A{Ve` OdiÀ`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo doJionU Xe©dUo
A{Ve` AdKS> Amho, Varhr Ë`m§À`mV {^ÞËd AmhoM.
Stanley Davis `mZo ho doJionU Xe©dbo Vo Ago : _m{hVr åhUOo Vnerb KoUo d
Ë`mbm AW©nyU© ñdê$nmV _m§S>Uo d kmZ åhUOo `m _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm.
●
S>oQ>m
ì`pŠVJV _m{hVr, gm§p»`H$s, KQ>Zm, àg§J, BË`mXr _m{hVrMm VwH$S>m qH$dm dmñVdmMm
H$mhr A§e, JQ> qH$dm ^mJ `mMm g_mdoe `mV Ho$bm OmVmo. gm§p»`H$s qH$dm AmH$S>odmar
`m§gmaIo H$mhr. S>oQ>m `mMm gmYm, gmonm, gai AW© åhUOo KQ>Zm qH$dm dñVy qH$dm Ag§K{Q>V
Vnerb Or {MÝhmË_H$ ñdê$nmV XmIdVm `oVo Am{U Á`mda à{H«$`m H$aUo eŠ` AgVo.
(EARL - 1996)
_m{hVr
_m{hVr åhUOo Ag§K{Q>V Vn{ebm§§Mr gwg§K{Q>V AW©nyU© Ho$bobr aMZm. Ooìhm EImXm
S>oQ>m gwg§JVnUo {d{eï> g§X^m©Zo _m§S>bm OmVmo Voìhm Vr _m{hVr ~ZVo. åhUyZM _m{hVr åhUOo
g§X^m©gh AW©nyU© Vnerb.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 35
kmZ
_m{hVr g§K{Q>V aMZm åhUOo kmZ. dmñVdmMo Ago ñdê$n H$s Oo AmH$bZj_,
g_OÊ`mgmaIo Am{U Vo Agë`mda _hÎdnyU© R>aVo Ago Vo kmZ. _m{hVr àmá Ho$ë`mda
AmH$bZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar OmUrd åhUOo kmZ. (a±S>_ hmD$g {S>ŠeZar Am°\$ {X B§p½be
b±½doO 1983 n¥. 730)
Roger Clarke À`m _Vo, kmZ ho dmñVdmMo ñdê$n Am{U H$mbH«$_mZwgma O_boë`m
VÎdm§Zm g§~mo{YV H$aVo. `mV _mZdr _ZmV {Z_m©U qH$dm V`ma hmoUmar g_O Am{U dmñVd
_m{hVr `mVyZ kmZ {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$mhtÀ`m _Vo dmñVd Am{U VÎdo _mUgm{edm` AW©nyU© hmoD$
eH$V ZmhrV.
MmVw`©
`mMm eãXH$moemVrb AW© H$m` Iao qH$dm `mo½` `m{df`rMr g_O `mda àH$me
Q>mH$Vmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo XrK©H$mbrZ AZw^dmVyZ d _m{hVr, kmZ `m§À`m n[anmH$mVyZ ho gmÜ`
hmoVo. Oo A§eV: (Partial) qH$dm {deof (Specialized) kmZmnmgyZ Iè`m AWm©Zo doJio
XmI{dVm `oVo.
S>oQ>m > _m{hVr > kmZ > MmVw`©
{ZpíMV kmZ
➤
➤
➤
A§VJ©V S>oQ>m
Am¡nMm[aH$
g§àofUmVyZ
{_iUmao kmZ
➤
➤
~{h:ñW S>oQ>m
➤
_m{hVr
J{^©V kmZ
➤
AZm¡nMm[aH$
g§àofUmVyZ
{_iUmao kmZ
➤
Ahdmb,
Vnerb,
\$mB©b,
àboI
AZw^d, YS>o,
{ejU
ghOnUo kmZ ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`m»`m Aer H$aVm `oB©b H$s, kmZ Jmoim H$aUo, g§K{Q>V
H$aUo, g§M{`V H$aUo Am{U {dV[aV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo kmZì`dñWmnZ. hr Aem àH$maMr
à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü`o Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m kmZì`dñWoVyZ g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`m©V àJVr `oB©b.
bmoH$ H$m` ~mobVmV, Ë`m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Vo H$moUVo H$m_ H$aVmV `mVyZ kmZ hñVJV H$aUo
d Vo bmoH$m§g_moa AmUUo ho AmOMo Iao AmìhmZ Amho.
AZoH$m§Zr kmZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ì`m»`m doJdoJiçm àH$mao Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Kurl À`m
Zwgma, kmZì`dñWmnZ åhUOo 'Art of creating value from an organisation's intangible assets' (Sveiby 2000) Va Fox (1976) À`m _Vo, 'Management of corporate knowledge that can improve a range of organizational performance
characteristics by enabling an expertise to be more intelligent acting.'
kmZì`dñWmnZmg _hÎd `oÊ`m_mJrb H$maUo
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kmZì`dñWmnZ gmYÊ`mÀ`m H$mhr ~m~r
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AmH¥$Vr : S>oQ>m Vo kmZ
kmZ ì`dñWmnZ : H$m`, H$m Am{U H$go ?
kmZmMr g§H$ënZm S>oQ>m, _m{hVr, kmZ d MmVw`© `m§À`m gmVË`mVyZ `oVo d n[aUm_V:
g§ñWoÀ`m J«mhH$mMo g_mYmZ `m KQ>H$mV {XgVo. kmZ {_idVm `oVo, g§M{`V H$aVm `oVo,
à{Vàmár AWdm {dV[aV H$aVm `oVo. VgoM Cn`moJmV AmUVm `oVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 36
ñnYm©Ë_H$ ~mOmanoR>
ZmdrÝ`nyU©VoMr dmT>Vr _mJUr d JaO
kmZmÀ`m H$_VaVo_wio H$m_Jmam§Mo dmT>Vo AñW¡`©
H$m_Jmam§Mr H$_r g§»`m d kmZ {_i{dÊ`mg Anwam doi
ñnYm©Ë_H$ dmT>Ë`m X~mdmZo Á`m_Ü`o {deof {Z`mo{OV kmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo Aem
H$m_mMm doJ H$_r hmoVmo.
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g§ñWmË_H$ Ñï>rZo g§H$ënZr`Vm AmUyZ g§ñWoÀ`m gd© g^mgXm§Zm Ë`mg§~§Yr _m{hVr
XoU.o
g§ñWo_Ü`o Aem àH$maMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aUo Á`m_wio bmoH$m§Zm kmZmMm Cn`moJ
H$aUo, kmZì`dhmamV ^mJ KoÊ`mg àmoËgm{hV H$ê$Z, kmZg§dY©Z d Cn`wŠVVoÀ`m
Cn`mo{OVVoZgw ma nwañH¥$V H$aUo.
H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ZdZdrZ H$ënZm§Mm emoY KoD$Z, Zì`mZo AmìhmZmË_H$
H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ì`pŠVJV à`ËZm§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoD$Z Ë`mZwgma nwañH¥$V H$aUo.
_m{hVròmoV {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m qH$dm Jmoim H$aÊmmè`mg {deof AZwXmZ, ^anmB© qH$dm
~jrg XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aUo.
_m{hVrÀ`m `moOZm Aem àH$mao H$m`m©pÝdV H$amd`mÀ`m Á`m_wio _m{hVrMm òmoV gVV
Mmby amhrb.
H¥${Verb ì`dñWmnH$s` nÕV Aem àH$mao AmIUo Á`m_Ü`o H$m_Jmam§À`m H¥$VrMo
_yë`_mnZ hmoB©b d {eH$Uohr hmoB©b.
à{ejU Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ H$aUo.
AZoH${dY H¥${Verb O~m~Xmè`m KoÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jmam§Zm CÚwŠV H$aUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 37
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H$m_mMo dmVmdaU Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr Aem àH$mao CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo H$s, Á`m dmVmdaUmV
H$m_Jmambm ñdmV§Í` d g~i {dídmg dmQ>ob.
g§ñWoVrb dmVmdaU Aem àH$maMo {Z_m©U H$aUo H$s H$m_Jmambm H$moUË`mhr nmVirda
{ejU d H¥$Vr `mMo _hÎd g_Oob.
_m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ Am{U kmZì`dñWmnZ
AZoH$ g§ñWm§Zm "_m{hVr'bm "kmZm'nmgyZ doJio H$aUo AdKS> dmQ>V.o qH$~hþZm "_m{hVrMr
Oê$a' Am{U "kmZmMr JaO' `m~m~V g§ñWmË_H$ nmVirda ^oX H$gm H$amdm Agm àíZ {Z_m©U
hmoVmo. `m~m~VrV nwT>rbà_mUo dU©Z H$aVm `oB©b.
(1) _m{hVr ì`ŠVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. kmZ _mÌ ì`pŠVgmnojM AgVo Vo ì`pŠVnaËdo
~Xb Zmhr.
(2) kmZ ho Zoh_r gg§X^© AgVo. Vo H$YrM g§X^© g_Oë`m{edm` Xe©{dbo OmV Zmhr
qH$dm dmnabo OmV Zmhr. Am`. Ho$. a{dM§Ðamd `m§Zr `m à{H«$`oV kmZì`dñWmnZ ho
~mødH«$ Am{U _m{hVr ì`dñWmnZ A§Vd©H«$ Xe©dbo Amho.
kmZ ì`dñWmnZ
_m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ
_m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ _m{hVr XoUmè`m gmYZm§er g§~§{YV AgVo; Va kmZ ì`dñWmnZ ho
Ho$di _m{hVr_Ü`o g_m{dï> ^mJmerM g§~§{YV ZgyZ Cn`moJH$Vm© qH$dm H$m_Jma ì`ŠVr `mÀ`m
_|XVy pñWa kmZOm{Udoer g§~{§ YV AgVo. AmOÀ`m gd©Ì JwUdÎmmnyU© godÀo `m àM{bV g§H$ënZmV
"_m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ' d "kmZì`dñWmnZ' `m§gma»`m d Zdg§H$ënZm§Mr AË`mdí`H$Vm
n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo.
kmZì`dñWmnZmMr JaO Am{U _hÎd
_m{hVrg§~§{YV joÌmV "kmZH«$m§Vr' hr Zdr H«$m§Vr Amho. AmO àË`oH$ g§ñWobm Amnë`m
ñdV:À`m kmZamerMr _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo Pmbo Amho Am{U `m kmZamerV Zì`mZo g§emo{YV
{dH${gV Pmboë`m kmZmMr ^a nS>ob, Ë`mMr ì`dñWm H$amdr, Cn`moJmV AmUmdo Á`m_wio
A{YH$m{YH$ \$m`Xm qH$dm {ZînÎmr {_iob ho Amdí`H$ Pmbo Amho. kmZì`dñWmnZmMo V§Ì,
Ë`mMr gmYZo Am{U nÕVr `m§Ûmao {_iUmè`m ^anya _m{hVrVyZ ho gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m gamdmVyZ, `moOZm~Õ H$m`©H«$_mVyZ g§ñWoÀ`m g§X^m©Zo AZoH$ AmíM`©H$maH$
n[aUm_ {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 38
J«mhH$ àË`oH$ ì`dhmamV AmZ§Xr amhÿ eHo$b VgoM Vmo A{YH$ CËnmXZj_, lr_§V
hmoB©b. ~XbVo {Z`_, ~XbVr {j{VOo, ZmdrÝ`nyU©Vm `m§Mm Ü`mg AgUmè`m H§$nZrgmR>r
"kmZ' hr EH$ MmbUmar {H$„r Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a n[aUm_H$maH$ kmZì`dñWmnZ H$m`©H«$_ hm
H§$nZr qH$dm g§ñWobm EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ ~m~t_Ü`o Imbrbà_mUo _XV H$aVmo.
(1) H$ënZm§Mm _wŠV òmoV {dñVm[aV H$ê$Z àË`oH$ joÌmV ZmdrÝ`nyU©Vm AmUUo.
(2) à{V{H«$`m§Mm doi A{YH$ _`m©{XV qH$dm H$_r H$ê$Z J«mhH$m§À`m godm H$_rV H$_r doimV
XoU.o
(3) CËnmXZ Am{U godm ~mOmamV Ëd[aV AmUyZ _hgyb dmT>dUo.
(4) H$m_JmadJm©Mr YmaUmeŠVr dmT>{dUo, Ë`mgmR>r H$m_Jmam§À`m kmZmMo _yë` OmUyZ Ë`m§Zm
Ë`mgmR>r nwañH¥$V H$aUo.
(5) AZmdí`H$ à{H«$`m H$_r H$ê$Z, {H$_Vr H$_r H$ê$Z ì`dhma _`m©{XV H$aUo.
J«W
§ mb` Am{U _m{hVrH|$ÐmVrb kmZì`dñWmnZ
AmOMr J«§Wmb`o kmZm{Y{ð>V ì`dhmamV H$m`© H$arV AmhoV. J«§Wmb`mV _mZdr g§gmYZ
ì`dñWmnZ ho kmZ g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm Jm^m Amho. J«W§ mb`mVrb H$_©MmardJm©Mr gdmªJrU
dmT> à{ejU, {Za§Va Am{U AmOrdZ {ejU `moOZoÛmao H$ê$Z ZdrZ gwYm[aV kmZ {_idUo hm
J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVr H|$ÐmÀ`m _mZdg§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm _ybmYma Amho. ZmdrÝ`nyU©
gwYm[aV kmZ dmT>dUo ho J«§Wmb`mVrb kmZì`dñWmnZmMo C{Ôï> Amho. `mMm g§X^© kmZmMo
CËnmXZ, {dVaU Am{U g§H«$_U (AXbm~Xb) `mà_mUoM g§~§{YV g§ñWm dm g§KQ>Zm§Zr
~Zdboë`m ZoQ>dH©$ nÕVrer Amho. `mMo ñdê$n VrZ àH$maMo Amho. VmpÎdH$ gwYm[aV
kmZì`dñWmnZ, Vm§{ÌH$ gwYm[aV kmZì`dñWmnZ Am{U g§ñWmË_H$ kmZì`dñWmnZ.
J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$ÐmZo kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ZdrZ YmoaUm§Mm, CnH«$_m§Mm Adb§~
H$ê$Z A{YH$m{YH$ JwUmË_H$ godm Ë`m§À`m J«mhH$m§Zm / Cn`moJH$Ë`mªZm Úmd`mg hdr H$s
Á`m_wio Cn^moŠË`m§Mm Ë`m g§ñWoda {dídmg dmT>ob.
J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm H¥$Vr_Ü`o AmUÊ`mgma»`m H$mhr ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo
AmIVm `oVrb :
(1) ñdrH$mamh© nÕVr ñWm{nV H$aUo (CXmhaUmW©, gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb` nÕVr, e¡j{UH$
J«§Wmb` nÕVr, {deof J«§Wmb` nÕVr).
(2) ñdV§Ì J«§Wmb` nÕVrV J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr H|$ÐmV Omio (ZoQ>dH©$) {dñVm[aV H$aUo
Am{U Vo EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>Uo Ë`m_wio `m g§JUH$s` OmiçmÛmao _m{hVrgodm nwadVm
`oBb
© .
(3) amï´>r` g_Ýd`H$ YmoaU g_moa RodyZ J«§Wmb`mVyZ OmJ{VH$ kmZjoÌmer A{YH$m{YH$
g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUo.
(4) Cn`moJH$Ë`mªÀ`m _mJUrZwgma JwUdÎmmnyU© godm XoUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 39
(5) J«§Wmb`nÕVrZwgma emgZ, H§$nZr / g§ñWm Am{U Cn`moJH$Vm© `m§À`m Symbolic
Network V`ma H$aUo.
(6) J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$Ð ho _m{hVr nwadUmao OmJ{VH$ kmZg§Hw$b V`ma H$aUo.
_m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`o kmZì`dñWmnZ H$ê$ eH$VmV. _m{hVrV§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$ë`mZo (acquisition) g§nm{XV H$aÊ`mMr JVr dmT>Vo Am{U qH$_V H$_r
hmoVo. åhUOo Ë`m kmZ {_idÊ`mÀ`m Q>ßß`mVrb doi H$_r bmJVmo. VgoM Ë`mgmR>r IM© H$_r
bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio Network, Internet Am{U kmZgmYZo `m§À`mV Am§VaOmoS>Ur eŠ` hmoVo.
J«§Wmb`mVrb kmZì`dñWmnZmer g§~§{YV _w»` _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ åhUOo B§Q>aZoQ>, EŠñQ´>mZoQ>,
ñQ>moAaO Am{H©$Q>oŠMa, S>r.~r.E_.Eg., _oQ>mS>oQ>m, S>oQ>m A°{¹${PeZ, g§M` H$aUo, {dV[aV
H$aUo, _m{hVr à{Vàmár, BÝ\$_©oeZ, [agmog© eoA[a¨J, Jw«ndoAa, {_S>bdoAa, Am°ZbmB©Z,
A°Zmb°{Q>H$b àmogoqgJ, _pëQ>S>m`_|eZb A°Zm{b{gg, S>oQ>m_m`qZJ, BË`mXr.
J«W
§ nmb : kmZì`dñWmnH$
J«§Wnmb åhUOo ^m§S>maajH$ ho nyduMo {Xdg Jobo. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~XbmZwgma J«§WnmbmMr
^y{_H$m ~Xbbr. H$mnm©ao Qo > OJmV kmZ ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`oMm dmna ñnYm©Ë_H$ \$m`ÚmgmR>r Ho$bm
OmV Amho. H$mnm©oaoQ> J«§Wnmbmg kmZì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`oV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m {Z^dmdr bmJV
Amho.
nyduÀ`m ñWm{ZH$, nwñVH$s, aofmË_H$ Am{U {ZpîH«$` Aem nma§n[aH$ _m{hVrÀ`m
ì`dñWmnZmEodOr J«§Wnmbm§Zm kmZì`dñWmnZ, dmVmdaUmÀ`m _mJUrZwgma Oo _w»`Ëdo
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$, {dVaU`mo½` ñdê$nmMo nañna {H«$`merb ñdê$nmÀ`m kmZmMr ì`dñWm H$amdr
bmJVo. (Branin - 1994)
AmOhr Amnë`m Cn`moJH$Ë`m©À`m _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm ^mJdUo ho J«§Wb`mMo _w»` C{Ôï>
Amho. `mgmR>r _m{hVrVÁk _m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmV, Vr S>oQ>m~og_Ü`o g§M{`V H$aVmV Am{U
Ooìhm Ë`m{df`r {dMmaUm hmoVo Voìhm Vr hì`m Ë`m ñdê$nmV XoVmV. _m{hVr dmVmdaUmVrb
~XbmZwgma _m{hVr-ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`mhr ~XbV Amho. Ho$di _m{hVrMo gyMrH$aU, g§M` d
à{Vàmár EdT>mM _mJ© Z amhVm bmoH$ _m{hVrer H$em àH$mao H$m_ H$aVmV qH$dm hmVmiVmV `m
_yb^yV ñdê$nmMm {dMma `mV H$aUo Am{U Ë`mZwgma Amnë`m godm§_Ü`o ~Xb KS>dUo H«$_àmá
Amho.
Zì`m `wJmVrb g§ñWm J«§Wnmb ho kmZì`dñWmnH$ Am{U _m{hVr narjH$ (analysts)
AgVrb. Vo A{YH$m§e ì`mnmar Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ^y{_H$m ~OmdVrb. ì`mnmar JQ>mVrb A§VJ©V
g^mgX åhUyZ Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr JUZm hmoB©b Am{U J«§Wmb`mnojm Aem JQ>mVM
Vo A{YH$ H$m_ H$aVrb. (Klobas - 1997)
kmZì`dñWmnZmV J«§WnmbmMr "^y{_H$m kmZ{dVaH$mMr' (XbmbmMr) Agob. Á`m
{R>H$mUr Vmo godmaV Agob Aem {R>H$mUr `mo½` R>aUmao kmZ doioV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr
Ë`mMr O~m~Xmar Agob Am{U `mgmR>r J«§Wnmbm§Zr `m ì`mdgm{`H$ dmVmdaUmV CÎm_ g§àofH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 40
hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. `mgmR>r J«§WnmbZ qH$dm J«§WnmbH$ËdmMr ^mfm OéarMr AmhoM Ë`mM~amo~a
Ë`m§Zm Vo OoWo H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m ì`dgm`mMr ^mfm `oUohr Amdí`H$ Amho (Knapp - 1971).
n[aUm_H$maH$ kmZ ì`dñWmnH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r J«W§ nmbm§Zr {deof n[al_ KoD$Z ì`mnH$ ì`mdgm{`H$
dmVmdaU g_OyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m§Zr `m joÌmV J«mhH$ godH$mnojm CÚmoOH$mà_mUo ~ZUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
{ZîH$f©
AmOÀ`m dmTË`m kmZ AW©H$maUmV kmZ ì`dñWmnZ ho _hÎdmMo gmYZ Pmbo Amho.
H§$nZr qH$dm g§ñWm Á`m kmZì`dñWmnZ A_bmV AmUy BpÀN>VmV Ë`m§Zr à{H«$`oVrb _mZdr`
KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma àW_ H$amd`mg hdm. ho A{Ve` {ZUm©`H$ AgVo. `mVyZ g§ñWoÀ`m j_Vm d
nmÌVm dmT>Ê`mg Mma àH$mao _XV hmoVo - hoV,y ñnYm©, H¥$Vr Am{U ~Xb. g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`©àUmbrV
kmZ ì`dñWmnZ AgUo, ñnYm©Ë_H$ÑîQ>çm \$m`ÚmMo R>aVo ho {Z:g§e` Amho. `mV J«§Wnmb `m
H$m`m©V _mZdr` Moham XoD$ eH$Vmo. kmZì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZ _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmSy> eH$Vmo.
Ho$di V§ÌkmZmVrb àJVrÀ`m AmYmaoM Zìho Va kmZ àX{e©V H$aÊ`mMr H$bm AmË_gmV H$ê$Z
Ë`m_Ü`o _m{hVrMo narjU _yë` g_m{dï> H$ê$Z Ë`mbm `m à{H«$`obm doJio n[a_mU XoVm `oB©b.
J«§Wnmbm§Zm `mgmR>r g§ñWmË_H$ ~XbmVrb EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ Amnbr _mZ{gH$Vm ~Xbmd`mg
hdr.
kmZì`dñWmnZ ho H$YrM g§nïw >mV `oD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU kmZmÀ`m JaOm gVV ~XbË`m
AgVmV. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ, ì`dñWmnH$s` Ñ{ï>H$moZ, KQ>Zm d d¥Îmm_Yrb gmVË` Am{U J«mhH$m§er
g§~§Y `mMo à_mU dmT>V Amho. H§$nÝ`m Amnbr H$m`©àUmbr, godm, CËnmXZ `m§V gVV ~Xb
H$arV AgVmV. Zì`m ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm, ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm kmZmÀ`m Zì`m JaOm AgVmV. `mH$S>o
nmhVm ^{dî`mV CYBRARIANS Mr JaO A{YH$ dmT>ob.
AIoarg g§M`Z, ì`dñWmnZ, {d^mOZ, Cn`moOZ, Zd{Z_m©U `m kmZì`dñWmnZmVrb
KQ>H$mV _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ ho JwV§ mJwV§ rMo dmQ>V.o Am{Q>{© \${e`b B§Q>{o bOÝg _Yrb EŠgnQ>© {gñQr>_,
Zm°boO [aàoP|Q>oeZ, _erZ b{ZªJ `m Jmoï>tMm kmZì`dñWmnZmV _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna Ho$bm
OmV Amho. `mgmR>r J«§Wnmb d _m{hVrVÁkm§Zr ho AmìhmZ nobÊ`mg g_W© hmoUo ho Zì`m `wJmMo
AmìhmZM Amho.
g§X^©
(1) Branin (J.J). Fighting back one again : from collection management
(2)
to knowledge Management IN : Johnson (P) and Macewan (B) ed.
Collection management and development : Issues in electronic era,
Chicage, American Library Association 1944 pp xi-xviii.
Clark Roger, Knowledge, http.//www. anu. edu. au/people/Roger.
Clarke/Sos/know.html.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 41
(3) EARL (Michael J). Knowledge strategies : from two contrasting
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
industries. In : EARL (Micheal J.) Information management : the
organization dimension. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, 38.
Fox (E) Executive Qualities, 1976. Addition Wesley; MA, pp 50-53.
Halkar G. G. Gupta S. Knowledge Management : A Challenger for
the 21st Century, University News, 42 (28) July 12-18-2004, 4-9.
Klobas (JE). Information Services for new millennium organizations
: Librarians and knowledge management in : Raitt (D); ed. Libraries
for the new millennium : Implications for managers, London, Library
Association, 1997; 39-64.
Knapp (EM). creating enduring value from intellectual assets : interview with Ellen (M), Knapp (CKO), Copper and Lybrands, Leaders
Magazine, 20(3); 1997; 114-1.
Sveiby Karl-eric. What is Knowledge Management. http:/
www.sveiby. com.au/knowledge management, htmldated 5th March
2000.
ooo
J«W
§ dmMZmMo ì`gZ - 3
1894&95 gmbr AmnQ>çm§Mm g§ñH¥$V H$moe Mmim`Mm {dbjU ZmX _bm bmJbm
d VrZ AmR>dS>on`ªV Vmo H$moeM EH$gmaIm MmirV ~gbmo ! {deof _hÎdmMo g§ñH¥$V
eãX, Ë`m§Mr ê$no, {d{dYmW©, àË``, AdVaUo nmhÊ`mV {MÎm a_yZ Jobo d _bm dmQ>Vo
øm 3 AmR>dS>çm§V _mPo eãX ^m§S>ma d CËH¥$ï> dmŠ`o qH$dm CVmao `m§Mo kmZ nwîH$iM
dmT>bo ! AgmM EH$ B§J«Or H$moehr EH$Xm ~aoM {Xdg MmirV ~gbmo hmoVmo. nU g§ñH¥$V
H$moe MmiÊ`mV _bm JmoS>r dmQ>br Vr B§J«Or H$moe dmMÊ`mV dmQ>br Zmhr. _bm g§nyU©
JǤWMo JǤW nmhUo AmdS>V Ago. nwT>o ~r. E. Mr VrZ df} d E_. E. Mo ghm _{hZo {_iyZ
B§J«Or dmL²>_`mMo ~aoM J«§W nm{hbo. eoŠñnrAaMr gd© ZmQ>Ho$ dmMbr. nwT>o AemM EH$m
àg§JmZo {_gog ~mH©$bo `m A_o[aH$Z ~mB©À`m 9 H$mX§~è`m _r EH$m _{hÝ`mV dmMyZ
Q>mH$ë`m. Ë`m doir ho J«§W H$m, H$emgmR>r dmMm`Mo ho H$mhr YmoaU ZìhVo. dmMm`Mo åhUyZ
dmMrV Ago. dmMZmMr ~¡R>H$ AmR> AmR> VmgmMr {Q>Ho$. ZmX bmJbm H$s {Xdg-amÌ Xwgam
{dMma gwMV Zgo. AË`§V Aì`dpñWVnUmMr hr amhUr Iar; nU {hZo _mÂ`m Amamo½`mda
H$mhr dmB©Q> n[aUm_ KS>bm Ago _bm dmQ>V Zmhr!
- M[aÌM§Ð
- b. am. nm§JmaH$a
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 42
AOyZ VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm
J«W
§ mb`mg§~Y
§ r bmoH$_mÝ`m§Mo {dMma
JǤWmb`{dhmar
OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb Zm_d§V J«§Wnmb lr. dm. nw. H$moëhQ>H$a `m§Zr
"J«§Wmb`{dhmar' `m Q>monUZmdmZo J«§Wmb`emñÌmg§~§YmZo {d{dY
àH$maMo boIZ Ho$bo Amho. àñVwV boImV EH$ H$pënV J«§Wmb`
ghH$ma g^m C^r H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m
J«W§ mb`mg§~Y§ rÀ`m {dMmamMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho. bmoH$_mÝ`
J«§Wmb`m~m~V H$m` {dMma H$arV hmoVo `mMr _m{hVr H$moëhQ>H$am§Zr
{d{dY {R>H$mUm§hÿZ g§H${bV Ho$br Amho. Vr AmOhr dmMZr` Amho.
_yi boI "àgmX' _m{gH$mÀ`m {S>g~| a 1956 À`m A§H$mV àH$m{eV
Pmbm hmoVm.
J«W
§ mb` ghH$ma g^m
nadmÀ`mM Z H$Ë`m©À`m dmar Am_À`m g^oMr ~¡R>H$ Pmbr. Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir
H$m_mMm bH$S>m (_mÂ`mIoarO) H$moUmgM Zgë`mZo Vr amÌ AJXr {Zdm§V H$m`©H«$_m`mo½` hmoVr.
`m {dMmamZoM ~¡R>H$ H$mhrer bm§~br, Var H$moUrhr CR>Ê`mMr KmB© Ho$br Zmhr. _§S>irhr ~arM
O_br hmoVr. {df` Va Anyd© hmoVmM Am{U åhUyZM Ë`mMr ZdZdr gwMob Vr ~mOy àË`oH$OU
emoYy åhUV hmoVm. Aßnm åhUmbo, ""ho AJXr {dbjUM Pmbo h§, H$s Á`m B§½b§S>er bmoH$_mÝ`
Am`wî`^a P§wObo Ë`m B§½b§S>Zo Amnë`m amOYmZrV Zr IwÔ Amnë`m bmoH$g^oV Ë`m§Mm ~hþ_mZ
H$amdm !'' - ""hmo, AmUIrhr EH$ AX²^wV H$s, Á`m Ý`m`mYremZo Ë`m§Zm {ejm R>moR>mdbr
Ë`mÀ`m d§eOmZo Ë`m§Mr Zmd AË`mXamZo Cƒmamdo. Ho$dT>m hm Agm_mÝ` _mZ !'' Ho$edamd
åhUmbo. Ë`mda {dÇ>bamd ~mobbo, ""Ahmo, hm _mZ H$mhr Ho$di Ë`m§Zr qhXr bmoH$m§_Ü`o Or
amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr Ho$br Vr_wiM
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 43
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{_imd`mg nm{hOo {VVHo$ {_iV Zmhr Am{U `w{Zìh{g©Q>rIoarO BVa g§ñWm§Zr d bmoH$m§Zrhr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 44
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 45
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godH$m§Mo hmVyZ MmbVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 46
Am_À`mH$S>rb g§ñWm
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H$gbmhr g§Xoh Zmhr.
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AmhoV.'' dmMZmMm g_mamon `m eãXm§V Pmbm.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 47
""¿`m. AmUIr H$m` hdo ? bmoH$m_mÝ`M Vo. EH$ EH$ {dMma Agm _m§S>Vrb H$s Vmo
n§Merboà_mUo n¸$m Am{U Vr {ÌgyÌr...'' Aßnm§Mo Vm|Sy>Z na_mXamMo CX²J>ma ~mhoa nS>bo.
""Mbm AmVm, eãXgm_wJr« , {dMmag§Jh« d J«W§ g§Jh« `m {ÌgyÌrda {dMma gwê$ H$ê'', {dÇ>bamdm§Zr
{ÌgyÌrÀ`m PQ>nQ> CƒmamZo MMm© g_má H$ê$Z Q>mH$br. CR>Vm CR>Vm Ho$edamdm§Zr Vpñ~arH$S>o
nwÝhm EH$dma Amnbr AmXa`wŠV ZOa didbr. _XZ^mD§$Zr _mPo H$mJX KoD$Z Amnë`m
{IemV "Agy XoV. CÚm AmUyZ XoVmo' åhUV R>odbo. ~m~mgmho~ Amnë`m JinQ>çmMr Jw§S>mir
d Amnbr H$mR>r hmVr KoV, "N>mZ Pmb§` Vw_M§ ho g§H$bZ' Ago åhUV CR>bo. _r _XZ^mD§$Zm
gwMdbo, "{bhm `mda H$mhr', "Adí`, Adí` {bhm, Ago {bhrV JoboM nm{hOo' Aßnm
åhUmbo d Ë`m§Zr _mÂ`m nmR>rda Wmn Q>mH$br.
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H$mì`mda _mÂ`m VéU {_Ìm§à_mUo _rhr Voìhm PwbV hmoVmo. B§J«Or d g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`mda
Voìhm ào_ hmoVo d AOyZhr _r Ë`mMr JS>r \y$ Ho$bobr Zmhr. VWm{n 95 nmgyZ _amR>r
H${dVoda _mPo Oo ào_ ~gbo Vo CÎmamoÎma dmT>VM Jobo. _mÂ`m {dÚm{W©~m§Ydm§Zm _amR>r
H$dtMr ZmdoJmdohr _mhrV ZìhVr. H$m°boOmV Or nwñVHo$ {eH${dbr OmV qH$dm Á`m§À`m
dmMZmnmgyZ narjoMo àíZ A{YH$ MVwamB©Zo gmoS>{dÊ`mg gmø hmoÊ`mMm g§^d Ago VodT>rM
nwñVHo$ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m hmVr {Xgm`Mr! na§nam I§{S>V Pmbobr, Xm[aÐç dmT>V Mmbbobo,
g_mJ_mMm A^md, A§JmMr C^mar Zmhr, H$moUË`mM àH$maMo àmoËgmhZ Zmhr, Aem à{VHy$b
n[apñWVrV nmoQ>mWu {dÚmÏ`mªMm gd©Ì gwH$mi Agm`Mm `mV Zdb Zmhr. {dÚoMr gmh{OH$
AmdS>, kmZmO©ZmMr V¥îUm, OÝ_gm\$ë`mMm _mJ© emoYÊ`mMr ~wÕr d Vem àH$maMm
g_mJ_ `m Jmoï>r gd©H$mir Xwb©^M AmhoV. am_Xmg, VwH$mam_, _wŠVoœa, _moamon§V, dm_Z
`m§Mo J«§W _mÂ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m ImobrV BVñVV… {dIwabobo d Ë`m§À`m {ZdS>H$ dMZm§Mo
~moS>© ImobrV q^Vrbm Q>m§Jbobo Agm`Mo. Ë`m§À`mVrb _Zmoha nÚo Amnë`m _ZmerM
JwUJwUV nmR>r_mJrb ~mJoV qH$dm ImobrV _r AmZ§XmZo ñdoÀN>m {dhaV Ago.
- M[aÌM§Ð
- b. am. nm§JmaH$a
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 48
J«W
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OJXre EZ. Hw$bH$Uu / doXdVr hã~y
q J«§WZm_ : S>çyB© S>o{g_b Šbm{g{\$Ho$eZ A±S> [abo{Q>ìh B§S>oŠg
g§nmXH$ : Om°Z. Eg. {_Mob, OwbrÞo ~oAb Am{U BVa
àH$meH$ : AmogrEbgr
~m§YUr : hmS>©~°H$
I§S> : Mma
àH$meZ df© : Owb¡ 2003
qH$_V : $ 500 (26400 é. A§XmOo)
Xem§e dJuH$aUmMr 22dr Amd¥Îmr : EH$ n[aM`
J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌmV dJuH$aU nÕVrbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho.
dJuH$aUm{edm` J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§WmMr _m§S>Ur ì`dpñWV[aË`m hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. J«§W
dJuH$aUnÕVrMm emñÌewÕ à`ËZ gd©àW_ A_o[aH$Z J«§Wmb`rZ emñÌk _ob{db S>çwB©
`mZo 1873 gmbr Ho$br. Xem§e dJuH$aUnÕVrMr n{hbr Amd¥Îmr 1876 gmbr à{gÕ
Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va OJm_Ü`o AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m dJuH$aUnÕVr§Mm emoY bmJbm. H$mhr nÕVr
Mm§Jë`m {dH${gV Pmë`m, Va H$mhr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Zm_eof hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da AmhoV.
Xem§e dJuH$aUnÕVr OJmV gdmªV OmñV dmnabr OmUmar EH$_od dJuH$aUnÕVr Amho.
dmnaÊ`mVrb ghOVm, gwb^nUm, V`ma dJmªH$ `m~amo~aM {Z`{_V gwYmaUm `m_wio hr dJuH$aUnÕVr gd©Ì bmoH${à` Amho. kmZ{dídmV doimodoir ^a nS>boë`m {df`m§Mm g_mdoe `m
dJuH$aUnÕVr_Ü`o {Z`{_VnUo Ho$bm Amho. `m dJuH$aUnÕVrÀ`m {Z`{_VnUo Amd¥Î`m à{gÕ
Pmë`m_wio hr dJuH$aUnÕVr gd©g_mdoeH$ Pmbr Amho.
gÜ`mMo `wJ _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMo `wJ Amho. kmZ{dídmV Ag§»` {df`m§Mr d Cn{df`m§Mr
{Xdg|{Xdg ^a nS>V Amho. `m gd© {df`m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMo AmìhmZ Xem§e dJuH$aU
nÕVrZo ñdrH$mê$Z AÚ`mdV Aer `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 22dr Amd¥Îmr Owb¡ 2003 _Ü`o
à{gÕ Pmbr Amho.
Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 19dr Amd¥Îmr VrZ I§S>m§V hmoVr. 20 ì`m Amd¥ÎmrnmgyZ `m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 49
nÕVrMo Mma I§S>m§V àH$meZ hmoV Amho. 22dr Amd¥Îmr hr Mma I§S>m§V Amho. n{hbm I§S>
àñVmdZm d à_m{UV Cn{d^mJ gmaÊ`m§Mm Amho. `mV 22 ì`m Amd¥ÎmrMr d¡{eîQ>ço d Amd¥ÎmrV
Ho$boë`m ~Xbm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. àñVmdZoV Xem§e dJuH$aUnÕVrMr _m{hVr
d Ë`mMm dmna `m{df`r MMm© Ho$br Amho. ½bmogar_Ü`o dJuH$aUnÕVr_Ü`o dmnaboë`m g§km§À`m
ì`m»`m {Xë`m AmhoV. àñVmdZobm gyMrMr OmoS> Amho.
Ë`mZ§Va Xem§e dJuH$aUnÕVrÀ`m dmnam{df`r gmaUr d _w»` dJmªH$mÀ`m H«$_mH$m§à_mUo
g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br Amho. `m I§S>mMm _w»` ^mJ à_m{UV CndJ© gmaUrMm AgyZ Ë`mV ghm
gmaÊ`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `mnyduÀ`m Amd¥ÎmrV gmV gmaÊ`m hmoË`m. Ë`mVrb H«$_m§H$ gmVMr
ì`pŠVgmaUr dJibr AgyZ Ë`m gmaUrMm g_mdoe H«$_m§H$ XmoZ_Yrb ^y^mJmV Ho$bm Amho.
eodQ>r 21ì`m Am{U 22ì`m Amd¥Îmr_Yrb \$aH$ gm§{JVbm AgyZ ~Xbbobo d dJibobo
H«$_m§H$ {Xbobo AmhoV. `m I§S>mMr 731 n¥ð>o AmhoV.
I§S> 2 _Ü`o _w»` dJmªH$mMr gwédmV AgyZ `mV 000 Vo 599 n`ªVMo dJmªH$ {Xbobo
AmhoV. `mV nmM _w»` dJ© AZwH«$_o gd©gmYmaU, VÎdkmZ, Y_©, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo, ^mfm d
ewÕ {dkmZ, BË`mXtMm g_mdoe Amho. I§S>mÀ`m gwédmVrg _w»` dJ© d CndJ© `m§À`m WmoS>Š`mV
VrZ gmaÊ`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV. n{hë`m gmaUrV _w»` Xhm dJ©, Xwgè`m gmaUrV _w»` dJm©Mo
Xhm CndJ© Ago e§^a {d^mJ Am{U {Vgè`m gmaUrV _w»` dJm©Mo hOma {d^mJ nmS>bobo
AmhoV. `m I§S>mMr 1250 n¥ð>o AmhoV.
I§S> 3 _Ü`o 600 Vo 999 Ago nmM _w»` dJ© g_m{dï> AmhoV. `mV V§ÌkmZ, H$bm,
gm{hË` Am{U B{Vhmg, M[aÌ d ^yJmob, BË`mXtMm g_mdoe Amho. `m I§S>mV 1074 n¥ð>o
AmhoV.
I§S> 4 _Ü`o gmnoj {ZX©oe {Xbm Amho. `m I§S>mV EHy$U 928 n¥îR>m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
àma§^r gyMr_Ü`o dmnaboë`m g§{já eãXm§Mm {dñVma {Xbm Amho. EHy$U 3983 EdT>r `m
Amd¥ÎmrVrb Mmahr I§S>m§Mr n¥ð>g§»`m Amho.
EH${dgmì`m Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m àH$meZmZ§Va bJoMM ~m{dgmì`m Amd¥ÎmrMo Am{U Mm¡Xmì`m
g§{já Amd¥ÎmrMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ Pmbo. ho H$m_ g§nmXH$, Xem§e dJuH$aU g§nmXH$s` YmoaU
g{_Vr Am{U {d{dY joÌm§Vrb VÁk g„mJmamÀ`m g{_VrZo nyU© Ho$bo Amho.
Xem§e dJuH$aUmÀ`m ZdrZ 22ì`m Amd¥ÎmrV Mmby {dMma, kmZ{dídmVrb gd© kmZ
Ë`mM~amo~aM Ë`mVrb ~Xb dJuH¥$V Ho$bo AmhoV.
g{_VrZo Xem§e dJuH$aUmMo eoS>çyëg, _°Ý`yAb Am{U gmnoj gyMrMm Aä`mg d
narjU H$ê$Z H$mhr ^mJmV gwYmaUm d ~Xb Ho$bo AmhoV. {df`mMr ì`mßVr dmT>dyZ, ZdrZ
{df`m§Mr ^a KmVbr Amho. g{_VrZo ~Xb H$aVmZm J«W§ nmbm§Zm ZdrZ nÕVrZo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm
OwZo dJmªH$ ~Xbmd`mMr OmñV _ohZV bmJy Z`o `mMrhr XjVm KoVbr Amho.
Xem§e dJuH$aU hr OmJ{VH$ nmVirda dmnabr OmUmar nÕVr Amho, ho bjmV KoD$Z
`m dJuH$aUmda Agbobo {¼íMZ d nmpíM_mË` à^md H$_r H$aÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
^y^mJmVrb H$m`Xm, amOH$s` nj, ^mfm, gm{hË` Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mbI§S> `m§_Ü`ohr
Amdí`H$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
dJuH$aUH$Ë`mªMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>mdr åhUyZ H$mhr ~Xb Ho$bo AmhoV. `m_Ü`o _w»`V:
gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 7 H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bm Amho. Ë`mVrb Amdí`H$ dJ© BVa gmaUr§V g_m{dï> Ho$bo
AmhoV. _moR>r, dmMZmg d g_OÊ`mg AdKS> Agbobr dmŠ`o ~XbyZ gmonr N>moQ>r N>moQ>r
dmŠ`o Q>mH$br AmhoV. _°Ý`yAb_Yrb H$mhr Amdí`H$ _m{hVr eoS>çyb_Ü`o d gmaUr_Ü`o
ñWmZm§V[aV Ho$br Amho. AZmdí`H$ _m{hVr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$br Amho.
g§JUH$emñÌmÀ`m dJmªH$mV bjUr` ~Xb Ho$bm AgyZ AZoH$ ZdrZ {df`m§Zm dJmªH$
{Xbobo AmhoV. _w»` dJ© Y_© (200) `mdarb {¼íMZ Y_m©Mm à^md H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm Amho. gm_m{OH$ g_yh d g§ñWm `m§_Yrb ZdrZ g§km d g§H$ënZm dmT>dyZ nwÝhm nwÝhm
Ambobo H«$_m§H$ dJibo AmhoV. H$m`Xm (340) dJmªH$m_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$ê$Z amï´>mMm H$m`Xm,
_mZdr h¸$ d Am§VaemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm `mgmR>r g{dñVa dJmªH$ {Xbobo AmhoV. J{UV (510)
_Ü`o WmoS>mgm ~Xb H$ê$Z dJmªH$ AÚ`mdV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. 518 hm dJmªH$ dmnamV
AmUbm Amho. d¡ÚH$emñÌ (610) `m {df`mV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z {dñVma Ho$bm Amho. gyMr_Ü`ohr
ZdrZ g§km§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. àdmemgmR>r Agbobm 646.94 hm dJmªH$ ~XbyZ Vmo
910.46 d 913-919 `m Ë`m Ë`m ^y^mJmV {Xbm Amho. Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mbI§§S>m_Ü`ohr
gwYmaUm Ho$br Amho. gmaUr H«$. 5 Mo Zmd ~Xbbo AgyZ Vr Racial Ethnic, National
Groups À`m EodOr Ethnic, National Groups Ago Ho$bo Amho. gmaUr H«$_m§H$ nmM d
ghmMmhr {dñVma Ho$bm Amho.
Xem§e dJuH$aUmÀ`m 22 ì`m Amd¥ÎmrV AZoH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m AgyZ hr dJuH$aU
nÕVr AÚ`mdV d A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`moJr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>À`m gmhmæ`mZo
Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ bmoH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYVm Ambm, _Vo {dMmamV KoVm Ambr, gwYmaUm H$aVm Amë`m.
Ë`m_wio `m Amd¥ÎmrV AZoH$m§Mm gh^mJ bm^bm d AZoH$ ÌwQ>r H$_r H$aVm Amë`m. `m gwYmaUm
J«W§ nmbmÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$m`ÚmÀ`m Agë`m Varhr ^maVr` J«W§ nmbmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {dMma H$aVm ^maVr`
nmVirda `m gwYmaUm§{df`r g{dñVa MMm© hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mVyZM `m Amd¥ÎmrVrb
_`m©Xm ñnï> hmoVrb d Ë`m{df`r g§nmXH$ _§S>imer g§nH©$ gmYyZ nwT>rb Amd¥ÎmrV gwYmaUm
H$aVm `oVrb.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 50
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 51
lll
❏ Modern UGC NET / SET Library Science by A Team of
Experts
àH$meH$ : Zdr {X„r … AZ_mob àH$meZ, 2005.
qH$_V : é. 750/n¥ð>g§»`m : x, 477 ^mJ 1 d 2 EH${ÌV.
_hm{dÚmb`o, {dÚmnrR>,o BË`mXr e¡j{UH$ joÌmV ì`m»`mVm, àmÜ`mnH$ qH$dm g§emoYH$
\o$bmo{enMo ñWmZ, {dÚmnrR>r` J«§Wmb`mVrb ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb Aem {d{dY nXmoÞVr dm
ZmoH$è`m§gmR>r {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmÀ`m narjm nmg hmoUo Amdí` Amho. Ë`mVrbM _hÎdmÀ`m
XmoZ n[ajm åhUOo SET (STATE ELIGIBILITY TEST) hr amÁ`ñVar` narjm Va
NET (NATIONAL ELIGIBILITY TEST) hr amï´>r` ñVamdarb narjm XoUo A{Zdm`©
Amho.
`m narjogmR>r VrZ nona AgyZ nona - 1 hm gm_mÝ`kmZmMm AgVmo d dñVw{Zð> àH$maMm
åhUOoM àíZ d Ë`mImbrb 4 CÎmam§Vrb EH$mda IyU H$ê$Z {ZdS>Ê`mÀ`m àH$mamVrb AgVmo.
nona - 2 hmXoIrb dñVw{Zð> AgyZ Amnë`m {df`mVrb kmZmMr MmMUr KoÊ`mgmR>rM AgVmo.
nona - 3 hm _mÌ AmnU Á`m {df`mer {ZJ{S>V AmhmoV Ë`m g§X^m©V AgVmo. na§Vw àíZ d CÎmao
g{dñVa {bhÿZ Úm`Mr AgVmV. `mV Xhm àíZ AgVmV Vo 16 JwUm§Mo d 11dm EH$ àíZ 40
JwUm§Mm AgVmo. `m AZwf§JmZo {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mJ©Xe©Zna nwñVH$m§Mr {ZH$S> AgVo. `mgmR>r
gamdmMrhr JaO Agë`m_wio, {d{dY nwñVH$m§VyZ _m{hVr Jmoim Va H$amdrM bmJVo; na§Vw
{bhÊ`mMm gamdhr Amdí`H$ R>aVmo.
Aem `m narjm§gmR>r AZ_mob àH$meZZo 2005 gmbMo dm{UÁ`, J{UV, ^yJmob
øm~amo~a J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r ho nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo Amho.
^mJ 1 _Ü`o 28 {d^mJm§V J«§Wmb`emñÌmer {ZJ{S>V {df` AmhoV. Va ^mJ 2 _Ü`o
10 g§Mm§V (Groups) dñVw{Zð> àíZ {Xbobo AmhoV.
nona 2 d 3 gmR>rM gamdmMr àíZ-CÎmao AmhoV d Vr _`m©{XV ñdê$nmMr AmhoV.
`mVrb B§J«Or ^mfm gai gmonr Amho. na§Vw ~è`mM doim B§J«Or dmŠ`aMZm MwH$sMrhr AmT>iVo.
VgoM `m nwñVH$mVrb ~amMgm ^mJ hm Xwgè`m nwñVH$m§VyZ CMbyZ g§H${bV Ho$ë`mgmaIm
AmT>iVmo. CXmhaU Úm`Mo Pmë`mg nmZ H«$_m§H$ 91 da amï´>r` J«§Wmb`, H$bH$Îmm `m g§ñWoMr
_m{hVr A{Ve` _moK_ AgyZ A{Ve` g§{já, OwZr Amho. VgoM nmZ H«$_m§H$ 97 darb amOm
am__mohZ am°` J«§Wmb` \$mD§$S>oeZMr _m{hVrhr AerM ÌmoQ>H$ Amho.
ZdrZ d AÚ`mdV _m{hVrMo kmZ goQ> / ZoQ> À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mMm
C„oI d Ë`mMr _m{hVr øm nwñVH$mV {XgV Zmhr. CXmhaUmW©, Am°ZbmB©Z {Z`VH$m{bHo$,
_oQ>mS>oQ>m, BË`mXr.
nwñVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r {df`gyMr (Index) Agë`mg gmoB©Mo OmVo Vrhr Zmhr d Qr>_ Am°\$
EŠgnQ>©g² _Ü`o H$moU boIH$ AmhoV `m§Mmhr C„oI Zmhr. `m gd© ÌwQ>r Oar Agë`m Var nona 3
gmR>r Or {dñVm[aV àíZ-CÎmao {bhmd`mMr AmhoV Ë`mgmR>r ~arM Cn`wŠV _m{hVr AmnUm§g
{_iVo. CXmhaUmW©, J«§Wmb`mMo àH$ma, J«§Wmb`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r, dJuH$aUmMo àH$ma
d nÕVr, Vm{bH$sH$aU VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm ømM~amo~a NISSAT, INSDOC, UGC
øm§Mr _m{hVrhr {dñV¥VnUo {Xbobr Amho d J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m {df`m§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI hmoVo.
EH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ qH$dm dñVw{Zð> àíZ H$em VèhoZo {bhmd`mMo ømMm gamd åhUyZ `m
nwñVH$mMm Cn`moJ H$aVm `oB©b.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 52
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 53
lll
q AÚm`mdV OZab Zm°boO; à°pŠQ>g nona goQ>, 25 AmXe© àíZn{ÌH$m CÎmam§g{hV
àH$meH$ d g§H$bZ … K'sagar Publications, Pune
Xwgar Amd¥Îmr - 2004
qH$_V : é. 120/n¥ð>g§»`m - 429
5,000 dñVw{Zð> àíZm§Mr V`mar
{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ H|$ÐmÀ`m narjm VgoM amÁ`godm nyd© narjm, {dH«$sH$a {ZarjH$,
_§Ìmb` ghm`H$, BË`mXr narjm§gmR>r dñVw{Zð> àíZ-CÎmam§Mm gm_mÝ`kmZmMm EH$ g§nyU© nona
AgVmo. J«§Wmb`memñÌmMr goQ> / ZoQ>Mr narjm Agmo dm _hmamï´> bmoH$godm Am`moJmH$Sy>Z
KoVë`m OmUmè`m darb narjm AgmoV, OZab Zm°boO AWm©V gm_mÝ`kmZmÀ`m narjo{edm`
JË`§Va ZgVo.
ømgmR>r ^maVmVrb Mmby KS>m_moS>r, _hmamï´>mVyZ narjm Úm`Mr Agë`mg _hmamï´>mMm
^yJmob, J«m_rU àemgZ, gm_mÝ` {dkmZ, H¥${f{dH$mg, BË`mXr {df`m§darb _m{hVr AgUohr
JaOoMo AgVo. ømda AmYm[aV àíZm§Mr CÎmao øm nwñVH$mV AÚ`mdV _m{hVrgh {Xbobr
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Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval
David Haynes
London : Facet Publishing, 2004.
£ 39.95
xiv, 186
AmOÀ`m àJVrÀ`m KmoS>Xm¡S>rV ZdrZ ZdrZ emoY d _m{hVrMr ^a Am{U AÚ`mdV
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 54
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_oQ>mS>oQ>m ho _hÎdmMo gmYZ H$go ? _oQ>mS>oQ>mMm Cn`moJ H$m` ? Vmo H$gm V`ma H$amdm ?
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eãXà`moJ H$Yr dmnamV Ambm ho XoVmZm boIH$mZo åhQ>bo Amho "Metadata has been
around since the first library catalogues were established over 2000 years
ago. The term metadata probably first appeared in the 1960s & was adapted
by the GIS specialist, database developers, statisticians & latterly in the
1990's by web community.
"_oQ>mS>oQ>m' øm eãXmMm AW© "_yb^yV _m{hVrMr _yb^yV _m{hVr' åhUOoM "Data
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kmZoídarVë`m Amoì`m Vmo CbQ>çmgwbQ>çm åhUy eHo$ d H$moUVmhr kmZoœarVbm eãX
{dMmabm Va Vmo H$moR>o H$moR>o Ambm Amho ho Ë`m Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m Amoì`m åhUyZ g§X^m©gh
Ë`m§Mm AW© gm§Jo ! kmZoœarer BVH$m VÝ_` Pmbobm Aä`mgy {M{H$ËgH$ Xwgam _mÂ`m
nmhÊ`mV Zmhr. nÅ>rMo H$sV©ZH$magwÕm am_H¥$îU~modmnwT>o hmV Q>oH$sV. {Zê$nUmMm AmoK
nmhÿZ Vo AmJmD$M Amoì`m gwMdrV. dmaH$è`m§V 9 dm d 12 dm ho AÜ`m` nwîH$im§g nmR>
AgVmV. Mm§Jë`m H$sV©ZH$mam§ghr H$mhr R>amdrH$ ûcmoH$m§darb R>amdrH$ Amoì`mM VodT>çm
nmR> AgVmV. _r eoXmoZeo dmaH$ar nÕVrMr {Zê$nUr H$sV©Zo EoH$br; nU Vr nwT>o nwT>o EH$m
gmÀ`mMr dmQy> bmJbr. am_H¥$îU~modm§Zm Amåhr nwîH$iXm H$sV©Z H$aÊ`m{df`r AmJ«h
Ho$bm; nU Ë`m§Mo EH$M CÎma Ago- "hm OÝ_ ldU^ŠVrbm {Xbm Amho, nwT>bm OÝ_
H$sV©Z^ŠVrbm XoD$.' am_H¥$îU~modm {Zbmo^© , {Z_m©Z, gmYm J¥hñW hmoVm. H$moUmÀ`m S>mi
o çm§V
Iwnm`Mm Zmhr, Ah§H$mamMm bdboe Zmhr. am_H¥$îU~modm kmZoœarMm {Od§V "g§X^©J«§W'
hmoVm.
M[aÌM§Ð, n¥. 157
- b. am. nm§JmaH$a
do~ (gM© B§{OÝgMr H$ënZm)
_mohZ nmR>H$
ñnm`S>a
ñd`§M{bV nÕVrZo do~ noOog Jmoim H$aUmam hm àmoJ«m_ Amho. Omiçmda am§JV OmD$Z
H$moir Á`mà_mUo ^ú` AmUVmo Ver hr d¥Îmr Agë`mZo `m àmoJ«m_bm ho Zmd {Xbo Jobo. hr do~
noOog gM© B§{OÝgZm nwa{dbr OmVmV. Omiçmda am§JUmè`m (webcrawler) Agohr `m
àmoJ«m_Mo dU©Z AmT>iVo. AëQ>m{dñQ>m gma»`m _moR>çm B§{OÝgMo g_m§Va ñnm`S>g© EH$mM doir
H$m`©aV AgVmV.
bm`H$m°g
B§Q>aZoQ>À`m dmT>Ë`m dmnam~amo~a H$mhr ZdrZ g§H$ënZm, H$mhr ZdrZ eãX Amnë`m
A{Ve` gamdmMo Pmbo AmhoV. AerM EH$ g§H$ënZm åhUOo "gM© B§OrZ'. B§Q>aZoQ>da EImÚm
{df`mMr, ì`ŠVrMr _m{hVr emoYmd`mMr Pmë`mg AmnU gamdmZo EImÚm gM© B§OrZÀ`m
_mÜ`_mMm dmna H$aVmo d Aem gM© B§OrZÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ë`m {d{eï> {df`mdarb H$ënZmVrV
gmB©Q>g² Amnë`mg_moa CKS>ë`m OmVmV. gM© B§OrZ_Yrb "gM©' `m n`m©`mda pŠbH$ H$aVmM
ho gd© H$mhr go§H$XmV KSy>Z `oVo. `m _m{hVrÀ`m OmiçmVyZ hr _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r OUy H$mhr
OmiçmV EImXm H$moir gmoS>mdm d Ë`mZo ho jUmYm©V H$amdo Ago KS>Vo. {edm` ho gd©
"^mg_mZ dmñVdmVyZ' (Virtual reality) Amnë`m g_moa `oVo. g_moa `oVo Vohr "^mg_mZ
dmñVd' `m gXamV _moS>Umao AgVo. ho gM© B§OrZ åhUOo EH$ àH$maMr AmkmdbrM AgVo.
H$m_m§Mr dm gyMZm§Mr gw{Z`mo{OV Aer hr `mXr AgVo. {VÀ`m dmnam_wio g§JUH$mbm nyd{© Z`mo{OV
nÕVrZo dmJmdo bmJVo. B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna AmVm BVH$m ghO Pmbm Amho H$s {d{eï> Aem gM©
B§OrZda OmD$Z AmnU _m{hVr emoYmMr à{H«$`m nyU© H$aVmo. AmnU gM© da pŠbH$ H$aVmM
AmnU {Xbobm eãX, g§km Á`m Á`m gmB©Q>g²da AgVrb Ë`m gd© gmB©Q>g² CKS>ë`m OmVmV.
Aer gM© B§{OÝg AmhoV Var {H$Vr, hr H$moUr d H$Yr V`ma Ho$br hm ñdV§Ì Aä`mgmMm
{df` Amho. `mVrb H$mhr gM© B{OÝg d Ë`m§Mr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr gXa boImV {Xbr Amho.
J«W§ nmb åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm `m gM© B§{OÝgMm VwbZmË_H$ {dMma H$aUohr {H$Ë`oH$Xm Cn`moJmMo
R>aVo.
H$mhr gM© B§{OÝg A{Ve` bmoH${à` R>abr AmhoV. Aem§n¡H$s bm`H$m°g ho gM© B§OrZ
d {S>aoŠQ>ar Amho. \w$bQoŠñQ> XoUmao B§OrZ, do~gmB©Q>Mo dJ©dma {díbofU H$ê$Z gw{Z`mo{OV
Ho$bobr {S>aŠo Q>ar hr Oer bm`H$m°gMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV, Ë`mà_mUoM {ZdS>H$ gmB©Q>gM
² r narjUo
hr bm`H$m°g_wio CnbãY hmoVmV.
`mhÿ
OJmV Ooìhm Oo_Vo_ e§^a-gìdmeo do~gmB©Q>g² hmoË`m Voìhm åhUOo 1994 À`m gw_mamg
~Z{dbr Jobobr hr {S>aoŠQ>ar åhUOo AmíM`© _mZbo OmVo. `mhÿ Mm d eå_rH$nyaÀ`m O§JbrVrb
`mhÿMm AWm©Wuhr g§~§Y Zmhr ! `mhÿVrb Ajao hr "`Q> AZXa hma>am{H$H$b Am°{\${e`b
Ama°H$b' `m ZmdmMr AÚmjao AmhoV d do~gmB©Q>gÀ² `m dJuH$aUmÀ`m d {S>aŠo Q>ar ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m
ZmXmVyZ "`mhÿ' ApñVËdmV Ambo. hm ZmX bmJbobo VéU B§{OZrAg© hmoVo Ooar `m§J (25 d`)
d S>opìhS> {\$bmo (26 d`). A_o[aHo$À`m ñQ>°Z\$moS>© {dÚmnrR>mV gwê$ Pmboë`m `m do~ B§OrZ,
{S>aoŠQ>ar d gmB©Q>Mr AmO àM§S> _moR>r B_maV Amho.
OwJhoS>
do~darb _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r BZŠQ>mo_r H$mnm©oaoeZ d "dm`aS>² _°J°PrZ'Mo àH$meH$
hm°Q> dm`aS²> `m§Zr g§`wŠVnUo hm àmoJ«m_ ~Z{dbobm Amho. g_m§Va Aem dH©$ñQ>oeÝgMm dmna
H$ê$Z hm°Q>~m°Q> `m dH©$ñQ>oeÝgMo Omio V`ma H$aVo (Network of work stations - Now).
BVa gM© B§{OÝgnojm AgUmè`m `m doJionUm_wio do~da CnbãY AgUmè`m _m{hVrMm doJ
A{YH$ ZrQ> gm§^miVm `oVmo Ago Ë`m§Mo åhUUo Amho.
ho gM© B§OrZ Jmo\$a gmB©Q>g²gmR>r dmnabo OmVo. Jmo\$a hr AJXr gwédmVrMr B§Q>aZoQ>
gìh©ada \$mB©ëg {S>ñßbo H$aUmar nÕV Amho.
`m gM© B§{OÝgMr ImobmV OmD$Z VmpÎdH$ _m{hVr hr B§Q>aZoQ>darb emoYmgmR>r Amdí`H$
Zmhr, na§Vw `m~Ôb OwO~r _m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. JwJb gmaIo gM© B§OrZ d Ë`mda
CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmUmar J«§Wmb`o, _oQ>m Q>°J gmaIo doJio H$m_ H$aUmao B§{OZ d bmoH${à`
AgUmao "`mhÿ' ho B§OrZ `m~m~V d Aem B{OÝg~m~V àmW{_H$ _m{hVr Agob Va emoY
A{YH {XemnyU© R>aVmo. {edm` {S>aoŠQ>ar, B§S>oŠga, B§OrZ `mV H$m` \$aH$ Amho ? B§Q>aZoQ> d
B§Q´>mZoQ> _Ü`o H$m` \$aH$ AgVmo, do~ gmB©Q>, do~ noO ho eãX H$emgmR>r dmnamd`mMo AgVmV
`mg§~§Yr H$ënZm AgUo \$m`ÚmMo R>aVo. ao{S>AmoVyZ `oUmam AmdmO H$gm `oVmo `mMo EHo$H$mir
Hw$Vyhb Ago. Vo g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ao{S>AmoVrb `§ÌUm g_Obr Zmhr Var MmbVo; nU
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 60
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 61
hm°Q> ~m°Q> (Hot Bot)
Üd{ZbharMr OwO~r _m{hVr AgUo Ë`m H$mir Cn`wŠV R>am`Mo. VgoM ho Amho. `mVrb V§ÌkmZ
g_OmdyZ KoUo hr JaO Zmhr, _mÌ V§Ì H$m` Agy eH$Vo `mMr H$ënZm Agmdr.
(~oQ>r gr. Ow§J `m§Zr g§H${bV Ho$bobr gM© B§{OÝgMr gyMr gmo~V XoV AmhmoV. `mV
{df`dma emoY KoUmar B§{OÝg AmhoV.)
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 62
ZJadmMZmb`mbm _mÂ`mgmaIm dmMH$ H$moUr ^oQ>bm Zgob ! goH«o$Q>arer g§YmZ
~m§YyZ H$nmQ>mÀ`m {H$ëë`m ¿`m`À`m, H$nmQ>o Mmimd`mMr, bmJVrb Vr 5Ÿ&6 nwñVHo$
¿`m`Mr d _mS>rda 12 dmOVm OmD$Z amÌr 8 dmOon`ªV dmMrV ~gm`Mo Agm _mPm H«$_
H¡$H$ _{hZo Mmby hmoVm ! _moR>çm _mUgm§À`m {dMmam§er n[aM` hmoUo hr Ho$dT>r ^m½`mMr
Jmoï> hmo` ! Ë`m§Mo _¥VmË_o Amnë`mer ~moby bmJVmV, Vo Amnë`m {dMmaYZm_wio A_a
AgVmV ! Amnë`m {MÎmmbm Ë`m§À`m g§JVrZo AmZ§X hmoVmo, Amnbo {dMma CÞV
hmoVmV, _Zmo_i YwVbm OmD$Z erbg§dY©ZmÀ`m H$m_r Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo !
AmnUhr `m§À`mgmaIoM _moR>o ìhmdo Aer `m§À`m g§JVrV BÀN>m àmXw^V©y hmoV.o
{dÚmì`mg§J {Zbm}^, {ZXª^ AgVmo åhUyZ Ë`mnmgyZ Iam AmZ§X hmoVmo. {dÚmZ§Xmbm
{df`mZ§XmÀ`m daMr nU ~«åhmZ§XmÀ`m ImbMr nm`ar `moJdm{gð>mZo {Xbr Amho. _r
J«§Wm§À`m g§JVrVM dmT>bmo Amho. {dÚm ho A{dZmer YZ Amho. AboŠPm§{S´>`m `oWrb
J«W
§ mb`mda "_ZmMm Xdm d ~wÕrMo Am¡fY' Aer Ajao ImoXbobr AgV ! _bm
gX²J«§Wm§Mo CnOV ào_ Agë`m_wio øm OJmV Xwgè`m H$emZohr Z {_iUmao AmË_g_mYmZ
_r nmdbmo Amho.
M[aÌM§Ð
- b. am. nm§JmaH$a
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 63
J«W
§ monMmanÕVr ({~pãbAmoWao nr)
_mohZ nmR>H$
_mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ AmOma, {dH$mam§da CnMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ajae: AJ{UV CnMma
nÕVr AmO OJmV {dH${gV Pmboë`m AmnU nmhVmo. `m nÕVrVyZ dmnabr OmUmar gmYZo d
_mÜ`_ohr AZoH$ AmhoV. Aem nÕVt_Ü`o J«§Wm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo CnMma H$aÊ`mMr H$mhr nÕVr
Amho, `mMr OmUrd Amnë`mbm ZgVo. ~°[aŠgmoZ Aa{~~ ZmdmÀ`m boIH$mZo "{~pãbAmoWoanr
BZ ñHy$b bm`~«arO : EZ Bg«m`br EŠgn[a_|Q>' `m "ñHy$b bm`~«arO dëS>© dmBS>' (6 (2)
Owb¡ 2000 n¥. 102-10) {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boIH$mV åhQ>bo Amho, ""Despire the direct
connection of bibliotherapy to books and libraries and its potential as a
means of support, it has not attained a clear status in library science''
J«§Wmb`emñÌmer g§~§Y AgUmam hm {df` Amho d `m {df`mV nma§JVVm {_imë`mg
ì`dgm`mÀ`m AZoH$ g§Yr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV ho `m~m~V g_OUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Amnë`mbm Zdm dmQ>Umam Agm hm {df` ~amM {dH${gV Amho d nmíMmÎ` Xoem§Zr `m
{df`mMm gImob Aä`mghr Ho$bobm Amho. {~«{Q>e Z°eZb bm`~«argma»`m _moR>më`m J«W§ mb`m§_Ü`o
`m {df`mda Ag§»` nwñVHo$ Agbobr {XgVmV Va {bPmgma»`m gyMr d gma godoÀ`m `mXrV
`m {df`m§darb boIm§Mo hOmam|Zr g§jon AmT>iVmV. nmíMmÎ` Xoem§Vrb gd© à_wI é½Umb`m§Mr
J«W§ mb`o AmhoV d `m é½Umb`m§À`m n°Zëgda J«W§ mb`emñÌmMm ì`mg§J AgUmao J«W§ monMmaVÁkhr
AmhoV. AmOmanUmV dm _mZ{gH$ {dH$maJ«ñV AdñWoV H$m` dmMmdo `mMm g„m XoD$Z Ë`mZwgma
Vo dmMyZ KoVbo OmUo `m nÕVrV Ano{jV Amho. J«§WmVrb hr VmH$X AmnUhr H$YrVar
AZw^dbobr AgVo. `mMo CXmhaUM Úmd`mMo Pmë`mg 28 E{àb 2000 À`m _hmamï´> Q>mBåg
X¡{ZH$mVrb EH$m ~mV_rMo XoVm `oB©b. `m ~mV_rMm _{WVmW©, ""CËH¥$ï>> gm{hË`mMo dmMZ
_mUgmbm öÐmoJmnmgyZ dmMdy eH$Vo' Agm hmoVm. EdT>çm J§^ra AmOmamVhr J«§WmMo dmMZ
CnH$maH$ R>aVo.
{~pãbAmoWao nr
{~pãbAmo `m eãXmMm gmoß`m eãXmV AW© nwñVH$ Agm Amhoo d Woanr åhUOo CnMma.
`m eãXmMr ì`m»`m "A°bZ H|$Q>À`m EZgm`Šbmonr{S>`m Am°\$ bm`~«ar A°S> BÝ\$_©oeZ gm`Ýg'
_Ü`o nwT>rbà_mUo H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
""Bibliotherapy is the use of books and related materials in the treatment of sick.''
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 64
`m CnMmanÕVrMm dmna ~amM nwamVZ Amho. _Ü``wJmV Voamì`m eVH$mV H¡$amoV Zì`mZoM
~m§YÊ`mV Amboë`m Ab_Ýgya hm°pñnQ>b_Ü`o Am¡fYmonMmam§~amo~aM Hw$amU dmMyZ XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r
Y_©Jêw $§ Zm gH$mi g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m R>amdrH$ doim Zo_Zy {Xboë`m hmoË`m. Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmMo gm{hË`
ho `m g§H$ënZoMm CJ_ d {dH$mg hmoÊ`m_mJrb à_wI àoaUm Agbo Var Ym{_©H$ gm{hË`mZo
gmYbm OmUmam n[aUm_ hm `m g§H$ënZoV A{^àoV Amho H$m` `m~m~V {dÛmZm§_Ü`o _V^oX
AmhoV. dmñV{dH$ ñdmñÏ`àmár hmoUo åhUOo amoJ_wŠV AdñWm Agob Va Ym{_©H$ gm{hË`mÀ`m
CÔoí`mer ho gwg§JVM Amho. ~m`~bMm Agm dmna hmoÊ`mda Ë`mnwT>rb H$mimV _V^oX Pmbobo
AmT>iVmVhr. nU nwT>rb H$mhr eVH$m§V Ym{_©H$ gm{hË` ho CnMma nÕVrV bjUr`[aË`m
dmnabo Job.o qH$~hþZm "é½Umb`mMr J«W§ mb`o' XoIrb Aem gm{hË`mZoM gwê$ Pmë`mMr B{VhmgmV
Zm|X Amho. Ym{_©H$ hoVyZo J«§Wm§Mo dmMZ H$ê$Z \$bàmár H$aÊ`mMm àKmV nm¡dm©Ë` Y_mª_Ü`ohr
nydm©nma AmT>iV Ambm Amho.
AR>amì`m d EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV `m CnMmanÕVrMm dmna A{YH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV
Pmbm. B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg, ñH$m°Q>b§S> `m Xoem§V Va AZoH$ d¡ÚH$s` ì`mdgm{`H$ CnMmanÕVr§~amo~aM J«§Wm§Mr `mXrhr gwMdm`bm bmJboV. `mV Ym{_©H$ J«§Wm§~amo~aM gm{hË`H¥$Vr§Mm
g_mdoehr ìhmd`mg bmJbm. A_o[aHo$V J«§WmonMmamMm OmUrdnyd©H$ à`moJ ~|Om{_Z ae `m
d¡ÚH$ ì`mdgm{`H$mZo Ho$ë`mMr Zm|X Amho. 1810 _Ü`o Ë`mZo- ""Amgm`b__Ü`o \$ŠV H$m`©emim
d n[ag§dmX R>odÊ`mnojm é½Um§H$Sy>Z dmMZ-boIZ H$ê$Z KoUo A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>aob'' Aer Zm|X
Ho$br Amho.
{~pãbAmoWao nrdarb n{hbm boI
hm {df` d¡ÚH$emñÌmÀ`m Cn`moJmMm Agbm Var J«§Wmb`emñÌmVrb VÁkVmhr `m
{df`mMr _moR>r JaO Amho. `m {df`mdarb n{hbm boI Om°Z {_Ýgm°Z ½b°Q> (II) `m§Zr 1884
gmbr {b{hbm. ""On Reading, Recreation an Amusements for the Insane'' `m
ZmdmZo "A_o[aH$Z BpÝñQ>Q>çyeZ \$m°a X BZgoZ' `m g§ñWoÀ`m EH$m g^oV Ë`m§Zr gmXa Ho$bm. `mV
Ë`mZo J«§WdmMZmMo à_wI nmM \$m`Xo (AWm©V é½Umdarb CnMmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo) gm§{JVbo hmoVo.
(1) Amnë`m AmOmamdê$Z _Z XwgarH$S>o didUo.
(2) doi OmD$Z é½Umg Amam_ dmQ>Uo.
(3) é½Umg _m{hVr XoUo.
(4) BpñnVi Amnbr Iar d nyU© H$miOr KoV Amho `mMm {dídmg é½UmÀ`m _ZmV
{Z_m©U H$aUo.
(5) dmMH$mbm CnMma H$aÊ`mg gmhmæ`^yV ~Z{dVm `oVo.
J«§WmonMmamÀ`m `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>MmbrV d¡ÚH$ ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mo dM©ñdM gwédmVrg
A{YH$ hmoV.o J«W§ mb` ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mo ho H$m_ Amho d Ë`mgmR>r VÁk J«W§ nmbm§MrM Amdí`H$Vm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 65
Amho hm {dMma éOm`bm {dgmdo eVH$ `mdo bmJbo. _°g°À`wgoQ> OZab hm°pñnQ>bZo Ooìhm
1904 gmbr _°pŠbZ hm°pñnQ>bÀ`m àemgZmMr O~m~Xmar CMbbr Voìhm Ë`m é½Umb`mÀ`m
J«§Wmb`mgmR>r à{e{jV J«§Wnmb Zo_bm d J«§WmonMmamgmR>r Ë`mMo gmhmæ` KoÊ`mg gwédmV
Ho$br. `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV "J«§WmonMma' `m {df`mMm {dH$mg J«§Wmb`emñÌmVrb EH$ ñdV§Ì
{df` åhUyZ Pmbm. AZoH$ boI, g§emoYZna {Z~§Y {b{hÊ`mg J«§WnmbmMm _moR>m dmQ>m Amho.
àm`mo{JH$Vm hr `m {df`mMr _yb^yV JaO Amho d Ë`m_wioM ho à`moJ Ho$di é½Umb`,
Agm`b_ `m§À`mnwaVo _`m©{XV Z amhVm embo`ñVamda OJ^a J«§WmonMmamMm {df` R>aVrb
Ago à`moJ am~{dbo OmVmV.
J«§Wm§Mm EHy$UM ì`pŠV_Îdmda d OrdZmda à^md nSy>Z g§nyU© OrdZmbm H$bmQ>Ur
{_imbr Aerhr AZoH$ CXmhaUo B{VhmgmV nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
J«W
§ monMmanÕVr {dH$mg
ì`pŠVËdmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV am{hboë`m ÌwQ>r, ñd^mdmV Ano{jV AgUmè`m gX²JU
w m§Mm
{dH$mg `m~amo~aM _mZ{gH$ {dH$ma d emar[aH$ ì`mYrÀ`m H$mimV BVa Am¡fYmonMmam§Zm
JǤWmonMmamMr OmoS> {_imbr Va Ano{jV {ZH$mb, n[aUm_ bdH$a gmYVm `oVmV. `mgmR>r
H$moUVm J«§W H$moUË`m pñWVrV dmMbm Omdm, Ë`m dmMZmMo n[aUm_ H$m` Agy eH$VmV `mMr
åhUOoM J«§WmVrb gwá eŠVrMr J«§WmonMma H$aUmamg g§nyU© H$ënZm Agmdr bmJVo. `mgmR>r
gd© J«§Wm§Mm Ë`mVrb {df` d Ame`mMm ì`mg§J Agmdm bmJVmo. `m§À`m AmYmaoM J«§Wm§À`m
gmhmæ`mZo CnMma eŠ` AgVmo.
ì`m{Y_wŠV AdñWoà_mUoM d`mÀ`m H$moUË`m Q>ßß`mda H$m` dmMmdo, Vo H$m dmMmdo
`m~m~V nmbH$ {ejH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$ eH$Vrb Ago J«§WmonMma VÁk hr Va AmOÀ`m
J{V_mZ OrdZmVrb JaO Amho. nmíMmÎ` OJmV hr JaO AmoiIbr Amho Ë`m_wio Joë`m
eVH$mV AZoH$ é½Umb`m§À`m n°Zb_Ü`o H$ÝgpëQ>¨J bm`~«ar`ÝgMmhr g_mdoe Pmbobm {XgVmo
Amho. EEbE gma»`m g§KQ>Zm§Zr `m {deof kmZemIoVrb g§emoYZmg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Amho.
Ë`mM~amo~a é½Umb`rZ J«W§ mb` g§KmZo Va ""Libraries and Librarians can, and must,
play substantial roles in both the preventive and rehabilitative aspects of
this problem.'' `m eãXm§V `m emñÌmMo _hÎd _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho.
J«§WmonMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AmO H$m` Mmby Amho d ^{dî`mVrb `m g§X^m©V CnbãY
AgUmè`m g§Yr H$moUË`m hm `m {df`mMm nwT>rb ^mJ Amho. embo` ñVamda J«§WmonMmamMm
hmoUmam dmna hm ñdV§Ì {df` Amho. Ë`m~Ôb Z§VaÀ`m A§H$mV.
ooo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 66
Voam (13) A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ
S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma
nydu Am`Eg~rEZ 10 A§H$m§Mm {_iyZ V`ma hmoV Ago. 1 OmZodmar
2007 nmgyZ Am`Eg~rEZ H«$_m§H$ 13 A§H$m§Mm hmoUma Amho.
àñVwV boIm_Ü`o Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m ~XbmMr H$maUo, ~XbmMo
ñdê$n d Am`Eg~rEZ_Yrb ~XbmMo J«W§ mb`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
hmoUmao n[aUm_ `m§Mr MMm© Ho$bobr Amho.
àñVmdZm
Am`Eg~rEZ (International Standard Book Number - ISBN) hm àH$m{eV
J«§Wm§gmR>r {Xbm OmUmam Am§Vaamï´>r` à_m{UV H«$_m§H$ Amho. ISO 2108 `m Am§Vaamï´>r`
à_mUH$mZwgma J«W§ m§Zm Am`Eg~rEZ {Xbm OmVmo. Am`Eg~rEZgmR>rMo ISO 2108 ho à_mUH$
àW_ 1972 _Ü`o àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo(1). `m à_mUH$mMr Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr bdH$aM
àH$m{eV hmoUma Amho. 1972 À`m 2108 `m à_mUH$mZwgma ApñVËdmV Ambobm Am`Eg~rEZ
10 A§H$m§Mm hmoVm. 10 A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ AmVm Am`Eg~rEZ -10 `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm
OmVmo. Am`Eg~rEZ - 10 _Yrb A§H$m§Mr {d^mJUr Mma ^mJm§V H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr; Vo
Mma ^mJ åhUOo - (1) dJ©Xe©H$ (Xoe) A§H$, (2) àH$meH$Xe©H$ A§H$, (3) erf©H$Xe©H$
A§H$, (4) VnmgUr A§H$. gÜ`m OJmVrb 150 Xoem§_Ü`o J«§Wm§Zm Am`Eg~rEZ H«$_m§H$ {Xbm
OmVmo. Am`Eg~rEZ-10 Mr j_Vm EH$ AãO H«$_m§H$m§Mr Amho. gÜ`m ho gd© H«$_m§H$ dmnabo
Jobobo ZmhrV. na§Vw J«§W àH$meZmMr dmT>Vr g§»`m {dMmamV KoVm ho gd© H«$_m§H$ ZOrH$À`m
^{dî`mV dmnabo OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. hr eŠ`Vm {dMmamV KoVm Am`Eg~rEZ H«$_m§H$m§Mr
j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m H«$_m§H$m§Mr j_Vm
dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Vmo 13 A§H$m§Mm H$aÊ`mMo R>abo Amho. 13 A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ, Am`Eg~rEZ13 `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. àñVwV boIm_Ü`o Am`Eg~rEZ-13 Mo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bo
Amho. VgoM Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m àñVm{dV ~XbmMo J«§Wmb`m§da H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVrb `mMrhr
MMm© Ho$br Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 67
Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m {dñVmamMr H$maUo
àñVmdZoV {deX Ho$ë`mà_mUo Am`Eg~rEZ-10 _Yrb gd© H«$_m§H$ ZOrH$À`m H$mimV
dmnabo OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. ZdrZ J«§Wm§Zm nwaogo Am`Eg~rEZ H«$_m§H$ CnbãY ìhmdoV
`mgmR>r Am`Eg~rEZ-10Mm {dñVma H$ê$Z Vmo 13 A§H$m§Mm H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
AZoH$ J«§Wm§da Am`Eg~rEZ H«$_m§H$mgmo~V ~maH$moS>hr N>mnbobm AgVmo. ~maH$moS> 13
A§H$m§Mm V`ma hmoV AgVmo. `wamo{n`Z A{Q>©H$b Z§~a (European Atricle Number EAN) nÕVrZwgma ~maH$moS> {Xbm OmVmo. EAN nÕVrZwgma {Xbobm ~maH$moS> hm à_m{UV
g§Ho$Vm§H$ åhUyZ dmnabm OmVmo. ~maH$moS> d Am`Eg~rEZ `m XmoÝhtMm CÔoe EH$M Amho. Vmo
åhUOo à_m{UV g§Ho$Vm§H$m§À`m / A§H$m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo J«§Wm§~ÔbÀ`m _m{hVrMr XodKod H$aUo /
J«§Wm§Mr AmoiI nQ>{dUo. na§Vw ~maH$moS> Ÿ13 A§H$m§Mm Va Am`Eg~rEZ 10 A§H$m§Mm Amho. `m
XmoÝhr nÕVtVrb A§H$m§À`m g§»`oVrb \$aH$ Zï> H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o gwg§JVVm (Compatibility) `mdr `mgmR>r Am`Eg~rEZ - 10 A§H$m§EodOr 13 A§H$m§Mm H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. Ë`m_wio `mnwT>o ~maH$moS>à_mUoM Am`Eg~rEZgwÕm 13 A§H$m§Mm Agob.
`w { Zìhg© b àm° S > Š Q> H$mo S > ( Universal Product Code - UPC) Am{U
Am`Eg~rEZ_Ü`o gwg§JVVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr Am`Eg~rEZMm {dñVma Ho$bm OmV Amho.
A_o[aHo$Vrb àË`oH$ dñVybm `w{Zìhg©b H$moS> H$m°D$pÝgb (Universal Code Council UCC) Zwgma UPC åhUOoM OmJ{VH$ dñVy H«$_m§H$ {Xbm OmV Ago. UPC nydu 12 A§H$m§Mm
Ago. na§Vw A_o[aHo$Zo AmVm 12 A§H$m§À`m UPC EodOr 13 A§H$m§Mm EAN H«$_m§H$ dmnaÊ`mMo
R>a{dbo Amho. Ë`mZwgma UPC Mo Zm_m§Va EAN-UPC-13 Ago H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. EANUPC-13 A§H$m§Mm Amho åhUyZ Am`Eg~rEZhr 13 A§H$m§Mm H$aUo gmoBñH$a R>aUma Amho.
EAN-UCC-13 d Am`Eg~rEZ `m§À`m_Ü`o gwgJ§ VVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r EAN, UCC
d Am`Eg~rEZ {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Zr Am`Eg~rEZ 13 A§H$m§Mm Agmdm Ago R>a{dbo
Amho. J«§Wm{edm` BVa gd© ~maH$moS>g² XoeXe©H$ A§H$m§Zr gwê$ hmoVmV. EAN _Yrb XoeXe©H$
A§H$m§EodOr Am`Eg~rEZ_Ü`o AmVm gwadmVrbm 978 hm J«§W^y{_Xe©H$ (Bookland
Identier) H«$_m§H$ OmoS>bm OmB©b. 978 `m J«§W^y{_Xe©H$ A§H$mnwT>o Am`Eg~rEZ_Yrb
gwédmVrMo ZD$ A§H$ AgVrb. Aem àH$mao Am`Eg~rEZ_Ü`o (3+9) 12 A§H$ hmoVrb.
Am`Eg~rEZ_Yrb eodQ>Mm A§H$ (åhUOoM 13 dm A§H$) VnmgUr A§H$ (Check digit)
Vmo Am`Eg~rEZZo gm§{JVboë`m nÕVrZwgma V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo.(2)
Am`Eg~rEZ-13 Mo gwYmaUmH$V©o
ISO/TC46/SC9/WG4 `m H$m`©JQ>mÛmao Am`Eg~rEZ_Ü`o ~Xb gwM{dÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda dñVy Am{U godm§Mr AXbm~Xb H$aUo gwb^ ìhmdo `mgmR>r
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 68
à_mUHo$ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r B. g. 1947 _Ü`o ISO (International Organization
for Standardization) Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
TC46 hr ISO Mr Vm§{ÌH$ g{_Vr (Technical Committee) Amho. _m{hVr Am{U
àboIZmgmR>r à_mUHo$ {dH${gV H$aUo ho TC 46 `m g{_VrMo H$m`© Amho. {deofV: àboIm§À`m
dU©ZmgmR>r Am{U AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r (Description and Identification) à_mUHo$ {dH${gV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r TC 46 `m g{_VrZo SC9 hr Cng{_Vr (Sub Committee) ñWmnZ Ho$br Amho.
SC9 `m Cng{_VrMo g{Mdmb` H°$ZS>mÀ`m amï´>r` J«W
§ mb`m_Ü`o Amho. Am`Eg~rEZgmR>rÀ`m
ISO 2108 `m à_mUH$m_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r SC9 `m Cng{_VrZo OmZodmar 2002 _Ü`o
EH$ H$m`©JQ> (WG 4) åhUOoM Working Group ñWmnZ Ho$bm(3). {~«Q>Z_Yrb _m`H$b
{hbo ho `m H$m`©JQ>mMo à_wI AmhoV. WG 4 `m H$m`©JQ>m_Ü`o J«§Wnmb, àH$meH$, J«§W{dVaH$
d BVa g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
WG 4 `m H$m`©JQ>mZo ISO 2108 `m Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m à_mUH$m_Ü`o Amdí`H$ Vo
~Xb gwM{dÊ`mV àñVmd V`ma Ho$bm. hm àñVmd ISO À`m _mÝ`VogmR>rÀ`m gd© nmViçm§_YyZ
_mÝ` hmoD$Z Ambm Amho (4). ZdrZ Am`Eg~rEZMm gd©_mÝ` Pmbobm àñVmd ISO 2108Mr
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr åhUyZ bdH$aM àH$m{eV Ho$bm OmUma Amho. ISO 2108 À`m Mm¡Ï`m Amd¥ÎmrZwgma
13 A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ J«W
§ mda EH$ OmZodmar 2007 nmgyZ N>mnmd`mMm Amho.
~XbmMo ñdê$n
gÜ`mÀ`m 10 A§H$m§À`m Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m gwédmVrbm EAN _Yrb J«§Wm§gmR>rMm
978 hm H«$_m§H$ OmoS>yZ 13 A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ V`ma Ho$bm OmB©b. CXmhaUmW©, 10 A§H$m§Mm
Am`Eg~rEZ : 0-330-28987-x `mM J«W§ mMm 13 A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ nwT>rbà_mUo Agob.
978-0-330-28987-0 `m CXmhaUmV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo Am`Eg~rEZ-13 Mo nmM ^mJ hmoVmV.
978 hm EAN-UCC _Yrb J«§Wm§gmR>rMm OmJ{VH$ dñVy H«$_m§H$ Amho. hm H«$_m§H$ gÜ`mÀ`m
åhUOoM Am`Eg~rEZ-10 À`m gwédmVrbm OmoS>ë`m_wio Am`Eg~rEZ-13 A§H$m§Mm hmoVmoM
{edm` VgoM Am`Eg~rEZ-10 _Yrb eodQ>Mm A§H$hr (VnmgUr A§H$) ~XbVmo.
Am`Eg~rEZ-13 Mr A§_b~OmdUr XmoZ Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o hmoB©b.
(1) B. g. 2005 d 2006 `m g§H«$_UmÀ`m H$mimV Am`Eg~rEZ-10 Mo JaOoZwgma
Am`Eg~rEZ-13 _Ü`o ê$nm§Va Ho$bo OmB©b. Aem ê$nm§VamgmR>rMo gyÌ Am`Eg~rEZ
EOÝgrZo {Xbo Amho (5). `m gyÌmZwgma Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m ê$nm§VamgmR>r `mo½` Aer
g§JUH$ Amkmdbr {dH${gV H$amdr bmJob. Am`Eg~rEZÀ`m ê$nm§VamgmR>r H$mhr
V`ma g§JUH$ Amkmdbr AmVm B§Q>aZoQ>da CnbãYhr Pmë`m AmhoV (6).
Ago ê$nm§Va H$amd`mMo Zgob Va g§H«$_UmÀ`m H$mimV J«§Wm§da Am`Eg~rEZ-10 d
Am`Eg~rEZ-13 Ago XmoÝhr Am`Eg~rEZ H«$_m§H$ N>mnmdoV.
(2) Am`Eg~rEZ-13 J«§Wmda N>mnUo : EH$ OmZodmar 2007 nmgyZ àH$m{eV hmoUmè`m
J«W§ m§da 13 A§H$m§MmM Am`Eg~rEZ N>mnbm OmB©b. 13 A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ J«W§ mdarb
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 69
~maH$moS>À`m daÀ`m ^mJmV AmS>ì`m aofoZo (hyphen) OmoS>boë`m ñdê$nmV N>mnbm
OmB©b.
Am`Eg~rEZ-13 Mo J«W
§ mb`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ hmoUmao n[aUm_
àH$meH$, {dVaH$, J«§W{dH«o$Vo `m gd© ì`mnmar g§ñWm J«§WdU©ZmMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$
åhUyZ Am`Eg~rEZMm dmna H$aVmV.
J«§Wmb`o {deofV: Vm{bH$mZm|Xr_Ü`o Am`Eg~rEZ Zm|X{dVmV. OPAC _YyZ J«§WmMm
emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r Am`Eg~rEZMm dmna H$aUo eŠ` hmoV.o `m{edm` J«W§ IaoXrÀ`m AmXoeZmgmR>r,
Z¸$b Vm{bH$sH$aUmgmR>r (Copy Cataloguing), J«§WXodKodrÀ`m Zm|Xr R>odÊ`mgmR>r,
gmd©O{ZH$ J«§W XodKod h¸$m§À`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r (Management of Public Lending
Rights), Am§VaJ«§Wmb`rZ XodKodrgmR>r d g§K Vm{bHo$gmR>r J«§Wmb`o Am`Eg~rEZMm dmna
H$ê$ eH$VmV.
{d{dY J«§Wmb`o gÜ`m g§JUH$sH$aUmgmR>r doJdoJiçm g§JUH$àUmbtMm (Library
Softwares) dmna H$aV AmhoV. gÜ`mÀ`m ~è`mMem J«§Wmb` g§JUH$ àUmbt_Ü`o 10
A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ Zm|X{dÊ`mgmR>r OmJm Amho. Aem J«§Wmb` g§JUH$ àUmbt_Ü`o 13
A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ Zm|X{dÊ`mMr gw{dYm H$ê$Z KoUo JaOoMo Amho.
EH$ OmZodmar 2007 nmgyZ àH$m{eV hmoUmè`m J«§Wm§da 13 A§H$m§MmM Am`Eg~rEZ
N>mnbm OmUma Amho. na§Vw EH$ OmZodmar 2007 Z§VagwÕm J«§Wmb`o 2007 nydr© àH$m{eV
Pmbobo J«§W IaoXr H$ê$ eH$VmV. 2007 nydr© àH$m{eV Pmboë`m J«§Wm§da 10 A§H$m§Mm
Am`Eg~rEZ AgUma Amho. åhUOoM 2007 nmgyZ J«§Wmb`m§H$S>o 10 VgoM 13 A§H$m§Mm
Am`Eg~rEZ N>mnbobo J«§W `oUma AmhoV. åhUyZ J«§Wmb` g§JUH$ àUmbr_Ü`o 10 VgoM 13
A§H$m§Mo Am`Eg~rEZ Zm|X{dÊ`mMr gw{dYm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Zì`mZoM J«§Wmb` g§JUH$ àUmbr IaoXr H$aUmè`m J«§Wmb`m§Zr Am`Eg~rEZ
Zm|X{dÊ`mgmR>rMr darb gw{dYm XoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.
Am`Eg~rEZ-13 Am{U Vm{bH$sH$aUmer g§~{§ YV Am§Vaamï´>r`
g§ñWm
Vm{bH$m Zm|Xr V`ma H$aÊ`mMo d Ë`m {dV[aV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© gÜ`m XmoZ Am§Vaamï´>r`
g§ñWm H$aV AmhoV. bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«og J«§Wm§_Ü`o Vm{bH$m Zm|X N>mnÊ`mgmR>rMm J«§Wm§VJ©V
Vm{bH$sH$aU (Cataloguing in Publication) hm CnH«$_ am~{dVo. EH$ Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2004
Vo 31 {S>g|~a 2006 Xaå`mZ àH$m{eV hmoUmè`m J«§Wm§VJ©V Vm{bH$m Zm|Xr_Ü`o bm`~«ar Am°\$
H$m±J«og 10 d 13 A§H$m§Mo Ago XmoÝhr Am`Eg~rEZ N>mnUma Amho. 2007 nmgyZ àH$m{eV
hmoUmè`m J«§Wm§VJ©V Vm{bH$m Zm|Xr_Ü`o _mÌ Ho$di 13 A§H$m§MmM Am`Eg~rEZ N>mnbm OmB©b.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 70
OmJ{VH$ nmVirda Vm{bH$m Zm|Xr nwa{dUmar OCLC hr AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr g§ñWm Amho. `m
g§ñWoZohr Am`Eg~rEZ-13 À`m A§_b~OmdUrMo A§V[a_ YmoaU ZwH$VoM Omhra Ho$bo Amho
(7).
g_mamon
gyMr` {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r J«§Wm§~ÔbÀ`m gyMr` _m{hVrMr OmJ{VH$ nmVirda gwb^nUo
XodKod H$aVm Ambr nm{hOo. `mgmR>r à_m{UV gyMr` dU©ZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Am`Eg~rEZ
13 A§H$m§Mm Ho$ë`m_wio Vmo EAN d UCC À`m A§H$m§er gwg§JV Pmbm Amho d Ë`m_wio
OmJ{VH$ nmVirda J«§Wm§À`m gyMr` _m{hVrÀ`m XodKodr_Ü`o A{YH$ gwb^Vm d gwgyÌVm `oUma
Amho.
g§X^©
(1) International ISBN Agency. The international standard book number system : ISBN user's manual. International edition. Berlin : International ISBN Agency, 1972.
(2) International ISBN Agency. The international standard book number system : ISBN user's manual. 4th rev.ed. Berlin : International
ISBN Agency, 2001. pp. 9.
(3) ISO Project 2108 : on the revision of the ISBN : Frequently asked
questions about changes to the ISBN :
http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/sio/tc46/sc9/isbn.htm
(4) Chapman, Ann. ISBN-13 : new number on the block.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue4/chapman/intro.html.
(5) International ISBN Agency. The international standard book number system : ISBN user's manual 4th rev. ed. Op. Cit. pg.10-11.
(6) Convert ISBN-13 from ISBN-10 : at - http://ww.createbarcodes,com.
(7) OCLC Interim Support for ISBN 13 :
http://www.oclc.org/news/announcements/announcement96.htm
ooo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 71
e§. J. XmVo {deofm§H$ : EH$ à{V{H«$`m
S>m°. gw. am. MwZoH$a
Amho.
XmË`m§À`m "J«W§ gy{M-emñÌ' `m {dñV¥V boImMo nwZ_©Ðw U H$aÊ`mV Vwåhr Am¡{MË` XmIdbo
XmË`m§Mo {Ma§Ord* _w§~B©V AgVmV. Vwåhmbm _mhrV AmhoV H$m ?
✽ àñVwV ì`ŠVtZm gXa A§H$ nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
CËgwH$VoZo dmQ> nmhmV Agbobm "kmZJ§JmoÌr'Mm "_amR>r J«§W gy{MH$ma e§H$a JUoe XmVo'
A§H$ nadm _bm {_imbm.
XmË`m§Mm OÝ_eVmãXrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo {deofm§H$ H$mT>mdmgm dmQ>bm hoM Img àe§gZr`
Amho. A§H$ H$mT>Ê`m_mJo {ZpíMV Ñïr> Amho, `moOZm Amho, n[al_ AmhoV; ho A§H$ ZwgVm
Mmibm, Var Ü`mZmV `oVo.
AWm©V `mV J«W§ mb`rZ Ñï>rMm à^md Amho Am{U _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mMm {dÚmWu Aä`mgH$
A{YH$ Ñï>rnwT>o Amho Am{U Vo ñdm^m{dH$hr Amho. XmË`m§À`m ÐîQ>çm H$m`m©Mo ñdê$n J«§Wmb`
joÌmVë`m _§S>irZtM OmUbo, Ë`m§Zm Ë`mMo _mob g_Obo. _hm{dÚmb`rZ, {dÚmnrR>r`, qH$dm
gm{hË`joÌmVrb bmoH$m§n`ªV AOyZhr XmVo nmoMbo ZmhrV \$mago. XmË`m§Mr OÝ_eVmãXr A{YH$
_moR>çm à_mUmda ìhmd`mg nm{hOo.
Vw_À`m g§nmXH$s`mV "_amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m gyMr'À`m _`m©Xm Vwåhr XmIdë`m
AmhoV, Vem Ë`m AmhoVM. _bm dmQ>Vo, _rhr _mÂ`m narjUmV Vo {b{hbo Agmdo. nU
gmnojV: _`m©{XV C{Ôï> R>odyZ gwê$ Ho$boë`m `m H$m_mÀ`mM nyV©Vo_Ü`o {H$Vr AS>Wio-AS>MUr
`oV AmhoV - H$s ñdrH$maboë`m _`m©XoV Var ho H$m_ nyU© hmoB©b H$s Zmhr, `mMr e§H$m dmQ>Vo.
\$maM _`m©{XV Am{W©H$ ~i, _Zwî` (Aä`mgH$) ~i `m§VyZ H$m_ H$aÊmmè`mbm {dfÊUVm
`mdr ! `m H$m_mMo _mob Hw$Umbm Amho H$m - Ag§ñH¥$V emgZmbm Va ZmhrM, nU BVaOZm§Zmhr
Zmhr. "_{ZgyMr' H$m_ Va Jobr H$mhr df©o àm`: EH$Q>o ~obgao H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m§Mohr d`
Eo§erÀ`m Amgnmg Amho. AWm©V Varhr Aer H$m_o, XyaÑï>rZo H$arV amhm`bmM hdrV.
Vw_À`m `mXrV lr. d. {^. ~obgao* `m§Mo Zmd Zgob, Va Ë`m§Zmhr A§H$ nmR>dmdm Ago
gwMdmdogo dmQ>Vo.
Iao Va XmË`m§da {ZXmZ e§^a-gìdmeo n¥ð>mM
§ o nwñVH$M ìhmd`mbm hdo. S>m.° gm¡. gamo{OZr
d¡Úm§Zm Ë`m am._. {dH$mg g§ñWoÀ`m g§Mm{bH$m AgVmZm _r gwMdbo hmoVo.
XmË`m§À`m ì`ŠVr Am{U H$m`m©Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmam Vw_Mm boI, ~amM emoY KoD$Z
{b{hbobm Amho. Ë`mV Vwåhr Vw_À`m g§H$pënV H$m_m§Mr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. Vr H$m_o
Vw_À`mH$Sy>ZM nwar ìhm`bm hdrV.
"_amR>r J«W§ gyMr'Mm gVre S>mJ| ao `m§Mm, _yë`_mnZ H$aUmam {dñV¥V boI Ago _yë`_mnZ
àW_M hmoVo Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 72
ooo
_moR>çm _mUgm§H$Sy>Z H$m` dmMmdo qH$dm H$go dmMmdo `mMo H$mhrM _mJ©Xe©Z Z Pmë`m_wio
_mÂ`m dmMZmV nÕV Aer H$mhr `oD$M eH$br Zmhr. Ë`m_wio VmoQ>m Pmbm H$s \$m`Xm
Pmbm hm àíZ doJim. _bm dmQ>V§, \$m`XmM Pmbm. "Jwb~H$mdbr' hmVr nS>mo, H$s
"Aa~r ^mfoVë`m gwag Am{U M_ËH$m[aH$ Jmoï>r' hmVr `odmoV, H$s "am{JUr' {_imo, H$mhrhr
dmMÊ`mV _bm AmZ§XM hmoV Ago. n{hbo _hm`wÕ Mmby AgVm _r emiH$ar {dÚmWuM
hmoVmo, Var nU `wÕmg§~§Yr "Ho$gar'V qH$dm "{MÌ_` OJV²' _Ü`o `oUmao boI dmMVmZm
_bm _moR>r _Om dmQ>o. Ë`mVbo _bm {deof H$mhr g_Oo Ago _bm _wirM dmQ>V Zmhr, nU
dmMm`bm _Om dmQ>o Iar. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m loð>Vgo ~§ Y§ r _bm dmQ>Vo "{MÌ_` OJV²'_Ü`o
Ë`m doir EH$ boI_mbm `oV hmoVr. {Za{Zamiçm emñÌr` emoYm§g§~§Yrhr Iyn _moR>o_moR>o
boI Ë`m H$mir _m{gH$m§VyZ `oV AgV. O_©Z {dÛmZm§Zr Ho$bobo doXm§Mo g§emoYZ dmMVmZm
_bm {OVH$s _m¡O dmQ>o, {VVH$sM dZñnVtZm Ord AgVmo, Ë`m§Zm öX` AgVo, Ë`m§Zm
Xw…I hmoVo, BË`mXr OJXreM§Ð ~mogm§À`m dZñn{VemómVë`m emoYm§Mr dU©Zo dmMVmZm
_bm dmQ>o. A_wH$M dmMmdo V_wH$M dmMy Z`o, Aem hþH$_VrV _mPo dmMZ Pmbo AgVo Va
_bm dmQ>Vo, _mPo _Z g§Hw${MV am{hbo AgVo, _mPr dmL²>_`rZ nMZeŠVr Xw~ir Pmbr
AgVr. {_iob Vo dmMrV Joë`m_wio _mPo _Z {demb Pmbo Am{U _mPr dmL²>_`rZ Ñï>r
ì`mnH$ Pmbr; Agm _mPm g_O Amho. H$Xm{MV hm g_O MwH$sMm Agob. EH$ Zm YS>,
^mam^a qMÜ`m, Agmhr n«H$ma Pmbm Agob.
- AZpÝVH$m, n¥. 115-115
- AZ§V H$mUoH$a
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 73
e§. J. XmVo {deofm§H$ : narjUo
(_hmZJa, {X. 19 Zmoìh|. 2004)
XaamoO _amR>r _mÜ`_m§À`m emim ~§X nS>V Agë`mÀ`m ~mVå`m AmnU hVmenUo
dmMVmo AmhmoV. _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m ^{dVì`m{df`r Jio H$mT>Umao gm{hpË`H$, {dMmad§Vhr Amnë`m
ZmVdm§Zm B§J«Or _mÜ`_mV KmbVmZm {XgV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio H$mhr H$mimZ§Va "_amR>r' hr Ho$di
~mobr^mfm amhrb H$s H$m`, Aer ^rVr dmQy> bmJbr Amho. Aem `m dmVmdaUmV _amR>r
J«§Wgy{MH$ma e§H$a JUoe XmVo `m§Mr OÝ_eVmãXr gwê$ Pmbr `mMr XIb \$maer Hw$Ur KoVbr
Zmhr Va Zdb dmQ>Ê`mgmaI§ Ë`mV H$mhr Zmhr. XmVo `m§Zr, gy{MH$m`m©darb OmÁdë` {Zð>o_wioM
H$m`_Mr pñWa ZmoH$ar H$Yr Ho$br Zmhr. AZoH$ Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> XoV Ë`m§Zr "_amR>r
J«§WgyMr' V`ma Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m `m H$m`m©_wio _amR>rVrb AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zm \$ma _mobmMr _XV
Pmbobr Amho. AWm©V _amR>r ^mfog§X^m©Vrb à~§Y ho nwÝhm ñdV: g§emoYH$XoIrb dmMV
ZmhrV ho dmñVd Amho. _J `m g§emoYH$m§Zm "XmVo' `m§À`m OÝ_eVmãXr dfm©Mr AmR>dU ìhmdr,
hr Anojmhr MyH$ R>aob. Amnë`m {dÚmnrR>mZo _mÌ `m OÝ_eVmãXr dfm©M§ Am¡{MË` gmYyZ
{deofm§H$ àH$m{eV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m~Ôb {dÚmnrR>mMo H$m¡VwH$M H$am`bm hdo.
Ë`m A§H$mVrb boIm§dê$Z ZwgVr ZOa Oar {\$adbr Var e§H$a JUoe XmVo hm _mUyg
{H$Vr Wmoa hmoVm Am{U Ë`mZo Ho$bobo H$m`© _amR>r dmL²>_`, gy{Mgm{hË` Am{U J«§Wmb`emñÌ
g§nÞ H$aÊ`mH$aVm {H$Vr _mobmM§ R>abob§ Amho ho H$im`bm _XV hmoB©b.
Ë`m§Zr _aUmnydu XrS>eo dfmªVrb _amR>r _m{gHo$ Am{U _m{gH$mVrb Aä`mgZr` boI
`m§Mr gyMr H$aÊ`mM§ H$m`© hmVr KoVb§ hmoV§. nU Vo H$m`© Anwa§ am{hb§. naXoem§V Ago EImXo
_hÎdmMo H$m`© Anwao amhV Zmhr. Vo nwT>o Mmb{dUmam _mUyg {VWo V`ma hmoVmo. àm. A. H$m.
{à`moiH$a `m§Zr XmVo `m§À`m {ZYZm{Z{_Îm {b{hboë`m boImV Aer H$mhr CXmhaU§ {Xbr
AmhoV. Vo {b{hVmV H$s, "{~«{Q>e å`w{P`__Yrb Xmobm_w{ÐVm§Mr `mXr àm°ŠQ>a `m§Zr hmVr
KoVbr; nU Ë`m§À`m AmH$pñ_H$ {ZYZm_wio Vo H$m_ ~§X nS>bo Zmhr. nmobS>© `m§Zr Vo H$m_ nwT>o
Mmby R>odyZ VS>rg Zob§.'
_hmamï´>mV XmVo `m§Mo J«§WgyMrMo H$m`© nwT>o Mmby R>odÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ dfª Hw$Urhr nwT>o
Ambo Zmhr. nU Z§Va _mÌ eaX Ho$ed gmR>o `m J¥hñWmZo ho H$m`© ZmoH$ar gmoSy>Z nwT>o Mmby R>odbo
Amho nU Aem H$m`m©gmR>r EImÚm _mUgmZo nwT>o `mdo hr KQ>Zm \$maer Mm§Jbr Amho, Ag§
åhUVm `oUma Zmhr.
XmVo `m§M§ "_amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$ gyMr'M§ gwê$ Ho$bob§ H$m`© H$am`bm H$moUV§hr {dÚmnrR>
nwT>o Amb§ Zmhr, Aer I§V BWo ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. {dÚmnrR>mVrb g§emoYH$m§Zm
{VWb§ amOH$maU H$aÊ`m{edm` Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr H$m`m©V ag am{hbobm Zmhr. Vo Ag§ H$m`©
H$embm A§Jmda KoVrb? Vo H$m`© _w§~B© _amR>r J«§Wg§J«hmb`mZo nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z VS>rg Zob§.
g§J«hmb`mZo àH$m{eV Ho$bobo ho gy{MI§S> åhUOo _amR>r dmL²>_`mVrb {dbmo^Zr` Ago H$m`©
Amho, Ag§ `m A§H$mV åhQ>bob§ Amho. Amnë`mbm "_w§~B© _amR>r J«§Wg§J«hmb`' BVa Jmooï>rgmR>rM
_m{hVr AgV§. _mOr _w»`_§Ìr _Zmoha Omoer `m§Zr Ë`m g§ñWobm _XV Omhra H$ê$Z dmQ>mÊ`mÀ`m
AjVm bmdë`m åhUyZ Vr g§ñWm Amnë`mbm _m{hVr AgVo. {VWë`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm nJmamgmR>r
Am§XmobZ H$amd§ bmJV§ Am{U Vohr eaX ndmam§gmaIm AÜ`j Ë`m g§ñWobm AgVmZm, `m~Ôb
AmnU AmíM`© H$aV AgVmo. _w§~B©Vrb `m g§ñWoÀ`m emIm dmMH$m§A^mdr ~§X H$amì`m
bmJë`mÀ`m ~mVå`m AmnU dmMV AgVmo, nU H$Yr H$mir `m g§ñWoZo "XmVo' `m§Mo H$m`©
VS>rg Zoë`mMr Amnë`mbm _m{hVrM ZgVo, Vr _m{hVr `m A§H$m_wio àmá Pmbobr Amho.
XmVo `m§Mo AZoH$ g§H$ën `mVyZ dmMH$m§Zm H$iVmV. Vo nwao H$aÊ`mgmR>r AOyZhr g§ñWm
qH$dm ì`ŠVr nwT>o `oD$ eH$VmV. XmVo `m§Zm "Q>rH$mnÌH$' ZmdmMo _m{gH$ gwê$ H$am`Mo hmoVo.
"^yJmobñWb', "A{^Zd eãXH$moe', ^maVm{df`H$ g§X^© - gm{hË`mMr g_J«gyMr' Ago
EH$mnojm EH$ A\$mQ> J«§W {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr `moOZm hmoVr.
^maVmg§~§YrÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm {df`m§darb AZoH$ ^mfm§Vrb J«§Wm§Mr EH$ g§X^©gyMr
Ë`m§Zm V`ma H$am`Mr hmoVr. ho gJio g§H$ën AmOÀ`m H$mimVhr nyU© Ho$bo OmD$ eH$VmV.
"kmZJ§JmoÌr'À`m `m XmVo {deofm§H$mV BVahr AZoH$ boI {dMma H$am`bm bmdUmao
AmhoV. "_amR>r J«§WgyMr : _yë`m_Z' ho gVre S>m|Jao `m§Zr J«§WgyMrMo {dñVmamZo Ho$bobo H$Xm{MV
n{hboM _yë`_mnZ Amho. Ë`mdê$Z gy{MH$Ë`m©À`m H$m`m©Mr OmUrd ìhm`bm _XVM hmoVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 74
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 75
M§ÐH$m§V ^m|Omi / A{dZme H$moëho
kmZJ§JmoÌrÀ`m e§. J. XmVo OÝ_eVmãXr {deofm§H$mMo (df©
5 A§H$ 1) CÎm_ ñdmJV Pmbo. `m A§H$mV {deofm§H$mda à{gÕ
Pmbobr XmoZ narjUo nwZ_w©{ÐV H$arV AmhmoV. A§H$mMo _yë`_mnZ
H$aUo, narjU {b{hUo Aem ñdê$nmMo H$m`© E_. {b~.À`m
{dÚmÏ`mªZr H$aUo Ano{jV AgVo. `m XmoZ boIm§À`m dmMZmZo VÁk
_§S>ir H$em àH$mao narjU H$arV AgVmV `mMm dñVwnmR>M
{dÚmÏ`mªZm `mVyZ {_iy eH$V Agë`mZo ho boI Img XoÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV.
(1)
Zmhr {Mam Zmhr nUVr
(ZdeŠVr, a{ddma, {X. 2 OmZodmar 2005)
_amR>r gm{hË`mV EH$m§S>çm {eboXmam§Mr _moR>r na§nam Amho. "kmZH$moe'H$ma Ho$VH$a,
"H$mi' H$V©o nam§Ono, `m _m{bHo$V ~gUmao EH$ _hÎdmMo Zmd åhUOo gy{MH$ma e§H$a JUoe
XmVo ! 1905 gmbr OÝ_mg Amboë`m XmVo `m§Mo OÝ_eVmãXr df© gwê$ Amho. Ë`m {Z{_ÎmmZo
"kmZJ§JmoÌr'Zo {deofm§H$ à{gÕ Ho$bm Amho.
H$V¥Ë© ddmZ ì`ŠVtÀ`m H$m`m©Mo ñ_aU R>do Ê`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r,
`moJXmZmMr XIb KoÊ`mgmR>r {deofm§H$ à{gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _amR>r ^mfm{dídmV OwZr àWm
Amho. `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mMo _wInÌ "kmZJ§JmoÌr' `m Ì¡_m{gH$mZo
AbrH$S>oM _amR>r J«§Wgy{MH$ma "e§H$a JUoe XmVo OÝ_eVmãXr {deofm§H$' à{gÕ Ho$bm Amho.
OyZ-Owb¡-Am°JñQ> 2004 Mm "kmZJ§JmoÌr'Mm hm {deofm§H$ åhUOo gy{MH$ma e§H$a JUoe XmVo
`m§À`m H$m`m©bm Ho$bobm _mZmMm _wOam hmo`.
XmVo `m§Mm OÝ_ 27 Am°JñQ> 1905 amoOr Pmbm. 10 {S>g|~a 1964 amoOr Ë`m§Zm _¥Ë`yZo
JmR>bo. CÊ`mnwè`m gmR> dfmªÀ`m Am`wî`mV XmVo `m§Zr gyMrÀ`m ~m~VrV Ho$bobo H$m`© ~KyZ
N>mVr XS>në`mgmaIr hmoVo. "kmZJ§JmoÌr'Zo hm {deofm§H$ H$mTy>Z Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr `WmeŠVr
XIb KoVbr Amho. `m Img A§H$mV XmVo `m§Mm OrdZnQ> WmoS>Š`mV {Xbm Amho. Ë`m_wio XmVo
`m§Mo OrdZ Am{U H$m`© g_OyZ ¿`m`bm _XV hmoVo. XmVo `m§Zr 1934 gmbr nwUo ehamV _amR>r
J«§WgyMrÀ`m H$m`m©bm Ama§^ Ho$bm. XmVo `m§À`m H$m`m©Mm PnmQ>mM Agm {dbjU H$s EH$m
dfm©VM Ë`m§Zr nwUo _amR>r J«§Wg§J«hmb`mVrb gw_mao 10,000 J«§Wm§À`m dU©Zn{ÌH$m V`ma
Ho$ë`m Ago _hÎdmMo Vnerb OrdZnQ>mV AmhoV (n¥. 4). `m {deofm§H$mV àXrn H${U©H$ `m§Mm
"e§H$a JUoe XmVo-ì`ŠVr Am{U H$m`©' hm boI AgyZ XmVo `m§À`m OrdZmMm Am{U H$m`m©Mm
WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho. H${U©H$ Zm|XdVmV Ë`mà_mUo XmVo `m§Zm gy{MH$m`m©Mm EdT>m
Ü`mg bmJbm hmoVm H$s Ë`mnm`r Ë`m§Zr Am{W©H$ ~m~r Zoh_r Jm¡U _mZë`m Am{U emídV
ZmoH$arÀ`m AZoH$ g§Yr YwS>H$mdë`m (n¥. 6). XmVo `m§À`m à{V^obm BVahr A§J§ hmoVr.
bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§Jm« hH$, H$dr, BË`mXr Am`m_ AgyZhr XmVo `m§Zr gyMrMoM H$m`© hoM OrdZH$m`©
_mZbo. EdT>oM Zìho Va `mM joÌmV ZdZdrZ AmìhmZo ñdrH$maV am{hbo. J«§WgyMrMo H$m`© nyU©
Pmë`mda XmVo Cg§V Z KoVm {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m gyMrH$S>o dibo. H${U©H$m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xë`mà_mUo
XmVo `m§Zr ho H$m_ ñdV:À`m {h_VrZo nyU©Ëdmg Zobo. _amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$ gyMrMo H$m_ H$am`bm
_hmamï´>mVrb EH$hr {dÚmnrR> nwT>o Ambo Zmhr. AndmX \$ŠV EH$m g§ñWoMm - _w§~B© _amR>r
J«§Wg§J«hmb` !
Jm¡adna {deofm§H$m_Ü`o EH$ CUrd ~è`mM doim AmT>iVo. `mV Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$m`m©Mo
dñVw{Zð> _yë`_mnZ ghgm AmT>iV Zmhr. \$ŠV ñVw{Vna, Jm¡adna boIM AmT>iVmV.
"kmZJ§JmoÌr'Mm hm {deofm§H$ `m XmofmnmgyZ _wŠV Amho. `mV gVre S>m|Jao `m§Mm "_amR>r J«§WgyMr
- _yë`_mnZ' hm boI Amho. S>m|Jao `m§Zr E_. {b~>. À`m nXdrgmR>r "_amR>r J«§WgyMr' da
g§emoYZ Ho$bobo Amho. S>m|Jao XmIdyZ XoVmV Ë`mà_mUo XmVo `m§À`m AJmoXa _amR>rV XmVoXoe_wI `m§Mr EH$_od dmL²>_`gyMr à{gÕ hmoVr (n¥. 15). _mÌ `m gyMrVrb ^anya ÌwQ>t_wioM
e§H$a XmVo `m§Zm ñdV:M gyMr H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {_imbr. XmVo `m§Zr à`ËZnyd©H$ 1944 Vo 46
`m H$mbI§S>mV J«§WgyMrMm n{hbm I§S> àH$m{eV Ho$bm Am{U nwT>o J«§Wmb`emñÌmda bj
H|${ÐV Ho$bo. XmVo `m§Zr {Ûq~Xy dJuH$aU nÕVr Am{U Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMo `mo½` ^mfm§Va
Ho$ë`m~Ôb S>m|Jao `m§Zr XmVo `m§Zm YÝ`dmX {Xbo AmhoV. XmVo `m§À`m à`ËZm§_wioM gy{MH$m`©
OmñVrV OmñV emñÌewÕ hmoV Jobo. S>m|Jao `m§À`m XrK© boImV Ë`m§Zr XmVo `m§À`m gyMrVrb ÌwQ>r
XmIdë`m AmhoV. S>m|Jao `m§À`m _Vo, àË`oH$ nwñVH$ àË`j ~KyZ Zm§oX H$aÊ`mMm XmVo `m§Mm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 76
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 77
"AOyZ VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm' `m gXamV OwZo H$mhr boI N>mnbo OmVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o `m A§H$mgmR>r
ñdV: XmVo `m§Mm "J«W§ -gy{MemñÌ' hm boI nwZ_©{w ÐV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mVyZ gy{MemñÌmMm
XmVo `m§Zr {Xbobm AmoZm_m AmOhr {VVH$mM Amdí`H$ Amho. VmOm Amho. gd©Ì {dÚmÏ`mªZm,
J«§Wnmbm§Zm Am{U ^mdr gy{MH$mam§Zm Vmo _mJ©Xe©H$ Amho.
"J«W§ n[aM`' `m gXamV Xa A§H$m_Ü`o J«W§ mb` emñÌm{df`rÀ`m J«W§ m§Mr narjUo N>mnbr
OmV AmhoV. `m A§H$mV àm. _mohZ nmR>H$ `m§Zr "_amR>r J«§WgyMr ^mJ 3' `m eaX gmR>o `m§À`m
J«§Wm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho.
"Anwè`m emoYmbm AOyZhr gmhmæ` hd§ Amho' `m {Q>nUmV g§nmXH$ àXrn H${U©H$ `m§Zr
"_amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$ gyMr' `m XmVo `m§À`m Anwè`m am{hboë`m àH$aUmgmR>r AmnU AOyZhr
H$g§ gmhmæ` H$ê$ eH$Vmo ho H$iH$irZo gm§{JVbo Amho. `m {Q>nUmV Vo {bhVmV, "XmVo `m§À`m
hmVyZ ho H$m`© VS>rg Omd§, Aer {Z`VrMr BÀN>m ZìhVr. _mÌ _w§~B© _amR>r J«§W g§J«hmb`mZo
"XmVo gy{M_§S>i' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z ho Anwao H$m`© nwT>o Mmby R>odbo. XmVo Á`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm emoY
KoUma hmoVo Ë`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr, {deofV: WmoS>H$s _m{hVr qH$dm ~arM Anwar _m{hVr AWdm
Á`m _m{hVrMm g§nyU© A^md hmoVm, Aem _amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr `mXr H$ê$Z _§S>imZo Vr `mXr
_hmamï´>mVrb OmUË`m dmMH$m§g_moa nwpñVHo$À`m ê$nmZo R>do br Am{U _m{hVr nmR>dÊ`mMo AmdmhZ
Ho$bo. _m{hVr {d{eï> nÕVrZo `mdr åhUyZ "Z_wZm nÌH§$' Ë`mbm OmoS>br.
VrM `mXr `m A§H$mV nwÝhm N>mnbr Amho Am{U Ë`mVrb {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo A§H$ Oa
Hw$UmH$S>o AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zr _m{hVr nmR>dmdr Ag§ AmdmhZ H$aÊ`mV Amb§ Amho.
AmZ§XmMr Jmoï> åhUOo Ë`mVrb "a§J^y_r' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mMo 8 Vo 10 A§H$ _mÂ`mH$S>o
hmoVo. Vo _r bJoM ê$nmaob H$m°boObm {Xbo AmhoV. Ag§M H$m_ BVam§Zr Ho$b§ Va ho H$m_ nwT>o OmD$
eHo$b.
Va Agm hm _moR>m _mUyg. nU Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©~Ôb AmnU AZ{^k AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m
gyMrMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z AZoH$m§Zr nrEM.S>r. {_i{dbr. nU Ë`m§Zmhr XmVo `m§À`m OÝ_eVmãXrMr
AmR>dU hmoD$ Z`o, `mM§ Xw:I dmQ>V§. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mZo N>moQ>mgm {Xdm bmdbm åhUyZ ZmhrVa
XmVo `m§Mr AdñWm "Zmhr {Mam Zmhr nUVr'..... AerM Amho.
ooo
(2)
gy{MH$ma XmVo `m§À`m H$m`m©Mm Jm¡ad
AmJ«h `mo½` hmoVm. EdT>o àM§S> H$m_ Ho$ë`mda XmVo `m§Zr J«§W CnbãY AgÊ`mMo {R>H$mUhr
gyMrV Z_yX H$am`bm hdo hmoVo. S>m|Jao `m§Mm Amjon amñV Amho.
`m {deofm§H$mV XmVo `m§Zr 1944 gmbr {b{hbobr EH$ ñdV§Ì nwpñVH$m nwZ_w{ЩV Ho$bobr
Amho. `m nwpñVHo$V XmVo `m§Zr gy{MemñÌmMo VmpÎdH$ {ddoMZ Ho$bobo Amho. _m. XmVo åhUVmV,
"J«§WgyMr _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z g§emoYH$m§gmR>r V`ma H$amd`mMr Agë`m_wio Vr {OVH$s {ZXm©of H$aVm
`oB©b {VVH$s Ho$br nm{hOo' (n¥. 43). XmVo `m§Mm AmJ«h ~amo~a Amho, H$maU gm_m{OH$ emñÌ,
gm{hË`, BË`mXr kmZemIm§Vrb nwT>Mo g§emoYZ {ZXm}f gyMrda ~aoMgo Adb§~yZ AgVo. gyMr
V`ma H$aVmZm _hÎdmMm _wÔm åhUOo J«§WdU©Z ! nU J«§WdU©Z H$go {bhmdo `m~Ôb {dÛmZm§_Ü`o
_V^oX AmhoV. Amnë`m nwpñVHo$V XmVo `m§Zr J«§WdU©Z XoÊ`mMm hoVy {deX Ho$bm Amho. `mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr JS>H$è`m§À`m "EH$M ß`mbm'Mo CXmhaU KoVbo Amho. EH$m àH$mao hr _m{hVr "JS>H$ar EH$M ß`mbm' AergwÕm XoVm `oB©b. XmVo åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo, ""`m_wio EImÚm dmMH$mMo
g_mYmZ hmoD$ eH$bo Var Aä`mgH$mMo H$m` ? Aä`mgH$m§g_moa AZoH$ àíZ C^o amhVrb.
JS>H$ar åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$moU ? EH$M ß`mbm H$m` Amho ? ZmQ>H$, H$mX§~ar H$s H$mì` ? hm J«§W
H$moUË`m dfu N>mnbm ? `m e§H$m Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {d{eï> Jmoï>tMr _m{hVr XoUmao dU©Z
ÚmdoM bmJob'' (n¥. 47). `m H$m_mMo ñdê$n ~KVm XmVo `m§À`m H$m`m©~Ôb _ZmV AmXa
{Z_m©U hmoVmo. B.g. 1800 Vo 1950 n`ªVÀ`m _amR>r J«§Wm§Mr gyMr Ho$ë`mda XmVo `m§Zr _amR>r
{Z`VH$m{bH$ gyMr (1800-1950) H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. _mÌ bdH$aM Ë`m§Zm _¥Ë`yZo
JmR>bo. Ë`m§Mo H$m`© _w§~B© _amR>r J«§Wg§J«hmb`mZo "XmVo gy{M_§S>i' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z nwT>o Mmby
R>odbo. (n¥. 77) "kmZJ§JmoÌr' À`m g§nmXH$m§Zr gy{M_§S>imZo V`ma Ho$bobr `mXrM N>mnbr
Amho. n[aUm_r AmOÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Mr gmo` Pmbr Amho. `m Am{U Aem Cn`wŠV _m{hVrZo
^abobm hm {deofm§H$ g§J«mø Amho. _amR>r gm{hË`, d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Amnë`m g§J«hr
hm {deofm§H$ R>odm`bm hdm. kmZH$moeH$ma Ho$VH$a, gy{MH$ma XmVo Aer EH$m§S>çm {eboXmamMr
_hmamï´>mV ^aOar na§nam Amho. "kmZJ§JmoÌr'Zo XmVo OÝ_eVmãXr dfm©V {deofm§H$ H$mTy>Z XmVo
`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr Zì`m {nT>rbm AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr, Ë`m~Ôb YÝ`dmX !
ooo
AmnUmbm kmZ dmT>dm`Mo Amho, Amnbr ^mfme¡br gwYmam`Mr Amho Ago H$mhr Var
XS>nU _Zmda R>odyZ dmMZ Ho$ë`mZo, nwñVH$mVbo gmao ñdmañ` {ZKyZ OmVo Ago _bm
dmQ>Vo. ^mfm gwYmaV Zmhr Vr ZmhrM. ZwgVr eãXaMZm qH$dm dmŠàMma bjmV R>odÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$ê$Z ^mfm _wirM gwYmaV Zmhr. AmoTy>ZVmUyZ M§Ð~i AmUbobr H¥${Ì_ ^mfme¡br
V`ma hmoVo. Mm§Jë`m boIH$mMo nwñVH$ g_agVoZo dmMbo H$s AmnU EH$ {Od§V AZw^d
KoVmo Am{U _J Vgm H$mhr AZw^d AmnUmbm Ambm H$s {VVŠ`m Mm§Jë`m ^mfoV AmnU
Vmohr ì`ŠV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Voìhm H$gbohr XS>nU _Zmda Z R>odVm, CÎm_moÎm_ nwñVHo$ Ë`mV
H$m` Amho Vo AZw^dÊ`mÀ`m AmZ§XmH$aVm dmMmdr hoM CÎm_.
- AZpÝVH$m, n¥. 115-116
- AZ§V H$mUoH$a
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 78
boIH$ n[aM`
àXrn H${U©H$ : _w§~B©À`m S>r. Or. énmaob _hm{dÚmb`mV 21 dfmªnmgyZ J«§Wnmb.
{d{dY àH$maMo boIZ nwñVH$ê$nmZo Am{U boIê$nmZo àH$m{eV.
{dO` XodYa : nwÊ`mÀ`m EZgrEb g§ñWo_YyZ {Zd¥Îm. J«§Wmb`emñÌ {df`mV {d{dYm§Jr
_m{hVrnyU© Am{U Zì`m g§H$ënZm§da {deofËdmZo boIZ.
{X. lr. MìhmU : _hmamï´> {dYmZ _§S>i J«§Wmb`mMo J«§Wnmb
gw.A. Hw$bH$Uu : Eg.E_.Ama.Ho$., ~r.Ho$., E.Ho$. _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, Zm{eH$ `oWo
16 df©o J«§Wnmb. J«§Wmb` à_mUnÌ H$mog©_Ü`o 10 df©o _mJ©Xe©H$ {ejH$. boIZ
dmMZm~amo~aM ñÌr-Aä`mg hm Img AmdS>rMm {df`.
J«W
§ mb`{dhmar : _yi Zmd dm. nw. H$moëhQ>H$a. J«§Wmb`emñÌmda {dnwb boIZ Ho$bobo
OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb Zm_d§V J«§Wnmb.
OJXre Hw$bH$Uu : ñdm_r am_Z§X VrW© _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>, Zm§XoS> `oWrb J«§Wmb`mV
ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb åhUyZ H$m`© H$arV AgyZ nrEM.S>r. gmR>r Ë`m§Mo g§emoYZ Mmby
Amho.
doXdVr hã~y : _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m J«§Wmb`mV AZoH$ df©o ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb. gÜ`m J«§W
IaoXr {d^mJmMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>V AmhoV.
`y. Ama. H$X_ : `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r. {b~. d E_.
{b~. À`m {dÚm{W©Zr. ~r. {b~. _Ü`o gd©àW_ H«$_m§H$ àmá. {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m
gm§Jbr `oWrb Aä`mgH|$Ðmda g§_§ÌH$ åhUyZ H$m`©
_mohZ nmR>H$ : R>mÊ`mÀ`m ~m§XmoS>H$a _hm{dÚmb`mMo J«§Wnmb. `ed§Vamd MìhmU
_hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r.{b~./E_.{b~. Mo H|$Ð g§`moOH$. {dnwb boIZ
àH$m{eV Pmbo Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 79
kmZJ§JmoÌr … _mM©-E{àb-_o 2005 … 80
09/05/2005
10/05/2005
11/05/2005
12/05/2005
13/05/2005
14/05/2005
gmo_dma
_§Jidma
~wYdma
Jwédma
ewH$« dma
e{Zdma
Xw. 02.30 Vo 04.00
Xw. 02.30 Vo 05.30
Xw. 02.30 Vo 05.30
Xw. 02.30 Vo 05.30
Xw. 02.30 Vo 05.30
Xw. 02.30 Vo 05.30
Xw. 02.30 Vo 05.30
Xw. 02.30 Vo 05.30
doi
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm J«W§ mb`mV d _m{hVr H|$ÐmV dmna
J«W§ Vo a gm{hË`mMo ì`dñWmnZ
J«W§ mb` godm d CnH«$_
e¡j{UH$ d g§emoYZ J«W§ mb`o
J«W§ mb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ … dV©_mZ KQ>Zm KS>m_moS>r
J«W§ mb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmMr g§emoYZ nÕVr
J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVrH|$ÐmMo ì`dñWmnZ
àboI dU©Z, à{H«$`m, à{Vàmár, {dVaU
Aä`mgH«$_mMo Zmd
LIB 301
LIB 203
LIB 202
LIB 201
LIB 013
LIB 012
LIB 011
LIB 010
g§Ho$Vm§H$
Q>rn … g§JUH$ àmË`{jH$ {XZm§H$ 18/4/2005 Vo 22/4/2005 Am{U àH$ën àmË`{jH$ Aä`mgH«$_m§Mr narjm {XZm§H$ 22/4/2005 Vo
25/4/2005 `m H$mbmdYr_Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g§~§{YV Aä`mgH|$Ðm§da Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV `oB©b. gXa narjoÀ`m doimnÌH$m~m~V AWdm A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r
Aä`mgH|$Ðmda g§nH©$ gmYmdm.
08/05/2005
a{ddma
àm. A{dZme H$moëho : _w~§ B©À`m S>r. Or. ê$nmbob _hm{dÚmb`mV "amÁ`emñÌ' {df`mMo
AÜ`mnH$. drg df} Om{hamV joÌmV g{H«$` gh^mJ. {d{dY {df`m§da XO}Xma
boIZ à{gÕ. ñV§^boIH$ d J«§WboIH$ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm.
07/05/2005
{XZm§H$
lr. M§ÐH$m§V ^m|Omi : `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mV ÑH$-lmì`
{d^mJmMo à_wI. 14 df} AmH$medmUrÀ`m OiJmd H|$Ðmda ZmoH$ar. boIH$,
^mfm§VaH$ma. gm{hË` AH$mX_rÀ`m nwañH$mamZo gÝ_m{ZV. {d{dY nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV
Pmbr AmhoV. gÜ`m ñV§^boIH$ åhUyZ _w§~B©V bmoH${à`.
e{Zdma
dma
S>m.° gw. am. MwZHo $a : _amR>rVrb »`mVZm_ g§emoYH$, boIH$ Am{U gy{MH$ma. gy{MemñÌmda
VmpÎdH$ boIZ, VgoM _mYdamd nQ>dY©Z, A. H$m. {à`moiH$a, ~m.A. {^S>o
`m§À`m dmL²>_`mÀ`m gyMr V`ma Ho$ë`m AmhoV. "gyMtMr gyMr' `m »`mVZm_
gyMrgmR>r à{gÕ.
E_. {b~. A§{V_ narjm doimnÌH$ ( _o 2005 )
S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma : Zm{eH$À`m EM.nr.Q>r. _hm{dÚmb`mV J«§Wmb`emñÌmMo
A{Yì`m»`mVm. "{Wgm°ag' {df`mV nrEM.S>r. nXdr àmá. `ed§Vamd MìhmU
_hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ~r.{b~./ E_.{b~. H|$ÐmMo H|$Ð g§`moOH$.
J«§Wmb`emñÌmV nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Pmbr AmhoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr
LIB 013
J«W
§ mb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ … KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>r, ^mî`
df© 5 do
_mM©-E{àb-_o 2005
A§H$ 4
AZwH«$_{UH$m
g§nmXH$
S>m°. a_oe daIoS>o
H$m`©H$mar g§nmXH$
àXrn H${U©H$
g§nmXH$ _§S>i
lr. _YwH$a eodmio
lr. àdrU KmoS>oñdma
S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma
lr. ZmJmOw©Z dm§OadmS>H$a
ì`dñWmnH$
lr. _YwH$a eodmio
o g§nmXH$s`
o dmMZ {e\$mag `mXr
o g§H$bH$ (A°J«rJoQ>a) : B©-_m{gH$m§Mm _m¡ë`dmZ
Am{U Am{W©H$ bm^Xm`r òmoV
o _hmamï´> {dYmZ_§S>i J«§Wmb` : B{Vhmg,
`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>
{Z{_©Vr
lr. AmZ§X `mXd, ì`dñWmnH$, J«§W{Z{_©Vr H|$Ð, `. M. _. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>
_wÐH$
lr. gwhmg nmoVZrg, lr Am°\$goQ> àog, 7 E, ZmB©g, gmVnya, Zm{eH$ - 7
àH$meH$
S>m°. EZ. Ama. H$mnS>Urg, Hw$bg{Md, `. M. _. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ - 422 222.
:
ñdê$n d J«§Wmb` godm
o kmZì`dñWmnZ : Zì`m `wJmrVb Zdo AmìhmZ :
o AOyZ VmOm dmg OwÝ`mbm
:
o JǤWn[aM`
:
o J«W
§ mb` d _m{hVremñÌ Aä`mgH«$_mMr
:
o
o
o
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:
:
:
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:
ZoQ> / goQ> narjm
do~ (gM© B§{OÝgMr H$ënZm)
J«§WmonMmanÕVr ({~pãbAmoWoanr)
Voam (13) A§H$m§Mm Am`Eg~rEZ
e§.J. XmVo {deofm§H$ : à{V{H«$`m
e§.J. XmVo {deofm§H$ : narjUo
gwQ>çm A§H$mMr qH$_V … g§ñWm é. 50
dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur
g§ñWm é. 200
© 2005
:
:
:
àXrn H${U©H$
{dO` XodYa
2
5
11
{X. lr. MìhmU 17
gw. A. Hw$bH$Uu
JǤWmb`{dhmar
OJXre Hw$bH$Uu
doXdVr hã~y
`y. Ama. H$X_
33
43
52
_mohZ nmR>H$
_mohZ nmR>H$
S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma
S>m°. gw. am. MwZoH$a
M§ÐH$m§V ^m|Omi
àm. A{dZme H$moëho
60
64
67
72
74
56
ì`ŠVr … é. 25
ì`ŠVr … é. 100
_mJrb A§H$ CnbãYVoZwgma nmR>{dbo OmVrb. dJ©UrMm YZmH$f© (S>rS>r) "{dÎm
A{YH$mar, `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$' `m Zmdo H$mT>bobm Am{U
Zm{eH$ `oWo Xo` Agmdm.
nÌì`dhmamMm nÎmm
dJ©Ur d ì`dñWmnZ - àm. _YwH$a eodmio, ghm`H$ J«§Wnmb, `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´>
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ - 422 222.
g§nmXH$s` (gm{hË` nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r) - àXrn H${U©H$, 301, Q>m°da Z§~a 1, âbm°da
ìh°br, ZmairnmS>m, R>mUo (n.) - 400 601.
l
`m A§H$mV ì`ŠV Pmboë`m _Vm§er g§nmXH$ d g§nmXH$ _§S>i gh_V AgobM Ago Zmhr.