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g§nmXH$s` ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAëg ^maVr` g_mO kmZm{Y{ð>V g_mO ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maMo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV òV AmhoV. amï´>r` kmZ Am`moJmMr (National Knowledge Commission ) ñWmnZm ho `m à`ËZmMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho . kmZm{Y{ð> V g_mO{Z{_©VrgmR>r kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr, gmR>dU, {dVaU Am{U Cn`moJ à^mdrnUo hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m gd©M Q>ßß`m§_Üò J«§Wmbò _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$VmV `mMr amï´>r` kmZ Am`moJmg ImÌr Amho. J«§Wmb`m§Zm kmZm{Y{ð>V g_mO{Z{_©Vr_Üò _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m {Z^mdVm `mdr `mgmR>r J«§Wmb`m§Zm AmUIr gj_ Ho$bo nm{hOo, `mMr kmZ Am`moJmg OmUrd Amho. kmZm{Y{ð>V g_mO{Z{_©Vr_Üò _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdÊ`mgmR>r J« § W mb`m§ Z r J« § W mb`mMo ApñVËd, _hÎd, d¡ { eîQ> ç o , Cn`mo J `m§ ~ m~V g§~§{YVm§_Üò gVV OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U Ho$br nm{hOo. åhUOoM "Library Advocacy' Ho$br nm{hOo. H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Cn^moË`m§Zm (àË`j d g§^mì`) J«W§ mb`m~m~V n[anyU© _m{hVr AgVoM Ago Zmhr. åhUOoM J«W§ mb`m~ÔbÀ`m _m{hVr A^mdr (Lack of awareness about libraries) J«§Wmb`m§Mm nwaonya Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr Am{U åhUyZ J«§Wmb`m§Mm OmñVrV OmñV Cn`moJ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Cn^moË`m§_Üò J«§Wmb`m§~m~V OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. `mgmR>r ì`m»`mZo, àmË`{jHo$, Om{hamV, BË`mXr _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aUo e` Amho. ooo kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 2 àm. Or. E. ~wdm d gm¡. gm`br dm`§JUH$a àboI (Document) {Z{_©Vr à{H«$òXaå`mZ AZoH$ ~m~r {dMmamV ¿`mì`m bmJVmV. àboImVrb Ame`mMr _m§S>Ur, CoI nÕVr, AjaàH$ma, àH$meZmg§~§YrÀ`m ~m~r, H$m°nramB©Q>~ÔbMo {Z`_, BË`mXr. Aem ~m~tg§~§YrMr _m{hVr ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAb_Üò {Xbobr AgVo. H$mhr à_wI ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAëgMm n[aM` gXa boImV H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho. H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`mMr A§H$s` gmR>dU dm _w{ÐV aMZm `m_Üò gmaIonUm AgÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm {d{eï> Agm AmH¥${V~§Y AgUo AË`§V JaOoMo AgVo. Aem {Z`mo{OV aMZo_wio àboI-emoY dm g§àofUà{H«$`m gwb^ hmoVo. AmOÀ`m g§JUH$ ZoQ>d{Hª$J d B§Q>aZoQ> dmMH$m§Ûmao gd©Xya emoY d g§àofUmgmR>r àboImMm {Z`mo{OV AmH¥${V~§Y hr H$mimMr JaO R>abobr Amho. `m nmíd©^y_rda {d{dY g§ñWm§Zr gyMr d {d{dY àboIm§H$[aVm AmnAmnbo AmH¥${V~§Y V`ma Ho$bo AmhoV. `m_Üò {eH$mJmo, EnrE, E_EbE d S>ãbrZ S>mQ>m H$moAa `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m§n¡H$s n{hë`m VrZ _°Ý`wAëgMm òWo g§jonmZo n[aM` H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. (1) {eH$mJmo ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAb A§H$s` gmR>dUrH$[aVm {d{dY àH$maMo AmH¥${V~§Y à_mUmg{hV V`ma H$aUo hr H$mimMr JaO hmo`. EH$Xm H$m {d{dY òmoVm§Mr A§H$s` gmR>dU Ho$br Jobr H$s {VMm gd©ñVar` dmna gwb^VoZo hmoÊ`mgmR>r à_mUH$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. J«§W, emoYboI, BË`mXtMr gmR>dU H$arV AgVmZm `m ~m~r Oem _hÎdmÀ`m VemM Q>_© nong©, à~§Y, à~§{YH$m `m§gmR>rXoIrb `m à_mUH$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. `m à_mUH$m§Zwgma Zm|Xdbobr _m{hVr ObX JVrZo emoYÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo. àË`j hr kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 3 _m{hVr emoYUo, {VMo _wÐU H$aUo, {VMm AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZmVrb dmna `m ~m~r `m_wio gwb^ hmoV AgVmV. BVHo$M Zìho Va EH$m _m{hVrÀ`m OmiçmVyZ (S>mQ>m~og) Xwgè`m S>mQ>m~oger Ë`mMm g§nH©$ (qbH$) XoIrb gwb^ hmoVmo. `mgmR>r Á`m EH$m {d{eï> nÕVrZo _m{hVrMr gmR>dU Ho$br OmVo Vr nÕVrXoIrb dma§dma H$mbgmnoj AÚ`mdV H$aUo JaOoMM o AgVo. emoYboI, à~§Y, J«W§ `m§Vrb gm{hË`òmoVm§Mr gmR>dU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {eH$mJmo ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAb V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. BVa AZoH$ Aem àH$maÀ`m _°ÝÀëgn¡H$s ho EH$ hmo`. Aem _°Ý`wAëg_Üò dmnamd`mMr ñnoqb½O, g§jonê$no, gm_mÝ`Zm_o, n`m©` g§km ømXoIrb à_m{UV H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. {eH$mJmo ñQ>mB©bMr 15 dr Amd¥Îmr 2005 _Üò ApñVËdmV Ambr. {eH$mJmo `w{Zìh©{gQ>r àogZo ñdVgmR>r {dH${gV Ho$bobr hr nÕVr hmo`. `mM nÕVrbm Vwam{~`Z ñQ> m B© b ( Turabian Style ) Ago h r g§ ~ mo { Ybo OmVo . {eH$mJmo ñQ> m B© b hr www.docstyle.com gmB©Q>da CnbãY Amho. {eH$mJmo ñQ>mB©b erQ> AZwH«$_{UHo$_Üò nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_Üò EHy$U VrZ ^mJ AmhoV. (A) {eH$mJmo ñQ>mB©b Am{U dmna (1) g§jno d {Xboë`m eãXm§À`m AmÚmjam§Zr ~ZUmam eãX (2) _moR>çm Ajam§V {b{hUo (Capitalization) (3) OmoS>eãX (Compound word) (4) BQ>m{bH$ AdVaUo (5) H«$_m§H$ d VmaIm (Am) {eH$mJmo noO \$m°a_°Q> `m _°Ý`wAëg_Yrb n¥ð>aMZm H$er Agmdr `mMm AmH¥${V~§Y nwT>rbà_mUo AgVmo (1) nwñVH$mMo erf©H$ d erf©H$ n¥ð> (2) Vi{Q>nm (3) erf©H$ Am{U `mÚm (4) gyMr d VVo (B) {eH$mJmo eodQ> d Vi{Q>nm (1) boIH$ Am{U J«§W kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 4 (2) {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo (3) Ahdmb d boI (4) g§X^© Am{U XñVEodO (àË`j òmoV) (A) {eH$mJmo ñQ>mB©b Am{U dmna `m_Üò ñnoqbJgmR>r do~ñQ>aÀ`m {Vgè`m Am§Vaamï´>r` eãXH$moemMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM _oarA_ do~ñQ>a H$m°boO {S>eZarMmhr dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. eãXmMo ñnoqbJ {b{hÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr_Üò gmVË` amhÊ`mgmR>r `m_Üò eãXm§À`m doJdoJiçm ñnoqbJ_YyZ àW_ {Xboë`m ñnoqbJMmM dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. g§{jáê$no (g§jon) {b{hÊ`mgmR>r `m nÕVrV à_mUHo$ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb gd©gmYmaU {Z`_ {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. (1) dm`mMr gwédmV - dm`mMr gwédmV H$Yrhr g§jonmZo H$ê$ Zò. VgoM n`m© ` r g§ k m {bhrV AgVmZm Vgo M (_hÎdmMo ) H$mhr H$maU Agë`m{edm` n`m©`r g§koMm dmna dm`mÀ`m gwédmVrbm H$ê$ Zò. (2) nma§n[aH$ ñdê$n - gd©gm_mÝ` g§{já ê$no {bhrV AgVmZm nma§n[aH$ nÕVrMm dmna H$amdm. CXmhaUmW©, Mr. Dr. A.M., Ltd. (3) Cd{O©` g§{já ê$nm§Mm dmna H$aV AgVmZm Vr _m{O©ZÀ`m ~mhoa {b{hbr OmV ZmhrV. Ago g§{já ê$n Oa dmMH$mbm kmV Agob VaM Ë`mMm g§jon dmna H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr òWo A§JrH$mabr OmVo. n`m©`r g§km {bhrV AgVmZm g§nyU© g§km {dñVma XoD$Z H§$gmV g§{já ê$n XoÊ`mMr nÕVr Adb§{~br OmVo. CXmhaUmW©, A_o[aH$Z gmoem°bm°{OH$b Agmo{eEeZ (ASA) `mM~amo~a ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§km {b{hVmZmXoIrb darbà_mUo XjVm KoVbr OmVo. CXmhaUmW©, {deofZm_ Agë`mg Ë`mMo g§jnrH$aU H$aV AgVmZm gai XmoZ Ajam§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ogo (U.S.) qH$dm (US) Aem g§{§já ê$nm§Mm dmna nÎ`m_Üò Z_yX H$aV AgVmZm {dñVmamZo {Xbm OmVmo. (Prefixes) CngJ©, nyd©àË`` - {H$m, ~§X, X{jU, CÎma ho ZwgVo Z gm§JVm \$moS> H$ê$Z gm§JUo, Ë`m ~§XamMo d Ë`m {H$ëë`mMo Zmd KoD$Z CngJ© bmdmdm. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 5 Aja _moR>o H$mT>Uo (Capitalization) `m_Üò H$°{nQ>bm`PoeZ VrZ àH$mao H$mTy> eH$Vmo (1) Full Caps, (2) Heading Caps, (3) Sentence Caps. Full Caps åhUOo eãXmVrb àËòH$ Aja _moR>o H$mT>Uo. Ë`m§Mm \$º$ _Wim/ erf©H$ Agob Voìhm Voìhm dmna H$aVm òVmo. Heading / Heading Caps _Üò \$º$ eãXm§À`m gwédmVrMo Aja ho _moR>o H$mT>Uo. Imbrb {df` Ë`mbm AndmX AmhoV. n{hbo Am{U eodQ>Mo Aja Am{U Zmd, {deofZm_, {deofU, C^`mÝd`r Aì`ò Agob Va Heading CapsH$amdo, erf©H$ (Heading) Agob Va n{hbo Aja _moR>o H$mT>mdo ZmhrVa Capitals H$mTy> ZòV. · a, an, the hr CnnXo · eãX`moJr Aì`ò (Ë`m_Üò againts, between, in) · C^`mÝd`r Aì`` (Ë`m_Üò and, but, for, not, so, yet) nwñVH$ Am{U boI nwñVH$mMo erf©H$ Am{U boImMo Zmd Zoh_r Capital H$mT>Uo, naXoer erf©H$ The University of Chicago Press Zo gd©gmYmaU {Z`_ gm§{JVbo AmhoV. H$moUVrhr ^mfm Agy Xo, na§Vw B§J«Or_Üò gmÜ`m JÚmV Aja _moR>o H$mT>Uo, H$moUË`mhr ^mfoV àíZm_Üò erf©H$ d Cnerf©H$ Agob Va n{hbo Aja Capital H$mT>Uo. _mZdd§eg§~§Yr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d ^m{fH$ JQ> AgVrb Va Aja _moR>o H$mT>Uo. For example Hispanic, Asian, African, American (1) gd© OmVtZm bmJy hmoUmam {Z`_ a§J, ê$n, àmUr d dZñnVr, arV, Mmb qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ Agob Va Capital H$mT>U.o (2) White, Black - White, black ho Zoh_r H°${nQ>b H$mT>Uo black ho Zoh_r Am{\«$Ho$Vrb H$miçm {ZJ«me | r VwbZm H$aUmao AgVo. AT>i AgVo. BVa a§Jm§gmR>r bmb, {ndim, ~«mD$Z `mH$[aVm Amdí`H$ Zmhr. (Am) {eH$mJmo noO \$m°a_°Q> nona, à~§Y, emoY{Z~§YmXr ho ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAb _mJ©Xe©H$ Amho. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 6 _m{O©Z - nona hm 81/2 x 11 B§MmMm dmnamdm. nonaÀ`m Mmar H$S>m§Zr 1 B§M _m{O©Z gmoS>mdo. H$mhr g§ñWm§Zm ho _m{O©Z OmñV gmoS>mdo bmJVo. S>mdr ~mOy ~mB§qS>JgmR>r gmoS>mdr bmJVo. EImXo n¥ð> V`ma H$aVmZm Ë`mMo _m{O©Z, dmnamd`mMm \$m±Q>, Ë`mVrb n°a°J«m\$Mr aMZm, nonaMr gmB©©O, COdo d S>mdo _m{O©Z, XmoZ eãXm§Vrb d XmoZ AmoitVrb A§Va, n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ `m gd© ~m~tMm dmna {eH$mJmo ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAb_Üò H$Q>mjmZo Ho$bm OmVmo. ViQ>rn Á`m nwñVH$mVyZ g§X^© KoVbo AgVrb Ë`m nwñVH$mÀ`m boIH$mMm g§X^© Vi{Q>nm§_Üò òUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. àËòH$ ViQ>rn hr doJiçm ZdrZ Amoir_Üò AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ViQ>rn hr qgJb ñnog_Üò Agmdr. hoqS>J _w»` erf©H$m_Üò Cnerf©H$mMo VrZ ñVa AgVmV. erf©H$gyMtÀ`m A§{V_ ZmoQ²>g AWdm n[a{eï> (end notes of the heading bibliography or appendix) ho _w»`V H°${nQ>bmBÁS>, nyU© _Ü`mda ~moëS> \$m°±Q> _Üò H$amdo, nmZmÀ`m gwédmVrnmgyZ 2 B§Mmda gwédmV H$amdr. (EH$ B§M _m{O©ZÀ`m Imbr ¿`mdo. Cnerf©H$ ~moëS> \$m±Q>, Ë`mÀ`mZ§VaÀ`m BQ>m{bH$ \$m°±Q> _Üò ¿`mdo.) {bñQ> {eH$mJmo_Üò `mXr Imbrbà_mUo Ho$br OmVo. (1) (Q>m°{nH$) àH$aUmà_mUo `mXr Ho$br OmVo. (2) H«$_m§H$ qH$dm AmÚmjao H«$_m§H$ XoD$Z `mXr Ho$br OmVo. (B) {eH$mJmo eodQ> d Vi{Q>nm (end notes & foot notes) ViQ>rn XoV AgVmZm Imbrb àH$mao CoI (Citation) H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. (1) boIH$ - boIH$ qH$dm g§nmXH$mMo nyU© Zmd {bhmdo. EH$mnojm OmñV boIH$ AgVrb Va EH$mMo Zmd {bhÿZ BVa Ago {bhmdo. (2) VmarI - VmarI {b{hVmZm A_o[aH$Z ñQ>mB©bà_mUo nyU© {bhmdr, Ogo _{hZm, {Xdg d df©. $ kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 7 (2) A_o[aH$Z gm`H$m°bm°Or Agmo{gEeZ (APA) ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAb APA$e¡br (ñQ>mB©b) _°Ý`wAb ho A_o[aH$Z gm`H$m°bm°{OH$b Agmo{gEeZZo {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m àH$meZmgmR>r à_m{UV Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`m§Mr gwédmV 1929 _Üò gm`H$m°bm°{OH$b ~wbo{Q>Z àH$m{eV H$aV AgVmZm àW_ dmnamV Ambr. hr ñQ>mB©b AÚ`mdV ñdê$nmV 2001 _Üò àH$m{eV Pmboë`m 5 ì`m Amd¥Îmrn`ªV {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. APA Vrb Z_wZo ho _mZgemñÌ d {ejU `mg§~Yr emñÌr` boIZmgmR>r A{YH¥$V XOm© Agbobo AmhoV. {Z`_ APA ñQ> m B© b _° Ý `w A b_Yrb {Z`_ d g§ X ^m© V CXmhUm§ M m gmam§ e Imbrbà_mUo g§jon (01) XrK© d n[a{MV H$mbmdYrMo g§jon. (02) g§jon n{hë`m§XmM Amë`mda Ë`mMm AW© ñnï> H$aUo. 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A{YH$ {à` dmQ>Vo Aer {dH¥$V ñÌr, {IÞ Agbobr _mUgo Gender Am{U Sex `m eãXmMm `mo½` dmna qbJ (Gender) hm eãX g§ñH¥$Vrer Am{U gm_m{OH$ JQ> åhUyZ nwéf d ñÌrer g§~§{YV dmnabm Joë`mMo npãbHo$eZ _°Ý`wAb _Yrb CXmhaUmW©,(Sexual orientation rather than gender accounted for most of the varience in the results, most gay men and lesbians were for it, most heterosexual men and women were against it APA 2001, P. 63) Aja _moR>o {b{hUo (Capitalization) (06) g§X^m©_Üò g§jon dmnaVmZm H$mbmdYrMm dmna H$amdm. (07) g§ñWm§Mr Zmdo d nXdtMr Zmdo `m§_Üò H$mbmdYrMm dmna H$ê$ Zò.CXmhaUmW©, (Ph.D) (APA), (Ph.D., APA) (08) _moO_mnm_Üò B§M gmoSy>Z H$mbmdYrMm dmna H$ê$ Zò. $ (09) goH$§XmgmR>r 's' _rQ>agmR>r 'm' Mm dmna H$amdm. (10) g§jonm§Zm AZoH$dMZr H$aÊ`mgmR>r AdVaUm{edm` \$º$ 's' bmdm. (11) _moO_mnZmÀ`m g§jon dmnam_Üò _rQ>a 'm' Mo AZoH$ dMZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 's' OmoSy> ZH$m. AZoH$ n¥ð>m§Zm g§X^m©_Üò g§X{^©V H$aVmZm pp `m g§jonmMm dmna H$am. (H$mbmdYr d ñWmZmgh) (1) _yi ZmdmMo AmÚmja _moR>o (Capitalize) H$mT>Uo. (2) {deof eãX Am{U erf©H$, Cnerf©H$, g§X^© `mÚm `m§_Yrb Mma qH$dm OmñV Ajam§Mo gd© eãX _moR>o {b{hUo. (3) AQ>r, g_yh, n[a_mU `m§Mr Zmdo Am{U {ZpíMV {d{eï> Zmd `mMo Aja _moR>o {b{hUo. (4) ñdën{dam_ d ñV§^mZ§VaMm eãX Am{U Vmo eãX _moR>m {b{hUo. (5) {d{eï> H$mog© qH$dm {d^mJr` erf©H$ Agob Va Aja _moR>o {b{hUo. (GSU Department of Psychology) (6) Generic Om{VdmMH$ eãXm§gmR>r Capitalize H$ê$ Zò. (7) Stroop Color Test - Stroop ho Zm_ Amho, Ë`m_wio Vo _moR>o {b{hUo. (8) A§H$mnyduMo Zm_ na§Vw Z ~XbUmè`m Aem Ajam§nydu _moR>o {b{hUo. (9) H$m`Xo{df`H$ Zmd, {gÕm§V qH$dm J¥hrVHo$ AgVrb Va Capaitalize H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 8 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 9 CF - (use compare) e.g. (use for example) etc (use and so forth) i.e. (use that is) (10) gm_mÝ` VÎd qH$dm gm_mÝ` {dYmZ EImÚm {d^mJmg§~§Yr qH$dm EImÚm H$moQ>m©g§~§Yr Agob Va Capitalize H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. ñdën{dam_ (Commas) (1) _moO_mnZmVrb ^mJ doJim H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdën{dam_mMm dmna H$ê$ ZH$m, (9 lbs 5 oz) {Z`_mZwgma _o{Q´>H$ nÕVrMm dmna H$am. (2) `mXr_Üò ""Am{U'' nydu ñdën{dam_m§Mm dmna H$am. CXmhaUmW©, Height width, & depth. (3) VrZ A§H$m§À`m JQ>m_Üò ñdën{dam_mMm dmna H$am. 1,423 (4) {d{já eãXm§Mr Q>rH$m hr g§X^m©gmR>r {Xbr Agob Va ñdën{dam_mMm dmna H$am. (Patrick, 1993) (5) n[aÀN>oX d dm`mVrb AZwH«$_mgmR>r ñdën{dam_mMm dmna H$am. CXmhaUmW©, VrZ n`m©` AmhoV (A) MyH$, (Am) ~amo~a, (H$) _mhrV Zmhr. (6) _wÚm_Üò ñdën{dam_ Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m H«$_mgmR>r AY©{dam_ dmnam. (7) VmaIoÀ`m AJmoXa ñdënm{dam_mMm dmna H$am. CXmhaUmW© 18 E{àb, 1992 g§`moJ{MÝh (Hyphen) (1) daÀ`m dJm©V AgUmam eãX /A{Ve`moº$sÀ`m eãXmnwT>o Hyphen Mm dmna H$ê$ Zò. (2) CngJ© qH$dm EImÚm eãXmnwT>o OmoS>Umè`m eãXmgmR>r Hyphenate {MÝh OmoS>y Zò (Pastlest, Prewar, Multiphase) (3) Zm_ AJmoXa òV Agob Va Hyphen Mm dmna H$ê$ Zò. (4) {deofU Agob Va Hyphen Mm dmna H$amdm. (role-playing technique, two-way analysis) (5) Zm_mAJmoXa g§`wº$ {deofU Agob Va Hyphen Mm dmna H$amdm. (ClientCentered Therapy) (6) _yi eãX hm g§jon qH$dm g§»`m Agob Va Hyphen Mm dmna H$amdm. (7) g§`moJ{MÝhm{edm` eãXm§Mm AW©~moY hmoD$ eH$V Zgob Va Agob Va Hyphen {MÝh dmnamdo. (re-pair) kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 10 AYmoa{o IV H$aUo (1) gd©gmYmaU naXoer g§jonmbm AYmoao{IV H$ê$ Zò. (2) Ho$di Cmamdê$Z Omoa XoUmè`m eãXmbm AYmoao{IV H$ê$ Zò. (3) nwñVH$mMo erf©H$ qH$dm boImMo erf©H$ Agob Va {deof Zm_ qH$dm Zì`m H$ënZm AWdm Zdr {dYmZo ^mfoÀ`m CXmhaUmXmIb eãX qH$dm åhUr, gm§p»`H$s {MÝhm§Mr Ajao, g§X^© `m§À`mVrb A§H$ AYmoao{IV H$amdoV. BVa {dam_{MÝho, AmS>ì`m aoKm, H§$g, H«$_m§H$ XoU,o n[aÀN>Xo (1) ""Am{U'' / ""qH$dm'' Mm dmna H$ê$ Zò. CXmhaUmW©, Monday, Tuesday or both is perferable to Monday & / or Tuesday. (2) n[aM`mË_H$ nyU© dm` Agë`mg {MÝh qH$dm BVa {dam_{MÝhm§Mm dmna H$ê$ Zò. (3) EImÚm dm`m_Üò AmH$pñ_V {ZX}e ì`º$ Pmbo AgVrb /H$amd`mMo AgVrb Va AmS>ì`m aoKoMm (S>°eMm) dmna H$am. (4) g§jonmMr AmoiI H$amd`mMr Agob Va H§$gmÀ`m dmna H$amdm. (5) nwadUrMm dmna H$am. (6) doJdoJio n[aÀN>oX H«$_m_Üò XmIdmd`mMo AgVrb Voìhm A§H$ d H$mbmdYrMm dmna H$ê$ ZH$m. H«$_m§H$ (Numbers) (1) EImXm AnyUmªH$ Am{U dmàMma `m§Mm AW© g_OyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r (Numbers) Mm dmna H$am. (one-half, fourth of July) (2) dm`mÀ`m gwédmVrbm Ag§»` g§»`m§Mr \$moS> H$aUo. (3) Xhmnojm OmñV /Xhmnojm H$_r JQ>mVrb A§H$ \$moS> H$ê$Z gm§Jm. (4) Plurals g§»`m§Mo AZoH$dMZ H$amd`mMo Agë`mg "s' OmoS>m. AdVaUmMm dmna H$ê$ ZH$m. (5) H«$_dmMH$ A§H$m§Mm Cn`moJ H$am. (6) boIr d Aao{~H$ A§H$m§Mm dmna H$am. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 11 (7) _moR>çm g§»òMo boIr A§H$ {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Z§~aMm dmna H$am.(Over 3 million) (8) AMyH$ gm§p»`H$s g§X^©, ñH$moAg©, Z_wZm, AmH$ma, {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Z§~aMm dmna H$am. (Multiple by 3.5% of the sample) (9) A§VamMm g§jon A§H$mgh {bhm. (10) Q>¸o$dmarMo {MÝh A§H$mgh {bhm. \$º$ A§H$ {bhÿ ZH$m. AdVaU {MÝho (Quotation Marks ) (" ') ("" '') (1) n{hë`m doioMm {df` qH$dm Cnamo{YH$ eãXmgmR>r AdVaU {MÝhm§Mm dmna H$aUo, Ë`mZ§Va AdVaU {MÝhmMm dmna H$ê$ Zò. (2) nmR>çH«$_mVrb erf©H$, àH$aUmMo erf©H$ `mgmR>r AdVaU {MÝhm§Mm dmna H$amdm, na§Vw g§X^©`mXr_Üò dmna H$ê$ Zò. {dñVm[aV AdVaUo (Extended Quotations) A§VJ©V aMZm (Test Details) (01) g§jon 120 eãXm§_Üò Úmdm. (02) nmR>ç _OHy$a S>~b ñnog_Üò Va Block Quotos, g§X^© d g§jon ho qgJb ñnog_Üò {bhmdo. (03) ViQ>rn hr APA $_Üò dmnamdr. g§b{¾V boIH$ d BVa H$moUmH$Sy>Z {_i{dbobr _m{hVr dJimdr. (04) g§`moJ{MÝh ho AmoirÀ`m eodQ>r XoD$ Zò. eãXmÀ`m _Üò Amdí`H$ VoWo Úmdo. (05) 1.25 go_r. _Üò n°a°J«m\$, Block Quotos d Hanging Indent H$amdo. (06) OpñQ>{\$Ho$eZ ho \$º$ S>mì`m _m{O©Z_Üò H$amdo. (07) _m{O©Z ho H$_rV H$_r 1 B§M Agmdo. (08) nmZH«$_m§H$ àËòH$ nmZmda Agmdm. (09) nmZmMo erf©H$ H$mhr eãXm§V Agmdo. (1) AdVaUm_Üò {deofVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r Vm~S>Vmo~ eãX H§$g H$ê$Z {bhm. (2) AdVaUmMm n{hbm eãX ~Xbë`mg H§$gmMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. (3) 40 eãX bm§~rÀ`m AdVaUmgmR>r (one-half inch, 1.25 cm.) EdT>o _mn ¿`mdo. Ë`mZ§Va XrK© AdVaUmVrb n[aÀN>oXm_Üò boIH$, df© d nmZ Z§~a XmI{dUo. (4) AdVaUmVrb eãX d AW© ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`mXm gm{hË` AdVaUmV Úmdo. (5) nwZC©Ënm{XV AdVaU AMyH$ Agmdo. {OWo EImXr MyH$ Agob VoWo H§$gmV eãX {bhmdm. Ooìhm dJiboë`m gm{hË`mV dm`mMm eodQ> Agob, Voìhm dJiUmao gm{hË` \$ma Agob Ë`m doir AJmoXa, _Üò d àËòH$mZ§Va OmJm gmoSy>Z VrZ qQ>~m§Mm dmna H$amdm. (6) gwédmVrbm qH$dm _Yë`m dm`mÀ`m eodQ>r AdVaU XmI{dUo _hÎdmMo Zgë`mg AdVaUmÀ`m gwédmVrg d eodQ>r {Q§>~m§Mm dmna H$ê$ Zò. g§X^m©gmR>r XmoÝhr ~mOybm 1 B§M A§Va gmoS>mdo. g§X^© ho nmZmÀ`m gwédmVrbm _Ymo_Y {bhmdoV. Ë`mZ§Va boIH$mMo AmS>Zmd, ñdën{dam_, boIH$mMr AmÚmjao d Z§Va boIH$mMo Zmd, àH$meH$mMo Zmd, ñWi d àH$meZ df© Úmdo. n¥ð>mMm AmH¥${V~§Y (Page Format) (2) Q>o~b gwê$ H$aÊ`mAJmoXa dU©Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. APA _°Ý`wAb_Üò Ago CX²Y¥V Ho$bo Amho, H$s XmoÝhr ~mOybm 1 B§>M _m{O©Z gmoS>mdo. bhmZ ñdê$nmV erf©H$ Agmdo. AmVrb _OHy$a S>~b ñnog_Üò Agmdm. Block Quotos ho gd© qgJb ñnog_Üò AgmdoV. ViQ>rn hr _m{O©ZÀ`m AmVrb ^mJmV Agmdr. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 12 (10) erf©H$ d nmZmMm H«$_m§H$ _m{O©Z ñnogÀ`m AmV Agmdm. (10) eãX ho ~moëS> qH$dm BQ°{bH$ \$m±Q>_Üò AgmdoV. g§X^© H$moï>H$ APA _°Ý`wAb_Üò Q>o~b \$m°a_°Q> Imbrbà_mUo {Xbobm Amho. (1) Q>o~b H$aVmZm XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mg 1 B§M (_m{O©Z) gmoS>mdm. (3) g_m§Va {Z`_ Q>o~b H$aVmZm dmnamdo, hmVmZo ho H$mTy> Zò. (4) àËòH$ ñV§^mbm erf©H$ Úmdo, g§jon d {MÝh `m§Mm dmna H$amdm. (5) ñV§^mÀ`m _moO_mnm_Üò H$moUVmhr ~Xb H$ê$ Zò. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 13 g§X^© AmH¥${V~§Y (Reference Format) Imbrbà_mUo g§X^© {Xbo OmVmV. g§X^m©gmR>r g§jonm§Mm dmna. (1) Chap. for Chapter (2) Ed. for Edition (3) Ed. for Edited by (4) Rev. Ed. for Revised Edition (5) 2nd Ed. for Second Edition (6) (Eds) for Multiple Editions (7) Trans for Translated by (8) P for Page Number, with a space after the period (9) PP for Page Numbers (Plural) (10) Vol. for Specific Volume (12) Vols. for a work with xx Volumes PP ho BZgm`bmonr{S>`m, dV©_mZnÌmVrb boI, g§nm{XV boI qH$dm nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb nmZm§Mm H«$_m§H$ XoÊ`mgmR>r dmnamdm. ho ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAbXoIrb g§{jáê$no nmgyZ Vºo$, R>iH$ Ajao `m gdmªer {d{dY {Z`_m§Zr ~Õ AgVo. Aem n[anyU© aMZo_wio gd©gm_mÝ` ñVamda EImXm XñVEodO V`ma H$aVmZm AWdm Ë`mMm emoY H$aV AgVmZm gmoB©Mo R>aVo. (3) E_.Eb.E. _°Ý`wAb boIH$, {ejH$, {dÚmWu d {dÛmZ `m§Mr JaO bjmV KoD$Z `m _°Ý`wAbMr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. MLA ñQ>mB©b dmnê$Z g§KQ>Zm d g§emoYH$ B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_m~Ôb emoYH$m`© H$aV AmhoV. AZwH$« _m{UH$m · àñVmdZm · MLA hñVnwpñVHo$gmR>r boIH$m§Mr g§emoYZmMr n{ÌH$m · {dÚmWu hñVnwpñVH$m · BVa à{gÕrH$aU kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 14 · · · Oo{Zg dm°H$ag MLA nwamdo nÕV Mma AS>Wiçm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU eodQ> BboQ´>m°{Zg òmoVm§Mm dmna H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mH$[aVm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr à_mUHo$ CnbãY ZmhrV Aer AmoaS> {dÛV²OZm§_Üò hmoD$ bmJë`m_wio hr MLA nÕVr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. AmO hr EH$ Cn`wº$ nÕVr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. Oar {dÚ_mZ pñWVr_Üò Ë`m_Üò H$mhr ÌwQ>r Agë`m VarXoIrb Cn`moJmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ AmOhr Vr CnH$maH$M Amho. `m ÌwQ>tMo ñdê$n gd©gmYmaUnUo nwT>rb nÕVrZo M{M©bo OmVo. (1) B§Q>aZoQ> nÎmm d Amkm§Mm AZwH«$_ `m§Vrb J\$bV (2) àË`j àH$meZmMr VmarI Am{U Cn^moË`mZo dmnabobr VmarI (3) àH$meZmMm nÎmm d Cn^moË`mMm nÎmm (4) A{YH¥$V òmoVmÀ`m dmnamH$[aVm _wº$ g§Mma àË`jmV ho _°Ý`wAb Kentueky Philological Association À`m EH$m H$m°Ý\$aÝg_Üò 1 _mM© 1996 amoOr gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mMo AÚ`mdV ñdê$n 10 OyZ 1996 amoOr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Citing the Sites MLA Style Guideline & Models for Documenting Internet Sources ho _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U à{VH¥$Vr øm Oo{Zg dm°H$agÀ`m MLA nÕVr nwamì`m§da BboQ´>m°{Zg gmYZo nm`mda AmYma^yV AmhoV. `mMo ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo AgVo. (1) FTP gmB©Q>²g (2) dëS>© dmB©S> do~ gmB©Q>²g (3) Q>obZoQ> gmB©Q>²g (4) {gÝH«$moZg H$å`w{ZHo$eZ (5) Jmo\$a gmB©Q>²g (6) {bñQ> gìh© _ogO o go (7) Ý`yO J«wn _ogoOog (8) B©-_ob _ogO o go (9) qbHo$O S>mQ>m kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 15 (A)FTP gmB©Q>g (B) Q>obZoQ> gmB©Q>²g CXmhaU XoÊ`mgmR>r H$mJXnÌm§À`m g§J«hmÛmam FTP ì`dñWogmR>r Imbrb _m{hVr XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. · boIH$mMo Zmd (Oa _m{hVr Agob Va) · boIm§À`m g§nyU© erf©H$mgmR>r AdVaU{MÝho · à{gÕrH$aUmMr VmarI (Oa CnbãY Agob) · g§{já ê$n FTP · FTP gmB©©Q>Mo nÎmo. {dam_{MÝhm§{edm` ~§X Zgmdo. · nÌm§gmR>r emoYboë`m g§nyU© _mJm©Mo AZwH$aU H$aUo. {dam_{MÝhm§{edm` ~§X Zgmdo. · VmaIm H§$g qH$dm AngaU {MÝhmV XmIdmì`m. Q>b o ZoQ> gmB©Q>g² gmR>r CXmhaUo Am{U g§Jh« mÀ`m CnbãYVoÛmam Q>b o ZoQ>À`m H$ÀÀ`m _gwÚmMr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo· boIH$mMo Zmd (Oa _mhrV Agob Va). · boImMo erf©H$ AdVaU {MÝhmV XmIdmdo. · erf©H$ `mo½` {Vaß`m Q>mB©nmV Agmdo. · Q>obZoQ>Mm nyU© CÔoe, {dam_{MÝhm§{edm` ~§X H$ê$ Zò. · à{gÕrH$aUmÀ`m {Xeoda â. · ôQ>rÀ`m VmaIm H§$gmV Agmì`mV. Z_wZm Jmoåg, br. - ""Poam°g Am°Z-bmB©Z Zo~ahyS> A J«oQ> ßbog Qy> pìh{OQ>'' _`©war, Ý`yO 3 _o 1992. A URL _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ H$moZ H$ê$Z H§$gmV KmbUo. (FTP:/FTP media.mit.edu/pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi-947 (4 Dec. 1994) (Am) dëS>© dmB©S> do~ (www) H$mJXnÌg§J«h CnbãYVogmR>r {ZarjUmdê$Z dëS>© dmB©S> do~gmBQ>gMm AW© _m°Prbm ZoQ>ñHo$n Am{U BVa ~«mD$Pg©Ûmam Imbrb _m{hVr Z_yX H$aUo. · boIH$mMo Zmd (Oa _mhrV Agob Va). · boImMo erf©H$ AdVaU {MÝhmV Q>mH$mdo. · erf©H$mMo nyU© H$m_ ho Oa `mo½` {Vaß`m Q>mB©nmV Agob. · à{gÕrH$aUmMr VmarI qH$dm eodQ>Mr nwZamd¥Îmr (CnbãY Agob Va). · http Mm CÔoe H$moZ H$ê$Z H§$gmV KmbUo. · ôQ>rÀ`m VmaIm eãXg_yhmV Agmì`mV. CXmhaUmW©, bwH$m, bmD$aog nr. E hm`naQ>oñQ> {hñQ>ar Am°\$ _ëQ>r `wOa S>m`_oeÝg MUD History.1993 <http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/1pb/mudhistory.html> kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 16 Z_wZm (B©) {gÝH«$moZg H$å`w{ZHo$eZ {gÝH«$moZg H$å`w{ZHo$eZ CXmhaUmgmR>r MOOs, MUDs,IRCs, BË`mXtÀ`m dmnamgmR>r Imbrb _m{hVr nwa{dUo. · ~mobUmè`mMo Zmd (Oa _m{hVr Agob). · H$å`w{ZHo$eZMo àH$ma (CXmhaUmW©, JQ>g§^mfU, d¡`{º$H$ _wbmIV). · `mo½` CÔoe. · VmaIm H§$gmV Kmbm. haZ°H$, A±S´>çy, JQ> g§^mfU, Q>obZoQ> moo.du.org/port=8888 (4 Apr. 1996) (C) Jmo\$a gmB©Q>²g Jmo\$a gM©gmB©Q> gM© H$ê$Z EImÚm gmB©Q>darb _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb _m{hVr nwa{dUo. · boIH$mMo Zmd. · boImMo erf©H$ AdVaU{MÝhm_Üò. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 17 · · · · BVa AmH¥$Vr à{gÕrH$aU _m{hVr, `mo½` {Vaß`m Q>mB©n_Üò. Jmo\$aÀ`m _mJm©Mo gwb^ _mJmªZr AZwH$aUmMr _m{hVr. {ZdS> `mMr ñb°e{edm` Xe©dmdr, nyU© CÔoe H§$gm_Üò KmbUo. VmaIm§Mo ê$n _m{O©Z_Üò KmbUo. (E) Ý`yO J«nw _ogO o g o ~mV_rJQ> g§^mfUm_Üò ^mJ KoUmè`m§Zr gmB©Q>da nwa{dbobr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo· boIH$mMo Zmd (Oa _mhrV Agob) · boIH$mMm B©-_ob nÎmm - H$moZ H§$gm_Üò Z_wZm · {dfàMZm AdVaU {MÝhm§_Üò gmXa Quitten, Joshua ""\$ma AmD$Q> dobH$_ Qy> XoAa dëS>© {~ëQ> Am°\$ MUD'' Published in Newsday 7 Nov. 1993 Jmo\$a `w{Zìh©{gQ>r Am°\$ H$moboO about MUDs, MOOs, & MUSEs in Education/Selected Papers/ Newsday (5 Dec, 1994) · à{gÕrH$aUmÀ`m VmaIm · ~mV_r JQ>mMr Zmdo, H$moZ H§$gm_Üò · VmaIm AdVaU H§$gm_Üò (D$) {bñQ>gìh© _ogO o g o · · · · · · {bñQ> gìh© gmB©Q>da nwa{dbobr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUoboIH$mMo Zmd (Oa _m{hVr Agob). boIH$mMm B©-_ob nÎmm H§$gm_Üò ~§X. {dfàMZm AdVaU {MÝhm_Üò Agmdr. à{gÕrH$aUmÀ`m VmaIm. {bñQ> gìh© CÔoe H§$gm_Üò ~§X. gwb^ àdoem§À`m VmaIm AngaU {MÝhmV. Z_wZm Seabrook, Richard H. C. (seabrook@clark.net>"Community and Progres" 22 Jan., 1994<cybermind@jefferson.village.virginia.edu> (22 Jan., 1994) {bñQ> gìh© qH$dm do~nÎmm à{gÕr VmaIoZ§Va H$moUË`mhr gmB©Q>~Ôb Imbrb _m{hVr nwa{dVo. · nÎ`m§Mr `mXr, g§XoegmYZm§Mr `mXr, XmoZ H§$gm§_Üò. · `mo½` CÔoem§Mr /nÎ`m§Mr Xáa `mXr H$moZ H§$gmÛmao Xe©dmdr. · VmaIm§Mo _mJ© AngaU {MÝhm§_Üò. Z_wZm - darbà_mUo kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 18 Z_wZm Slade, Robert<res@maths.nath.ac.uk>"UNIX Made Easy" 26 Mar. 1996. <all.books.reviews> (31 Mar. 1996) (Eo) B©-_ob _ogO o g o B©-_ob nÌì`dhmamgmR>r Imbrb _m{hVr nwadmdr. · boIH$mMo Zmd · boIH$mMm B©-_ob nÎmm, H$moZ H§$gm_Üò · {dfàMZm AdVaU {MÝhm_Üò gmXa · à{gÕrH$aUmÀ`m VmaIm · nÌì`dhmamMo àH$ma · nwT>rb VmaIm AngmaU H§$gm_Üò Z_wZm Franks, Norman. <franks1@llnl.gov>" Sound App 2.0.2" 29 Apr. 1996. Personal e-mail (3 May, 1996) kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 19 J«W § mb`mVrb ~XbmMo ì`dñWmnZ (Amo) {b§Ho$O S>mQ>m `mgmR>r nwT>rbà_mUo _m{hVr nwa{dUo- àm. _mYd Xod~m damS>o · boIH$mMo Zmd (Oa _m{hVr Agob) · boImMo erf©H$ · EH$Ì òÊ`m_mJo OmoS>Ê`mgmR>r g§{já ê$n dmnaUo. · boI erf©H$mMr gmYZo H$moUË`m nÕVrV EH$Ì OmoS>Uo, Vr {Vaß`m Q>mB©n_Üò. · A{YH$ {b§Ho$O Vnerb, JQ> `mo½` àñVmdZogh {OV`m à_mUmV eãX at · URL gmR>r boImMr gmYZo, H$moZ H§$gm_Üò AgUo · VmaIm AngaU {MÝhm_Üò Z_wZm Miller, Allison. "Allison Miller's Home Page." Ltd. EKU Honirs Program. Home Page at "Personal Pages" <http://www.cwsc.edu/ honors> EHy$UM hr ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAëg {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dmMZgm{hË`òmoVm§À`m A{YH¥$V aMZmË_H$ _m§S>UrgmR>r Cn`wº$ AgyZ `m_wio Ë`m§Mm emoY KoUo gwb^ hmoVo. g§emoYH$m§Zm, {dÚmÏ`mªZm, dmMH$m§Zm Vr gX¡d _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aV AgVo. à_mUrH$aU ho B©-`wJmMo ~«rXdm` Amho. `mgmR>r ^{dî`mV Aem {d{dY nÕVr {dH${gV H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. g§X^© (1) Website : www.docstyles.com Dr. Abel Scribe - CHIGAGO STYLE - Chicago Turabian Style Sheet - Fall, 2004, 1 to 12 PP. (2) Russ, Dewy - APA Research Style Crib Sheet, 1to 14 PP. (3) Harnack, Andrew & Kleppinger, Grene - Beyond The MLA Handbook : Documenting Electronic Sources on the Internet, 1 to 20 PP ooo kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 20 gd©M joÌm§V gmVË`mZo ~Xb hmoV AgVmo. ~Xbmg gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r ~Xboë`m n[apñWVrV èñdrnUo H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§~§{YV _mZdr KQ>H$m§_Üò `mo½` Agm _mZ{gH$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUmdm bmJVmo. 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J«§Wmb`mV òUmè`m dmMH$m§À`m _m{hVr{df`H$ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm J«§Wmb`mVrb gmYZgm_J«rMo ì`dñWmnZ, _Zwî`~imMo ì`dñWmnZ, BË`mXr àemgH$s` H$m`©o J«§Wmnmbmbm H$amdr bmJVmV. òUmè`m dmMH$mbm `mo½` godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z J«§Wmb`mMr Üòò Am{U C{Ôï>o gmÜ` Ho$br OmD$ eH$VmV. n[adV©Z /~Xb åhUOo H$m` ? Or nÕV àM{bV Amho qH$dm ApñVËdmV Amho. {VÀ`m_Üò ~Xb H$aUo åhUOo n[adV©Z hmo`. Ooìhm ApñVËdmV Agboë`m nÕVrV Am§V[aH$ qH$dm ~mhoarb H$maUm§_wio ~Xb hmoVmo. Ë`mg n[adV©Z Ago åhUVmV. n[adV©Z hm g¥ï>rMm {Z`_ Amho. EH$mM {Xdgm_Üò g¥ï>rÀ`m _Ü`mÝhr ê$nm_Üò KS>Zy òUmam ~Xb AmnU nmhV AgVmo. nydÀ} `m {j{VOmda CJdUmam gy`© Amë`mZ§VaMr g¥ï>r Va npíM_ {Xeobm {XeoAmS> hmoVmo VoìhmMr. hr {VÝhr ê$no {^Þ Va AmhoVM; nU {Z`{_V ~XbUmar AmhoV. _Zwî`mÀ`m OrdZmV àËòH$ doim ~Xb hmoV AgVmV. AemM àH$mao J«W§ mb`m_ÜògÕ w m ~Xb AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWmnZm_Üò JaOoMo Pmbobo Amho. nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb` godm AmVm _mJo nSV Mmbbobr Amho. ZdrZ J«§Wmb`mMr g§H$ënZm AmVm nwT>o òV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmV hmoV Agboë`m àJVr_wio AmOMr AË`mYw{ZH$ BboQ´>m{ZH$ gmYZo, _mÜ`_o ApñVËdmV Ambobr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio AmOÀ`m J«§Wmb`mnwT>o `m _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMo AmìhmZ Cô Amho. Zì`mZo Amboë`m V§ÌkmZ`wJmer OwidyZ KoÊ`mMr YS>nS> Ë`m§Zm H$amdr bmJV Amho. Ë`m§Zm Ho$di J«§Wmda Adb§~yZ Z amhVm g§JUH$s` V§ÌmMm dmna H$amdm bmJV Amho. Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb`mVrb _w{ÐV gm{hË`mMo _hÎd VmËH$mi H$_r hmoUma Zgbo Var _m{hVr J«§WoVa _mÜ`_mVyZ CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vo, `mMr OmUrd _mÌ J«§Wmb`m§Zm Pmbr Amho. J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$ÐmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg J«§Wmb` hr d{Y©îUy g§ñWm Amho. åhUOo Vr dmT>V OmUmar qH$dm {dH${gV hmoUmar g§ñWm Amho. 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OgoJ«§Wmb`m_Üò Cn^moË`m§Mr dmT>Vr g§»`m, _mJUr Am{U Vr nyU© H$aÊ`mMr J«§Wmb`mMr kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 23 O~m~Xmar d J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmar BË`mXr. dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_ J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$ÐmÀ`m ^{dVì`mda KSy>Z òD$ Zò `mH$[aVm J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$Ðm_Üò Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoV.o ~XbË`m dmVmdaUm_Üò Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mH$[aVm nm{hOo Vo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. (2) gaH$mar YmoaU J«§Wmb` ho e¡j{UH$ Agmo dm gmd©O{ZH$ Ë`mbm H$m`©pÝdV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm emgZmH$Sy>Z _mÝ`Vm d XoUJr {_iV AgVo. Ë`m{edm` J«§Wmb` Amnbo H$m`© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_w i o gaH$maÀ`m àËò H $ Ymo a UmMm Am{U `m Ymo a UmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r `moOboë`m Am`moJmMm VgoM gaH$maZo Ho$bobo H$m`Xo, nwañH¥$V Ho$bobo {Z~ªY d {Z`§ÌUo `m gd© ~m~tMm J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$Ðmda Vrd«VoZo n[aUm_ KSy>Z òVmo. Ë`m_wio J«§Wnmbmbm øm ~m~r~Ôb VQ>ñW amhVm òV Zmhr. Amnë`m J«W§ mb`mMo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mgmR>r J«W§ nmbmbm Amdí`H$ Vmo ~Xb H$aÊ`m{edm` n`m©` amhV Zmhr. (3) V§ÌkmZ V§ Ì kmZm_Üò gÜ`m do J mZo ~Xb KSy > Z ò V Amho V . J« § W mb` d _m{hVremñÌH|$Ðm_ÜògwÕm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌmMm Adb§~ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Pmbobo Amho. Oo J«§Wmb` AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ H$arV Zmhr Vo ñnY}_Üò Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dy eH$V Zmhr. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mH$[aVm J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr H|$ÐmÀ`m aMZoV, ñdê$nmV VgoM H$m`©nÕVrV Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xb H$aUo A{Zdm`© Amho. (4) ZdrZ ì`dñWmnH$mMr /J«§WmnmbmMr Zo_UyH$ KQ>H$mV hmoUmè`m ~XbmMm n[aUm_ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmda hmoVmo. Oo KQ>H$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Am§V[aH$ ~mOyer g§~§{YV AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm A§VJ©V KQ>H$ Ago åhUVmV. `m KQ>H$m§Vrb n[adV©Z gmYmaUnUo ~mø ñdê$nmVrb KQ>H$m§_Yrb n[adV©Zmda Adb§~yZ AgVo qH$dm ì`dñWmnH$mZo H$mhr n[adV©Z H$amd`mMo R>a{dbo Va Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV Agboë`m Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$mV àdoe H$aVmV. J«§Wmb`mVrb ~XbmMo Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$ ho Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV (1) J«§Wmb`mÀ`m AmH$mamV hmoUmar dmT>, (2) H$_©Mmè`m§Mr godm{Zd¥Îmr, nXmoÞVr, amOrZm_m Am{U ñWmZm§Va BË`mXr, (3) J«§Wmb`mVrb H$m_mMo ñdê$n, H$m_mMo Vmg BË`mXr, (4) J«W§ mb`mVrb EHy$U Am§V[aH$ n[apñWVr_Üò KSy>Z òUmao n[adV©Z BË`mXr, darb gd© AmV§[aH$ KQ>H$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m n[adV©Zm_Üò n[aUm_ H$arV AgVmV. J«W § mb` d _m{hVrH|$Ð `m§_Üò KSy>Z òUmè`m n[adV©ZmMo àH$ma (1) {dH$mgmMo n[adV©Z (Incremental Change ) ho n[adV©Z dma§dma nU H«$_e hmoV AgVo. S>m°. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr gm§{JVboë`m VÎdmà_mUo J«§Wmb` hr EH$ d{Y©îUy g§ñWm Amho. åhUOo Ë`m_Üò Zoh_r d¥Õr hmoV AgVo Aem àH$maÀ`m n[adV©Zmbm {dH$mgmMo n[adV©Z Ago åhUVmV. (2) ñWmZm§V[aV ~Xb (Transformational Change ) Aem àH$maMo n[adV©Z \$ma H$_r à_mUmV KS>dyZ AmUVm òVo. `m àH$maMo n[adV©Z KSy>Z òVo Voìhm \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV n[apñWVrV ~Xb KS>dmdm bmJVmo. CXmhaUmW©, J«§Wmb`mMo ñWmZm§VaU Xwgè`m OmJoV H$amd`mMo Agob Va Aem doir J«§Wmb`mVrb g§nyU© H$m`©nÕVr_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z òVo. J«§Wnmb hm J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrH|$ÐmMm ì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. J«§Wmb`mVrb gdm} nmVirdê$Z H$m_ H$aUmè`m J«§WnmbmMr ^y{_H$m {deof _hÎdmMr AgVo. {Zd¥Îmr, ~T>Vr, ~Xbr d ~S>V\$s© øm§n¡H$s H$moUË`mhr H$maUm_wio _w»` J«§WnmbmMr OmJm {aH$m_r hmoVo. Ë`m {R>H$mUr ZdrZ ì`º$sMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmVo. àËòH$ J«§WnmbmMr Ë`mÀ`m H$m_m~Ôb doJir H$ënZm AgVo. H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr e¡br {^Þ AgVo. Ë`m_wio nydunmgyZ MmbV Ambobr H$m`©nÕVr Ë`mbm A`mo½` dmQ>ë`mg Vmo Ë`m_Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mMm {dMma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. darb gd© _wÔo J«§Wmb`m_Yrb ~mø ñdê$nmMo Agbo Var Ë`mVrb H$moUË`mhr (3) Ano{jV n[adV©Z (Anticipatory Change ) Ooìhm nwT>o òUmè`m n[apñWVr_Üò bm^ hmoUma Amho ho Ano{jV AgVo Am{U `m Anojobm AZwgê$Z Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m n[adV©Zmbm Ano{jV n[adV©Z Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$maMo n[adV©Z èñdr[aË`m d `moOZm AmIyZ Ho$bo OmVo. H$maU ì`dñWmnH$ ñdV òUmè`m n[apñWVrMr _m{hVr R>odV AgVmo Am{U OoìhmOoìhm n[adV©ZmMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo Voìhm J«§Wmb`mÀ`m \$m`ÚmH$[aVm ho n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUV AgVmo. J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ~m~VrV J«§Wnmbmbm bm^ Ano{jV ZgVmo. na§Vw J«§Wmb`mV òUmè`m kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 24 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 25 dmMH$m§À`m g§nyU© JaOm H$_r doioV nyU© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`mbm Ano{jV Agbobo ~Xb KS>dZy AmUV AgVmo. [anm°{PQ>ar kmZì`dñWmnZmVrb EH$ KQ>H$ (4) WmoS>çmWmoS>çm ^mJmVrb n[adV©Z (Piecemeal Change ) `m àH$am_Üò J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV ~Xb H$aÊ`mMo gwM{dbo OmVo; na§Vw J«§Wmb`mMr àñWm{nV g§H$ënZm OerÀ`m Ver amhVo, Ë`m§V H$mhrM n[adV©Z KSy>Z òV Zmhr. CXmhaUmW©, J«§Wmb`m_Üò AZoH$ {d^mJ AgVmV, H$mhr H$maUmñVd `m {d^mJm§_Üò ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUmdo bmJVmV; na§Vw Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§H$ënZoV n[adV©Z hmoV Zmhr. àm. H¥$îUm ~m~y hOmao gmam§e darb gd© ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm J«§Wnmbmg Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`joÌm_Yrb hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ ñdrH$maUo A{Zdm`© Pmbobo Amho. nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`m_Üò ~Xb KS>dyZ ZdZdrZ ~Xbm§Mm J«§Wmb`m_Üò ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Jobm nm{hOo. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`m_Üò ~XbmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm nm{hOo. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ Ogo- BboQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mÛmao {df`mg§~§YrMr _m{hVr, B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmam Amdí`H$VoZwgma CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r J«§Wmb` ho g§JUH$sH¥$V Agbo nm{hOo. nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`mg g§JUH$sH¥$V H$amd`mMo Agë`mg gd©àW_ J«§Wmb`mVrb H$_©Mmar/godH$dJ© à{e{jV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m{edm` AmYw{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mMo ñdßZ nmhUo e` Zmhr. _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV dmMH$dJm©g _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r àM{bV Agboë`m do~Mr _m{hVr H$_©Mmè`mbm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g§emoYH$m§g Ë`m§À`m g§emoYZmÀ`m H$m_mH$[aVm AÚ`mdV _m{hVrMr JaO AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r ~XbË`m dmVmdaUmZwgma Vr Ë`m§À`m g§memoYZmÀ`m H$m`m©H$[aVm J«§Wmb`mg CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdr bmJVo. Aem àH$mao OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `wJm_Üò H$mimZwgma ~Xb J«§Wmb`m_Üò H$aUo A{Zdm`© Pmbobo Amho. ~Xbm§À`m ì`dñWmnZm_Üò J«§Wnmb `m ZmË`mZo gd©àW_ H$_©Mmar A{YH$ H$m`©j_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUH$moUVo ~Xb H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Vo nm{hbo nm{hOo. Ë`mZ§Va ~Xbm§Mr `moOZm V`ma H$ê$Z A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ho gd© ~Xb H$aVmZm Omo {damoY hmoVmo, Ë`mg J«§Wnmbmg gm_moao Omdo bmJUma Amho. ooo kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 26 [anm°{PQ>ar hm kmZì`dñWmnZmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. gXa boIm_Üò [anm°{PQ>ar åhUOo H$m` ? [anm°{PQ>arMr aMZm, H$m`}, àH$ma, BË`mXt{df`H$ _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. 1. àñVmdZm J«§Wmbò d _m{hVrMr H|$Ðo `m§Zm gÜ`mÀ`m _m{hVr`wJm_Üò kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ à^mdr _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>abobo Amho. kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr d `mo½` Vmo dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`m§Zm kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ ho H$m`© nma nmS>mdo bmJVo. Ë`m_wio {d{dY nÕVtZr kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo ho kmZ`wJmVrb _hÎdmMo H$m`©, kmZmMo g§dY©Z d àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`m§Zm nma nmS>mdo bmJVo. kmZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZm_Üò A§V^y©V Agbobo KQ>H$ åhUOo _m{hVrMm emoY KoUo, _m{hVr g§nmXZ H$aUo, _m{hVrMo g§KQ>Z H$aUo, _m{hVrMr {ZdS> H$aUo d _m{hVrMo àgmaU H$aUo ho hmoV. `mÛmao {d{eï> nÕVrZo dmMH$m§Zm _m{hVrgodm XoUo e` hmoVo. `m AZwf§JmZo kmZì`dñWmnZmMo _hÎd {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho. VgoM e¡j{UH$ d g§emoYZ g§ñWm§_Üò kmZmÀ`m [anm°{PQ>arO {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. `m Ñï>rZo kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ d kmZmÀ`m [anm°{PQ>arMo ì`dñWmnZ ho _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. 2. kmZì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m`? kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ hr ZdrZ g§H$ënZm AgyZ Ë`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMo Ñ{ï>H$moZhr {d{dY AmhoV. CnbãY AgUmao kmZ d Ë`mMm {dH$mg Ho$ë`m_wio Amdí`H$ Vr C{Ôï>o àmá H$aUo gmo`rMo hmoVo. kmZmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò g_m{dï> Agbobo KQ>H$ åhUOo J«§Wmb`m_Üò CnbãY AgUmao kmZ VgoM ZdrZ kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr d ~mhoê$Z kmZ kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 27 CnbãY H$aUo ho hmoV. ho KQ>H$ àË`j A_bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r kmZ [anm°{PQ>arOMr JaO Amho. Ë`m_wio kmZmMr XodmUKodmU VgoM e¡j{UH$ d g§emoYZ g§ñWm§_Yrb AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZmÀ`m CnH«$_m§Zm Amdí`H$ Vo kmZ gwb^ nÕVrZo XoVm òVo. Á`m g§ñWm ì`dñWmnZm_Üò èñdr hmoVmV, Aem g§ñWm§Zm kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr d XodmUKodmU à^mdrnUo H$aUo e` hmoVo. kmZì`dñWmnZm_Üò kmZmMr ì`mßVr, kmZ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo d kmZmMm àgma d {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo ho Ano{jV Amho. gÜ`m _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ d _m{hVrXiUdiUmMr gmYZo- CXmhaUmW©, ZoQ>dH©$, BË`mXtÛmao Ago kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo gwb^ Pmbobo Amho. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m g§ñWm, g§emoYZ H|$Ðo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌo, H¥${fjoÌo, BË`mXt_Üò hmoV Agbobo {d{dY àH$maMo g§emoYZ d H$m`© bjmV KoVm H$moUË`m àH$maMo kmZ Amdí`H$ Amho `mMm emoY KoUo ho kmZì`dñWmnZm_Üò àm_w»`mZo A{^àoV Amho. `m joÌm§_Üò {ZU©`à{H«$ò_Üò kmZmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. Ë`m_wio kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ ho _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z darb Jmoï>rda AmYma^yV R>aVo. `m Ñï>rZo kmZ ì`dñWmnZm_Üò Cn`wV AgUmao kmZ g§H$bZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMo g§KQ>Z H$aUo d _mJUrZwgma Vo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo `mgmR>r ì`dñWmnZmMr JaO Amho. Ë`m Ñï>rZo kmZ [anm°{PQ>arMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. 3. [anm°{PQ>ar åhUOo H$m` ? [anm°{PQ>ar_Üò kmZ d _m{hVr XmoÝhtMo g§H$bZ Ho$bobo AgVo. {deofV [anm°{PQ>ar_Üò kmZ qH$dm _m{hVr hr àboIm_YyZ CnbãY AgVo. Ë`m_Üò g§emoYZ Ahdmb, g^m-gå_obZo d¥Îmm§V, g§emoYZm{df`r _m{hVr Ë`mM~amo~a BVa àmW{_H$ d {ÛVr`H$ gmYZo `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m àH$maMr gmYZo hr _hÎdmMr AgyZ Ë`m_YyZ kmZmMr XodmU-KodmU [anm°{PQ>arÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$br OmVo. e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm `m§Zm [anm°{PQ>arO_YyZ kmZ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo OmVo. OoUoH$ê$Z g§emoYZ, AÜ`mnZ d AÜ``Z VgoM BVa e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_ `m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmTy> eH$Vo. g§ñWm§VJ©V [anm°{PQ>ar_Üò àrqàQ>, nmoñQ> qàQ>, Wo{gg, Q>opZH$b [anmoQ>©, BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoD$ eH$Vmo. `m g§J«hmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§emoYZ d e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_ `m§Zm MmbZm {_iVo. [anm°{PQ>ar åhUOo "_°ZoÁS> ñQ>moaoO {gñQ>r_' hmo`. Ë`m_Üò {d{dY ñVam§darb CXmhaUmW©, d¡`pVH$, g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm, {d^mJr`, amï´>r` VgoM H$Ýgmo{e©`m AmYm[aV {d{dY godm {Xë`m OmVmV. `m godm§Ûmao g§emoYZ VgoM BVa e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§Zm AmYma {Xbm OmVmo. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 28 4. [anm°{PQ>arMr aMZm [anm°{PQ>ar_YyZ kmZmMo g§KQ>Z Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo kmZmÀ`m [anm°{PQ>arMo XmoZ à_wI KQ>H$ AmhoV. Vo åhUOo kmZmMo ñQ´>Ma d H§$Q>|Q²>g. kmZmMo H§$Q>|Q²>g ho kmZmÀ`m ñQ´>Ma_Üò A{^àoV AmhoV. kmZmÀ`m ñQ´>Ma_Üò kmZmMo `w{ZQ> Ano{jV AgyZ H$moUË`m àH$maMo kmZ g§H${bV H$aUo A{^àV Amho, `mdê$Z kmZmMo ñQ´>Ma R>aVo. [anm°{PQ>ar_Üò Imbrb Jmoï>tMm àm_w»`mZo g_mdoe hmoVmo. 4.1 Zm°bO o [a\$m`Zar [anm°{PQ>ar_YyZ kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr d kmZmMm àgma H$aUo `mg [a\$m`Zar åhUVmV. `m à{H«$ò_Üò nmM Q>ßß`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. (1) kmZg§nmXZ g§ñWm§VJ©V {Z{_©V kmZ qH$dm _m{hVr VgoM ~mhoarb g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm§H$Sy>Z (External sources) kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo. (2) [a\$m`qZJ g§nmXZ Ho$bobo kmZ [anm°{PQ>ar_Üò gmR>dÊ`mnydu Ë`mMo _hÎd OmUyZ KoUo (Refining) d Ë`mZ§Va Aem kmZmMr gmR>dUyH$ d g§KQ>Z H$aUo. (3) kmZmMr à{Vàmár [anm°{PQ>ar _Üò g§K{Q>V Ho$bobo kmZ Amdí`H$ Ë`m KQ>H$m§Zm/ dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. (4) A°gog (Access) [anm°{PQ>ar_Yrb kmZ CnbãY AgUmar gmYZo VgoM Ë`m_Yrb _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {d{dY nÕVtMm dmna H$aUo. (5) kmZmMo _hÎd kmZmMo _hÎd ho kmZmMm dmna `mda Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`m Ñï>mZo [anm° { PQ> a rO_Yy Z kmZmMr {ZdS> , kmZmMr Jw U dÎmm d kmZmMm dmna BË`mXt{df`r _m{hVr nwa{dUo. 4.2 kmZì`dñWmnZ CnH«$_ kmZì`dñWmnZm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m godH$dJm©Mr ^y{_H$m d O~m~Xmar `mo½` Ë`m nÕVrZo {ZpíMV H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. `m ì`dñWmnZm_Üò _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Vo {Z`moOZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nma§n[aH$ nÕVr qH$dm H$m`©nÕVr H$mhr A§er kmZì`dñWmnZm_Üò H$mb~mø hmoV AmhoV. Á`m nÕVrZo kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr, XodmUKodmU d dmna Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`m nÕVr AmYw{ZH$ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio kmZì`dñWmnZm_Üò àËòH$mMr ^y{_H$m {ZpíMV H$ê$Z ho ì`dñWmnZ g§nyU© g§ñWm§VJ©V ì`mnH$ Ñï>rZo H$go dmnabo OmVo ho ñnï> H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. kmZì`dñWmnZmMo {Z`moOZ, kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 29 AmamIS>m d g§ñWm§VJ©V {d{dY gmYZm§Mr `mo½` Vr gm§JS> KmVë`mg ho ì`dñWmnZ AMyH$ d èñdr hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio Mm§Jë`m [anm°{PQ>arMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$Z dmnahr à^mdrnUo hmoD$ eH$Vmo. 4.3 [anm°{PQ>arMo ì`dñWmnZ [anm°{PQ>ar Ooìhm gwê$ Ho$br OmVo, Ë`m doionmgyZ [anm°{PQ>ar_Yrb g§J«hmMr dmT> {Za§Va hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio doimodoir [anm°{PQ>arMo nwZgªKQ>Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. H$mb~mø Pmbobo kmZ, _m{hVrMr gmYZo VgoM dmnamV Zgbobr _m{hVrMr gmYZo aÔ~mVb H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ZdrZ kmZmMr â, ZdrZ kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr d dmMH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma ZdrZ _m{hVrÀ`m gmYZm§Mo g§nmXZ H$aUo hohr {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo Amho. èñdr kmZì`dñWmnZ ho kmZmMo g§KQ>Z d nwZgªKQ>Z `m à{H«$`m§da AmYma^yV Amho. `m à{H«$`m AI§{S>VnUo gwê$ R>odUo åhUOoM [anm°{PQ>arMo èñdr ì`dñWmnZ hmo`. 4.4 {S>{OQ>b V§ÌkmZ d [anm°{PQ>ar (1) (2) (3) (4) {S>{OQ>b V§ÌkmZm_wio [anm°{PQ>ar_Üò AZoH$ \$m`Xo Ano{jV AmhoV. Ano{jV Agbobo kmZ H$_rV H$_r doimV H$moUË`mhr {R>H$mUmhÿZ CnbãY H$aVm òVo. kmZmMo dJuH$aU, gyMr, VgoM kmZ gmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr {ZpíMV H$aVm òVmV d kmZmMo {d{dY `w{ZQ²>g OmoS>Uo e` hmoVo. kmZmMm AMyH$ emoY KoUo d Amdí`H$ H§$Q>|Q²>ggmR>r dJ©UrXma hmoVm òVo. àboIm_Yrb H§$Q>o§Q²>g {d{dY nÕVt_Üò gmXa H$aVm òVmV, Á`mÛmao Ano{jV AW© d dmna {ZpíMV H$aVm òVmo. 5. [anm°{PQ>arMr H$m`} [anm°{PQ>arMr à_wI H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. (1) {d{dY joÌm§Zm kmZmMm nwadR>m H$ê$Z Ë`m joÌm_Yrb CnH«$_ d g§emoYZ `m§Zm CÎmoOZ XoUo. (2) Amdí`H$ AgUmao kmZ d _m{hVr gmVË`mZo CnbãY H$aUo. (3) g§emoYZ, AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZ `m§À`m JwUmË_H$ dmT>r_Üò `mo½` Vo `moJXmZ XoUo. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 30 (4) AÚ`mdV _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZ VgoM _m{hVrÀ`m XiUdiU nÕVtMm dmna H$ê$Z à^mdrnUo kmZg§H$bZ, g§dY©Z d àgmaU à{H«$`m èñdr[aË`m nma nmS>Uo. (5) BboQ´>m°{ZH$ d {S>{OQ>b _m{hVrMr gmYZo `m§Mm à^mdrnUo dmna H$ê$Z AMyH$ kmZmMm emoY, àgma d dmMH$m§Zm Ano{jV Agboë`m \$m°a_°Q>_Üò Vo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. 6. [anm°{PQ>arMo àH$ma (1) dmMH$g_yh dmMH$g_yh S>moiçm§g_moa R>odyZ [anm°{PQ>ar ñWmnZ H$aVm òVo. CXmhaUmW©, g§emoYH$, AÜ`mnH$, AÜ``Z H$aUmao Ago dmMH$ S>moiçm§g_moa R>odyZ `mo½` Ë`m kmZgmYZm§Mr [anm°{PQ>ar ñWmnZ H$aVm òVo. (2) gmYZg_yh doJdoJir _m{hVrMr gmYZo KoD$Z [anm°{PQ>ar ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. CXmhaUmW©, àmW{_H$ gmYZo, (g§emoYZ Ahdmb, noQ>|Q²>g, ñQ>±S>S>²©g, à~§Y, Vm§{ÌH$ Ahdmb, BË`mXr) BboQ´>m°{ZH$ gmYZo, {df` S>oQ>m~ogog, {d{eï> {df`mVrb _m{hVrMr gmYZo BË`mXtZwgma [anm°{PQ>ar {Z_m©U H$aVm òVo. (3) ì`már [anm°{PQ>arMr ì`már bjmV KoD$Z [anm°{PQ>ar ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. CXmhaUmW©, d¡`pVH$ [anm°{PQ>ar, {d^mJr` [anm°{PQ>ar, g§ñWm§VJ©V [anm°{PQ>ar, {d{dY g§ñWm§VJ©V ({d^mJr`) [anm°{PQ>ar, amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r`, BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m [anm°{PQ>ar ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m OmVmV. (4) àmW{_H$ H$m`m©Zg w ma : [anm°{PQ>arÀ`m àmW{_H$ H$m`m©Zwgma [anm°{PQ>ar ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. CXmhaUmW©, _m{hVrÀ`m gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm, {df`mZwgma _m{hVrÀ`m gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm, {S>{OQ>b gmYZm§Mo g§nmXZ, _m{hVrÀ`m g§àfo UmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ nÕVr, _m{hVrÀ`m gmYZm§Mo AmXmZàXmZ d dmna, BË`mXr {ZH$f (H$m`}) bjmV KoD$Z [anm°{PQ>arMr ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. 7. g§ñWm§VJ©V [anm°{PQ>arMr H$mhr CXmhaUo (1) (2) (3) (4) Z°eZb bm`~«ar Am°\$ B§{S>`m Z°eZb AH$m©B©ìhO Am°\$ B§{S>`m g|Q> Po{d`g© H$m°boO, JmoWëg B§{S>`Z bm`~«ar A±S> [agM© g|Q>a B§{S>`Z BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ gm`Ýg, ~|Jbmoa kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 31 g§X^©gM y r (1) Arnepalli,Kaladhar. "Knowledge Management and Knowledge Repositories : Role of Management Libraries", Digital libraries in knowedge management ed. by Sreekumar, M. G. et., al., New Delhi, Ess Ess Pub., 2006. pp. 335. (2) Doctor, Gayatri. "Institutional Repositories - A new paradigm to sharing information", Digital libraries in knowledge management, ed. by Sreekumar, M.G. et. al., New Delhi, Ess Ess Pub., 2006, pp. 513. (3) Patel, Yatrik et. al., "Institutional Digital Repositories E. Archives : INFLIBNET initiative in India", Digital libraries in knowledge management ed. by Sreekumar, M. G. et. al., New Delhi, Ess Ess Pub., 2006, pp. 542. (4) Rajashekhar, T. B., "Interoperable Institutional digital research repositories", knowledge organization, information system, and other essays ed. by Raghavan, K. S. and Prasad, K. N., New Delhi, Ess Ess Pub., 2006, pp. 171. ooo go_p° ÝQ>H$ do~ (^mJ - 3) S>m°. ZmJZmW am. am_Xmgr go_°pÝQ>H$ do~ `m {df`mda kmZJ§JmoÌrÀ`m `mnyduÀ`m A§H$m§_Üò XmoZ ^mJm§V boI N>mnbo AmhoV. `m {df`mdarb `m _mboVrb hm {Vgam d eodQ>Mm ^mJ òWo N>mnV AmhmoV. {deofV go_°pÝQ>H$ do~er g§~§{YV XML, RDF, Ontology Am{U Taxonomy `m g§H$ënZm§~m~V gXa boImV _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. `mnyduÀ`m ^mJmV g§JUH$s` AmkmdbtZm J{UVr, Vm{H©$H$ VgoM Vm§{ÌH$ {ZU©` H$gmoQ>rgmR>r JwV§ mJwV§ r g_OÊ`mBVnV gj_ H$aUo H$go Amdí`H$ Amho Vo AmnU nm{hbo. `m ^mJmV CnbãY V§ÌkmZ dmnê$Z go_°pÝQ>H$ do~ H$go H$m`© H$aVo `mda â {Xbm Amho. go_p° ÝQ>H$ do~-{Z{_©VrgmR>r CnbãY V§ÌkmZm§VJ©V Imbrb XmoZ àUmbr A{Ve` _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. (1) XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language) (2) RDF (Resource Description Framework) XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language) XML hr g§JUH$s` ^mfm d¡`pVH$ Tags Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo e` H$aVo. g§JUH$s` Omiçm§da {XgUmè`m _m{hVrÀ`m gmXarH$aUmg {Z`§{ÌV d _mJ©X{e©V H$aUmar AÑí` ~moY{MÝho Ago Tag `m g§k~o Ôb gm§JVm òBb © . Aem gmXarH$aUm_Üò dU©ZmË_H$ Vnerb _hÎdmMm AgVmo. Ogo Hw$R>bo eãX AWdm Amoi R>iH$ {Xgmdo. eãX / AmoitMm àH$ma, AmH$ma (Font type), a§J, gmaUr~ÕVm qH$dm eãX Amoit_Yrb A§Va, BË`mXr ~m~r g§JUH$ nQ>bmdarb nmZ dmMVmZm _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. `m§Zm dU©ZmË_H$ Vnerb (Annotations) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo d Aem Vn{ebmMo {Z`§ÌU H$ê$Z gmXarH$aUmMr {Xem R>a{dUmao EH$ àH$maMr AÑí` _mJ©Xe©H$ ~moY{MÝho åhUOo "Q>°J' (Tag) hmoV. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 32 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 33 RDF (Resource Description Framework) _OHw$amÀ`m dU©ZmË_H$ T>mÀ`m~ÔbMr _m{hVr gmR>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© RDF H$aVo. dm`m§g§~§YrMr VrZ àH$maMr _m{hVr RDF EH$m g§MmV R>odVo. {df`, {H«$`mnX d H$_© `m VrZ Jmoï>r EH$Ì R>odUmè`m Aem g§Mmbm g§M`Ìr (Triple) åhQ>bo OmVo. Aer Triples XML {Z`§ÌH$m§Mm (Tags) dmna H$ê$Z V`ma Ho$br OmVmV. RDF Ûmao EImÚm àboIm~ÔbMo R>mog à{VnmXZ d g§~§{YV _yëò `m§À`m {ZpíMVrMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br OmVo. Aem _m§S>Ur_wio g§JUH$mda g§ñH$m[aV hmoUmè`m _OHw$amMo Ano{jV _m{hVr_Üò Z¡g{J©H$ ê$nm§VaU H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo. _m{hVrÀ`m nmZmdarb {df` d H$m`© `m~m~VMr Zm|X AmoiI URI (Universal Resource Identifier) Ûmao Ho$br OmVo. {H«$`mnXohr URI H$Sy>Z AmoiIbr OmVmV. Aem `m à{H«$ò_YyZ Ë`m _OHw$amMo EH$ OmJ{VH$ AmoiInÌ (URI) V`ma hmoVo, Oo g§JUr` Omiçm§da, Hw$R>ohr AgUmè`m dmnaH$Ë`m©g ~Z{dVm òD$ eH$Vo. Aem `m AmoiInÌm§_wio EImÚm eãXmMm / g§H$ënZoMm ~hþe` / AZoH${dY dmna bjmV òD$Z AZw_mZmgmR>rMr VH©$nwï>r dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio AZw_mZ AMyH$ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. RDF àUmbr g§MÌ`r (Triples) Ûmam g§~§{YV ~m~r / _{hVrMo EH$ OmioM V`ma H$aVo. Aem àH$mao URI Mm dmna H$ê$Z RDF, eãX / _OHy$a Ho$di H$mJXmda AmhoV VgoM Z amhVm, Ë`m_mJrb A{^àoV ì`má AW© Ü`mZmV KoUmè`m AmoiInÌm§Ûmao A{^àoV n¥ÀN>m§Zm/àíZm§Zm AMyH$ CÎmao XoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òg _XV H$aVmo. AmVm hr gd© AdKS> à{H«$`m g_OÊ`mgmR>r EH$ CXmhaUM g_OyZ KoD$ `mV. g_Om, doJdoJiçm g§JUH$s` Vm{bH$m (Databases) {dMmamV KoD$ `mV. Aem Vm{bH$m§_Üò H$mhr bmoH$m§Mr Zmdo d Ë`m§Mo nÎmo AmhoV. Imbrb "A' `m g§JUH$s` Vm{bHo$V Xe©{dë`mà_mUo _m{hVr âbr Amho. Z_wZm åhUyZ EH$ aoH$m°S>© ("A' `m g§JUH$s` Vm{bHo$Mo) gmo~V Xe©{dbo Amho. S>Qo >m~og "A' Zm_ nÎmm H«$. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. erf©H$ (Fields) AmS>Zmd àW_ Zm_ {ÛVr` Zm_ Ka Z§~a Jr Z§~a añVm / nW {d^mJ /Jmd /eha {nZ H$moS> Vnerb (Data) am_Xmgr _§Owfm ZmJZmW âb°Q> 6 g_W© ZJa {edmOr nW - 3 Zdr gm§Jdr, nwUo 411 027 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 34 g_Om, `m Vm{bHo$_YyZ {d{eï> {nZH$moS> A§VJ©V amhUmè`m ì`Vr emoYm`À`m AmhoV. Voìhm darb D$hmnmoh Ho$ë`mà_mUo RDF, URI Ûmao Ago bjmV R>odrb H$s, ({\$ëS> 8 S>oQ>m~og "A') ({\$ëS> àH$ma) ({nZ H$moS>). Eaìhr àËòH$ g§kogmR>rMr eãXaMZm bjmV R>odyZ g§JUH$ ho H$m`© H$arb. `mgmR>r Ontologies Mm dmna H$gm hmoVmo Vohr AmnU OmUyZ KoD$ `m. Ontology g_Om A, ~, H$, S>, B Aem nmM doJdoJiçm g§JUH$s` Vm{bH$m (URI) AmhoV. `m gd© Vm{bH$m§_Üò EH$ (URI) Agm Amho H$s, Á`mV {nZ H$moS> 411 027 Amho. ho emoYÊ`mgmR>r g§JUH$ àUmbr XmoZ {^Þ Vm{bH$m§Mr (Ë`mVrb _m{hVrMr) VwbZm H$arb qH$dm gmaIr _m{hVr emoYrb d {ZpíMV H$arb H$s Aem XmoZ Vm{bH$m§_Yrb {nZH$moS> gmaIoM åhUOo 411 027 Amho. Aem àH$mao ho gd© H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§JUH$s` Amkmdbr_Üò XmoZ {^Þ Vm{bH$m§_Yrb g_mZ g§km emoYÊ`mmgmR>rMr H«$_dma Amkm§gmR>rMr VH©$~wÕr (Logic Algorithm) A§V^©Vy Ho$bobr AgVo. hoM H$m`© go_°pÝQ>H$ do~_Üò EH$m _hÎdmÀ`m _yb^yV KQ>H$mÛmao Ho$bo OmVo. hm KQ>H$ åhUOo 'Ontology' hmo`; Á`m_wio _m{hVrMo Z¡g{J©H$ Ago gwì`dpñWV g§H$bZ Ho$bo OmVo. VmpÎdH$ Ñï>çm Ontology åhUOo nXmW© àH$mamZwgma Ë`mMo Z¡g{J©H$ ñdê$n ñnï> / àH$Q> H$aUmè`m g¡Õm§{VH$ à{VnmXZmg§~§Yr Aä`mg H$aUmar kmZemIm hmo`. 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(3) EHy$U g_ñ`m n[ahmamH$[aVm qH$dm {df` g§emoYZmH$[aVm AmUIr H$moUVr n`m©`r V§Ìo CnbãY AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§n¡H$s H$moUË`m V§ÌmÀ`m Cn`moOZmZo A{YH$ \$m`Xoera[aË`m g_ñ`mn[ahma hmoVmo qH$dm {df`g§emoYZ nyU© hmoD$ eH$Vo. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 40 Á`m {df`mH$[aVm S>oë\$s V§Ì dmnabo OmUma Amho Ë`m {df`mVrb g§X^© ñnï> AgVrb VaM darb CÎmao {_iy eH$VmV. `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao Z Amë`mg S>oë\$s V§ÌmMo Cn`moOZ {Zén`moJr R>aVo Am{U Ho$bobo n[al_ dm`m OmVmV. S>oë\$s H«$_mVyZ _Vmì`{V[aV H$mhr {_iV Zmhr. g{_VrVrb VÁkm§À`m _VmEdT>r S>oë\$s H«$_m§Mr \$b{ZînÎmr J«mø _mZbr OmVo. g{_VrMo ~hþ_V KoÊ`mEodOr g{_VrÀ`m {ZU©`m§Mm qH$dm _Vm§Mm gm§p»`H$s` gmam§e Ho$bm OmVmo. S>ëo \$s V§ÌmMo Cn`moOZ S>oë\$s V§ÌmMo Cn`moOZ gd©àW_ emñÌr` d V§ÌkmZmVrb ^{dî`doYmgmR>r Ho$bo Jobo. Ë`m doir EH$m {d{eï> V§ÌkmZmVrb g§^dZr`Vm qH$dm e`Vm Am{U Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmam A§Xm{OV H$mi/doi `mda V§km§Zr Zm|X{dboë`m _Vm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU hm CÔoe hmoVm. `m àH$maMm Ahdmb gd©àW_ Jm°S>©Z (Gorden) d hoë_a (Helmer) `m§Zr 1946 gmbr V`ma Ho$bm. `mV emñÌ d V§ÌkmZ {dH$mg `m_Yrb XrK©H$mbrZ H$b (long term trends) d Ë`m§Mr {Xem _yë`_mnZ Á`mV emñÌr` KQ>Zm, bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU qH$dm `m§{ÌH$sH$aU (Automation) AdH$me g§emoYZ àJVr, `wÕ à{V~§YH$ d eñÌg§~§Yr `§ÌUm, BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna BVa joÌm§V Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm. {deofV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb Am{W©H$ H$b, Amamo½` d {ejU, BË`mXr joÌm§V S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm. Ë`mM~amo~a ì`dgm`-CÚmoJjoÌmVhr A{YH$ èñdr[aË`m d A{Ve` AMyH$nUo ì`dgm`mÀ`m ^{dî`doYmgmR>r S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna gwê$ Pmbm. ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZmVhr _Zwî`~i {dH$mg, _Zwî`~i dmna VgoM CËnmXZ dmT>, g§emoYZ d {dH$mg (growth, research & development), BË`mXr Jmoï>tgmR>r S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna hmoD$ bmJbm. ì`dñWmnZ joÌmEdT>oM g§emoYZjoÌmVrb S>oë\$s V§Ìmbm _hÎd Amho. dmñV{dH$ H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m KQ>H$m{df`r g§emoYZ H$am`mMo AgVo. Ë`m Ë`m doir S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm Jobm. _J ho KQ>H$ åhUOo V§ÌkmZ Agob, {ejUjoÌ Agob, gm_m{OH$ joÌ Agob qH$dm ì`dñWmnZjoÌ Agob. `m joÌmVrb {d{dY g§emoYZmH$[aVm S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. e¡j{UH$ joÌmVrb g§emoYZmV J«§Wmb`mg AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. {deofV g§emoYZ hm {df` J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌmer OmñV {ZJ{S>V Amho. J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌmVrb g§emoYZmH$[aVm Am{U ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm S>ëo \$s V§ÌmMm A{YH$m{YH$ dmna hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. J«§Wmb` _m{hVremñÌmVrb EImÚm g_ñòda Cnm``moOZm H$aVmZm qH$dm `m joÌmVrb {d{dY godm AmXr KQ>H$m§{df`r g§emoYZ H$aVmZm `m kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 41 g§emoYZmV S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo. CXmhaUmW©, gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`mV {d{dY d`moJQ>mVrb dmMH$m§Zm H$go AmH${f©V H$amd`mMo, ñÌrdJm©Mm H$b dmMZmH$S>o n`m©`mZo J«§Wmb`mH$S>o H$gm didmd`mMm. Ë`mgmR>r H$moUË`m gmo`rgw{dYm CnbãY H$amd`mÀ`m `m~m~V emoY ¿`m`Mm Pmë`mg S>oë\$s V§ÌmgmaIo Xwgao H$moUVohr V§Ì Zmhr. _m{hVrÀ`m {dñ\$moQ>m_wio J«§Wmb`m§_Üò gmVË`mZo ~Xb H$amdo bmJV AmhoV. J«§Wmb` A{YH$m{YH$ _m{hVrg_¥Õ H$go hmoB©b, `mgmR>r H$moUVo ~Xb H$amdo bmJVrb hmhr g§emoYZmMm ^mJ AgyZ òWohr S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZ H$ê$ eH$Vo. EImXo ZdrZ J«§Wmb` gwê$ H$aVmZm J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ñWmZ{ZpíMVrnmgyZ g§nyU© J«§Wmb`mMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ hmoB©n`ªVÀ`m àdmgmÀ`m àËòH$ Q>ßß`m~m~V {dMma H$aVmZm J«§Wmb` dmnaH$Ë`m©Mm {dMma hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a g§~§{YV joÌmVrb VÁkm§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoUo Bï> R>aVo. WmoS>`mV, òWohr S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌmV `m d Aem N>moQ>çm d _moR>çm KQ>H$m§À`m g§emoYZmH$[aVm VgoM `m joÌmVrb ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo. J«§Wmb`m_m\©$V XoÊ`mV òUmè`m {d{dY _hÎdnyU© godm A{YH$m{YH$ à^mdrnUo, `mo½` doioV, `mo½` àH$mao H$em XoVm òVrb `mdahr J«§Wmb` ì`dñWmnZmbm g§emoYZ H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg S>oë\$s V§ÌmEdT>o Xwgao H$moUVohr g§emoYZ V§Ì Cn`wV R>aUma Zmhr. _m{hVr {dñ\$moQ>mÀ`m gÜ`mÀ`m `wJmV _m{hVrMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U dmna gmVË`mZo dmT>V OmUmam Amho. ~XbË`m H$mim~amo~a d V§ÌkmZm~amo~a J«§Wmb`mVhr g§JUH$mMm dmna {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho. EImÚm nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`mMo g§nyU© g§JUrH¥$V qH$dm hm`~«rS> J«§Wmb` ~Zdmd`mMo Pmë`mg Ë`m J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmbm {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm emoY KoUo JaOoMo R>aUma Amho. H$moUË`m àH$maMo {H$Vr g§JUH$ ¿`m`Mo, Ë`m§Mm dmna J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$moUË`m H$m_mgmR>r H$amd`mMm, Ë`m_m\©$V H$moUË`m godm H$em àH$mao Úmì`mV, H$moUVr Amkmdbr dmnamdr, _Zwî`~i à{ejU `m§gma»`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm emoY ì`dñWmnZmbm ¿`mdm bmJVmo. `mgmR>r S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna ì`dñWmnZmZo H$aUo A{YH$ Cn`wV R>ê$ eH$Vo. J«§Wmb`mMr B_maV `m KQ>H$m~m~Vhr S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`wV _Vo OmUyZ KoVm òVrb. J«§Wmb` B_maV H$moR>o Agmdr, Ë`m B_maVrV {d{dY nm`m^yV gw{dYm H$moR>o Agmì`mV, J«§Wg§J«hmMr OmJm, {dVaUmMr OmJm, J«§Wnmb H$j, dmMZH$j H$em àH$mao AgmdoV, BË`mXt~m~V {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dmMH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoD$Z Amdí`H$VoZwgma ~Xb qH$dm ~m§YH$m_ H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. hr _Vo OmUyZ KoUo åhUOoM EH$m AWm©Zo S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna H$aUo hmo`. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 42 S>oë\$s V§Ìmda Q>rH$mhr _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbr. Ament (1970), pìhgo_m (1982) d hoë_a (1983) `m§Zr S>oë\$s V§Ìmbm gmhmæ` H$aUmao AZoH$ Aä`mg d à`moJ Ho$bo AmhoV. {_ëH$m{dM Am{U BVa `m§Zr _Zwî`~imÀ`m ^{dî`doYmgmR>r S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm hmoVm. S>oë\$s V§Ì ho EH$_od {d{eï> Am{U Ho$di EH$mM A§J (one specific & single dimension) AgUmè`m àíZmMo CÎma XoÊ`mg, g_ñòÀ`m {ZamH$aUmÀ`m ^{dî`doY KoÊ`mg gdm©{YH$ Cn`wV Ago V§Ì R>abo Amho. J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌmVrb g§emoYZ VgoM J«§Wmb` d _m{hVrMo ì`dñWmnZ `mgmR>rhr S>oë\$s V§ÌmMm dmna H$aVmZm S>oë\$s V§ÌmVrb hm Xmof bjmV R>odUo JaOoMo Amho. (2) {gZ°[aAmo boIZ (Scenario Writing) à{gÕ \«|$M H$mX§~arH$ma-g_rjH$ _me}b àmoñQ> (Marcel Proust) `m§§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Obn`©Q>ZmVyZ Ho$di ZdrZ O_rZ emoYm`Mr ZgVo Va ZdrZ Ñï>rhr emoYm`Mr AgVo.1 AerM ZdrZ Ñï>r {gZ°[aAmo boIZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU nwT>o H$m` hmoUma qH$dm EImÚm Jmoï>rMo nwT>o H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVrb `mMo H$ënZm{dñVmamZo {MÌ Cô H$aUo åhUOoM {gZ°[aAmo boIZ hmo`. {gZ°[aAmo boIZ hm H$ënZm {dñVma Amho. Vo ^{dî`H$WZ Zìho! {gZ°[aAmo boIZ ^{dî`mMm doY KoÊ`mgmR>r Zdr Ñï>r nwa{dVo. Scenario hm _yi eãX BQ>m{b`Z AgyZ Ë`mMm AW© Z¡g{J©H$ /a§J^y_rdarb XoImì`mMo dU©Z qH$dm KQ>Zm§Mo / _m{bHo$Mo {dñV¥V dU©Z Agm hmoVmo.2 {gZ°[aAmo hm _m{hVrMo nyU©nUo {^Þ Ago n¡by {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ XoUmam {eñV~Õ _mJ© AgyZ Ë`m_wio ^{dî`H$mimVrb e`Vm ñnï> hmoVo Am{U nwT>o H$m` hmoD$ eH$Vo `mMo {MÌM Cô H$aVmo. {gZ°[aAmo boIZmMo VrZ ^mJ Ho$bo OmVmV.3 ho ^mJ nwT>rbà_mUo. (1) àñVmdZm (Introduction) : `mV dV©_mZ n[apñWVrVrb gwédmVrMm jU (Starting Point) R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r nwaoer nmíd©^y_r H$WZ Ho$br OmVo. `mV Á`m {df`mda {gZ°[aAmo boIZ H$amd`mMo Amho Vmo {df` Am{U Á`m§À`mgmR>r ho boIZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`m{df`r _m{hVr H$WZ Ho$br OmVo. 1 http://intra.ehva.nl/scenariowriting 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scenario 3 http://www.pirp.harvard.edu/courses/ge15620032004/ 2003Scenariolnstructions.doc kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 43 (2) {gZ° [ aAmo (Scenario) : `mV H$ënZm{dñVmamgmR> r {ZdS> b o ë `m {df`mg§X^m©Vrb ^{dî`H$mimV hmoUmè`m {dH$mgmMm e` Agbobm _mJ© H$WZ Ho$bm OmVmo. (3) g_mbmoMZ (Commentary) : ho {Zg§e`nUo AJXr CKS>CKS> Ago {díbofUmË_H$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo òWo hmoUmè`m KQ>Zm§Mo g_rjU AgVo. Oo KQ>H$ Ü`mZmVhr KoVbo OmV ZmhrV qH$dm bjmVhr òV ZmhrV Ago KQ>H$ bjmV AmUyZ {Xbo OmVmV. ~è`mMXm Ago Xwb©{jV KQ>H$M _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. `m àH$mao VrZ ^mJm§V {gZ°[aAmo boIZ hmoVo. {gZ°[aAmo boIZ ho ^{dî`H$WZ Zmhr Va e`VmXe©H$ Ago H$ënZm{dñVmamË_H$ boIZ AgVo. H$m` KSy> eH$Vo `m~m~V e`Vm òWo dV©©{dë`m OmVmV. CXmhaUmW©, XodJS> òWo Am¡{îUH$ àH$ën C^mabm Joë`mg H$m` hmoB©b? `m H$ënZoMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {gZ°[aAmo boIZ Ho$ë`mg H$mhr Vk drO CËnmXZmV {H$Vr dmT> hmoB©b, Vr H$em àH$mao H$moR>o H$moR>o dmnaVm òB©b, `m~m~V {gZ°[aAmo boIZ H$aVrb; Va Hw$Ur XiUdiUmÀ`m añVo, aoëdo, gmJar dmhVyH$ `m§~m~V H$em gwYmaUm hmoVrb, ñWm{ZH$m§Zm H$gm amoOJma {_iob `m~m~V {gZ°[aAmo boIZ hmoB©b. `mà_mUo H$mhr n`m©daUdmXr `m Am¡pîUH$ àH$ënm_wio XodJS> n[agamVrb n`m©daUmda, H¥${f-CËnmXZ {deofV Am§~m CËnmXZ `mda H$m` n[aUm_/ Xwîn[aUm_ hmoVrb `mMoM {MÌ Cô H$aVrb; AWm©V ho hr {gZ°[aAmo boIZM Agob. {gZ°[aAmo boIZ H$aVmZm Vo H$aUmè`m ì`º$s¨Zm ho boIZ H$go H$amd`mMo `m~m~V nyU© _m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$maU {gZ°[aAmo boIZ ho ^{dî`H$WZ Zìho. åhUyZM Omo H$ënZm{dñVma H$amd`mMm Amho Vmo dmñVddmXr Agmdm. Á`m KQ>mH$m~m~V hoo boIZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`m~m~V Ë`m§Zm g§nyU© _m{hVr Agmdr d Ë`m§Zr boIZmV g§nyU©nUo (Start to finish) H$m` KS>ob `mMo H$ënZm{dñVmamZo dU©Z H$amdo.4 {gZ°[aAmo boIZ H$aVmZm qH$dm {gZ°[aAmo {dH${gV H$aVmZm H$mhr Q>ßno R>a{dbobo AmhoV. {gZ°[aAmo {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo Q>ßno5 nwT>rbà_mUo(1) {gZ°[aAmo boIZmMm _yi àíZ (Key question) {ZpíMV H$aUo. (2) ^{dî`mV ~Xb hmoUmar joÌo/KQ>H$ AmoiIUo. (3) ^{dî`mV ~Xb hmoD$ eH$Umar gdm©{YH$ _hÎdmMr joÌo / KQ>H$ {ZdS>Uo. 4 http://ed.fnal.gov/lincon/fac/discuss/el/scenario.shtml 5 http://intra.ehva.nl/scanariowriting kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 44 (4) {dH${gV H$amd`mMm {gZ°[aAmo AmoiIUo/{gÕ H$aUo. (5) {gZ°[aAmo~m~V H$ënZm{dñVmamZo dmñVdmer {ZJ{S>V boIZ H$aUo. `m nmM Q>ßß`m§VyZ {gZ°[aAmo boIZmMo H$m`© nyU© hmoVo. AmOda boIZ Pmboë`m AZoH$ gwà{gÕ H$Wm, H$mX§~è`m {gZ°[aAmo boIZmMo CXmhaU AmhoV. ^maVmMo amï´>nVr E. nr. Oo. AãXwb H$bm_ `m§Mo "^maV 2020', B§J«Or gwà{gÕ boIZ am°~rZ Hw$H$ `m§Mo H«$mo_moPmo_ 6' hr H$mX§~ar åhUOo ^{dî`mMm doY KoUmao {gZ°[aAmo boIZM åhUmdo bmJob. J«§Wmbò {deofV J«§Wnmb ho g§emoYZmer {deofËdmZo {ZJ{S>V AgVmV. IaoVa J«W§ nmb hm EH$ Mm¡\$o a g§emoYH$M Agmdm bmJVmo. {d{dY {df`m§Vrb {d{dY g§emoYZm§Zm d g§emoYH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m emoYH$m`m©V Amdí`H$ Vo g§X^© nwa{dUo, Ë`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ Aem _m{hVrMm gmVË`mZo emoY KoUo hr H$m`©o J«§Wnmbm§Zm H$amdrM bmJVmV. ~hþVoH$ gd©M g§emoYZm§Mm "emoY' bmJÊ`mnydu Ë`mda Ho$bobo boIZ qH$dm emoYmVyZ {_iUmè`m \$bmMo V`ma Ho$bobo H$ënZm{MÌ hoXoIrb {gZ°[aAmo boIZM AgVo. `m Aem boIZmÀ`m AmYmao Ë`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ R>aUmè`m _m{hVrMm emoY KoUo J«§Wnmbm§Zm gmono hmoVo. åhUyZM {gZ°[aAmo boIZmMm ~amM \$m`Xm J«§Wnmbm§Zm d J«§Wmb`m§Zm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. (3) nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU ([a-B§{OZrA[a¨J) àñVmdZm gÜ`mMo `wJ ho _m{hVrMo `wJ Amho. gmVË`mZo gwê$ Agboë`m g§emoYZmVyZ {d{dY kmZemIm§_Yrb kmZmV d _m{hVrV àM§S> à_mUmV â nS>V AgVo. A{Z~ªY à_mUmV hmoUmè`m `m _m{hVr{Z{_©Vrbm _m{hVrMm {dñ\$moQ> (explosion of information) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Á`m à_mUmV _m{hVrMr {Z{_©Vr dmT>V Amho, Ë`mM à_mUmV _m{hVrMr _mJUr dmT>V Amho, gmh{OH$M _m{hVrMr gmR>dU d {dVaU H$aUmè`m J«§Wmb`m§Zm `m gÚpñWVrbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho. nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo Mmbboë`m J«§Wmb`m§Zm _m{hVrÀ`m {dñ\$moQ>mÀ`m `m H$mimV _m{hVrMr gmR>dU d {dVaU nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo H$aUo e` Zmhr. Aer nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmbò Ë`m§À`m dmMH$m§Mr _m{hVrMr JaO AmO ^mJ{dÊ`mg Ag_W© R>ê$ eH$VmV. dmMH$m§À`m _m{hVrMr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r VgoM _m{hVrÀ`m {dñ\$moQ>mbm g_W©nUo Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`m§À`m H$m`©nÕVrbm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr OmoS> XoUo JaOoMo R>aUma Amho. ho H$~yb H$aV AgVmZm `m J«§Wmb`m§Zr Amnë`m nma§n[aH$ godm Mmby R>odVmZm AmYw{ZH$ d ZdrZ godm§À`m Cn`moOZmVyZ J«mhH$m§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dUo Amdí`H$ R>aUma Amho. J«§Wmb` ho Ho$di kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 45 J«§Wmb` Z amhVm Ë`mMo _m{hVrH|$Ð ~Zmdo hr AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ H$mimMr JaO Amho. J«§Wmb`mMo _m{hVrH|$ÐmV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di EH$m à{H«$òMr JaO Amho, Vr à{H«$`m åhUOo "nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s' (Re-Engineering) hmo`. ì`m»`m nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sÀ`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m AZoH$ Vkm§Zr gm§{JVë`m AmhoV. dmna~mø òmoVmMm nwZdm©namÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aUo, åhUOo [a-B§{OZrA[a¨J hmo`. emñÌr` ÑîQ>çm nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhr ì`m»`m nwT>rb à_mUo. nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s (Renovation) Am{U gwYmaUm nbrH$S>o Jobobr pñWVr naV Cn`moJmV AmUUo (Reclamation) Agohr åhUVmV. nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s hr EH$ narjm AgyZ {df` `§ÌUobm ZdrZ ñdê$nmV naV KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$amd`mMo ~Xb R>adyZ Ë`m _mJmo_mJ Ë`mbm ZdrZ ñdê$nmV nyU© ê$n XoUo. `mbmM nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s åhUVmV.1 WmoS>`mV, dmna~mø òmoVm§Mm nwZdm©namÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aUo `mbmM [a-B§{OZrA[a¨J åhUVmV. CbQ> A{^`m§{ÌH$s (Reverse Engineering), nwZ~mªYUr (Reconstruction) d nyd© A{^`m§{ÌH$r (Forward Engineering) `m§À`m EH$ÌrH$UmVyZ ApñVËdmV Agob Ë`m `§ÌUoMo ZdrZ ñdê$nmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmar A{^`m§{ÌH$s à{H«$`m åhUOo [a-B§{OZrA[a¨J hmo`.2 J«§Wmb`mV AmO g§JUH$mMm dmna H$aUo An[ahm`© R>aV Amho. g§JUH$mÀ`m ~m~VrV EH$ g_ñ`m Zoh_r OmUdVo Vr åhUOo H$mbnaËdo Amkmdbr/ gm°âQ>doAg© OwZr hmoV OmVmV. H$mhr H$mimZo hr gm°âQ>doAg© AnS>oQ> H$amdr bmJVmV. Ë`mM ~amo~a ~è`mMXm g§nyU© g§JUH$ qH$dm hmS>©{S>ñH$, _o_ar (RAM) `m§gmaIo g§JUH$m§Mo ^mJ ZdrZM Kmbmdo bmJVmV. Aem doir `m ~Xbm§Zmhr [a-B§{OZrA[a¨J åhUmdo bmJob. EH§$XarV g§nyU© H$m`mnmbQ> d ~Xb H$arV AgVmZm ~è`mMXm Mmby pñWVrVrb CnH$aUo aÔ~mVb H$amdr bmJVmV. `m_Üò Am{W©H$ òmoVm§Mm ~è`mMXm AZmR>m`r dmna hmoVmo; na§Vw H$mbgmnoj àJVr, {dH$mg d C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r Ho$boë`m `m IMmªZm AZmR>m`r IM© åhUUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhr. Aer H$mbgmnoj àJVr gmYÊ`mgmR>r {dH$mgmgmR>r qH$dm C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r nyduÀ`m pñWVrV Ho$bobo H$mbgmnoj ~Xb åhUOo [a-B§{OZrA[a¨J hmo`. nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s åhUOo _yb^yV nwZ{d©Mma Am{U H$gyZ Ho$bobr nwZ~mªYUr AmamIS>çmMr nwwZa©MZm H$aUo Á`m`moJo gmXarH$UmV qH$dm H$m`m©V bjmV òÊ`mOmoJo Ho$bobo ~Xb qH$dm gwYmaUm hmo`.3 nydm©nma MmbV Amboë`m J«§Wmb`rZ H$m_H$mOmÀ`m OmoS>rbm g§JUH$ AmUbm Am{U J«§Wmb` g§JUH$sH¥$V Ho$bo Va J«§Wmb`rZ H$m`m©V {ZpíMV \$aH$ nS>Vmo. CXmhaUmW©, nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`mV EH$ nwñVH$ emoYm`bm Xhm Vo n§Yam {_{ZQ>o OmVmV. nU ì`dpñWV g§JUH$sH$aU Ho$boë`m J«§Wmb`mV hmM emoY {_ZrQ>âmVM KoVm òVmo. nwñVH$ EImÚm dmMH$mH$S>o Agë`mg Vo H$moUmH$S>o Amho d Ho$ìhm Zobo Amho `mMrhr _m{hVr {_iVo. `m_wio dmMH$mMm doi dmMVmo. H$_©Mmè`m§Mm doi dmMyZ Ë`m doimV BVa J«§Wmb`rZ H$m_o H$aUo e` hmoVo. n`m©`mZo J«§Wmb`rZ _Zwî`~i ì`dñWmnZ e` hmoV.o nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s åhUOo Añgb ~Xb, _yb^yV ~XbmMr JaO, _yi C{Ôï> JmR>Ê`mgmR>r H$gyZ Ho$bobr àJVr, _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm `mo½` dmna H$aUo hmo`. hm EH$ H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~Xb AgyZ `mV nÕVr Am{U H$m`©nÕVr `m§Mo {díbofU qH$dm n¥WH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.4 J«W§ mbò hr Amnë`m {gÕm§VmZwgma MmbV AgVmV. ho {gÕm§VM Ë`m§Mr C{ÔîQ>o AgVmV. Amnbr hr C{Ôï>o JmR>Ê`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m`©nÕVrV Zoh_r ~Xb H$amdo bmJVmV. _m{hVr ñ\$moQ>mÀ`m `m H$mimV dmMH$m§Zm Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr doiVo nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r nma§n[aH$ J«W§ mbò hr ñdVÀ`m H$m`m©V AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV. doJmZo dmT>V OmUmar _m{hVr Ë`mM doJmZo `mo½` doir `mo½` ì`º$sg nwa{dÊ`mMr godm J«§Wmb`mbm Úmd`mMr Agë`mg nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`m§Zr nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$ê$Z ñdVÀ`m godm§_Üò _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z ñdVÀ`m J«§Wmb`rZ godm§_Üò gwYmaUm KS>{dUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho. VoìhmM J«§Wmb` ho Ho$di J«§Wmb` Z CaVm _m{hVrH|$Ð hmoD$ eH$Vo. nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s åhUOo gÚpñWVrVrb à{H«$òV _yb^yV Am{U H$S>H$ Aem ~XbmMm Adb§~ H$aUo Am{U ApñVËdmV Agboë`m `§ÌUoMr nwZa©MZm H$aUo.5 [a-B§{OZrA[a¨J H$aVmZm H$mhr Jmoï>r bjmV R>odUo JaOoMo R>aVo. H$maU H$moUVrhr nma§n[aH$ gmYZo hr EH$X_M Q>mH$mD$ ZgVmV. Vr nma§n[aH$ gmYZo EH$X_M Q>mHy$Z {Xë`mg qH$dm Ë`m§Mm dmna aÔ~mVb H$aUo ~è`mMXm gd© J«§Wmb`m§Zm nS>dS>Umao ZgVo. H$mhr doim Q>mH$mD$VyZ Cn`wº$ qH$dm {Q>H$mD$ gmYZo {Z_m©U H$aVm òVmV. [a3 www.crfonline.org/orc/glossary/r.html 1 www.iste.uni-stuttgart.de/ps/reengineering/terminology.html 4 www.takebackwisconsin.com/documents/glossarry.htm 2 www.sei.cmu.edu/opensystems/glossary.html 5 www.wiley.co.uk/college/turban/glossary.html kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 46 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 47 B§{OZrA[a¨J H$aVmZm nma§n[aH$ n[apñWVrV H$m_ H$aUmè`m _Zwî`~img à{ejU XoUo JaOoMo AgVo VoìhmM [a-B§{OZrA[a¨JMm \$m`Xm hmoD$Z J«§Wmb`rZ godm àdmhr, gj_ d J{V_mZ ñdê$nmV XoVm òVrb. CËH¥$ï> godm XoÊ`mgmR>r d A{YH$m{YH$ \$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r VgoM doioMm Anì`` Q>miÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©à{H«$òMr Ho$bobr nwZ~mªYUr åhUOo nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s 6 nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmoVo. n`m©`mZo A{V[aº$ _Zwî`~imMm dmna BVa godm§H$[aVm H$aVm òVmo. `m _Zwî`~img à{ejUmMr g§Yr {_iVo. godm à^mdr d J{V_mZ hmoVmV. _Zwî`~imMm H$_r dmna d gm_J«rMm nwZdm©na `m_wio n¡emMr ~MV hmoVo. darb gd© ì`m»`m nmhVm, J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmÀ`m ~m~VrV nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$s hr g§H$ënZm dmnaUo AmË`§{VH$ JaOoMo Amho. na§namJV nÕVrZo AmOhr ~è`mM J«§Wmb`m§VyZ Ho$di nwñVH$m§À`m/ N>mnrb ñdê$nmV _m{hVr godm {Xbr OmVo. _m{hVrMm {dñ\$moQ> Am{U dmT>Vo V§ÌkmZ {dMmamV KoVm `m gd© nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mo nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. nwñVH$ qH$dm N>mnrb ñdê$nmVrb godm§À`m ~amo~arZo g§JUH$mgma»`m AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr OmoS> J«§Wmb`rZ godm§Zm {Xë`mg A{YH$m{YH$ CËH¥$ï> godm A{YH$m{YH$ ObXJVrZo dmMH$m§Zm nwa{dVm òVrb. n[aUm_r J«§Wmb`mbmhr \$m`Xm hmoB©b. hm \$m`Xm {_idÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mM~amo~a dmMH$, J«§Wmb` godH$ `m§À`m doioMm Anì`` Q>miÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`mÀ`m _yi AmamIS>çmV ~Xb H$ê$Z Ë`m OmJr g§JUH$sH$aUmMm dmna H$aUo gdm©Wm©Zo `mo½` R>aob. nma§n[aH$ godm§À`m OmoS>rZo B§Q>aZoQ>gma»`m AmYw{ZH$ godm nwa{dUo J«§Wmb`m§Zm e` hmoB©b. ho g§JUH$sH$aU H$aUo åhUOoM J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo J«§Wmb`m§Mo nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo hmo`. J«W§ mb`m§Mo nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMo gdm}Îm_ CXmhaU åhUOo {Xr H$m°bO o Am°\$ B§{OZrA[a¨JMo J«§Wmb` hmo`. `m J«§Wmb`mMr ñWmnZm 1941 gmbr Pmbr AgyZ AmO 21 ì`m eVH$mVrb kmZH|$Ð Ago `m J«§Wmb`mbm Jm¡a{dbo OmVo. ho J«§Wmb` AmO nm§an[aH$ J«§Wmb` Cabo ZgyZ `m J«§Wmb`mMo nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU Ho$bo Jobo. Ë`m_wio ho J§«Wmb` "kmZH|$Ð' d "Am°ZbmB©Z J«§Wmb`' (KCLO- Knowledge Centre of Library Online) ~Zbo Amho. òWo nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`godm Va {Xë`m OmVmV, nU Ë`mM~amo~a g§JUH$sH¥$V Aem `m J«§Wmb`mVrb AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio `m J«§Wmb`mMo g^mgX 24 Vmg VoWyZ _m{hVr {_idy eH$VmV. g§nyU© g§JUH$sH$aU d 6 Ë`mÀ`m OmoS>rbm WiFi gma»`m AË`mYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna `m_wio g§nyU© J«§Wmb` d J«§Wmb` n[agaM Zìho Va nyU© _hm{dÚmb`, _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejH$m§Mr {ZdmgñWmZo d {dÚmÏ`mªMr {Zdmgì`dñWm òWho r J«W§ mb`mÀ`m g§JUH$sH$aUmÀ`m dmnamVyZ AhmoamÌ kmZJ§Jm dmhV AgVo. ho Ho$di Ë`m nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`m§À`m nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio e` Pmbo Amho.7 (4) {gg {g½_m V§Ì {gg {g½_m ho Iao Va ì`dgm` d¥{ÕV§Ì Amho. _moQ>moamobm H§$nZrZo Xmof {ZdmaU H$ê$Z nÕVeranUo à{H«$òMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd©àW_ øm V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. ho Xmof åhUOo _Ü` (Mean) qH$dm C{Ôï>m§nmgyZ Pmbobo ñdrH$maVm Z òÊ`mOmoJo ~Xb / {d^mOH$ hmo`. C XOm©Mo gmXarH$aU (High Performance), {dídmgmh©Vm (Reliability) d gd©M J«mhH$m§Zm g_mZ XOm©Mr CËH¥$ï> godm nwa{dUo ho {gg {g½_mMo C{Ôï> Amho. {gg {g½_mÀ`m CX`mnmgyZ ho V§Ì g§nyU© JwUdÎmm ì`dñWmnZmV (TQM) ñdH$V©¥ËdmZo bmoH${à` Pmbo Amho. 1986 gmbr _moQ>moamobm_Üò {~b pñ_W `m§Zr {gg {g½_m V§Ì dmnaÊ`mg gd©àW_ gwédmV Ho$br. dmT>Vr JwUdÎmm Am{U XmofmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mMo n[a_mU/_mnH$ åhUyZ `mMr gwédmV Pmbr. VgoM ho Xmofm§Mr nmVir 3.4 DMPO (Defects per million opportunities EH$ Xebj g§YrVrb Xmof) nojm H$_r H$aÊ`mMo V§Ì åhUyZ dmnabo OmD$ bmJbo. AmVm _mÌ Ho$di Xmof{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r {gg {g½_m dmnamV ZgyZ Ë`mnbrH$S>ohr Ë`mMr dmT> hmoV Amho. {gg {g½_m ho _moQ>mao mobm H§$nZrMo godm {MÝh (Service mark) d ì`mdgm{`H$ {MÝh (Trade mark) Amho. AmOda _moQ>moamobm H§$nZrZo {gg {g½_mMm dmna H$ê$Z 17 {~{b`Z A_o[aH$Z S>m°bg© EdT>r ~MV Ho$br Amho. `mMà_mUo BVahr H$mhr H§$nÝ`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m amoOÀ`m H$m`m©V {gg {g½_mMm èñdr dmna H$ê$Z H$amoS>mo S>mb ° g©Mr ~MV Ho$br Amho. 7 Bhardwaj, Rajesh & Shukla R.K., Re-Engineering of Library and Information Services through Web Modeling at Dehlhi College of college.hmco.com/business/griffin/management/7e/students/ Engineering, ICDL-2006, 8-12-2006. glossary/ch13.html http://drtc.isibang.ac.in/bitstream/1849/298/rejesh_DEC.pdf kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 48 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 49 {gg {g½_mMr _hÎdmMr XmoZ V§Ìo {gg {g½_mMr XmoZ _hÎdmMr V§Ìo åhUOo DMAIC d DMADV hr hmoV. ì`dgm`mVrb gÚpñWVrVrb à{H«$ò_Üò DMAIC Mm dmna H$aVmV; Va DMADV Mm dmna ZdrZ CËnmXZ{Z{_©Vrg H$aVmV. òWo Ë`m CËnmXZmÀ`m AmamIS>çmda à{H«$`m Ho$br OmVo, Á`m `moJo {_iUmao \${bV ho R>a{dë`mà_mUo AgVo. VgoM Vo n[anyU© d Xmof{da{hV AgVo. (i) DMAIC ho EH$ _yb^yV V§Ì AgyZ Ë`mV nwT>rb Q>ßß`m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. (1) Define the process & improvement goals that are consistent with customer demands and enterprise strategy. à{H«$`m gwYmaUoMo C{Ôï> {ZpíMV H$aUo Oo J«mhH$m§Mr _mJUr d ì`dgm`mMo hoV/y S>mdnoM `m§À`mer gwgJ§ V Agob. WmoS>`mV, C{Ôï>m_§ Üò gwYmaUm KS>{dUo, J«mhH$mMr _mJUr d g§ñWoMr _yb^yV C{ÔîQo `m§Mm ghg§~§Y gmYUo. (2) Measure the current process and collect relevant data for future comparison. gÜ`mÀ`m qH$dm {dÚ_mZ à{H«$òMo _moO_mnZ d ^{dî`H$mbrZ Aä`mgmgmR>r _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$aUo. (3) Analyze to verify relationship and causality of factors. Deter- mine what the relationship is and attempt to ensure that all factors have been considered. KQ>H$m§Vrb H$m`©H$maU^md d CËnmXH$Vm `m§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z ghg§~§YmMr MmMnUr H$aUo d {dídmgmh©Vm VmngUo qH$dm ImÌr H$aUoo. (4) Improve or optimize the process based upon the analysis using techniques like design of experiments. n¥WH$aUmda AmYm[aV H$_rV H$_r ~Xbm§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z _yb^yV à{H«$òV ~Xb qH$dm gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo. (5) Control to ensure that any variances are corrected before they result in defects. Setup pilot runs to establish process, capability transition to production and there after continuously measure the process and institute control machanisms. àË`j A§{V_ Q>ßß`mnyduM Xmof {ZdmaU CËnmXZ d Ë`mÀ`mda gmVË`nydH© $ {Z`§ÌU R>odUo `m g§nyU© à{H«$òMo _moO_mnZ H$aUo. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 50 (ii) DMADV `m _yb^yV V§ÌmVhr nmM Q>ßno AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo (1) Define the goals of the design activity that are consistent with customer demands and enterprise strategy. H¥$VrMr C{Ôï>o Or Cn^moË`mÀ`m JaOm qH$dm _mJUrZwgma ~XbVmZm g§ñWoÀ`m Üò`-YmoaUm§er gwg§JV R>odUo d Ë`m~ahþHy$_ S>mdnoM AmIUo. (2) Measure and identify CTQ's (Critical to qualities) product capabilities, production process capability and risk assessment. XmofXe©H$Vm Vo JwUdÎmm, CËnmXZmMr VgoM CËnmXZ à{H«$òMr j_Vm d YmoH$m/ YmS>g (Risk) KQ>H$m§Mr H$miOr KodyZ Ë`mZwgma _wë`_mnZ H$aUo. (3) Analyze to develop and design ulternative, creat high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. `moOZm/AmamIS>çmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo {díbofU d n`m©` qH$dm {dH$ënm§Mr aMZm, C XOm©/ àVrMm AmamIS>m/ `moOZm V`ma H$aUo d CËH¥$ï> aMZm/AmamIS>m {ZdS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m `moOZm /AmamIS>çmMr j_Vm VnmgUo. (4) Design details, optimize the design and plan for design verfication. This phase may require simulations. `moOZm /AmamIS>çmÀ`m g§H$sU© _m{hVrdê$Z AmamIS>çmMr {ZdS> H$aUo d AmamIS>çmÀ`m VnmgUrMr `moOZm AmImdr bmJVo. (5) Verify the design, setup pilot runs, implement production process and handover to process owners. AmamIS>çmMr VnmgUr, nyd©MmMUr /_mJ©Xe©H$ MmMUr (Pilot run) KoU,o CËnmXZà{H«$`m A_bmV AmUyZ Ë`m à{H«$òV dmT> H$aUo d Ë`m à{H«$`m/AmamIS>m g§ñWoÀ`m _mbH$mÀ`m /J«mhH$mÀ`m ñdmYrZ H$aUo. {gg {g½_mMm Jm^m hm _m{hVrda Adb§~yZ AgyZ ho V§Ì åhUOo g_ñ`m {ZdmaÊ`mMm EH$ CÎm_ _mJ© Amho. ho V§Ì J«mhH$m§À`m g_mYmZmda â XoVo. J«§Wmb`mVrb g_ñ`m§Mo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r VoWrb Xmofm§Mo _mnZ H$ê$Z ZdrZ H$m`©nÕVr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`mV {gg {g½_m V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z dmMH$m§Mo g_mYmZ H$aVm òBb © . kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 51 {gg {g½_mMo \$m`Xo {gg {g½_m nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg AZoH$ àH$maMo \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Ë`m§Vrb _hÎdmMo \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. (1) J«W§ mb`godm_Yrb Xmof Xya Ho$ë`m_wio JwUdÎmmnyU© godm§Mo à_mU dmT>Vo d IMm©_Üò ~MV hmoVo. (2) dmMH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m JaOm§À`m nyVugmR>r _mJUrà_mUo godm {_iV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV g_mYmZ àmá hmoVo. (3) J«W§ mb`godm§_Üò gmVË`mZoo gwYmaUm hmoD$Z godm§Mr JwUdÎmm {ZYm©[aV {ZH$fm§Zgw ma amIbr OmVo. (4) `m Xmof{Z_y©bZàUmbrMm J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmè`m§dagwÕm AZwHy$b à^md nSy>Z H$m_{Jar gwYmaÊ`mV _XV hmoVo. (5) godm§À`m JwUdÎmo~m~V n[anyU©Vm d {ZXm}fV JmR>Vm òVo d Ë`mÛmao H§$nZrMm Zmdbm¡{H$H$ dmT>Vmo. (6) J«§Wmb`mÀ`m {ZXm}f d JyUdÎmmnyU© godm§_wio dmMH$dJ© J«§Wmb`mH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoVmo. {gg {g½_m H$m`©nÕVr {gg {g½_m H$m`©nÕVr WmoS>`mV nwT>rbà_mUo Amho. (1) n[a^mfm H$aUoo : {gg {g½_m H$m`©nÕVr_Üò gd©àW_ àH$ën, J«W§ mb`mMr C{ÔîQ>o d dmMH$m§Zm Úmd`mÀ`m godm d JwUdÎmmnyU© dmMZgm{hË` `m ~m~tMr ñnï> ñdê$nmV n[a^mfm Ho$br OmVo. (2) {díbofU H$aUo : J«W§ mb`godm§À`m à{H«$ò_Yrb Xmofm§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z Xmofm§Mo _yi H$maU emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mV òVo. Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mMo Cnm` {dH${gV H$ê$Z à{H«$ò_Üò/godm§_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ R>a{dUo. (3) _mnZ H$aUo : J«W§ mb`godm§À`m à{H«$òÀ`m Mmby H$m_{JarMo emñÌr` {ZH$fm§À`m gmhmæ`mZoo _mnZ H$aÊ`mV òVo. Ë`m AmYmao J«§Wmb`godm§_Yrb Xmof AmT>iVmV d Vo Xya H$aUo e` hmoVo. (4) gwYmaUm H$aUo : gwYmamË_H$ Cnm` bmJy H$aÊ`mV òVmV. gwYmaUoÀ`m _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$m§Mo nañna Mbg§~Y§ emoYbo OmVmV. ñdrH¥$V V\$mdVrMo à_mUgwÕm R>a{dbo OmVo. (5) {Z`§ÌU H$aUo : gwYmamË_H$ Cnm`mVrb _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr j_Vm R>a{dÊ`mV kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 52 òVo d à{H«$`m{Z`§ÌUmMr H$m`©àUmbr H$m`©pÝdV H$aÊ`mV òV.o à{H«$òMr H$m_{Jar {Z`§{ÌV Ho$br OmVo. (5) àmoËgmhZ V§Ì (Promotion Technique) J«§Wmb`mÀ`m dmMH$m§Zm / dmnaH$Ë`mªZm J«§Wmb` H$m` H$aV Amho Am{U H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vo åhUOo J«§Wmb`mH$S>o H$m` H$m` Amho d Ë`mMm H$gm dmna H$aVm òB©b `mMr _m{hVr dmMH$m§Zm nwa{dUo åhUOoM dmMH$m§Zm /J«§Wmb` dmnaH$Ë`mªZm J«§Wmb` dmnam~Ôb àmoËgm{hV H$aUo hmo`. Á`m§Zm J«W§ mb`rZ godm§_Üò CÞVr KS>dZy AmUmd`mMr Amho Ë`m§Zm `mnmgyZ {ZpíMVM \$m`Xm hmoVmo. `m àmoËgmhZm_wio J«§Wmb`mMo g^mgX kmZr hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ì`mnH$ d kmZm{Y{ð>V hmoVmo. J«§Wmb`mÀ`m J«§Wnmbm§Zr ho àmoËgmhZ Ho$di dmMH$m§naw VoM _`m©{XV Z R>do Vm J«W§ mb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§Zmhr A{YH$m{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao godm nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo àmoËgm{hV Ho$bo nm{hOo. H$maU J«§Wmb`rZ godm nwa{dÊ`mMm _w»` AmYmañV§^ hoM H$_©Mmar AgVmV. _mH}$qQ>JÀ`m `moOZm§VyZM (Marketing Plan) àmoËgmhZ H$ënZoMr (Promotion Plan) {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. R>a{dbobr C{Ôï>o qH$dm {Z`mo{OV Üò` H$go JmR>Vm / àmá H$aVm òB©b, Ë`mgmR>r H$m` H$m` H$aVm òB©b hoM òWo R>a{dbo OmVo. `mV(1) Á`m godm§Zm à{gÕrMr JaO Amho Ë`m§Mo dU©Z H$amdo bmJVo. `m à{g{Õ-_mo{h_oVZy dmMH$m§Zm n«moËgm{hV H$aVm òVo. J«§Wmb`mV òUmè`m gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$m§Zm J«§Wmb`mV OmD$Z hdo Vo nwñVH$ KoUo, dmMUo, d Vo naV H$aUo, J«§Wmb`mV OmD$Z dV©_mZnÌo dm {Z`VH$m{bHo$ dmMUo EdT>oM _m{hVr AgVo. na§Vw Ho$di EdT>oM H$m`© J«§Wmbò H$arV ZmhrV Va Ë`mì`{V[aº$ BVahr godm J«§Wmbò XoV AgVmV qH$dm XoD$ eH$VmV `mMr OmUrd dmMH$m§Zm H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. åhUOoM H$[aAa _mJ©Xe©Z, g§X^©JW§« godm, g§emoYZmV _XV, B©-OZ©ëg, `m§gma»`m BVahr Á`m _hÎdnyU© godm J«W§ mb` nwadrV AgVo, Á`m godm dmMH$m§Zm _m{hVr ZgVmV Aem godm§{df`r d Ë`m§À`m dmnamgmR>r dmMH$m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aUo JaOooMo AgVo. Aem godm§Zm à{gÕr XoÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. Aem ZdZdrZ godm§À`m dmnam§Mm àgma d àMma H$amdm bmJVmo. Ooìhm dmMH$ J«§Wmb`mV òVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Zm Aem ZdZdrZ godm§Mr _m{hVr XoVm òVo. dmMH$ _oimdm, J«§Wmb` gyMZm \$bH$ B. _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$ê$Zhr `m godm§À`m dmnam~Ôb dmMH$m§Zm _m{hVr XoVm òD$ eH$Vo. (2) ho à{gÕr A{^`mZ Á`m dJm©gmR>r / ì`VtgmR>r Amho, Ë`m§Mo dU©Z H$ê$Z dmMH$m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aVm òVo. J«§Wmb`rZ dmMZgm{hË`, godm d BVa gw{dYm kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 53 Zo_`m H$moUË`m dJm©gmR>r AmhoV `mMmhr {dMma J«§Wnmbm§Zr H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. J«W§ mb`mÀ`m ~mb{d^mJmVrb \${Z©Ma dmMH$m§À`m dmnamg gmo`rMo Agmdo, Ë`m§À`m _mZ{gH$VoMm {dMma H$ê$Z VoWo gOmdQ> H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. `mMà_mUo d`mod¥Õm§Mm JQ>, _{hbmdJ©, `wdm dmMH$ `m§À`mhr _mZ{gH$Vm bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mà_mUo godm-gw{dYm nwadyZ Ë`m Ë`m dJm©bm J«W§ mb`mÀ`m dmnamgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aVm òVo. `wdmdJm©bm \°$eÝgMr _m{hVr, H$[aà JmB©S>Ýg, B§Q>aZoQ> `m§gma»`m godm nwa{dë`mg hm `wdmdJ© J«§Wmb`mH$S>o di{dVm òVmo. dmMH$m§Mo Ago dJ© R>adyZ Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm bjmV KoD$Z à{gÕrMr AmIUr H$amdr. (3) J«W§ mb`mVrb ZdZdrZ godm-gw{dYm§Mr _m{hVr dmMH$m§Zm ìhmdr `m hoVZy o à{g{ÕV§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z dmMH$/g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dVm òVo. g_mOmVrb Aem ì`Vr Á`m J«§Wmb` g^mgX ZgVmV, Ë`m§Zm J«§Wmb`mMo g^mgX hmoÊ`mg àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Om{hamVr, nÌHo$, ~mVå`m, BË`mXr _mÜ`_m§VyZ J«W§ mb`rZ godm-gw{dYm§Mr _m{hVr {Xë`mg ZdrZ g^mgX J«W§ mb`mg {_iy eH$VmV. Ë`mM~amo~a J«W§ mb`mÀ`m OwÝ`m dmMH$/g^mgXm§Zm `m godm§Mr _m{hVr {_iyZ `m godm§À`m dmnamV dmT> hmoVo. AWm©V Aer à{g{Õ-_mohr_ AmIVmZm Vr g_mOmVrb Á`m dJm©gmR>r AWdm d`moJQ>mgmR>r AgVo, Ë`mZwgma à{g{ÕV§ÌmMm dmna H$amdm. dV©_mZnÌmV ~mVå`m, Om{hamVr XoD$Z B§Q>aZoQÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ, gmd©O{ZH$ gyMZm\$bH$, nÌHo$ dmQy>Z, Omhra H$m`©H«$_m§VyZ, g§_obVmZmVyZ VgoM emim-_hm{dÚmbò Aem e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§_Üò ~¡R>H$m/ dJ© KoD$Z Aer à{gÕr H$aVm òVo. Ë`mZwgma J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§_Üò H$m_mMr {d^mJUr H$ê$Z, Ë`mgmR>r _mUgo d EOÝgrO Zo_yZ Aer à{g{Õ-_mohr_ dmMH$m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmIVm òVo. (4) Aem à{g{Õ-_mo{h_m `m Ho$di ~¡R>H$sV ~gyZ, Ho$di H$mJXm§da AmIÊ`mgmR>r Agy ZòV Va àË`jmV Ë`m `moOZm§Mr nyU©nUo A§_b~OmdUr hmoUohr JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mH$[aVm J«§Wnmbm§Zr Amnbo ZoV¥ËdH$m¡eë` nUmg bmdyZ gdmªZm ~amo~a KoD$Z `m `moOZm / _mo{h_m eãXe am~dmì`m bmJVmV. ñdV Aem H$m`m©V J«§Wnmbm§Zr ^mJ KoD$Z dmMH$m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mnydu J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$ê$Z H$m_ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. (5) _mo{h_m AmIyZ Ë`m A_bmV AmUyZ dmMH$m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aVm òVo. nU Ho$di EdT>çmdaM J«§Wnmbm§Zm g_mYyZ _mZyZ ñdñW ~gVm òV Zmhr; Va Oo H$m`© Ho$bo, Á`m _mo{h_m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br, Ë`mMo \${bV OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo JaOoMo R>aVo. Á`m godm§Mr à{g{Õ Ho$br Ë`mÀ`m n[aUm_mVyZ {H$Vr dmMH$m§Zr Ë`m godm§Mm dmna gwê$ Ho$bm? Ë`m à{gÕr _mo{h_oMo \$bñdê$n {H$Vr ZdrZ g^mgX Zm|XUr Pmbr? `m godm§~m~V bmoH$m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$gm Amho? VgoM `m dmMH$ àmoËgmhZ godm à{g{Õ-_mo{h_oH$[aVm OodT>m IM© Pmbm Vmo dgyb hmoB©b AWdm Zmhr? OodT>çm à_mUmV IM© Pmbm Ë`m à_mUmV Ë`mnmgyZ \$m`Xm {_iVmo AWdm Zmhr? hm \$m`Xm Ho$di Am{W©H$ ZgVmo Va g^mgXmMo `m godm§VyZ nyU© g_mYmZ Pmbo Var `m _mo{h_m§ \$bXm`r R>aë`m Ago åhUVm òBb © . nU `mgmR>r H$m`©nVy uZ§Va Ë`m§Mo `mo½` àH$mao _yë`_mnZ hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. _mohr_ AmIë`mnmgyZ _mo{h_oMr A§_b~OmdUr, {ZpíMV Üò`àmár `m àËòH$ Q>ßß`mMo Ago _yë`_mnZ hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ae àH$mao àmoËgmhZV§ÌmMm dmna J«W§ mb` godm-gw{dYm§À`m à{gÕrH$[aVm H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. àmoËgmhZV§ÌmMm dmna dmMH$m§à_mUoM J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>rXoIrb H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. J«§Wmb`rZ godm Oa dmMH$-dmnaH$Ë`mªn`ªV `mo½`[aË`m nmohMUo Amdí`H$ Agob Va Vem àH$mao godm XoÊ`mgmR>r `m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm gVV àmoËgm{hV H$aUohr Amdí`H$ Amho. ~è`mMXm nma§n[aH$ J«§Wmb`mVrb godH$ nma§n[aH$ nÕVtZr godm XoÊ`mV Va~oO AgVmV. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ, g§JUH$, B§Q>aZoQ>, BË`mXr AË`mYw{ZH$ godm H$em àH$mao Úmì`mV `mMo à{ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. à{e{jV godH$M `mo½` [aË`m Vo AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ hmVmiyZ `mo½` [aË`m godm XoD$ eH$Vmo. AÝ`Wm ~è`mM àH$mao ZwH$gmZ hmoÊ`mMmhr g§^d AgVmo. åhUyZM ho ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ AmË_gmV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wnmbm§Zr J«§Wmb` godH$m§g àd¥Îm Ho$bo nm{hOo. AmYw{ZH$ `wJmV H$mimÀ`m ~amo~arZo Mmbmd`mMo Agob Va V§ÌkmZ à{e{jV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. J«§Wnmbm§Zr ñdVhÿZ J«§Wmb`rZ godH$m§À`m d¡`pVH$ AWdm H$m_m{df`rÀ`m AS>rAS>MUr g_OyZ KoD$Z e` Agë`mg Ë`m AS>MUr Xya H$aÊ`mg _XV Ho$br nm{hOo. VmUVUmdmImbr H$moUrhr AMyH$[aË`m `mo½` àH$mao H$m_ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ dmVmdaU VmUVUmd{da{hV, Ioir_oirMo H$go amhrb `mH$S>ohr J«§Wnmbm§Zr bj Úmdo. H$_©Mmè`m§À`m g_ñ`m OmUyZ KoUo, Ë`m§Zm Mma AmnwbH$sMo eãX ~mobyZ XmI{dUo, Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m§da Cnm` gwM{dUo, n`m©` XmIdyZ XoUo `m_wioM godH$hr CËgmhmZo H$m_o H$aVmV. `m àH$maohr A{YH$m{YH$ `mo½` [aË`m godm XoÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wnmb H$_©Mmè`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$ê$ eH$VmV. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 54 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 55 H$_©Mmè`m§Zr EImXo H$m`© VËnaVoZo VgoM AMyH$[aË`m Ho$bo Va AemM àH$mao Ë`m§Zr H$m`© H$amdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm e~mgH$s XoUo, àe§gm H$aUo, CËH¥$ï> godo~Ôb nwañH$ma qH$dm ^Îmo/nJmadmT> H$aUo AmXr V§Ìm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z H$m`©àdU hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$_©Mmè`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aVm òVo. J«§Wmb`rZ H$m_H$mOmV, H$m_mÀ`m g§X^m©V H$moUVohr ~Xb H$aVmZm gd© ghH$mar d H$_©Mmè`m§Zm {dídmgmV KoD$Z Vo ~Xb H$m d H$go H$am`Mo `m{df`r MMm© H$ê$Z H$m`© g\$b H$aVm òVo. `m doir Ë`m§À`m gyMZm§Mmhr {dMma H$aUo OéarMo AgVo. `m_wio nañna {dídmg dmTy>Z H$_©Mmar ~Xb ñdrH$maÊ`mg Ho$di V`maM hmoV ZmhrV Va _XVhr H$aVmV. H$_©Mmè`m§Zm {dídmgmV Z KoVm ~Xb H$am`Mo R>a{dë`mg H$_©Mmar {ZéËgmhmZo H$m_o H$aVmV. Ë`mnmgyZ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$ ZòV åhUyZ J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§Zm {dídmgmV KoUo hoXoIrb EH$ àH$mao àmoËgmhZM R>aVo. J«§Wnmbm§Zr J«§Wmb` `m g§ñWoMo ì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm dmMH$ d J«§Wmb` godH$ `m§Zm doimodoir àmoËgm{hV H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`godm, gw{dYm d Ë`m§Mm dmna dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r gVV àmoËgm{hV Ho$bo nm{hOo. ooo {Z`VH$m{bH$ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r a§Jg§JVrMm Cn`moJ EH$ AZw^d àm. àH$me ~moS>Ho$ J« § W mb`mVrb dmMZgm{hË`mMr Xo I ^mb (Maintenance) H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmbò gVV ZdZdrZ à`moJ H$aV AgVmV. {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m àXe©ZmgmR>r (Display) dmnaë`m Jobëo `m a§Jg§JVrMm AZw^d gXa boIm_Üò gm§{JVbm Amho. J«§Wmb` ho kmZg§dY©ZmMo H$m`© AI§S>nUo Mmby R>odVo. Ë`m_Üò Ambobo dmMZgm{hË` ZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$ R>odUo, Ë`mMo dJuH$aU H$aUo d Vo dmMH$m§Zm Ëd[aV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. J«§Wmb`mV òV Agboë`m dmMZgm{hË`mn¡H$s EH$ åhUOo {Z`VH$m{bH$ hmo`. {Z`{_V H$mbmZo àH$m{eV hmoV amhUmao Oo àboI AgVmV Ë`m§Zm {Z`VH$m{bHo$ åhUVmV. {ZpíMV H$mbmdYr, àËòH$ àH$meZmbm ñdV§Ì H«$_m§H$ Am{U àH$meZmMo gmVË` Aer {Z`VH$m{bH$mMr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVrb. gXa àboIm_Üò Zì`mZo {Z_m©U hmoUmar _yi _m{hVr AgVo. VgoM Zì`m g§emoYZmMo Ahdmb d {ZîH$f© ømV à{gÕ hmoVmV. {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo Ë`m§À`m d¡{eîQ>çmZwgma nwT>rbà_mUo àH$ma nS>VmV· Ë`m Ë`m {df`mgmR>r dm{hbobr · gmam§e ñdê$nmZwgma · gmogm`Q>r _m{gHo$ · emgH$s` _m{gHo$ · Mmby KS>m_moS>tda AmYm[aV _m{gHo$ · ñnYm© narjm§gmR>r AgUmar _m{gHo$ kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 56 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 57 J«§Wmb`mV gd©gmYmaU dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur AWdm Ë`mnojm OmñV H$mbI§S>mÀ`m dJ©Ur ^ê$Z {Z`VH$m{bHo$ òV AgVmV. H$mhr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ ho ôQ> åhUyZ ì`Vr AWdm g§ñWm {Z`{_V nmR>dV AgVmV. Aem {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr ZmoX§ Ur d gd© J«W§ mb`rZ gmonmñH$a H$amdo bmJVmV. 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CXmhaUmW©, _amR>r ^mfog§~§Yr, qhXr ^mfm, ^yJmob, B{Vhmg, BË`mXr. {dÚmemIoZg w ma : _moR>_moR>çm g§ñWm§_Üò AZoH$ àH$maMo Aä`mgH«$_ {eH$dbo OmVmV. CXmhaUmW©, A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`mV Computer, Civil, Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Production, etc. Aem doir àËòH$ emIogmR>r ñdV§Ì H$nmQ>o Ama{jV Ho$br OmVmV d Ë`m_Üò naV AZwdUm©Zwgma {Z`VH$m{bHo$ àX{e©V Ho$br OmVmV. ì`mdgm{`H$ g§KQ>ZmZwgma / g§emoYZ g§ñWm§À`m g§KQ>ZmZwgma : H$mhr ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m qH$dm g§emoYZ g§ñWm§À`m g§KQ>Zm {Z`{_V {Z`VH$m{bHo$ àH$m{eV H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_Üò EH$M g§ñWm doJdoJiçm ZmdmZo EH$mM doir doJdoJir {Z`VH$m{bHo$ àH$m{eV H$aV AgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, (1) (2) (3) Indian Academy of Science, Banglore (12 Journls) Institute of Engineers, Kolkatta (14 Journls) TERI, New Delhi (6 Journls) kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 58 Aem g§KQ>Zm§Mr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ EH$mM display rack _Üò display H$aÊ`mMr nÕV ApñVËdmV Amho. Xoer / {dXoer {Z`VH$m{bHo$ OJmV H$moUVo ZdrZ emoY bmJbo, Ë`m§Mo {ZîH$f© H$m` ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r àW_ {Z`VH$m{bHo$M dmMmdr bmJVmV. Aem doir OJmV Amnë`m {df`mMo H$moUVo {Z`VH$m{bH$ Amho d H$moUVo AmnU KoVbo nm{hOo ho Ë`m Ë`m {df`mMo Vk d g§ñWm R>adV AgVo. Ë`mà_mUo J«§Wmb`mV Xoer (National) {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d {dXoer (International) {Z`VH$m{bHo$ dJ©Ur ^ê$Z KoVbr OmVmV. Aer {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Ëd[aV AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr `wË`m Imbrb {ddoMZmdê$Z AmnUmg _mhrV hmoVrb. H$mbI§S>mZwgma àH$m{eV hmoUmar {Z`VH$m{bHo$ {Z`VH$m{bHo$ hr {Z`{_VnUo AmR>dS>çmVyZ, n§Yam {Xdgm§VyZ, _{hÝ`mVyZ, VrZ _{hÝ`m§VyZ, ghm _{hÝ`m§VyZ, dm{f©H$ Aem nÕVrZo àH$m{eV hmoV AgVmV. Aem doir Ë`m§À`m n«H$meZmMm H$mbI§S> (Frequency) H$m` Amho hohr AmoiIUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ømMmhr CoI Imbr Ambobm Amho. {Z`VH$m{bHo$ àX{e©V H$aÊ`mMm EH$ à`moJ H$. H$m. dmK A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`, Zm{eH$ `m§Mo Hw$gw_mJ«O _Ü`dVu J«§Wmb` ho 2500 Mm¡. \y$Q> joÌ\$i Agbobr ñdV§Ì B_maV AgyZ gXa B_maV hr Vi_Obm A{YH$ VrZ Aem {d^mJm§V {d^mJbr Amho. 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OwZo A§H$ Ë`mVM R>odbo OmVmV d Z§Va Ë`m§Mr dm{f©H$ ~m§YUr Ho$br OmVo. {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo A{Ve` H$R>rU OmV Ago. J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmè`m§Zm H$moUVo {Z`VH$m{bH$ Xoer d H$moUVo {dXoer VgoM Ë`mMm àH$meZmMm H$mbI§S> H$moUVm BË`mXr AS>MUr Zoh_r òVmV. gXa AS>MUr gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ a§Jg§JVrMm à`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gXa à`moJmgmR>r Xoer {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d {dXoer {Z`VH$m{bHo$ ømgmR>r Om§îm d {ndim a§J AZwH«$_o XoÊ`mV Ambm. gXa a§J (H$ba Q>on) a°H$À`m EH$m H$monè`mV {MQ>H$dÊ`mV Ambm. CXmhaUmW©, National Geograhy - a§J {ndim ({dXoer) kmZJ§JmoÌr - a§J Om§îm (Xoer ) VgoM {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m àH$meZH$mimgmR>r darb XmoZ a§J gmoSy>Z doJio a§J (H$ba Q>on) dmnaÊ`mV Ambo. Vo a°H$À`m S>mì`m ~mOyg {MQ>H$dÊ`mV Ambo. H$maU ~è`mM {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo àH$meZ ho doJdoJiçm doiog hmoV AgVo. CXmhaUmW©, gmám{hH$ - H$mima§J nm{jH$ - {hadm _m{gH$ - bmb Ì¡_m{gH$ - {Zim fÊ_m{gH$ - nmT>§am Aem àH$mao {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo àXe©Z H$ê$Z J«§Wmb`godm Mm§Jë`m n[aUm_H$maH$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. J«§Wmb`mg AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m g{_Ë`m ôQ>r XoV AgVmV. Aem doir AmnU Ë`m§Zm a§Jg§JVrÀ`m nÕVrZo _m{gH$m§~Ôb ghOnUo _m{hVr XoD$ eH$Vmo. ho J«§Wmb`mV AgUmè`m ghm`H$ H$_©Mmè`m§Zr {Z`VH$m{bH$mMr XoI^mb, {Z`VH$m§{bH$mMr B§J«Or Zmdo Z dmMVmgwÕm H$aUo e` hmoVo. ooo kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 60 _m{hVr EH$ _yb^yV JaO S>m°. Eg. nr. gmVmaH$a AÞ, dñÌ Am{U {Zdmam `m _mZdmÀ`m _yb^yV JaOm _mZë`m OmVmV. AmOÀ`m `wJmV `m VrZ JaOm nyU© Pmë`m åhUOo _mZdr OrdZ gwgø Pmbo Ago _mZVm òUma Zmhr. Agm _mUyg gwIr åhUVm òUma Zmhr. H$maU AmOÀ`m H$mirVrb _mZdmMr n{hbr Am{U _yb^yV JaO Amho "_m{hVr'. AmnU gd© {ejU KoUmao _mZd AmhmoV. {eH$Uo åhUOo _mhrV Zgbobo _mhrV hmoUo. ì`dhmamV JaO nS>ob Voìhm Aer _m{hVr CnbãY Pmbr nm{hOo. Aer _m{hVr AÚ`mdV R>odbr nm{hOo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r `m CnbãY _m{hVr_Üò AmnU â KmVbr nm{hOo. EdT>o gd© H$aUo åhUOo {ejU hmo`. `m g§X^m©V Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb EH$ CXmhaU nmhm. ZmJnyahÿZ Amnë`mbm {Xrbm Om`Mo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r H$moUH$moUË`m aoëdo Cn`wV R>aVrb, Ë`m§À`m doim, {V{H$Q>m§Mo AmajU, JmS>r H$moUË`m \$bmQ>mda òUma, Vr doioda H$s C{eam hr gd© _m{hVr hmo`. Aer _m{hVr {_i{dë`m{edm` AmnU H$gm àdmg H$ê$ eH$Uma ? hrM ~m~ WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo gd©Ì bmJy nS>Vo. åhUyZ _m{hVrMo _hÎd AmOÀ`m OrdZmV AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ H$m`Xm 2000 _Üò _m{hVrMr ì`m»`m {Xbr Amho. _m{hVr åhUOo g§»`mË_H$ AWdm eãXê$n, H«${_H$, {MÌo, N>m`m{MÌo, AmdmO, g§JUH$ H$m`©H«$_, g§JUH$ àUmbr qH$dm _m{hVr g§J«h hmo`. _m{hVr àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU Amdí`H$ Amho. AmOÀ`m H$mimV _Zwî`mg ~mobÊ`mH$[aVm doi Zmhr. g§JUH$mÛmao AmnUmg {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr emoYmdr bmJVo. nwT>rb H$mimV Va hr à{H«$`m A{YH$ J{V_mZ hmoUma Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _{hVr {Z{_©Vr, {VMr CnbãYVm, _m{hVràmárMr gmYZo `m§~m~V gdmªZrM {dMma H$aUo An[ahm`© R>aVo. `mVrb AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm _wÔm åhUOo gÚpñWVrVrb kmZd¥ÕrMm doJ hmo`. gÜ`m gd©M {df`m§V doJmZo g§emoYZ gwê$ Amho. åhUyZ `m H$mimg "_m{hVrÀ`m àñ\$moQ>mMo `wJ' åhQ>bo OmVo. Xa XmoZ dfm©bm kmZ XwßnQ> hmoV Amho Ago AmT>ibo Amho. Va AmO {eH$bobo ghm _{hÝ`m§V H$mb~mø R>aVo Amho. kmZmÀ`m dmT>rMm hm doJ nmhVm {dÚmÏ`m©Zo àmá Ho$boë`m nXdr à_mUnÌmda "H$mb~mø hmoÊ`mMm {XZm§H$' (Expiry Date) Q>mH$mdr bmJUma H$s H$m` Aer _bm e§H$m òV Amho. ho Q>mimd`mMo kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 61 Agob Va kmZàmárbm, _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mbm n`m©` Zmhr. {edm` EH$M _m{hVr {Za{Zamiçm ê$nm§V CnbãY AgVo. _m{hVrMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Vr \$ma doJmZo Xw_ui hmoVo. AmOMo d¥ÎmnÌ AmR>dS>çmZo àmá H$aUo H$ï>mMo R>aVo, Va ghm _{hÝ`m§Zr Vo àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r Iyn l_ ¿`mdo bmJVmV. AmnUmg ho Am`wî`â H$amd`mMo H$m_ Amho. åhUyZM "{ejU hr gVV MmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Zì`m `wJmV Á`mÀ`mOdi _m{hVr Amho Vmo _mZd gÎmm JmO{dUma Amho. nydu bT>m`m eñÌm§Ûmao qOH$ë`m OmV. AmVm Ë`m kmZmÛmao, _m{hVrÛmao hmoUma AmhoV. Amnbo kmZ OodT>o àJV Agob VodT>r {dO`mMr e`Vm OmñV R>aob. OJmVrb gd©M amï´>m§Zr `mMo _hÎd AmoiIbo Amho. {d»`mV g_mOemñÌk S>°{Z`b ~ob `m§Zr 50 dfmªnydu gm§{JVbo Amho H$s, _m{hVr H$ÀÀ`m _mbmà_mUo AgVo. Vr Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrà_mUo CnbãY Agy eH$Vo. {VMm dmna eVr qH$dm B§YZmgmaIm H$aVm òVmo. ^maV gaH$maZo amï´>r` kmZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br AgyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnbm Ahdmb ZwH$VmM gmXa Ho$bm Amho. g°_ {nÌmoXm ho `m Am`moJmMo AÜ`j hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr, kmZmMm àgma Am{U kmZmMo Cn`moOZ `mgmR>r `m Am`moJmZo J«§Wmb`m§À`m Cn`wVVoda IynM â {Xbm Amho. `m Am`moJmZo J«§Wmbò d _m{hVremñÌ åhUOo "_mZdmÀ`m gd©M H$m_m§da `mnwT>rb H$mimV à^md Q>mH$Umam KQ>H$' Ago åhQ>bo Amho. _wimV kmZn«már åhUOoM _m{hVr {_i{dUo hr à{H«$`m H$mhr ZdrZ Zmhr. _m{hVrMo _hÎd Amnë`m nyd©Om§Zrhr OmUbo hmoVo; _mÌ Vo AmOÀ`m H$mimBVHo$ _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmV ZìhVo. `m Ñï>rZo J«§W{Z{_©VrMr B{Vhmg nmhUo a§OH$ R>aob. J«§W åhUOo H$m` ? Agm àíZ AmnUmg H$moUr {dMmabm Va Ë`mMo CÎma åhUOo "_mZdmÀ`m ^md^mdZm, H$ënZm, {dMma, AZw^d Am{U kmZ Aja~Õ H$ê$Z Á`mV J«§{WV Ho$bobo AVo Ë`mg ñWyb _mZmZo J«§W åhUVmV', Aer J«§WmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo. Va "49 nojm A{YH$ n¥ð>o Agboë`m d {Z`VH$m{bH$ ñdê$n Zgboë`m àH$meZmbm J«§W åhUmdo' Ago `wZoñH$moZo åhQ>bo Amho. nyduÀ`m H$mir Ym{_©H$ ñWio, amOo J«§Wm§Mo nmbH$ hmoVo. B. g. 105 À`m gw_mamg gd©àW_ MrZ_Üò H$mJXmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. 1907 _Üò EH$ ~m¡ÕJwhm CKS>Ê`mV Ambr Ë`mV 3,000 gwaù`m§Mo J«§W gmnS>bo. Ë`m§n¡H$s {haH$gyÌ `m J«§Wmda 11 _o 868 Aer VmarI AgyZ dm§J {MÝh `mZo hm J«§W N>mnbm Agm CoI Amho. H$mJXmÀ`m {Z{_©Vrnydu {eim ({ebmboI), YmVy (Vm_«nQ>), {dQ>m (B{ï>H$m), dZñnVrMo nmZ (^yO©nÌ, VmbnÌo), Mm_S>o (M_© J«§W), H$mnS> (nmgmoS>r), dZñnVrÀ`m ImoS>mÀ`m nÅ>>çm (nnmàg) `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _mZdmZo AmnUmg R>mD$H$ Agbobo kmZ nwT>rb {nT>rbm XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. {deof åhUOo `m gd© àH$mamVrb gm{hË` AmOhr _w~bH$ à_mUV J«§Wmb`m§VyZ CnbãY AgyZ àËòH$ àH$mamVrb gm{hË` hOmam|À`m g§»òV _moOmdo bmJVo. åhUyZM J«§W{Z{_©VrMm B{Vhmg åhUOo EH$ àH$mao _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dH$mgmMm B{VhmgM hmo`. B. g. nyd© 3000 _Yrb B{ï>H$m J«§W AboPm§{S´>`m, {O{Zìhm òWo gmnS>bo AmhoV. B. g. 400 _Üò \$m{h`mZ `m n`©Q>H$mZo Ym{_©H$ J«§WmÀ`m àVr ^maVmVyZ V`ma H$ê$Z Zoë`m Agm CoI B{VhmgmV AmT>iVmo. OmohmZ JQ>oZ~J©Zo O_©ZrVrb _mBÝËg `m Jmdr 1439 _Üò {Iiçm§Ûmao H$mJXmdarb N>nmB©`§ÌmMm emoY bmdbm Am{U VoWyZ J«§W{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmda gwê$ Pmbr. ^maVmV 1556 _Üò _wÐUH$bm gwê$ Pmbr. 6 gßQ>|~a 1556 amoOr Jmoì`mV OwAm± X XwñVm_Vr hm EH$ N>mnImZm `§Ì KoD$Z Ambm d Ë`mda n{hbo nwñVH$ "Xm¡{ÌZ {H«$ñVm§' ho 1557 _Üò N>mnyZ àH$m{eV Pmbo. H°$arMo 1805 _Üò àH$m{eV Pmbobo _amR>r ^mfoMo ì`mH$aU hm _amR>rVrb n{hbm _w{ÐV J«§W g_Obm OmVmo. Xáam§Mo _hÎd, H$mJXnÌm§Mo _hÎd `m g§H$ënZm, H$moedmL²>_`, ì`mH$aU ho àH$ma ^maVmV B§J«Om§Zr éO{dbo, J°Po{Q>`g©/ZH$meo V`ma Ho$bo. Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z, J«°§Q> S>\$, _moëgdW©, H°$ÝS>r, A°dQ> `m§Zr _amR>rVrb J«§W{Z{_©Vrg CÎmoOZ {Xbo. {MniyUH$a, H$moëhQ>H$a, AmJaH$a `m§Zr {Z~§Y {bhÿZ `m~m~V OZOmJ¥Vr Ho$br. 1111 _Üò Am§~oOmoJmB© òWo H$dr _wHw$§XamOm§Zr "{ddoH$qgYy' J«§W {b{hbm Va nwT>o Xmgmon§Vm§Zr H$mnS>mda nmgmoS>r {b{hbr. Xmgmon§V, _moamon§V, H¥$îUX`mU©d, EH$ZmW `m§Zr àM§S> boIZ Ho$bo. H¥$îUX`mU©d `m§Zr "h[adaXm' hm J«§W 12 df©o EH$m§VmV amhÿZ Am{U H$Sy>qZ~mMr nmZo ImD$Z {b{hbr. `m J«§WmV 86 AÜ`m` Am{U 42,000 Amoì`m AmhoV. _moamon§Vm§Zr Odinmg 75,000 aMZm {b{hë`mMo AmT>iVo. B§J«OrVrb "n°amS>mBO bm°ñQ>' ho nwñVH$ {_ëQ>ZZo 1638 Vo 1664 Ago 26 df} {b{hbo. n§{S>V Zohê$, bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$, ñdmV§Í`dra gmdaH$a, _hmË_m Jm§Yr, gmZoJwê$Or `m§Zr ~aoMgo boIZ VwéJ§ mV AgVmZm Ho$bo Amho. Va hobZ Ho$ba `m A§Y d _yH$~Yra ñÌrZo AmË_H$WZ {b{hbo Amho, `mdê$Z AmnUmg EH$ àíZ nS>Vmo, H$s boIH$ H$m {b{hVmV ? `mMo CÎma EH$M Amho, H$s _mZdmg Amnë`m _ZmVrb ^md^mdZm BVam§Zm gm§Jmì`mem dmQ>VmV. åhUyZM Oo Oo AmnUmer R>mdo, Vo BVam§er gm§Jmdo, ehmUo H$ê$Z gmoS>mdo gH$i OZ Ago g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tZr åhQ>bo Amho. J«§Wê$nmZo AmnU AZoH$ df} kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 62 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 63 J«W § {Z{_©VrMm B{Vhmg J«§W{Z{_©Vr dmT>br H$maU dmMUmao dmT>bo, JaOoZwgma nwadR>m hr AW©emñÌmMm {gÕm§VM Amho. bmoH$ H$m dmMVmV `mdahr g§emoYZ Pmbo Amho. Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>Zo Ho$boë`m EH$m nmhUrV Ago AmT>ibo H$s, 23 Q>¸o$ bmoH$ H$a_UwH$sgmR>r, 29 Q>¸o$ bmoH$ {ejUmgmR>r, 23 Q>¸$o bmoH$ _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r, 18 Q>¸$o bmoH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m_mgmR>r Va 15 Q>¸o$ dmMH$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ CÞVrgmR>r dmMV AgVmV. `mVhr Ago AmT>ibo, H$s 13 Q>¸o$ dmMH$ J«§W {dH$V KoD$Z dmMUmao Va 37 Q>¸o$ dmMH$ BVam§H$Sy>Z J«§W KoD$Z dmMUmao AmT>ibo AmhoV. dmMZmMm doJ Aën~wÕr dmMH$m_Üò {_{ZQ>mbm 50 Vo 60 eãX AgVmo; Va gw~wÕ d OmUH$ma dmMH$ {_{ZQ>mbm 100 Vo 120 eãX dmMVmo Agohr AmT>ibo Amho. {edm` _yH$dmMZ àJQ> dmMZmnojm {VßnQ> doJmZo hmoV AgVo, Ago AmT>ibo Amho. Va d`mÀ`m AmR>ì`m dfm©n`ªV Ho$bobo g§ñH$ma H$m`_ {Q>H$VmV, Ago _mZgemñÌkm§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. Ago AgyZhr Amnë`m XoemV embo` ñVamda Mm§Jbr J«§Wmbò CnbãY ZmhrV, hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. dmMZmMm CÔoe H$moUVm AgVmo ho emoYÊ`mH$[aVm Ho$boë`m nmhUrV dmMZmMo {Za{Zamio CÔoe dmMH$m§Zr gm§{JVbo AmhoV. 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Mm{ierZ§Va _mUyg _Zem§VrgmR>r dmMZ H$arV AgmVmo. EHy$UM H$m` "~wH$' `m g§H$ënZo_Üò d`moZm_mZwgma {nMa ~wH$, ñQ>moar ~wH$, àmoJ«og ~wH$, gpìh©g ~wH$ Am{U ~±H$nmg~wH$ `m§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho Ago åhUUo dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. AWm©V ho Oar Iao _mZbo Var dmMZ H$ê$ Zò Ago _mZUmamhr EH$ dJ© Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo "hmD$ Qy> {~H$_ ggog\w$b {~{PZog_Z' ho nwñVH$ dmMyZ H$moUr Y§ÚmV pñWa hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr qH$dm "èmMm _yb_§Ì' ho nwñVH$ dmMyZ H$moUr bjmYre Pmë`mMo Eo{H$dmV Zmhr. `mMohr CÎma bm°S>© ~oH$Z `m§À`m dMZmV gmnS>Vo. bm°S>© ~oH$H$Zo åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "H$mhr nwñVHo$ dmMyZ nMdmd`mMr AgVmV, H$mhr nwñVHo$ {Jimd`mMr AgVmV, Va H$mhtMr ZwH$VrM Md MmIm`Mr AgVo.' åhUyZM AmnU Oa bmoH$m§Zm àíZ {dMmabm, H$s Vwåhmg dmMm`Mo Amho H$s Zmhr? Va gd© OU dmMm`Mo Amho AgoM åhUUma. _am`Mo Amho Ago H$moUr åhUUma Zmhr. åhUyZM OJm`Mo Agob Va dmMboM nm{hOo. à^mH$a AÌo `m§Zr åhQ>bo H$s, "nwñVH$ åhUOo gOrd _ZmMm hoVwnyU© g§dmX AgVmo.' ñdmV§Í`dra gmdaH$a H$g§ OJmd§ Am{U H$g§ _amd§ ho "_mPr OÝ_R>on' `m nwñVH$mVyZ {eH$dVmV. ì`dhma {eH$md`mMm Agob Va "Xmg~moY' dmMbm nm{hOo. OJmMm B{Vhmg g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm Agob Va n§{S>V Zohê§$Mo "p½bångog Am°\$ dëS>© {hñQ>ar' ho nwñVH$ dmMbo nm{hOo. emo{fVm§Mm AmdmO EoH$md`mMm Agob Va _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mo "eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS>' qH$dm bú_U _mZ|Mo "Cnam' ho nwñVH$ dmMbo nm{hOo. Amnbo nyd©O H$go OJbo ho Ë`m§À`m M[aÌJ«§Wm§dê$Z bjmV òBb © ; Va OrdZmVrb AZoH$ àíZm§Mr CÎmao H$moUmbm AmÜ`mpË_H$ J«W§ dmMyZ gmnS>Vrb. Aer AZoH$ nwñVHo$ AmhoV H$s Or AmnU AmOhr AmdS>rZo dmMVmo. Amnë`m dmS>d{S>bm§Zrhr Vr VodT>çmM AmË_r`VoZo dmMbr hmoVr. ho Iao "AjadmL>²_`' hmo`. kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 64 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 65 g_mO_ZmV {Q>H$y Z amhÿ Aer Ë`m§Zm ImÌr dmQ>V.o åhUyZM `m àg§Jr Z. eo. nmohZoaH$am§Zr Amnë`m J«§W~moY `m nwpñVHo$V {b{hboë`m J«§WmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çmMm CoI H$aÊ`mMm _moh AmdaV Zmhr. Vo åhUVmVHw$Ur H$m` Ho$bo Hw$Um H$m` ~mobo& H$go dmJbo {H$Vu R>odmo{Z Jobo&& M[aÌo Aem ^ì` Ë`m _mZdm§Mr& V`mbmM R>mdyH$ Omo J«§W dmMr&& Oar gmVeo df© hm H$mi Jobm& Hw$Ur Xo{Ibo H$m` Ë`m _mCbrbr& R>go Vr nar _y{V© AmOhr A§VamV nhm kmZam`mg kmZoídarV& Voìhm Aem J«§Wê$nr kmZgmJamVrb W|~ {_i{dUo hm Amnbo OrdZ g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mMm gmonm _mJ© Amho. dmMZm~ÔbMo g§emoYZ {ZîH$f© am_mÙ, _hm^maV, OmVH$ H$Wm, n§MV§Ì, BgmnZrVr, H$m¡{Q>ë`` AW©emñÌ, Am`wd}XmVrb MaH$ g§{hVm, Aem AZoH$ J«§Wm§Mr Zmdo AjadmL>²_` åhUyZ KoVm òVrb. dmMZmMr A{^éMr OgOer dmT>Vo Ver H$moUmbm AjadmL>²_`mMr Va H$moUmbm AÜ`mË_mMr JmoS>r bmJVo. dmMZmMm gdmªV _moR>m \$m`Xm H$moUVm Agob Va Ka~gë`m AmnUmg boIH$mer g§dmX gmYVm òVmo. boIH$mMo {dMma OmUyZ KoVm òVmV. Ë`m§À`m öX`mMo amO OmUVm òVo. d¥ÎmnÌo, AmH$medmUr, Xya{MÌdmUr, B§Q>aZoQ> `m§À`m à^mdm_wio gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr Ymo`mV Amë`mMr hH$mQ>r Ho$br OmVo. `m _mÜ`_m§_Üò Am{U nwñVH$m_Üò AgUmam _yb^yV \$aH$ Agm H$s, J«§W {ZdS>rMo AmnUmg ñdmV§Í` AgVo. _mÌ `m _mÜ`_mÛmao H$m` XmIdmd`mMo, H$Yr XmIdmd`mMo ho AmnU R>ady eH$V Zmhr. 1980 À`m gédmVrg A_o[aHo$V `m _mÜ`_m§Mm _moR>m à^md dmT>bm. b±H$m°ñQ>a ZmdmÀ`m emñÌkmZo EH$m {Z`VH$m{bH$mV boI {bhÿZ ^mH$sV dV©dbo H$s, "21 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg åhUOo B. g. 2000 _Üò A_o[aH$m H$mJX{da{hV g_mO (Paperless Society) AZw^dob.' 2001 _Üò b±H$m°ñQ>aZo nwÝhm boI {bhÿZ ho _mÝ` Ho$bo H$s, "_mPo ^mH$sV MwH$bo Amho, H$maU A_o[aHo$Vrb H$mJXmMm 2001 _Yrb In 1980 À`m VwbZoV {VßnQ> dmT>bm Amho.' Amnë`m XoemVhr àH$m{eV hmoUmè`m nwñVH$m§Mr g§»`m _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT>br Amho. gmjaVoMo à_mU dmT>bo Amho. na§Vw AmVmÀ`m H$mimV Ho$di J«§W AWdm N>mnrb gm{hË` hmVmiUo nwaogo R>aUma Zmhr. H$maU _m{hVr AmVm {d{dY ñdê$nm§V CnbãY hmoV Amho. nydu \$V J«§W hoM _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mMo gmYZ hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va {Z`VH$m{bHo$ _hÎdmMr R>ê$ bmJbr. AmOhr àJV g§emoYZmMr n{hbr _m{hVr g§emoYH$m§Zm {Z`VH$m§{bH$mVyZ {_iV AgVo. na§Vw Ë`mÀ`m OmoS>rbm AÝ` N>mnrb gm{hË`XoIrb _m{hVràmárMo gmYZ _mÝ` Pmbo Amho. Aem gm{hË`mMr _m{hVr KoÊ`mnydu AmnU J«§Wm§Mo {Za{Zamio àH$ma nmhÿ `m. J«§Wm§_Üò H«${_H$ nwñVHo$ Amnë`m n[aM`mMr AmhoV. H$Wm, H${dVm, ZmQ>H$, H$mX§~ar, M[aÌo ho gm{hË`hr AmnUmg _m{hVr Amho. Ë`mMm AmnU dmnahr Ho$bm AgUma. na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a eãXH$moe, dm{f©Ho$, gyMr, àdmgr _mJ©Xe©H$, A°Q>bmg, X{e©H$m, J°Po{Q>`g©, OZJUZm / gm§p»`H$s, ñWidU©Z H$moe, à~§Y, n§Mm§J, {XZX{e©H$m Aem AZoH${dY g§X^©gmYZm§Mm n[aM` AmnUmg Agmdm bmJVmo. `m§n¡H$s eãXH$moe Va AmnU EImÚm eãXmMm AW© nmhÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVmo. ho eãXH$moe ~hþ^m{fH$ AgVmV. {dídH$moe EImÚm {df`mnwaVo AWdm g§nUy © kmZgmJamMr _m{hVr XoUmao AgVmV. ì`m`m_ H$moe \$V {d{dY Ioi, ì`m`m_ àH$mam§Mr _m{hVr XoVmo. Ago àËòH$ {df`mMo H$moe CnbãY AmhoV. {edm` ho gm{hË` Xadfu dm{f©H$ I§S> àH$m{eV H$ê$Z AÚ`mdV R>odbo OmVo. J«W§ m§~amo~aM {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_YyZ kmZmMm à§MS> gmR>m CnbãY AgVmo. EImÚm {df`mda EH$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mBVnV _m{hVr {_iUma Zmhr; nU Ë`mM {df`mda {Z`VH$m{bH$mV àH$m{eV Pmbobm boI AmnUmg {_iy eH$Vmo. {edm` {ZVH$m{bH$mVrb _m{hVr J«§Wm§nojm A{YH$ AÚ`mdV AgVo. d¥ÎmnÌ ho {Z`VH$m{bH$M hmo`. {Z`VH$m{bHo$gwÕm H$Yr {d{eï> {df`mnwaVr _`m©{XV AgVmV; Va H$mhr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ gd© {df`m§~m~VMr _m{hVr XoVmV. EImÚm g§ñWonwaVo _m{hVr XoUmaohr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ AgVo; VgoM EImÚm ì`dgm`mVrb ZdrZ àdmh Xe©{dUmaoX{o Ib {Z`VH$m{bH$ AgVo. H$mhr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZo àH$m{eV Ho$br OmVmV; Va H$mhr A{Z`VH$m{bH$ ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. J«§Wmb`m§_YyZ {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo OwZo A§H$ ~m§YUr H$ê$Z R>odbobo AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. AmOÀ`m `wJmV Va BboQ´>m°{ZH$ OZ©ëg, Am°Z bmB©Z OZ©ëg hohr {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo àH$ma bmoH${à` Pmbo AmhoV. AÝ` {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m AZwH«$_{UH$m N>mnUmar gyMr` {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Am{U gma N>mnUmar gma {Z`VH$m{bHo$ g§emoYH$m§V bmoH${à` AmhoV. EHy$UM J«§W Am{U {Z`VH$m{bHo$ `m§À`m_Üò _m{hVrMm àM§S> gmR>m CnbãY Amho. Aem N>mnrb gm{hË`m_Üò J«§W Am{U {Z`VH$m{bH$m§~amo~aM ZH$meo, _mZHo$, ñdm{_Ëd h¸$Xe©Z gm{hË`, àMmanÌHo$, doimnÌHo$, {XZX{e©H$m, N>m`m{MÌo, X¡Z§{XZr, gm§p»`H$s, àH$meZgyMr, Om{hamV \$bH$, H$moï>Ho$ d à_mUHo$ Aem àH$maMo N>mnrb gm{hË` dmMH$mg Cn`wV _m{hVr nwadrV AgVo. `m gm{hË`mMo d¡{eï>ç åhUOo hr _m{hVr AÝ` dmMZgm{hË`mVyZ {_iy eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AmnU Aem gm{hË`mMm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. N>mnrb gm{hË`m{edm` AÝ` ÑH$-lmì` àH$maMo gm{hË`hr Amnë`mbm _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mg _XV H$arV AgVo. Aem gm{hË`m_Üò ñbmB©S>²g, {\$ëåg, {\$ë_pñQ´>ßg, ÜdZr d Üd{Z{MÌ H°$goQ>g² , gr.S>r. am°_, âbm°nr, Üd{Z_w{ÐH$m, _m`H«$mo{\$ë_, n§MH$mS>g©² Aem AZoH${dY ÑH²$-lmì` gmYZm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. J«W§ Am{U {Z`VH$m{bH$m§à_mUoM qH$~hþZm `m Ñï>rZo H$s `m gm{hË`mMm AmñdmX AmnU AmdmO Am{U g{MÌ ñdê$nmV KoD$ eH$Vmo. {edm` ho gd© gm{hË` EH$m OmJohÿZ Xwgè`m OmJr ghOnUo ZoVm òVo. 34 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 66 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 67 _m{hVràmárMr gmYZo I§S>m§Vrb EÝgm`bmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m XmoZ gr.S>r. am°__Üò _mdVmo. {edm` `m gmYZm§Ûmao _m{hVr àM§S> doJmZo emoYVm òVo. hoS> \$moZ bmdyZ BVam§Zm AS>Wim Z H$aVm Ë`mVrb _m{hVr AmnU EoHy$ eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio ho gm{hË` J«§W Am{U {Z`VH$mbH$m§nojm A{YH$ bmoH${à` Z Pmbo VaM Zdb. darb gd© dmMZgm{hË`àH$ma {d{dY J«W§ mb`m§_YyZ gÜ`m _moR>çm à_mUmda CnbãY Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `mo½` dmMZgm{hË`mMr {ZdS> H$aUo åhUOo EH$m H$g~r ì`VrMoM H$m_ Amho. _m{hVrÀ`m àmár_Üò `m AZoH${dY dmMZgm{hË`mMm Ogm à^md OmUdVmo Amho Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mÀ`m àgmamV {d{dY g§XoedhZ gmYZm§_Yrb H«$m§Vrhr O~m~Xma Amho. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoan`ªV g§Xoe dhZmgmR>r gmono Am{U ñdñV gmYZ åhUOo nmoñQ> (Q>nmb) ImVo hmoVo. AmnU nmR>{dbobo nÌ {_iyZ CÎma {_iÊ`mg 1215 {Xdg ghO bmJV. AmVm B©-_ob nmR>{dë`mg Amnbm g§Xe o nmohmoMë`mMm Ahdmb Va òVmoM; nU g_moaÀ`m ì`VrZo B©-_ob CKS>bm H$s Zmhr Vohr H$iVo. VrM Jmoï> \°$gMr, \°$g nmR>{dbm H$s Amnbm \°$g g§Xoe BpÀN>V ñWir nmohMë`mMm Amo.Ho$. [anmoQ>© boIr {_iVmo. {edm` XyaÜdZr, _mo~mB©bMr gw{dYm AmhoM. _mo~mB©bdarb Eg.E_.Eg. godmXoIrb nmoñQ>mgmaIoM g§Xe o dhZmMo H$m_ H$arV Amho. {edm` ñH°$ZaÛmao hì`m Ë`m godmgw{dYm§Mm dmna _m{hVrÀ`m AmXmZàXmZmH$[aVm _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$bm OmV Amho. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb H$m_mH$[aVm AmnU Ë`m§Mm dmna H$arV Agbmo Var kmZàmárgmR>r AmnU `m gw{dYm dmnaVmo H$m hm Iam àíZ Amho. {edm` `mH$[aVm bmJUmar CnH$aUo, ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm, drO, ñQ>oeZar `m§Mm IM© OmñV Amho, hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. Ë`m_wio `mnwT>rb H$mimV `m gw{dYm§Mm H$mQ>H$garZo d JaOoZwgma dmna H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aUma Amho. _m{hVràmár Am{U g§XoedhZmVrb `m gd© Vn{ebmV B§Q>aZoQ>Mm CoI H$aUo An[ahm`© Amho. B§Q>aZoQ> åhUOo _m{hVrMo _hmOmb Amho. Ë`mV {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr gmR>{dbobr Agbr Var `m _m{hVrMr A{YH¥$VVm VnmgUmar `§ÌUm CnbãY Zmhr ho bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. B§Q>aZoQ>dê$Z àM§S> à_mUmda _m{hVr Ho$di O_m H$ê$Z Ë`mMm dmna Z H$aUo åhUOo Amnë`m KamV AZmdí`H$ dñVy O_m H$aÊ`mgmaIoM Amho. {edm` hm gd© IMuH$ àH$ma Amho. H$maU gmYmaUV EH$ Vmg B§Q>aZoQ> dmnaÊ`mH$[aVm drg énò IM© òVmo. Oa EImÚm ì`º$sZo amoOMo d¥ÎmnÌ B§Q>aZoQ>da dmMmd`mMo R>a{dbo Am{U amoO AYm© Vmg d¥ÎmnÌ B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao dmMbo, Va Ë`mbm Xhm énò IM© òBb © . {edm` S>mD$ZbmoS> Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMm IM© {Zamim Am{U Ë`mMr àVdmarhr Mm§Jbr Zgob. åhUOoM Oo d¥ÎmnÌ XmoZ én`m§Zm _yi àVrV CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vo Vo B§Q>aZoQ>dê$Z Xhm énò IM© H$ê$Z dmMUo Aì`dhm`© R>aVo. `mMm AW©M Agm, H$s g§XoedhZmMr hr gmYZo AmnU AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$, {dMmanyd©H$ Am{U Amdí`H$ Ë`m à_mUmV dmnabr nm{hOoV. B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna {d{eï> _m{hVr emoYÊ`mH$[aVm à^mdrnUo hmoD$ eH$Vmo ho gd©OU _mÝ` H$aVrb. _mÌ B§Q>aZoQ>da H$moUr g§nyU© J«§W dmMUma Zmhr. Vo Aì`dhm`© Va AmhoM, {edm` ÌmgXm`H$hr Amho. Amnbr _mZ{gH$VmM Aer Amho, H$s H$moUVrhr ZdrZ g§H$ënZm AmnU ñdrH$mabr, H$s {VMm A_`m©X dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. eodQ>r Ë`m g§H$ënZoMm dmnaM Aì`dhm`© R>aVmo. _m{hVrÀ`m emoYm~m~V Am{U dmnam~m~V åhUyZM AmnU Iyn OmJê$H$ am{hbo nm{hOo. da Z_yX Ho$boë`m kmZgmYZm§VyZ Amnë`m AmdS>rZwgma, Am{W©H$ Hw$dVrZwgma Aem _m{hVrMm g§J«h Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë`m _m{hVrg AÚm`mdV R>odbo nm{hOo. `mo½` doir, hdr Vr _m{hVr gmnS>ob Aer aMZm Ho$br nm{hOo. Am{U `m gdmªV _hÎdmMo åhUOo `mgmR>r AË`§V H$mQ>H$garZo IM© Ho$bm nm{hOo. ho gd© Oar Ano{jV Agbo Var àË`jmV _mÌ n[apñWVr \$maM {dnarV Amho. àkm à{Vð>mZ, Zm§XoS> `m§Zr Am°JñQ> 2007 _Üò ~r. ES>. Am{U S>r. ES>. Aä`mgH«$_mg àdoe KoVboë`m åhUOo ^mdr {ejH$m§À`m _amR>dmS>çmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m dmMZ A{^éMrMo gd}jU Ho$bo. Ë`mVrb {ZîH$f© Y¸$mXm`H$ AmhoV. H$mhr {ZîH$f© Imbrbà_mUo1000 n¡H$s 875 {dÚmWu gwQ>rÀ`m H$mimV EH$hr nwñVH$ dmMV ZmhrV. 865 {dÚmWu d¥ÎmnÌ dmMV ZmhrV. 394 {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Kar J«§W AmhoV. 49 OUm§H$S>o 10 nojm OmñV J«§W AmhoV. Amnë`m g_mOmVrb ho {MÌ {ZamemOZH$ Amho . ò Ë `m H$mhr dfmª V OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio naXoer {ejUg§ñWm Amnë`m XoemV òD$ KmVë`m AmhoV. naXoer dñVy Amnë`m XoemV òV AmhoV. Ë`m Amnë`m XoemVrb dñVyn§ j o m ñdñV AmhoV. Amnbr ñnYm© Ë`m gdmªer AmnmoAmnM hmoUma Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV "KmoH$m Am{U AmoH$m' hr Amnbr {ejUàUmbr {H$VnV èñdr R>aUma Amho? Ë`m_wio nXdr {_iob; nU OrdZmV èñdr hmoÊ`mMm _mJ© gmnS>Uma Zmhr. Aem àg§Jr h_Img è {_iÊ`mMm _mJ© åhUOo AmnU Jack of all and master of one Pmbo nm{hOo. EH$ Var N>§X AmnUmg hdmM. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo J«§Wào_ d dmMZào_ gd©lwV Amho. N>§Xm{edm` OrdZ AmZ§X_` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. gd© joÌm§Mr àmW{_H$ _m{hVr AmnUmg hdrM; nU EH$m joÌmV AmnUmH$S>o àmdrÊ` nm{hOoM. Ë`m_wio Amnbo OrdZ gwgø hmoBb © . AmZ§X hm H$mhr ~mOmamV {_iUmam KmD$H$ AWdm {H$aH$moi kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 68 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 69 nXmW© Zìho. Vmo _ohZVrZo, gamdmZo {_idmdm bmJVmo. Ago Pmbo H$s ZOa V`ma hmoV. `mo½`-A`mo½` _m{hVrMr nmaI H$aVm òVo. `mH$[aVm VÁk _mJ©Xe©H$ {_imbm Va XwYmV gIaM. nU Zo_Ho$ H$moUË`m joÌmVrb _m{hVr {_idm`Mr `mMm N>X§ _mÌ AmnUM {ZdS>bm nm{hOo. _m{hVr O_{dUo hm EH$ N>§X Amho Vmo Omonmgbm nm{hOo. AmOda OJÝ_mÝ` Pmbobo ~hþ§Vme emñÌk, d¡km{ZH$ PnmQ>bobo, g_mOmÀ`m ÑïrZo Ë`m H$mimV doS>o hmoVo, N>§{Xï> hmoVo. Z§Va Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr g_mOmbm g_Oë`mda Vo d§XZr` R>aboo. hm B{Vhmg Amho. CÚmÀ`m OJmVrb emñÌk, VÎdk, g_mOYwarU AmOÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_YyZM KS>Uma AmhoV. H$moUr {H$aU ~oXr ~Zob, Va Hw$Ur gw{ZVm {dë`åg; nU ho KS>Ê`mH$[aVm Amnma H$ï>, _ohZV, `mo½` {ZU©`, AmË_^mZ Am{U àM§S> ghZerbVm `m§Mr JaO Amhoo. AZoH${dY àH$maMr _m{hVr CnbãY Amho. AZoH$ kmZmgmYZo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUo, Ë`mVyZ Amnë`mbm Cn`wº$ _m{hVr {ZdS>Uo, kmZ AmË_gmV H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Zì`m `wJmMm hm Zdm _§Ì Amho. Mm§Jbm AÞ, dó, {Zdmam `mo½` _m{hVrÛmao {_iy eH$Vmo. `m~m~V Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a `m§À`m "kmZ' `m {Z~§YmVrb hm _OHy$a nhm. Vo åhUVmV, "n¥Ïdrda kmZm{edm` Aer Xwgar H$moUVrhr dñVy Zmhr H$s {OMm H$Q>m§im Z òVm, qH$dm {OÀ`mnmgyZ eargamg qH$dm _Zmg H$moUVrhr ì`mYr Z OS>Vm {OÀ`m `moJmZo d¥Îmr Am_aU AmZ§XXm`r amhÿ eHo$b. Oo nwéf kmZg§nmXZmV {Z_½Z Pmbobo AgVmV, Ë`m§ZmM `m A_mo{bH$ gwImMm {Za§Va bm^ hmoVmo. `m kmZgmYZobm n`m©` Zmhr. _m{hVrÀ`m `wJmV Zra-jra {ddoH$ _hÎdmMm R>aUma Amhoo. àmá _m{hVrMo ê$nm§Va kmZm_Üò Am{U kmZmMo ê$nm§Va {dÛÎmo_Üò H$aUmar ì`º$sM èñdr R>aUma Amho. boIH$ n[aM` (1) damS>,o _mYd Xod~m ho H$bm d dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmb`, ~moXdS>, {O. OiJmd òWo J«§Wnmb åhUyZ H$m`©aV AmhoV. (2) hOmao, H¥$îUm ~m~y ho emñÌr` V§Ì{ZHo$VZ, H$moëhmnya òWo J«§Wnmb åhUyZ H$m`©aV AmhoV. BVa boIH$m§Mm n[aM` `mnyduÀ`m A§H$m§VyZ à{gÕ Pmbobm Amho. ooo kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 70 kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g|~a 2007 - OmZodmar-\o$~«wdmar> 2008 71 kmZJ§JmoÌr LIB 013 J«W § mb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>r, ^mî` df© 8 do kmZJ§JmoÌr {S>g~| a 2007-OmZodmar-\o$~«dw mar> 2008 A§H$ 3 AZwH«$_{UH$m o g§nmXH$s` o ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAëg g§nmXH$ S>m°. a_oe daIoS>o H$m`©H$mar g§nmXH$ S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma g§nmXH$ _§S>i S>m°. _YwH$a eodmio lr. àdrU KmoS>oñdma S>m°. àXrn H${U©H$ ì`dñWmnH$ S>m°. _YwH$a eodmio 2008 èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wV {dÚmnrR> © {Z{_©Vr lr. AmZ§X `mXd, ì`dñWmnH$, J«§W{Z{_©Vr H|$Ð, `. M. _. _wV {dÚmnrR> _wÐH$ lr. AaqdX nmoVZrg, lr Am°\$goQ> àog, 7 E, ZmB©g, gmVnya, Zm{eH$ - 7 àH$meH$ lr. gwaoe H$modio, à^mar Hw$bg{Md, `. M. _. _wV {dÚmnrR> Zm{eH$ - 422 222. o J«W § mb`mVrb ~XbmMo ì`dñWmnZ o [anm°{PQ>ar kmZì`dñWmnZmVrb o o o o : : : : 2 àm. Or. E. ~wdm d gm¡. gm`br dm`§JUH$a 3 àm. _mYd Xod~m damS>o 21 àm. 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g§nmXH$s` ñQ>mB©b _°Ý`wAëg àm. Or. E. ~wdm d gm¡. gm`br dm`§JUH$a