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kmZì`dñWo_Ü`o J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU
Ago Amho. kmZì`dñWo_Yrb AË`§V AmìhmZmË_H$ joÌ åhUyZ J«§Wmb` Am{U
_m{hVremñÌmH$S>o nmhmdo bmJob. 21 ì`m eVH$m_Ü`o dmMH$m§À`m JaOm§_Ü`o
{ZpíMV ñdê$nmV \$aH$ nS>bobm Amho. _mJrb eVH$mVrb godm§Mm {dMma H$aVm
Pmbobm ~Xb ñdmJVmh© AgyZ Ë`m AZwf§JmZo J«§Wmb`o Am{U dmMH$ `m§Zr
~Xbboë`m n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoV, ZdrZ H$m¡eë`o AmË_gmV H$aV _m{hVr
V§ Ì kmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVy Z kmZmMo {dVaU, à{Vàmár Am{U Cn`mo O Z
gwì`dpñWVnUo gwê$ Ho$bobo Amho. J«§Wmb`emñÌmbm _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMr OmoS>
{Xbr H$s J«§Wmb`mÀ`m godm A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVmV. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMo
Cn`moO Z H$moUË`mhr joÌmV H$aV AgVmZm {dVaU, à{Vàmár g§X ^m©V
g§JUH$emñÌm_Ü`o Or H$mhr VÎdo AmhoV Vr Iao Va J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m VmpÎdH$
A{Yð>mZmMm ^mJ Amho. dJuH$aU, Vm{bH$sH$aU, {ZX}eZ, _m{hVrgodm B. À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ à{Vàmár Am{U {dVaU _°Ý`wAbr Ogo hmoV hmoVo Ë`mnojm {H$VrVar
A{YH$ nQ>rZo Am{U JwUdÎmmnyd©H$ à{Vàmár Am{U {dVaU _m{hVr V§ÌkmZm_wio
hmoD$ bmJbo Amho.
S>o{g_b dJuH$aU nÕVrMm CJ_, {dH$mg Am{U gÚ…pñWVrda S>m°. Z§XHw$_ma
Xhr^mVo `m§Zr boIZ Ho$bobo Amho. `m{edm` S>m°. gwZrVm Hw$bH$Uu `m§Mm dJuH$aU
… EH$ Zm|X ì`dñWmnZmMo V§Ì , S>m °. àXrn H${U©H $ `m§M m ^«- J«§Wmb`o,
hñV{b{IVm§er g§~§{YV lr. gwZrb {Ydma, _m{hVr gmjaVm - àm. àdrU
KmoS>oñdma, H$m`Xo{df`H$ JaOm - lr. à^mH$a {YaS>o Am{U S>m°. nmQ>rb, {deof
J«§Wmb`o Am{U d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`o - S>m°. Z{_Vm ImoV Am{U S>m°. nm§Sw>a§J nmQ>rb
`m§Mo boI {deof dmMZr` AmhoV. Zoh_rà_mUo J«§Wn[aM` ho gXa XoÊ`mV Ambobo
AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o àm. àH$me ~d} Am{U S>m°. _YwH$a eodmio `m§Zr nwñVH$ narjU
gmXa Ho$bobo Amho.
S>m°. _YwH$a eodmio
g§nmXH$
àñVwV kmZJ§JmoÌrÀ`m A§H$m_Ü`o dJuH$aUmda AmYm[aV boIm§~amo~aM
^«-J«§Wmb` (E_-bm`~«ar), H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm, {deof J«§Wmb`o
`mda boI gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. "dJuH$aUmVrb ~XbVo àdmh' hm
S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma `m§Mm boI `m {df`mVrb ~XbmMm H$b (trend) Xe©{dVmo.
S>m°. Y_©amO dra `m§Zr S>çwB© S>o{g_b dJuH$aU nÕVrMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm
gmXa Ho$bobm Amho. _wº$ n¡bw~Õ dJuH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb S>m°. _mohZ IoaS>o
`m§Zr Aä`mgnyd©H$ boI {b{hbm Amho. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV do~gmB©Q>Mm
_moR>çm à_mUmV dmna hmoVmo. dJuH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr do~ Cn`moJr Amho. lr.
M¡VÝ` dra `m§Zr do~À`m gmhmæ`mZo dJuH$aU hm boI {b{hbm AgyZ `w{Zìhg©b
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 2
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 3
dJuH$aUmVrb ~XbVo àdmh
S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma
àmÜ`mnH$, J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVremñÌ {d^mJ, nwUo {dÚmnrR>
kumbharrajendra@yahoo.co.in
gmam§e : dJuH$aUmVrb ~XbVo àdmh ñnï> Ho$ bo AmhoV.
n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU Vo n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU hm àdmg S>rS>rgrÀ`m
CXmhaUmÛmao {deX Ho$bm Amho. AmOÀ`m B§Q>aZoQ>À`m H$mimVhr
dJuH$aU H$go Cn`wŠV Amho `mMr MMm© Ho$br Amho. Q>oŠñQ>
H°$Q>Jam`PoeZ, Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aU `m ZdrZ n¡by§~m~V _m{hVr
{Xbr Amho. {Wgm°ag, Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r, Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr, \$moŠgmoZm°_r `m
_m{hVr/kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZm§Mo ñdê$n Am{U Cn`wŠVVm g§{jßVnUo
{deX Ho$ br Amho. OmoS >Ur `§ÌUmMr ( Interoperability
systems) Amdí`H$Vm ñnï> Ho$br Amho. {deof/gImob dJuH$aU
nÕVrMo (Special/depth classification scheme) _hÎd
gm§{JVbobo Amho.
_hÎdmÀ`m g§km : dJuH$aU, dJuH$aUmMo ZdrZ Cn`moJ, Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r, Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr,
\$moŠgmoZm°_r, gImob dJuH$aU nÕVr
àñVmdZm
S>r.E. Q>m`H$mogZ (Tyckoson, 2007) `m§À`mZwgma dJuH$aUmMm emoY hm
J«§WnmbZmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb Xhm à_wI emoYm§n¡H$s EH$ emoY Amho. J«§WnmbZmg emñÌmMm
XOm© {_idyZ XoÊ`m_Ü`o dJuH$aUmMo _moR>o `moJXmZ Amho. H$maU Vm{H©$H$Vm hm emñÌmMm
_w»` AmYma Amho Am{U dJuH$aUm_Ü`o Vm{H©$H$VoMm _moR>çm à_mUmda dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo. Vgo nmhVm dJuH$aU hohr EH$ emñÌM Amho. BVa gd© emñÌm§à_mUoM `m
emñÌmMrgwÕm VÎdo, {gÕm§V Am{U gyÌo AmhoV. dJuH$aUmVrb {d{dY VÎdm§Mm dmna
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 4
H$ê$Z AmVmn`ªV AZoH$ Cn`wŠV Aem dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV
d `m nwT>ohr {Z_m©U H$aVm `oUma AmhoV. VÎdo, {gÕm§V Am{U gyÌo `mAmYmao V`ma
Ho$boë`m dJuH$aU nÕVr emñÌewÕ AgVmV. Aem dJuH$aU nÕVtAmYmao J«§Wm§Mo
Am{U VËg_ dmMZgm{hË`mMo `mo½` nÕVrZo dJuH$aU H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. dmMH$m§Zm
Cn`wŠV R>aob Aem nÕVrZo dmMZgm{hË`mMr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r dJuH$aU {deof
Cn`wŠV R>aVo. `mMm AZw^d J«§WnmbZ ì`dgm{`H$ Jobr AZoH$ df©o KoV AmhoV. J«§Wmb`
Cn^moŠVohr dJuH$aUmMr Cn`wŠVVm Jobr AZoH$ df©o AZw^dV AmhoV. ~XbË`m
n[apñWVrZwgma dJuH$aUmMrhr {d{dY ZdrZ ê$no (Versions) Am{U ZdrZ Cn`moJ
CX`mg Ambo AmhoV. gXa boIm_Ü`o J«§WdJuH$aUmÀ`m {d{dY ê$nm§Mo Am{U Cn`moJm§Mo
~XbV Jobobo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.
CÔoe
BVa {d{dY joÌm§à_mUo dJuH$aUm_Ü`ohr AZoH$ ~Xb Pmbobo AmT>iVmV. gm_mÝ`
dJuH$aU nÕVt_Yrb gwYmaUm, gImob dJuH$aU nÕVtMr {Z{_©Vr, dJuH$aUmMo
dJmªH$ V`ma H$aÊ`m{edm`Mo BVa ZdZdrZ Cn`moJ, dJuH$aUmg nyaH$ R>aVrb Aem
ZdrZ kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZm§Mm (Knowledge organization tools) CJ_, BË`mXr
àH$maMo ~Xb dJuH$aUmÀ`m AmVmn`ªV À`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o Pmbobo AmT>iVmV.
dJuH$aUmVrb {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~Xbm§Mm ì`mnH$ AmT>mdm KoUo hm `m boImMm à_wI
CÔoe Amho. gImobVoZo gm§Jmd`mMo Va (1) gm_mÝ` J«§W dJuH$aU nÕVt_Yrb ~Xbm§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo.
(2) dJuH$aUmMo ZdZdrZ Cn`moJ Zm|X{dUo.
(3) ZdrZ kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZm§Mm g§{jßV n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo.
g§emoYZ nÕVr Am{U ì`mßVr
hm boI AmT>mdm ñdê$nmMm Amho. Ë`m_wio boI dmMZgm{hË`mAmYmao {b{hbm
Amho. åhUOoM ho {ÛVr`H$ {díbofU Amho. boI {b{hÊ`mgmR>r gm_mÝ`nUo 20ì`m
Am{U 21ì`m eVH$mVrb dmMZgm{hË`mMm AmYma KoVbm Amho. gXa boIm_Ü`o
dJuH$aUmVrb Ho$di T>mo~i ~Xbm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. àË`oH$ ~XbmMo ñdê$n
Am{U n[aUm_ A{YH$ gyú_nUo {b{hUo hm `m boImMm CÔoe Zmhr.
(1) n[aJUZmË_H$Vm Vo n¡by~ÕVm - EH$ bm^Xm`H$ àdmg
dJuH$aU nÕVt_Ü`o {df`m§Mr Am{U Cn{df`m§Mr Zmdo {Xbobr AgVmV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 5
{df`m§Mr Am{U Cn{df`m§Mr VH©$ewÕ[aVrZo aMZm Ho$bobr AgVo. Zm|X{dboë`m {df`mg
Am{U Cn{df`mg {d{eï> {MÝh {Xbobo AgVo. `m{edm` gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§Mr,
^yàXoem§Mr, ^mfm§Mr, b{bV dmL²>_`mÀ`m àH$mam§Mr `mXr dJuH$aU nÕVt_Ü`o {Xbobr
AgVo. VgoM dJuH$aU nÕVr_Ü`o {ZX}ehr {Xbobm AgVmo. dJuH$aU nÕVrVyZ
Amdí`H$ Ë`m {df`mMm dJmªH$ emoYÊ`mgmR>r {ZX©oe Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. `m{edm` {d{dY
Cn{df`m§Mr {MÝho EH$Ì OmoSy>Z dJm©H$ H$gm V`ma H$amdm `m~m~VMo {Z`_hr dJuH$aU
nÕVr_Ü`o {Xbobo AgVmV.
dJuH$aU nÕVtMo XmoZ _w»` àH$ma AmT>iVmV. (A) n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU
nÕVr Am{U (Am) n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVr. n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕVr OJmVrb
gd© {df`m§Mr VH©$ewÕ `mXr V`ma H$aVmV Am{U `mXrVrb àË`oH$ {df`mbm V`ma
dJmªH$ XoVmV. `m dJuH$aU nÕVr ~hþVm§e H$ê$Z ewÕ {MÝhm§H$ZmMm dmna H$aVmV.
gd© {df`m§Mm g_mdoe Am{U V`ma dJmªH$ XoÊ`mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§_wio `m dJuH$aU nÕVr
AZoH$ I§S>m§_Ü`o N>mnboë`m AgVmV. bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«og dJuH$aU nÕVr hr
n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕVrMo CXmhaU Amho. hr dJuH$aU nÕVr gw_mao 50 I§S>m§_Ü`o
àH$m{eV Pmbr Amho (Chan, 2004). n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕVrÛmao ZdrZ
{df`mbm ghOmghOr dJmªH$ V`ma H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrMo
ñdê$n `m CbQ> AgVo. n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVr_Ü`o àË`oH$ _w»` {df`mVrb Ho$di
_yb^yV KQ>H$m§Mr `mXr {Xbr OmVo. V`ma dJmªH$ XoÊ`mV `oV Zmhr. {d{dY Cn{df`m§À`m
{MÝhm§Mr OmoS>Ur H$ê$Z dJuH$aUH$Vm© gw`mo½` dJmªH$ V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. n[aJUZmË_H$
dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb V`ma dJmªH$ Zoh_rM àË`jmVrb dmMZgm{hË`mVrb {df` n[anyU©
nÕVrZo ì`ŠV H$aobM Ago Zmhr. na§Vw n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m _XVrZo _mÌ
n[anyU© dJmªH$ V`ma H$aUo eŠ` hmoV o. n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVr eŠ`Vmo {_l
{MÝhm§H$ZmMm dmna H$aVmV. H$mobZ Šbm{g{\$Ho$eZ (grgr) Am{U `w{Zìhg©b S>o{g_b
Šbm{g{\$Ho$eZ (`wS>rgr) `m Zm_m§{H$V n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVr AmhoV. `m nÕVr
n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVr åhUyZM ApñVËdmV Amë`m. `wS>rgrgma»`m àJV n¡by~Õ
nÕVtMo {deof d¡{eîQ>ç ho Amho H$s, {d{eï> dJmªH$mVrb {d{dY n¡by§Mm H«$_ R>a{dÊ`mMo
ñdmV§Í` dJuH$aUH$Ë`m©g {Xbobo AgVo.
S>çwB© S>o{g_b Šbm{g{\$Ho$eZ (S>rS>rgr) hr gÜ`m OJmV gdmªV OmñV dmnabr
OmUmar dJuH$aU nÕVr Amho. hr nÕVr à»`mV A_o[aH$Z J«§Wnmb _ob{db S>çwB©
`m§Zr V`ma Ho$br. hr dJuH$aU nÕVr åhUOo _ob{db S>çwB© `m§Zr J«§WnmbZ {dídmbm
{Xbobo EH$ _hmZ `moJXmZ Amho. `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMr àW_ Amd¥Îmr 1876 _Ü`o
àH$m{eV Pmbr hmoVr. gdmªV AbrH$S>Mr Amd¥Îmr 23dr Amho. hr Amd¥Îmr 2011
_Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmbr Amho. `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMo AmVmn`ªV 30 ^mfm§_Ü`o ^mfm§Va
Pmbo Amho Am{U OJmVrb 135 Xoem§_Ü`o `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
gw_mao 60 amï´>r` J«§WgyMrVrb Zm|XrMr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r S>rS>rgrMm dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo.
S>rS>rgr~m~V `oWo Z_yX H$amd`mMr {deof ~m~ åhUOo `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMm
gdmªJmZo hmoV Jobobm {dH$mg. AJXr ghO bjmV `oUmar ~m~ åhUOo `m dJuH$aU
nÕVr_Ü`o gmVË`mZo ZdrZ {df`mMm Ho$bobm g_mdoe. Ë`m_wioM `m dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m
AmH$ma_mZmV ghO bjmV `oB©b `odT>r dmT> Pmbobr Amho. `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMr
n{hbr Amd¥Îmr Ho$di 42 n¥ð>m§Mr hmoVr, Va 23ì`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o Mma hOmam§nojm
OmñV n¥ð>o AmhoV. gdmªV _hÎdmMm ~Xb åhUOo `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMm n[aJUZmË_H$
Vo n¡by~Õ Agm Pmbobm àdmg. gwê$dmVrbm S>rS>rgr n[aJUZmË_H$ hmoVr. H$mbm§VamZo
_mÌ Vr n¡by~Õ hmoV Jobr. àË`oH$ ZdrZ Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o {VMr n¡by~ÕVm dmT>V Jobobr
{XgyZ `oVo. gÜ`m `m dJuH$aU nÕVr_Ü`o n¡by~ÕVoMm _moR>çm à_mUmda dmna Ho$bobm
{XgyZ `oVmo. S>rS>rgrVrb à_mU Cn{d^mJ Am{U BVa {d{dY àH$maÀ`m gmhmæ`H$mar
VŠË`m§_wio `m dJuH$aU nÕVrbm n¡by~ÕVoMm A§JrH$ma H$aVm Ambobm Amho. {edm`
EH$m _w»` dJm©Vrb Cn{df`mbm Ë`mM _w»` dJm©Vrb BVa AZoH$ Cn{df` dm BVa
_w»` dJm©Vrb Cn{df` OmoS>Ê`mÀ`m gw{dYoVyZhr `m dJuH$aU nÕVrbm n¡by~ÕVoMo
ñdê$n Ambo Amho. n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrAmYmao Am§VaemIr`, ~hþemIr` {df`m§Zm
n[anyU© dJmªH$ V`ma H$aVm `oVmV, VgoM gyú_ {df`m§Zm dJmªH$ V`ma H$aVm `oVmV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 6
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 7
gwYm[aV Amd¥Î`m - `emMo J_H$
n[aJUZmË_H$ Vo n¡by~ÕVm `m _hÎdmÀ`m ~Xbm{edm` S>rS>rgrZo AZoH$ Ago
~Xb Ho$bo AmhoV H$s, Á`m_wio hr dJuH$aU nÕVr ~XbË`m H$mimVhr A{Ve`
`eñdrnUo Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ Amho. {Z`{_V H$mimZo gwYm[aV Amd¥Î`m àH$m{eV
H$aUo ho S>rS>rgrÀ`m `emMo J_H$ Amho. AmOn`ªV S>rS>rgrÀ`m 23 Amd¥Î`m àH$m{eV
Pmë`m AmhoV. 137 dfmª_Ü`o 23 Amd¥Î`m åhUOo gmYmaUnUo Xa ghm dfm©bm EH$
Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV Pmbr Ago åhUVm `oB©b. _mÂ`m AZw^dmZwgma dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m
Amd¥Î`m àH$m{eV hmoÊ`mMm hm doJ A{Ve` g_mYZH$maH$ Amho. Iao Va hm doJ
AmíM`©H$maH$ Amho AgoM åhUmdo bmJob. H$maU OJmVrb BVa H$moUË`mhr dJuH$aU
nÕVrÀ`m 23 Amd¥Î`m {ZKmboë`m ZmhrV Am{U BVŠ`m H$_r dma§dm[aVoZo Va ZmhrM
Zmhr. ~è`mMem dJuH$aU nÕVtÀ`m Ë`m§À`m _yi {Z_m©Ë`mZ§Va ZdrZ Amd¥Î`m {ZKV
ZmhrV. `m CbQ> _ob{db S>çwB© `m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Vahr Jobr AZoH$ df©o hr dJuH$aU nÕVr
{Q>Hy$Z Amho. ZwgVrM {Q>Hy$Z Amho Ago Zmhr Va CÎmamoÎma {VMm àM§S> {dH$mg Pmbobm
{XgyZ `oVmo. gmVË`mZo, {Z`{_V H$mimZo CnbãY hmoUmè`m ZdrZ Amd¥Î`m ho S>rS>rgrÀ`m
`epñdVoMo Iao J_H$ Amho. dJuH$aU nÕVr_Ü`o ZdZdrZ {df`mMm `mo½` {R>H$mUr
g_mdoe H$aUo, H$mb~mø {df` dJuH$aU nÕVrVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, {df`m§Mo {dMmanyd©H$
ñWmZm§Va H$aUo, gmVË`mZo n¡by~ÕVm dmT>{dUo hr S>rS>rgrÀ`m `emMr AmUIr H$mhr
H$maUo AmhoV. {edm` BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmV (do~ SçwB©) Amd¥Îmr CnbãY H$aUo,
^mfm§VarV Amd¥Î`m CnbãY hmoUo `m H$maUm§_wiohr S>rS>rgrbm dmT>Vm à{VgmX {_imbobm
Amho. bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«og, AmogrEbgr, \$m°aoñQ> àog `m Ü`o`{Zð> Am{U Zm_m§{H$V
g§ñWm§Zr {Xboë`m g{H«$` nmqR>ã`m_wioM S>rS>rgrbm AmOMo ho AË`§V àJV ñdê$n
bm^bo Amho. da Z_yX Ho$boë`m g§ñWm§Zr dJuH$aUmMo _hÎd OmUbo Amho d Ë`m_wioM
`m g§ñWm S>rS>rgrgmR>r Amnë`m j_Vm Cn`moJmV AmUV AmhoV. H$moUË`mhr nÕVrbm
/ `§ÌUobm `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r, {dH${gV hmoV amhÊ`mgmR>r, {MaH$mb ApñVËd
bm^Ê`mgmR>r Ü`o`{Zð> g§ñWm§Mm ^ŠH$_ nmqR>~m Amdí`H$ AgVmo. Agm nmqR>~m
S>rS>rgrbm {_imbobm Amho.
dJuH$aU nÕVtÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb H$mobZ Šbm{g\$sHo$eZ (grgr) hr EH$
gd©loð> {Z{_©Vr Amho. a§JZmWZ `m§Mo J«§WnmbZmVrb ho gdm©oÎm_ `moJXmZ Amho. EH$m
^maVr`mZo OmJ{VH$ J«§WnmbZmbm {Xbobo ho EH$ _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ Amho. grgr_YyZ
a§JZmWZ `m§À`m {díbo{fH$ d¥ÎmrMo Xe©Z hmoVo. grgrEdT>r emñÌewÕ, VÎdm§da
AmYmabobr OJmV Xwgar dJuH$aU nÕVr Zmhr. na§Vw grgrbm S>rS>rgrgmaIo g§ñWm§Ë_H$
nmR>~i {_imbo Zmhr d Ë`m_wio A{Ve` emñÌewÕ AgyZhr `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMm
åhUmdm VodT>m {dH$mg Am{U àgma Pmbm Zmhr.
(Descriptive theory) hmoVr. `m dU©ZmË_H$ VÎdm§_Ü`o dñVw{Zð>VoMm A^md hmoVm.
`m Am{U BVa ÌwQ>tda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r a§JZmWZ `m§Zr dJuH$aUmMo ZdrZ VÎdo/
{gÕm§V _m§S>bo. a§JZmWmZ `m§Zr _m§S>bobr dJuH$aUmMr ZdrZ VÎdo "S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAar'
åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVmV. S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAar_Ü`o AZoH$ VÎdo/{gÕm§Vm§Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. åhUOoM S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAar hr AZoH$ VÎdo Am{U {gÕm§VmMm g§M Amho Ago
åhUVm `oB©b. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr dJuH$aUmMr S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAar Ë`mÀ`m "àmoboJmo_oZm Qw>
bm`~«ar Šbm{g\$sHo$eZ' (Ranganathan, 1967) `m J«§Wm§_Ü`o _m§S>br. hm J«§W
dJuH$aUmg§~§YrMm _yb^yV J«§W Amho. `m joÌmVrb Vmo EH$ A{^OmV (classic) J«§W
Amho.
dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm S>m`Zm{_H$
WoAar_Ü`o g_mdoe hmoVmo. S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAar_Ü`o g_m{dï> AgUmao H$mhr {ZdS>H$
KQ>H$ Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
(A) Cn`wŠVVm H«$_mMr VÎdo, (Principles of Helpful Sequence)
(Am) J¥hrVHo$ (Postulates), CXmhaUmW©, PMEST
(B) gyÌo (Canons)
(B©) dJuH$aU H$m`m©Mo ñVa (Planes of work) BË`mXr
S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAarMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mZo dJuH$aU nÕVr_Ü`o {df`m§Mr emñÌewÕ
aMZm H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. {edm` ZdrZ {df`m§Zm `mo½` {R>H$mUr gm_mdyZ KoUo eŠ`
hmoVo. S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAar_wio gImob dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z_m©U H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV,
S>m`Zm{_H$ WoAar_wio dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z{_©Vrbm VmpÎdH$ A{Yð>mZ àmßV Pmbo Amho,
VgoM dJuH$aU nÕVt_Ü`o dñVw{Zð>Vm `oD$ bmJbr Amho.
(2) dJuH$aUmMr VÎdo - a§JZmWZ `m§Mo Abm¡{H$H$ `moJXmZ
(3) dJuH$aUmMo ZdrZ Cn`moJ
ì`mnH$ gË` gm§JUmao g§{jßV, gwñnï> {dYmZ åhUOo VÎd. VÎdm§Zm T>mo~i
AWm©Zo {gÕm§V qH$dm gyÌ Agohr åhUVmV. Ago {dYmZ g§emoYZmda AmYm[aV AgVo.
VÎdo / {gÕm§V / gyÌo hr g§~§{YV joÌmVrb H$m`mªgmR>r, {dMmam§gmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVmV.
dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m pŠbï> Am{U doi KoUmar Amho. na§Vw Ho$di emñÌewÕ
dJuH$aU nÕVtÛmaoM J«§W Am{U kmZmMo Cn`wŠV nÕVrZo g§KQ>Z H$aVm `oVo; aMZm
H$aVm `oVo. VÎdo Am{U gyÌm§À`m Adb§~ZmZo emñÌewÕ dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z_m©U H$aUo
eŠ` hmoVo. ~a{dH$ go`g©, B©.gr. [aMS>©gZ, Oo.S>r. ~«mD$Z, EM.S>ãby. øy_, EM.B©.
pãbg, BË`mXr dJuH$aU VÁkm§Zr dJuH$aUm~m~VMr {d{dY VÎdo / {gÕm§V _m§S>bobo
AmhoV. na§Vw `m gdmªZr _m§S>bobr dJuH$aUmMr VÎdo hr dU©ZmË_H$ ñdê$nmMr
_wbV: J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§W Am{U BVa dmMZgm{hË`mMr H$nmQ>m_Ü`o VH©$ewÕ /
Cn`wŠV nÕVrZo aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«§W dJuH$aU nÕVr ApñVËdmV Amë`m. J«§Wm§Zm
Ë`m§À`m Ame`mZwgma dJmªH$ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hm dJuH$aUmMm _yb^yV hoVy hmoVm.
J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§Wm§Mr dJmªH$m§Zwgma aMZm Ho$br OmVo. {df`dma J«§W aMZm H$aUo Am{U
EH$m {d{eï> {df`mMo, Ë`mÀ`m Cn-{df`mMo Am{U Ë`m g§~§{YV {df`mMo gd©
dmMZgm{hË` EH$Ì AmUUo hm dJuH$aUmMm _yi hoVy hmoVm Am{U AmOhr Amho.
Xwgè`m eãXm§V gm§Jmd`mMo Va dJuH$aUm_wio J«§WmMo H$nmQ>mVrb ñWmZ {ZpíMV hmoVo.
åhUOoM dJuH$aU ho J«§WmÀ`m _m{Hª$J (dJmªH$ XoUo) Am{U nm{Hª$JgmR>r (dJmªH$mZwgma
J«§W H$nmQ>m_Ü`o bmdUo) Cn`wŠV R>aVo Ago åhUVm `oB©b.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 8
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 9
na§Vw H$moUË`mhr {Z{_©VrMm EH$mnojm Am{YH$ Cn`moJ emoYUo hm _mZdmMm
ñWm`r ñd^md Amho. `m ñd^mdmbm AZwgê$ZM H$mbm§VamZo J«§WnmbZ VÁkm§Zr /
dJuH$aU VÁkm§Zr dJuH$aUmMo AZoH$ ZdrZ Cn`moJ emoYyZ H$mT>bo AmhoV. dJuH$aUmMo
H$mhr ZdrZ Cn`moJ Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
(A) dJuH¥$V Vm{bHo$Vrb Zm|XrMr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r dJuH$aU Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
(Am) J«§WgyMr Am{U gma {Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb Zm|XrMr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r dJuH$aUmMm
Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
(B) gM© B§{OZ_Yrb do~gmB©Q>Mr VH©$ewÕ aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r dJuH$aU nÕVrMm
dmna H$aUo eŠ` Amho. {deofV: gm_mÝ`mH$Sy>Z {deofËdmH$S>o OmUmar, åhUOoM
CVa§S> (Hierarchical) AgUmar aMZm dJuH$aUmÛmao eŠ` hmoVo.
(B©) Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>Jam`PoeZgmR>r hr (Text categorization) dJuH$aU Cn`wŠV
R>aVo.
(C) kmZ ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r, {g_°pÝQ>H$ do~ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr dJuH$aU
Cn`wŠV Amho.
Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>Jam`PoeZgmR>r Cn`moJ hm dJuH$aUmMm {S>{OQ>b `wJmVrb gdmªV
\$m`Xoera Cn`moJ Amho Ago åhUVm `oB©b. gÜ`m B§Q>aZoQ> Am{U BVa gmR>dU _mÜ`_mÛmao
_m{hVr _moR>çm à_mUmda g§ào{fV Ho$br OmVo. hr _m{hVr {S>{OQ>b ñdê$nmV AgVo.
Ajao, eãX, n[aÀN>oXm§À`m ñdê$nmVrb {S>{OQ>b _m{hVrbm Q>oŠgwAb (Textual)
_m{hVr åhUVmV. Q>oŠgwAb _m{hVrÀ`m dJuH$aUmbm "Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>Jam`PoeZ' åhUVmV.
Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>Jam`PoeZgmR>r gÜ`m AZoH$ dJuH$aU V§Ìo {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
`m V§Ìm§Zm {Z`_mdbr (Algorithm) Ago åhUVmV. Decision Tree, K-NN (k-
Amho. {deofV: Z°Mab bm±JdoO àmogoqgJ Am{U H¥${Ì_ ~w{Õ_Îmm ( Artificial
intelligence) `m V§ÌkmZmAmYmao Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aUmbm Iyn àmoËgmhZ {_iV
Amho. na§Vw {d{eï> J«§WmVrb Ame`mMo ñdV: {díbofU H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb gd© n¡by§Mo
VH©$ewÕ AmH$bZ AÚmnVar g§JUH$mbm eŠ` Pmbobo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio n[anyU©, AMyH$
Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aU AOyZ eŠ` Pmbobo Zmhr. Ago Agbo Var g§JUH$ Am{U g§~§{YV
joÌmVrb {dH$mgmMm doJ Am{U {Xem {dMmamV KoVm Am{U dJuH$aU VÁkm§Mr
Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aUmMr AmdS> {dMmamV KoVm ^{dî`m_Ü`o Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aU
eŠ` hmoB©b Ago _bm dmQ>Vo.
(5) BVa kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZo
_mZdmbm Zoh_rM ñd`§M{bV `§ÌUm§~m~VMo AmH$f©U am{hbobo Amho. Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$
Šbm{g{\$Ho$eZMo AmH$f©U ho `mM _Zmod¥ÎmrMo àVrH$ Amho. g§JUH$mZo {d{eï> J«§WmgmR>r
ñdV: (_mZdmMr _XV Z KoVm) dJmªH$ V`ma H$amdm `mgmR>r Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aU
nÕVr Agmdr Ago dJuH$aU VÁkm§Zm gVV dmQ>V Ambo Amho. Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aUmMr
H$ënZm Am{U Anojm dJuH$aU VÁk Jobo AZoH$ df©o H$aV hmoVo. g§JUH$ Am{U g§~§{YV
V§ÌkmZmVrb {dH$mgm_wio AmVm Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ dJuH$aU H$mhr à_mUmV eŠ` Pmbo
BVa kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZm§_Ü`o {Wgm°ag, Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r, Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr, \$moŠgmoZm°_r,
BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§WmMo VgoM BVa g§ñWm§H$S>rb _m{hVrMo /
kmZmMo g§ KQ> Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r , Ë`mMr _m§ S >U r Am{U ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR> r
dJuH$aUmgmaIrM AmUIr H$mhr gmYZo J«§Wmb` VÁkm§Zr {dH${gV Ho$br AmhoV.
{deofV: dmMZgm{hË`mÀ`m Zm|XtZm `mo½`, gwñnï> erf©H$ {Xbo Va `mo½` Zm|Xr Am{U
n`m©`mZo `mo½` dmMZgm{hË` emoYUo eŠ` hmoVo. _m{hVr g§J«hU Am{U à{VàmßVr
nÕVrVyZ V§VmoVV _m{hVr emoYVm `oÊ`mgmR>r Zm|XrMo Am{U emoY g§koMo erf©H$ AMyH$
AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. _m{hVr g§J«hU Am{U à{VàmßVrgmR>r AMyH$ g§km dmnaVm
`oÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb` VÁkm§Zr {Wgm°ag ho gmYZ {dH${gV Ho$bo. ho EH$ g§km {Z`§ÌU
gmYZ Amho. `m_Ü`o {d{eï> g§km, Ë`m g§koÀ`m g_mZAWu g§km, OmñV Am{U H$_r
ì`mßVrÀ`m g§km Am{U g§~§{YV g§km {Xboë`m AgVmV. {Wgm°agMr Cn`wŠVVm
dmT>{dUmao {Wgm°agMo AZoH$ àH$mahr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo
{Wgm°amo\°$goQ>, Šbmgag `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. _m{hVr g§J«hU Am{U à{VàmßVr H$m`m©Vrb
{Wgm°agMo _hÎd {dMmamV KoD$Z gÜ`m AZoH$ {df`mVrb {Wgm°ag V`ma Ho$bo Jobo
AmhoV. {Wgm°ag ho _w{ÐV ñdê$nmV VgoM Am°ZbmB©Zhr CnbãY AmhoV. AZoH$ S>oQ>m~og
{dH$gH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`m S>oQ>m~og gmo~V {Wgm°aghr CnbãY Ho$bo AmhoV. (Ogo- {bgmÀ`m
S>oQ>m~oggmo~V {Wgm°ag {Xbobm Amho.) Am{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ nÕVrZo {Wgm°ag {dH${gV
H$aVm `mdoV `mgmR>r gÜ`m AZoH$ Amkmdbr CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`mVrb H$mhr Amkmdbr
_mo\$Vhr CnbãY AmhoV. {Wgm°agÀ`m {d{dY n¡by ~m~V _m{hVr XoUmao àM§S>
dmMZgm{hË` CnbãY Amho . Ë`mMr {dñV¥V `mXr Information retrieval
thesaurus : an annotated bibliography (Kumbhar, 2006) `m J«§Wm_Ü`o
{Xbobr Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 10
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 11
Nearest Neighbour), SVM (Support Vector Machine), Naive Bayes
`m Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>Jam`PoeZgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aUmè`m H$mhr {Z`_mdbr / dJuH$aU nÕVr
AmhoV.
(4) Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ Šbm{g{\$Ho$eZ
Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r (Taxonomy) Am{U Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr (Ontology) hr _m{hVrMr
{eñV~Õ aMZm H$aÊ`mMr XmoZ _hÎdmMr gmYZo AmhoV. Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r_Ü`ohr dJuH$aU
nÕVrà_mUo {df`mMr Am{U Ë`mVrb Cn{df`m§Mr CVa§S> nÕVrZo aMZm Ho$bobr AgVo.
AWm©V dJuH$aU nÕVrà_mUo Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r_Ü`o dJmªH$ {Xbobo ZgVmV. Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r hr
EH$m {d{eï> {df`mMr AgVo. {d{eï> {df`mVrb g§H$ënZm§Mr nÕVera `mXr åhUOo
Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r. Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr_Ü`o g§H$ënZmMr dJ©dma `mXr Ho$bobr AgVo. {edm`
Zm|X{dboë`m g§H$ënZm§Mr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço Am{U Ë`m g§H$ënZm§_Yrb nañnag§~§YmMohr
dU©Z Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr_Ü`o Ho$bobo AgVo. Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r Am{U Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr hr gmYZo {g_m°{Q>H$
do~ {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deof Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. VgoM kmZ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r Am{U
B©-JìhZ©ÝggmR>r hr gmYZo Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r Am{U Am°ÝQ>mobmoOrÛmao {d{eï>
{df`mVrb {d{dY emIm-CnemIm Am{U Ë`mVrb nañnag§~§Y bjmV `oVmV. {Wgm°ag
V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`mà_mUo Amkmdbr CnbãY AmhoV Ë`mà_mUo Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r Am{U
Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>rgwÕm AmVm AZoH$ Amkmdbr CnbãY AmhoV.
{S>{OQ>b `wJmVrb _m{hVrMo / kmZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV
Ambobo AmUIr EH$ gmYZ åhUOo \$moŠgmoZm°_r (Folksonomy). B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVr
emoYUmao / dmMUmao / dmnaUmao Aä`mgH$ ñdV: Ë`m _m{hVrbm erf©H$ XoD$ eH$VmV.
Aem erf©H$m§Zm ZoQ>rPZÀ`m ^mfoV Q>°½O (Tags) åhUVmV. Va Aer erf©H$ XoÊ`mÀ`m
nÕVrbm Q>°qJJ (Tagging) åhUVmV. B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVrbm ho Q>°½O qH$dm erf©H$
bmoH$m§Zr (Folk) {Xbobo AgVmV, åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm bmoH${Z{_©V erf©H$ (Folksonomies)
Ago åhUVmV. J«§WnmbZm_Ü`o \$moŠgmoZm°_rObm {deof _hÎd Amho. H$maU dmMH$m§Zm
`mo½` _m{hVr (Relevant information) CnbãY H$aUo ho J«§WnmbZmMo à_wI Ü`o`
Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _m{hVr g§J«hU H$aVo doiog J«§WnmbmZo dmMZgm{hË`mgmR>r dmnabobo
erf©H$ Am{U _m{hVrMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r dmMH$mZo dmnabobo erf©H$ OwiUo (Match
hmoUo) Amdí`H$ AgVo. _m{hVr g§J«hU H$aÊ`mgmR>r hdr Agbobr erf©H$ J«§Wnmb
{Wgm°ag dm {df` erf©H$ `mÚm§_YyZ KoV AgVmV. hr erf©H$ dmMH$ dmnaV Agboë`m
{df` erf©H$m§er OwiVrbM Ago Zmhr. na§Vw Oa dmMH$ dmnaV AgbobrM erf©H$
_m{hVr g§J«hUmgmR>r dmnabr, Va _m{hVr à{VàmßVr_Ü`o Am{YH$ V§VmoV§VnUm
(Precision) `oD$ eH$Vmo. \$moŠgmoZm°_r åhUOo bmoH${Z{_©V erf©H$m§Mr `mXr AgVo.
bmoH${Z{_©V erf©H$m§Mo da Z_yX Ho$bobo _hÎd bjmV Amë`m_wioM gÜ`m _m{hVr/kmZ
ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV `oV Amho. AWm©V, \$moŠgmoZm°_rg§~§Yr AÚmn
Iyn g§emoYZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r, Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr, \$moŠgmoZm°_rO `m§Mo kmZ ì`dñWmnZm_Ü`o {deof _hÎd
Amho. ì`mdgm{`H$ OJmÀ`m Ñï>rZo kmZmMo àH$Q> Am{U AàH$Q> kmZ Ago XmoZ àH$ma
Ho$bo OmVmV. J«§W Am{U BVa dmMZgm{hË`mÛmao àH$Q> kmZmMo g§àofU Ho$bo OmVo.
nma§n[aH$ dJuH$aU nÕVr J«§W Am{U BVa dmMZgm{hË`mÀ`m dJuH$aUmgmR>r Cn`wŠV
R>aVmV. AàH$Q> kmZ _mZdmH$S>o AgVo. Vo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o AZw^d Am{U {díbofH$d¥Îmr_wio
Ambobo AgVo. ho kmZ _mZdmÀ`m _Zm_Ü`o, _|Xy_Ü`o AgVo. Ago ho AàH$Q> kmZ g§H${bV
H$aUo, gmR>{dUo, Ë`mMr ì`dpñWV aMZm H$aUo Am{U `mo½` Vo kmZ emoYyZ JaOy§Zm
Amdí`H$VoZwgma CnbãY H$aUo hr H$m`©o kmZ ì`dñWmnZmV Ho$br OmVmV. `m H$m`mªn¡H$s
kmZmMr ì`dpñWV aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U g§J«{hV kmZmVyZ `mo½` Vo kmZ emoYÊ`mgmR>r
Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r, Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr, \$moŠgmoZm°_rO hr gmYZo Cn`wŠV R>aVmV.
darb MM©odê$Z Vw_À`m bjmV Ambo Agob H$s, dJuH$aU nÕVtnmgyZ Vo
\$moŠgmoZm°_r Aer {d{dY àH$maMr J«§W g§KQ>Z / _m{hVr g§KQ>Z / kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZo
J«§Wmb` VÁkm§Zr {dH${gV Ho$br AmhoV. Ë`mg§~§YrMo AmUIr g§emoYZ gwê$M Amho.
Am{U `m g§emoYZmVyZ Am{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ gmYZo {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV; hmoUma
AmhoV. `m g§emoYZmMmM EH$ n[aUm_ åhUOo "OmoS>Ur `§ÌUm' Mr (Interoperability
systems) {Z{_©Vr. "OmoS>Ur`§ÌUm' åhUOo Aem nÕVr, gw{dYm dm ì`dñWm H$s
Á`mÛmao darb XmoZ dm Am{YH$ kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZm§Mm EH$mM doiog dmna H$aVm `oUo.
EH$m kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZm_YyZ Xwgè`m kmZ g§KQ>Z gmYZm_Ü`o ghOnUo OmD$Z XmoÝhtMmhr
_m{hVr g§J«hU Am{U à{VàmßVrgmR>r dmna H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm åhUOo "OmoS>Ur`§ÌUm'.
CXmhaUmW©, {d{eï> EH$ {df`erf©H$ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r dJuH$aU nÕVr_YyZ
{df`erf©H$ `mXr_Ü`o OmUo. `mbmM B§J«Or_Ü`o "H«$mgdmH$' (Crosswalk) Agohr
åhUVmV. S>rS>rgrMr BVa dJuH$aU nÕVter Am{U kmZ g§KQ>H$ gmYZm§er OmoS>Ur
H$aVm `oÊ`mgmR>r AmogrEbgr {deof à`ËZ H$aV Amho.
kmZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m gmYZm§Mo àH$ma Am{U Ë`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Agë`m_wio
OmoS>Ur`§ÌUm§Mr Am{YH$ Amdí`H$Vm ^mgV Amho. kmZ ì`dñWmnZ gmYZm§_Ü`o
{deofV… ^mfoMr Am{U g§aMZoMr (Language and structure) {d{dYVm AmT>iVo.
`m {d{dYVoda _mV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm EH${ÌV dmna H$aVm `oÊ`mgmR>r OmoS>Ur`§ÌUm Amdí`H$
AmhoV. {deofVm AmOÀ`m ZoQ>dH©$`wŠV n[apñWVr_Ü`o OmoS>Ur`§ÌUm§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd
àmßV Pmbo Amho. Broad System of Ordering (BSO) VgoM The HILCC
(Hierarchical Interface to Library of Congress Classification) hr
OmoS>Ur `§ÌUm§Mr H$mhr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 12
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 13
(6) {deof Am{U gImob dJuH$aU nÕVtMr Amdí`H$Vm
S>rS>rgr, grgr, `wS>rgr `m àm_w»`mZo gd©g_mdoeH$, gm_mÝ` dJuH$aU nÕVr
(General classification schemes) AmhoV. `m dJuH$aU nÕVr gm_mÝ`
J«§Wmb`m§À`m dJuH$aUmÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aVmV. {deof J«§Wmb`m§À`m dJuH$aUmMr
JaO `m dJuH$aU nÕVr nyU© H$aV ZmhrV. {deof J«§Wmb`m§Zm gyú_ {df`m§Mo dJuH$aU
H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. dmMZgm{hË`mVrb {df`mMo gd© n¡by dJmªH$m_Ü`o Xe©{dUo `m
J«§Wmb`m§Zm Am{YH$ Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mgmR>r {deof / gImob dJuH$aU nÕVtMr
(Depth classification schemes) Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. a§JZmWZ `m§Zr gImob
dJuH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm AmoiIbr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr ñdV: Ë`m§Mo g§emoYH$ {dÚmWu
Am{U ghH$mar `m§Zr {_iyZ AZoH$ {df`m§darb gImob dJuH$aU nÕVr {dH${gV
Ho$ë`m AmhoV . BVa VÁkm§Zrhr Patents, Music, Am`wd ©oX, J§ «Wmb` Am{U
_m{hVremñÌ, BË`mXr {df`m§darb gImob dJuH$aU nÕVr V`ma Ho$ë`m AmhoV, Varhr
AmO AmnUmg AZoH$ {df`mdarb gImob dJuH$aU nÕVr Amdí`H$ AmhoV. J«m_rU
gm{hË`, Am°Q>mo_mo~mB©b B§{O{ZA[a¨J, hmo{_AmonmWr, _mo~mB©b Q>oŠZm°bm°Or, dw_Z ñQ>S>rO,
O|S>a ñQ>S>rO, ~m`moQ>oŠZm°bm°Or, B©-JìhZ©Ýg, AmonZ A°ÝS> {S>ñQ>§Ýg b{ZªJ, B§{S>`Z
{bJb {gñQ>_, ì`dñWmnZemñÌ, BË`mXr AZoH$ {df`m§darb gImob dJuH$aU nÕVtMr
AmO Amdí`H$Vm Amho. EdT>oM Zmhr Va ^maVmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`m§Mr JaO
{dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm nyaH$ {deof dJuH$aU nÕVr {dH${gV H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Iao
Va OodT>r {deof J§«Wmb`o AmhoV Ë`m gdmªZmM {deof / gImob dJuH$aU nÕVtMr
Amdí`H$Vm Amho. gImob dJuH$aU nÕVtÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio g§~§{YV {df`mMr J«§Wmb`o
Am{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ godm XoD$ eH$Vrb {edm` Aem dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z_m©U
H$aUmè`m J«§Wnmbm§Mr kmZ ì`dñWmnZmMr H$m¡eë`ohr nwÝhm EH$Xm {gÕ hmoVrb.
(7) g_mamon
dJuH$aUmÛmao J«§Wmb`mVrb dmMZgm{hË`mMr {eñV~Õ _m§S>Ur H$aVm `oVo.
Vm{bH$m Am{U BVa gyMr` gmYZm§_Yrb Zm|XrMr aMZm H$aVm `oVo. dJuH$aUmÛmao
J«§Wmb`mVrb dmMZgm{hË`mMm n[aUm_H$maH$nUo emoY KoVm `oVmo. Ho$di dJuH¥$V
aMZo_wioM J«§Wmb`mVrb ~«m°D$qOJMr gw{dYm n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVo. dJuH$aUmÛmao
{S>{OQ>b ñdê$nmVrb _m{hVrMr dJ©dmar H$aVm `oVo. {Wgm°ag, Q>°ŠgmoZm°_r, Am°ÝQ>mobmoOr,
\$moŠgmoZm°_r BË`mXr gmYZm§Mmhr _m{hVr / kmZ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmda
dmna hmo V Amho . ISKO IInternational Society for Knowledge
Organization), TREC (Text Retrieval Conference) bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«og,
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 14
AmogrEbgr, BË`mXr g§ñWm dJuH$aU Am{U g§~§{YV gmYZm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gVV
à`ËZerb AmhoV. _moR>çm à_mUmda g§emoYZ H$aV AmhoV. `mM à`ËZm§Mm EH$ ^mJ
åhUyZ ISKO V\©o$ 'Knowledge Organization' ho {Z`VH$m{bH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo
OmVo. nyduÀ`m H$mimVrb {X½JO dJuH$aU VÁkm§à_mUoM AmOÀ`m H$mimVhr AZoH$
AZoH$ VÁk `m joÌm§_Ü`o g§emoYZ H$aV AmhoV. (Kumbhar, 2012a) `m_Ü`o {deof
CëboI H$aVm `oVrb Aer H$mhr Zmd nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb. Aida Slavic,
Vanda Broughton, Vizine-Goetz, A. Neelameghan, P.K. Panirahi,
M.P. Satija BË`mXr. {deof åhUOo OmJ{VH$ nmVirda dJuH$aUmÀ`m g§~§YmV
a§JZmWZ `m§Mo AVwbZr` `moJXmZ Amho ho AmnUmg _mhrV AmhoM. Am{U àM{bV
^maVr` dJuH$aU VÁk Ë`m§Mm dmagm nwT>o MmbdrV AmhoV, ho darb `mXrVrb ^maVr`
Zmdm§dê$Z bjmV `oVo. AmOMo `wJ ho {S>{OQ>b `wJ Amho. `m `wJm_Ü`o {S>{OQ>b
ñdê$nmVrb _m{hVrMo à_mU gmVË`mZo dmT>V Amho. VgoM AmOMo OJ ho ZoQ>dH©$Mo/
B§Q>aZoQ>Mo OJ Amho. ZoQ>dH©$À`m OJm_Ü`o _m{hVrÀ`m Xod-Kodrg, _m{hVr eoAa
H$aÊ`mg, _m{hVrÀ`m gm_y{hH$ {Z{_©Vrg Am{U _m{hVrMm gm_y{hH$ dmna H$aÊ`mg
A{YH$ _hÎd Ambo Amho. Aem `m {S>{OQ>b Am{U ZoQ>dH©$À`m `wJm_Ü`o _m{hVr /
kmZ ì`dñWmnZmg {deof _hÎd àmßV Pmbo Amho Am{U n`m©`mZo dJuH$aU Am{U
VËg_ gmYZm§Mohr _hÎd dmT>bobo Amho. (Markey, 2006) LISA, EBSCO ho
J«§Wmb`emñÌmMo S>oQ>m~ogog ~«mD$O Ho$ë`mg Amnë`m bjmV `oVo H$s, dJuH$aU `m
{df`mda OJ^a àM§S> g§emoYZ hmoV Amho. Varhr dJuH$aU Am{U g§~§{YV gmYZm§Mo
_hÎd {dMmamV KoVm `m gmYZm§Mm A{YH$ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU gdmªZr `m
{df`mda AOyZ Iyn g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. 2012 _Ü`o àH$m{eV
Pmboë`m _mÂ`m 'Library classification trends in the 21st century'
(Kumbhar, 2012b) `m J«§WmÛmao dJuH$aUmVrb g§emoYZmgmR>r Vwåhmbm AZoH$ {df`
{_iy eH$VmV.
g§X^©
(1) Chan, L. M. (2004), A guide to the Library of Congress
Classification, 5th ed. Englewood, Libraries Unlimited, p.14
and 28.
(2) Kumbhar, R. (2006), Information retrieval thesaurus : an
annotated bibliography, New Delhi, Ess Ess Publications.
(3) Kumbhar, Rajendra (2012a), Trends in classification literature
: analysis of literature published during 2000 to 2009, DESIDOC
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 15
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Journal of Library & Information Technology, 32, (2), 179185.
Kumbhar, Rajendra (2012b), Library Classification Trends in
the 21st Century, Oxfordshire (UK), Chandos Publishing.
Markey, Karen (2006), Forty years of classification online :
final chapter or future unlimited ? Cataloging & Classification
Quarterly, 42 (3-4), 1-63.
Ranganathan, S. R. (1967), Prolegomena to library
classification (3rd ed.) Bombay, Asia Publishing House.
Tyckoson, D. A. (2007), Top ten innovations in library history,
Against the Grain, 18(6), 42-43
Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVr - 1876 Vo 2011 :
EH$ qghmdbmoH$Z
S>m°. Y_©amO dra, {dÚmnrR> J«§Wnmb,
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>, Am¡a§Jm~mX
dharmaraj.veer@gmail.com
gmam§e : àñVwV boImV boIH$mZo Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m
1876À`m àW_ Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m àdmgmnmgyZ 2011 _Ü`o àH$m{eV
Pmboë `m 23dr Amd¥Î mrn`ªVÀ`m dJuH$aUmVrb Eo{ Vhm{gH$
àdmgmMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. boIH$mZo àË`oH$
Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o H$go ~Xb hmoV Jobo Am{U dJuH$aU nÕVr AÚ`mdV
amhÊ`mgmR>r {Za{Zamiçm {df`m§Vrb Am{VÏ`erbVm H$er AMyH$
amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.
Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMr CËnÎmr nm{hë`mg Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, 1876 _Ü`o
S> çy B© À`m Zmdm{edm` _mÌ H$m° nramB© Q> R> od yZ AåhñQ>© , _° gmÀ`yg oQ ²> g `o Wo "A
Classification and subject index for cataloguing and Arranging the
Books and Pamphlets of a Library" `m ZmdmZo àH$m{eV Pmbr. n{hë`m
Amd¥ÎmrMr n¥ð>g§»`m \$ŠV 42 EdT>r hmoVr. Á`m_Ü`o àñVmdZm 12 n¥ð>o, g§km gyMr
12 n¥ð>o Am{U 18 n¥ð>m§Mm {ZX©oe hmoVm. `m Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m 1000 àVr H$mT>Ê`mV Amë`m
hmoË`m.
H$mhrhr Agmo J«§WnmbmgmR>r hr dJuH$aU nÕVr g_OÊ`mg gmonr Am{U V`ma
dJmªH$ XoUmar nÕVr hmoVr. (~Å>r, S>odrS>, 1992) VargwÕm øm dJuH$aU nÕVrda
VËH$mbrZ J«§Wnmbm§H$Sy>Z Q>rH$m {Q>ßnUr Pmbr, H$maU _moR>çm J«§Wmb`mnojm BVa
J«§Wmb`m§Zmhr 1000 {ZX©oegyMrÀ`m gmømZo à^mdrnUo dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmUma hmoVo.
(g°å`yarZ, B. Am`., 1964, n¥. 207)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 16
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 17
Á`m doiog `m n{hë`m Amd¥ÎmrH$S>o {ZX©oe g§km `m AWm©Zo g§»`mË_H$ Ñï>rZo
nm{hë`mg 1876 Mr n{hbr Amd¥Îmr 1000 {ZX©oe g§km (dmñVdV: 932); 1894
À`m nmMì`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o 9400 {ZX©oe g§km Am{U 1971 À`m AR>amì`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o
26141 {ZX©oe g§km, Va 1989 À`m 20ì`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o 34000 {ZX©oe g§km Agë`mMo
{XgyZ `oVo.
_ob{db S>çyB© `m§Zr 1885 _Ü`o Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 314 n¥ð>m§Mr Xwgar
gwYm[aV Amd¥Î mr "Decimal Classification and Relative Index for
Arranging Cataloguing and Indexing Public and Private Libraries
and Pamphlets, Clippings, Notes, Scrap Books, Index Resources
etc." `m {dñVm[aV ZmdmZo àH$m{eV Pmbr. `m Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m J«§WZm_m_Ü`oM ñd`§
ñnï>Vm Agë`mZo H$moUH$moUË`m gm{hË`mgmR>r Am{U J«§Wmb`mgmR>r hr dJuH$aU nÕVr
Cn`wŠV Amho ho ñnï> hmoVo.
Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmrMo AmUIr d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo gmhmæ`H$mar {MÝhm§H$ZmMm g_mdoe,
VgoM gmaUrMm {dñVma Am{U gwYmaUm VgoM `m_Ü`o g§»`mË_H$ Am{U H$m`©aV ~Xb
bjmV KoVm _m{hVr nÕVrÀ`m Ñï>rZo J{V_mZ CËH«$m§Vr R>aV Mmbbr hmoVr. n[aUm_V:
B.Am`. g§å`yarZ (1964) `m§À`m _Vo Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m àma§^mg dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m
dmMH$mg Kmo{fV Ho$bo H$s, _w»` dJ© / dJmªH$ Am{U g§km {dñVm[aV Ho$ë`m OmVrb.
_mÌ Ë`m à_mUmV Ë`mMm {dñVma Pmbm Zmhr. VgoM S>çyB© `m§Zr `oUmè`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o
ZmQ>ç_`[aË`m {MÝhm§H$Z ~Xbbo OmUma Zmhr Ago A{^dMZ {Xbo hmoVo _mÌ Vo Xwb©{jV
am{hbo.
gZ 1888_Ü`o _w»` ~Xb H$ê$Z Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMr {Vgar Amd¥Îmr
àH$m{eV Pmbr. `m Amd¥ÎmrMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ""{ZX©oe AI§S>ËdmMo YmoaU.''
VWm{n 1894_Ü`o nmMdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV Pmbr. Á`m_Ü`o 20,000 {ZX©oe
g§km `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. hm Amd¥Î`mMm AI§S> àdmg MmbV am{hbm.
`m dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 14dr Amd¥Îmr 1942 _Ü`o 1927 n¥ð>mgh àH$m{eV
Pmbr. Á`m_Ü`o gmnoj {ZX©oemgmR>r 738 n¥ð>o hmoVr. Mm¡Xmì`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o Odinmg
30 _hÎdmÀ`m {df`m§V ~Xb Ho$bo. _mZgemñÌmgmR>r 301.15 Va gm§p»`H$sgmR>r
312 Am{U AW©emñÌmgmR>r 330-339 ho 14 n¥ð>m§dê$Z 38 n¥ð>m§n`ªV {dñVm[aV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. gdmªV àM§S> {dñVma Am{U gwYmaUm hr 700-770 `m dJm©_Ü`o
Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. Á`mMo 13 n¥ð>m§dê$Z 147 n¥ð>o Pmbr. A_o[aH$Z B{VhmgmgmR>r OmñVrMr
OmJm XoÊ`mV Ambr. H$mhr AZmdí`H$ {d^mJ H$_r H$aÊ`mV Ambo Va _mZgemñÌmgmR>r
n`m©`r `mXr åhUyZ 150-159.9 g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 1955 _Ü`o Xem§e
dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 15dr Amd¥Îmr "Dewey Decimal Classification and
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 18
Relative Index Standard Edition" New York, 1952 `m ZmdmZo àH$m{eV
Pmbr. hr Amd¥Îmr Lake Placide Club Education Foundation `m§Zr àH$m{eV
Ho$br Va {_ëQ>Z Ooåg \$½`w©gZ ho `m Amd¥ÎmrMo g§nmXH$ hmoVo.
EImÚm J«§Wmb`mV 2 bmI J«§W / àboI CnbãY Agë`mg hr {dñVm[aV
Am{U gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr Cn`moJr nSy> bmJbr. _mÌ E : I Samurin `m§Zr `m Amd¥Îmrdahr
Q>rH$m Ho$br d ZdrZ gwYm[aV Amd¥ÎmrMr Anojm ì`ŠV Ho$br.
1958 _Ü`o Library of Congress Am{U A_o[aH$Z J«§Wmb` g§K `m§Zr
EH$Ì `oD$Z 16 dr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV Ho$br. Á`mMr n¥ð>g§»`m 2439 EdT>r hmoVr. `m
Amd¥ÎmrMo g§nmXH$ ~|Om_rZ E. H$ñQ>a ho hmoVo.
Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 17dr Amd¥Îmr 1965 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmbr. `m
Amd¥ÎmrMr n¥ð>g§»`m 2153 EdT>r hmoVr. `m daVr Om°Z {\$brn H$mo_maoZr `m§À`m _Vo
1958 _Ü`o bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«ogMo J«§Wnmb Eb. pŠd¨gr _å\$moS>©o Am{U boH$ ßb°grS>
Šb~ EÁ`wHo$eZ \$mD§$S>oeZMo AÜ`j h~©Q> ~J©_rZr `m§Zr Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m
17ì`m Amd¥ÎmrgmR>rÀ`m H$amamda gøm Ho$ë`m. (H$mo_moaoZr, 1976, n¥. 559) gÜ`m
boH$ ßb°grS> Šb~ EÁ`wHo$eZ \$mD§$S>oeZH$S>o \$m°aoñQ> àogMm ñdm{_Ëd hŠH$ (H$m°nramB©Q>)
AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«ogbm 1,75,000 S>m°bg© EdT>r aŠH$_ g§nmXZ
H$m`m©gmR>r {Xbr Jobr.
"A Guide to Dewey Decimal Classification" `m_Ü`o g§nmXH$mZo
emñÌewÕ ñnï>rH$aU {Xbobo Amho. Á`m_Ü`o `m dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m dmnamMr eŠ`Vm
Am{U n[apñWVrMo n¥W¸$aU gmXa Ho$bo Amho. VgoM ~|Om_rZ H$ñQ>a `m§Zr dJuH$aU
nÕVr_Ü`o Ho$boë`m 746 ~Xbm§Mr H$maU_r_m§gm {Xbr Amho. WmoS>Š`mV, hr
H$maU_r_m§gm Aer (1) OJm_Ü`o pñWa Am{U Abd{MH$ dJuH$aU Cn`moJmMo Zmhr. Á`m {R>H$mUr
ZdrZ kmZ PnmQ>çmZo AmË_gmV hmoV Amho.
(2) gwg§JV Am{U dma§dma Z ~XbUmao {dH$mgmË_H$ ~Xb A{VH$R>rU dJuH$aUmgmR>r
Mm§Jbm n`m©` Agy eH$Vmo.
(3) Odinmg Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMm dmna H$aUmar J«§Wmb`o g§nyU©V: `m nÕVrMm
Adb§~ H$aV ZmhrV.
(4) {ZX©oemVrb g§km_Yrb Pmbobo ZdrZ ~Xb J«§Wnmbm§Zm AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
g_W© Agbo nm{hOo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm AmË_gmV Am{U g_OÊ`mgmR>r H$R>rU
Zmhr. (H$ñQ>a ~|Om_rZ, 1965, n¥.43) VWm{n Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrbm
àmË`m{jH$ ñdê$nmMo _yë` {Xbo Agbo Var hr H$gmoQ>r AS>WiçmMr hmoVr.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 19
Á`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mH$Sy>Z {ZpíMV {Z~ªY `oVmV. `mà_mUo E.Or. doëg `m§À`m
_Vo ""Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 17dr Amd¥Îmr hr Hw$R>brhr {d{eï> {XemXe©H$
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E. Or. 1969, n¥. 96)
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g_mOemñÌ, g§JrV Am{U _m{hVremñÌmer {ZJ{S>V {ZX©oe g§kmMo Mm§Jbo g§KQ>Z
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{dH$mgmgmR>r JwUmË_H$ nmVirÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda CVabobr {XgyZ `oVo.
_w»` {ZX©oem_Ü`o g§kmMm Ho$bobm {dñVma Ogo Theature
= 792
Amateur theature
= 792.022
Illness of the immune system = 616.97
Aids
= 616.9792
Communication
= 384
Telecommunication telematies = 384.3
Video-text
= 384.35
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categories of persons.
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different ethnic and national groups.
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dJmªH$ OmoS>Ê`mMr VaVyX Amho.
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Amho.
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CXm. g§JrV Am{U gm{hË`mMm nañnag§~§Y - 780.08
78 - Base Number
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8 - 800 gm{hË` `m_Yrb Base Number
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Vm{bH$mH$mamZo Ho$bm.
- National Library of Australia
- Carnegie Mellon University Library
- Columbus (OH) Metropolitan Library
- Columbus (OH) city schools
- University of Illinois Library at Urbana Champaign
- Library of Congress (Decimal Classification Division)
- Stockton-san Joaquin county (CA) Public Library
- Newyork State Library.
CD - ROM darb S>rS>rgrÀ`m 20ì`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o g§JUH$mda S>r.S>r.gr.Mo
Schedule, Tables Am{U Relative Index _Yrb Manuals À`m Keywords
gmømZo emoYÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Amho.
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àH$m{eV Ho$br hmoVr. 21ì`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o ~aoMgo ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m_Ü`o Y_©,
gm_mÝ` àemgZ, OrdemñÌ, BË`mXrMm g_mdoe H$aVm H$aÊ`mV `oB©b.
CXm.
296 - Judaism
297 - Islam
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`m {edm` Internet, Virtual reality, rap music BË`mXr ZdrZ {df`m§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$bm Jobm VgoM Public Administration - 350/354
Education - 370
AmqXMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
`m dJuH$aU nÕVrMr 22dr Amd¥Îmr Dewey Decimal Classification
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~mOyZo AmnUmg nmhVm `oB©b Ogo - Dewey for windows
- Web Dewey
- Cyber Dewey
- Web Dewey in Corc
- Dewey Classification in view-based searching
- Dewey Search
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(Joan Mitchell, 1995)
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1876 n{hbr Amd¥Îmr A Classification and subject Index for
cataloguing and arranging books & Pamphlets of a Library
1885
1888
1891
1894
1899
1900
1911
1913
1915
1916
1919
1922
1923
1919
1922
1927
1930
1931
1932
`m ZmdmZo àH$m{eV. EHy$U n¥ð>o - 42, I§S>-1
Xwgar Amd¥Îmr Great Melvil Dewey `m ZmdmZo àH$m{eV. EHy$U n¥ð>o 314, I§S>-1
{Vgar Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 416, I§S>-1
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 466, I§S>-1
nmMdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 467, I§S>-1
ghmdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 511, I§S>-1
S>r.S>r.gr. Mr n{hbr g§{jßV Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV
gmVdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 792, I§S>-1
AmR>dr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 850, I§S>-1
Zddr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 856, I§S>-1
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AH$amdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 988, I§S>-1
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AH$amdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 988, I§S>-1
~mamdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 1243, I§S>-1
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Voamdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 1647, I§S>-1
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1937
1942
1951
1952
1953
Xem§e dJuH$aU g{_VrMr ñWmnZm
Mm¡Xmdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 1927, I§S>-1
n§Yamdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 716, I§S>-1
gwYmarV n§Yamdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 927, I§S>-1
Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m g§nmXH$s` g{_VrMr nwZa©MZm Á`m_Ü`o A_o[aH$Z
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Xem§e dJuH$aUmÀ`m g§nmXH$s` {dH$mgmV _mJ©Xe©Z.
1958 gmoimdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV hr Amd¥Îmr \$m°aoñQ> àog Am{U bm`~«ar Am°\$
H$m±J«og `m§À`m gm_§Oñ` H$amam_YyZ g§nm{XV Pmbr. EHy$U n¥ð>o - 2439,
I§S>-1
1965 gVamdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 2153, I§S>-2
1971 AR>amdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 2718, I§S>-3
1979 EH$moUrgmdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 3385, I§S>-3
1988 OCLC Mm \$m°aoñQ> àog hm {d^mJ ~Zbm.
1989 {dgmdr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, EHy$U n¥ð>o - 3388, I§S>-4
1993 OCLC \$m°aoñQ> àogH$Sy>Z BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmVrb Amd¥Îmr Electronic
Dewey `m ZmdmZo àH$m{eV.
1996 21dr Amd¥Îmr àW_V:M _wÐrV (Mma I§S>) Am{U BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmV
CD-ROM (Dewey for Windows) EH$XmM àH$m{eV EHy$U
n¥ð>o-4037, I§S>-4
2000 OCLC H$Sy>Z Cooperative Online Resource Catalogue
(CORC) Mm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ Web Dewey àH$m{eV Pmbr.
2002 Web Dewey Am{U g§{jßV Web Dewey àH$m{eV.
2003 22dr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV. EHy$U n¥ð>o - 4059, I§S> - 4
2008 àW_V: CÎma A_o[aHo$~mhoarb Editorial Policy committee (EPC)
Mm AÜ`j {ZdS>bm Jobm.
2011 23dr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV, I§S>-4
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g§X^©
(1) Batty, David, An introduction to the twentieth edition of the
Dewey Decimal Classification, London : Library Association
publishing, 1992, p. IX
(2) Batty, David, Dewey Decimal Classification, London :
Association publishing, 1992, p. 9
(3) Comaroni, John Phillip, The eithteen Editions of the Dewey
Decimal Classification, New York : Forest Press Division,
1976, p. 559
(4) Custer, Benjamin, Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative
Index, ed. 17, New York : Forest Press, 1965, p.43
(5) Kaushik, Sanjay K. (2011), Dewey Decimal Classification : a
study of changes made in its 23rd edition. Indian Journal of
Library & Information Science 5(2), 11-18
(6) Niculescu, Zenovia, (n.d.) Dewey Decimal Classification
Editions.
(7) Sayers, Berwick, W. C., A Manial of Classification for
Linrarians and Bibliographers, with illustration and
Bibliography. Third edition revised with some corrections,
London : Andre Dutsch, 1963, pp. 218-219
(8) Trotter, Ross. Electronic Dewey : The CD - ROM of the
Dewey Decimal Classification In : Cataloguing and
Classification Quarterly, Binghamton, 1995, Vol.19, nr. 3-4, p.
214.
(9) Vizine-Goetz, Diane, Dewey in CORC : Classification in
Metadata and Pathfin Ders. In : Journal of Internet
Cataloguing, 2001, vol.4, nr. 1-2, p.67
(10) www.burioni.it/libri/news/dewey/dewey-2
(11) http://www.oclc.orgaccessed on 25 Jun2013.
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Amho.
dJuH$aU nÕVrV ê$nm§V[aV H$aÊ`mMr H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobr
Amho. `m ê$nm§V[aV "_wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVr'Ûmao
CXmhaUm§gh dJmªH$ ~m§YUrMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
g§nyU© Vo{dgmì`m Amd¥ÎmrMo ê$nm§Va H$aUo `m {R>H$mUr eŠ`
Zgë`m_wio àñVwV boImV àm`mo{JH$ ñVamda \$ŠV J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr
emñÌ `m {df`mMmM {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambobm AgyZ `m {df`mer
g§~§{YV n¡b§yMr gyMr (Schedule) d Ë`mMm {ZX©oe (Index)
n[a{eï>_Ü`o XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. AIoarg _wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e
dJuH$aU nÕVrMo \$m`Xo Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
àñVmdZm
ZdrZ CX`mg `oV Agboë`m g§{_l VgoM Am§VaemIr`
{df`m§À`m J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrZo H$aUo
AmO gmo`rMo R>aob. S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕV Odi-Odi
n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU CndJm©V _moS>Umar Amho. na§Vw OmJ{VH$
ñVamda Ë`mMr gÚ…pñWVrVrb Cn`mo{JVm bjmV KoVm àñVwV
boImV `mM nÕVrg Ë`mÀ`m _yi Jmä`mg \$magm YŠH$m Z bmdVm
H$mobZ dJuH$aU nÕVrMr g§H$ënZm {dMmamV KoD$Z _wŠV n¡by~Õ
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZm_wio gd©M {df` / joÌ Am_ybmJ« T>diyZ {ZKmbobo AmhoV.
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrV Va Ë`m_wio \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV ~Xb KSy>Z `oV Agë`mMo
AZw^dmg `oV Amho. nma§narH$ J«§Wmb`mMr OmJm AmVm AmYw{ZH$ g§JUH$sH¥$V /
S>rOrQ>b J«§Wmb`mZo KoVbobr Amho. Ë`m_wio J«§Wmb` àemgZ, g§KQ>Z d ì`dñWmnZ
`mV {deofËdmZo ~Xb H$amdo bmJV AmhoV. gd©M {df`m§Vrb g§emoYZ à{H«$`oÀ`m
dmT>r_wio kmZmÀ`m H$jm é§Xmdë`m AmhoV. B§Q>aZoQ>À`m gd©Ì dmnam_wio _m{hVr àmßVrMr
gmYZo KamoKar nmohmoMbr AmhoV. N>mnrb ñdê$nmVrb dmMZ gm{hË`mMr OmJm
BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg ñdê$nmVrb dmMZ gm{hË` KoV AmhoV. _w{ÐV {Z`VH$m{bH$m§da Va ømMm
~amM n[aUm_ {XgyZ `oV Amho. {ejH$, {dÚmWu d g§emoYH$ Amnë`m g§emoYZ
H$m`m©H$[aVm VgoM _m{hVr àmßVrH$[aVm OmñVrV OmñV B§Q>aZoQ> d B©-OZ©ëgMm Cn`moJ
H$aVmZm AmT>iyZ `oV AmhoV. `m gd© CbmT>mbrV _mÌ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ñWmZmg AmO
21ì`m eVH$mVXoIrb YŠH$m nmohmoMbobm Zmhr hr ~m~ _hÎdmMr Amho. N>mnrb
ñdê$nmVrb J«§Wm§Mo _hÎd AOyZhr A~m{YV Amho. J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§Wg§J«h XmbZo AmOhr
CÎm_ J«§Wg§nXoZo n[anyU© AmhoV.
J«§Wg§J«h XmbZmVrb J«§Wm§Mo Cn`wŠV d n[aUm_H$maH$ ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
J«§Wmb` emñÌmV dJuH$aU nÕV gm§{JVbr Jobr Amho. J«§Wmb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
Cn^moŠË`mn`ªV _m{hVrMo àgmaU à{H«$`oV dJuH$aUmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.
dJuH$aUm{edm` _m{hVrMo doioV àgmaU H$aUo hr AË`§V AdKS> ~m~ Amho. _m{hVr
d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `m `wJmV gd©M ~m~VrV g§JUH$mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV AgVmZm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 28
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 29
g§JUH$m{edm` J«§Wmb`mV hmoV Agbobo J«§W dJuH$aU ZOaoV ^aUmao R>aV Amho.
VmËn`©, J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY _m{hVrMm emoY KoD$Z Vr Cn^moŠË`m§n`ªV do ioV
nmohM{dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oV dJuH$aUmMr ^y{_H$m Ah_ Amho. AmOhr OJ^amVrb Zm_d§V
J«§Wmb`mgh BVahr J«§Wmb`m§V J«§W dJuH$aUmH$[aVm S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU, bm`~«ar
Am°\$ H$m±J«og, OmJ{VH$ Xem§e dJuH$aU, {Ûq~Xy dJuH$aU, BË`mXr dJuH$aU nÕVtMm
Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV Amho. `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMr aMZm, `mVrb {MÝhm§H$Z nÕVr d
dJmªH$mÀ`m aMZoÀ`m AmYmao `m gd© nÕVr EHy$U ghm CndJmªV (Species) _moS>V
AgyZ Vr Imbrbà_mUo XmoZ _w»` ^mJm§V {d^mJbr Jobr Amho.
(1) n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU
· ewÕ n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕV
· Odi-Odi n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕV
(2) {díbofU-g§íbofUmË_H$ dJuH$aU
· nyU© na§Vw ñWwb n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕV
· Odi-Odi n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕV
· Odi-Odi _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕV
· _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕV
CnamoŠV àË`oH$ CndJm©Mr ñdV:Mr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. gwédmVrg dJuH$aU
nÕVr øm ewÕ n[aJUZmË_H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m hmoË`m. OgOgm kmZ {dídmMm {dñVma hmoV
Jobm, ApñVËdmV Agboë`m {df`m§VJ©V ZdZdrZ H$ënZm, g§H$ënZm VgoV Ë`mV ZdrZ
{df`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV Jobm, VgVgo ApñVËdmV Agboë`m dJuH$aU nÕVrV ~Xb
hmoUo An[ahm`© R>aV Jobo. AmO ZdrZ CX`mg `oV Agboë`m g§{_l VgoM Am§VaemñÌr`
{df`m§À`m J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU ewÕ n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕVrZo H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr.
`m{edm` _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVr ì`{V[aŠV Cnamoëbo{IV BVa dJuH$aU
nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aUmè`m dJuH$aU nÕVrÛmao dJuH$aU H$aUo AdKS> hmoV Amho.
AmO gd©M {df`m§Mm AdmH$m, Ë`mVrb {d{dY g§H $ënZm§Mr g§ {_lVm VgoM
Am§VaemIr`rH$aU bjmV KoVm _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕV Adb§~Umè`m dJuH$aU
nÕVrZo J«§W dJuH$aU H$aUo AmO gmo`rMo R>aob.
B§½b§S>_Yrb S>m°S>uZ ehamV 1957 _Ü`o Classification Research `m
{df`mda àW_ Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afXoMo Am`moOZ Ho$bo Jobo hmoVo.FID gh nmM g§KQ>Zm§Ûmao
Am`mo{OV `m n[afXoV n¡by {díbofU hm AmYw{ZH$ dJuH$aUmMm _w»` AmYma Agmd`mg
hdm, Ago _V VËH$mbrZ J«§Wmb` emñÌkm§Zr _m§S>bobo hmoVo. hr ~m~ AmO 21ì`m
eVH$mVhr bmJy hmoV Amho.
n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU g§X^m©V (Classification Research Group - CRG)
À`m åhUÊ`mZwgma -
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 30
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 31
"The enumerative schedules..... fail to display correct relations
between terms (subjects and isolates)..... A type of schedule is
needed which allows a genus to be subdivided in more than one
way, to give several sets of subclasses, each of which is a
homogenous group of collateral species. Such a schedule is in fact
a faceted classification."
n¡by~Õ dJuH$aUmMo _hÎd S>ãby.gr. ~{d©H$ øm§Zr gd© àW_ 1955 _Ü`o
AYmoao{IV Ho$bobo hmoVo. `oUmè`m H$mimV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrg Q>miUo eŠ`
hmoUma Zmhr hr ~m~ B©.Am`. em{_ZZoXoIrb ñnï> Ho$bobr hmoVr.
_wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU
_wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU CndJm©V n¡by {díbofUmÛmao {_l / g§{_l {df`mVrb
n¡by {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmD$Z Vo {d{dY n¡by, e¥§IboV _m§S>br OmVmV. `mZ§Va `m l¥§IboVrb
n¡by§Mr OmJm Ë`m Ë`m n¡by§À`m nyduM {ZpíMV Agboë`m H«$_m§H$m§Zm (n) {Xbr OmVo. hr
l¥§Ibm _mÌ H$moÊ`m EH$m AmYmaVÎd d {gÕm§Vm§da AmYm[aV _m§S>br OmVo. gaVo eodQ>r
l¥§IboVrb n¡by H«$_m§H$ (Isolate numbers) {d{eï> {MÝhm§H$Zm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo EH${ÌV
~m§Ybr OmD$Z Ë`m {_l/g§{_l {df`m§Mm dJmªH$ V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM _wŠV
n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrV {_l/g§{_l {df`mMo àW_ {díbofU H$ê$Z Z§Va g§íbofU
Ho$bo OmVo Am{U åhUyZM `m àH$maÀ`m dJuH$aU nÕVrg {díbofU-g§íbofUmË_H$
dJuH$aU nÕVXoIrb g§~moYbo OmVo. {díbofU-g§íbofUmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕVrMr
ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
"The scheme of classification which admits facet analysis,
provides rules for the arrangement of facets, provides schedules
for the different kinds of facets needed in diverse subjects, provides
connecting symbools, and allows the synthesis of the Basic Class
and the isolate numbers of a subject into its class number is called
an Analytico-Synthetic Scheme of Classification."
_wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aUmMo \$m`Xo
kmZ {dídmV AmO ~hÿemIr` VWm Am§VaemIr` {df`m§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmV
aobMob AmT>iyZ `oV Amho. Aem {df`m§Zm gyMrV (Schedule) `mo½` {R>H$mUr g_m{dï>
H$ê$Z XoUo VgoM ApñVËdmV Agboë`m g§H$ënZm§Zm AÚ`mdV H$ê$Z Ë`m§ZmXoIrb
gyMrV Ë`m§À`m `mo½` OmJr R>ody eH$Umè`m dJuH$aU nÕVrMr AmOÀ`m H$mimV JaO
Amho. _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU CndJm©da AmYm[aV dJuH$aU nÕVM AmOhr hr JaO
`mo½` arVrZo nyU© H$ê$ eHo$b. `m{edm` g§JUH$sH¥$V dJuH$aUmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg
_wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU CndJ© gd©M Ñï>rZo gmo`rMo R>aob. na§Vw OJ^amVrb J«§Wmb`m§Mm
{dMma Ho$ë`mg S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMm AmO gd©Xya dmna hmoVmZm AmT>iyZ
`oVmo. gÚ…pñWVrV Cn`moJmV `oV Agboë`m `m dJuH$aU nÕVrV ~Xb H$ê$Z ZdrZ
dJuH$aU nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aUo H$moUË`mhr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gmo`rMo R>aV Zmhr hr
dñVwpñWVr Amho. `m nmíd©^y_rda `mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Uo hoXoIrb J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
_hÎdnyU© Amho.
Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`mEodOr S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrZo V`ma hmoUmè`m dJmªH$m§Zm
OmñV YŠH$m Z nmohM{dVm Oa H$m `mM dJuH$aU nÕVrg _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU
CndJm©V ê$nm§V[aV Ho$bo Va ? Va _mÌ J«§Wmb`mMr hr AS>MU _moR>çm à_mUmda Xya
hmoD$ eHo$b `mV {Vi_mÌ e§H$m Zmhr.
àñVwV boImÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ boIH$ S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrg _wŠV
n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU CndJm©V ê$nm§V[aV H$aÊ`mMrM H$ënZm _m§S>V Amho. VWm{n hr
~m~ g_OyZ KoÊ`mH$[aVm S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV dJm©H$m§Mr ~m§YUr H$er
H$aÊ`mV `oVo ho nmhmUo JaOoMo Amho.
S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU
OJ^amVrb ~è`mMem J«§Wmb`mV AmOhr S>çyB©Mr Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕV J«§W
dJuH$aUmH$[aVm Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmV Amho. Odi-Odi n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU
CndJm©V _moS>Umar hr nÕV 1876 _Ü`o _ob{db S>çyB©Zo V`ma Ho$br hmoVr. ømMr
àW_ Amd¥Îmr _mÌ n[aJUZmË_H$ CndJm©da AmYm[aV hmoVr. VoìhmnmgyZ AmOn`ªV `m
Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m EHy$U 23 Amd¥Î`m àH$m{eV Pmboë`m AgyZ Vrg nojmhr
A{YH$ ^mfoV `mMo ^mfm§Va H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. BVa H$moUË`mhr dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m
EdT>çm Amd¥Î`m VgoM BVŠ`m ^mfoV ^mfm§Va Pmbobo Zmhr `mVM `m dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m
`emMo J_H$ Amho. `mMo AOyZ EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo kmZ {dídmÀ`m {dñVmamZwgma hr
nÕV doimodoir AÚ`mdV Ho$br OmVo. {_l VWm g§{_l {df`m§Mo dJuH$aU {díbofUg§íbofUmË_H$ dJuH$aU nÕVrZo H$aUo Cn`wŠV R>aV Agë`mMo bjmV Amë`mZ§Va `m
nÕVrMm A^md S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb gVamì`m Amd¥ÎmrV OmUdbm.
n¡by `m g§H$ënZoMm g_mdoeXoIrb `mM Amd¥ÎmrV àW_V: H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mZ§Va _mÌ
nwT>rb gd© Amd¥Î`m§_Ü`o `mM g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoÊ`mV Amë`mMo {ZXe©ZmV `oVo. Ago
AgVmZmXoIrb _wbV: Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕV hr n[aJUZmË_H$ CndJm©da AmYm[aV
Agë`m_wio {_l VWm g§{_l {df`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm J«§Wmb`m§Zm ~è`mM AS>MUtZm
gm_moao Omdo bmJVo hr dñVwpñWVr Amho.
VWm{n, S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMr OJ^a Agbobr bmoH${à`Vm d
\$ma nydunmgyZ OJ^amVrb J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`o hmoV Agbobm `mMm dmna hr ~m~ bjmV
KoVm n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU CndJm©da AmYm[aV ZdrZ dJuH$aU nÕV {dH${gV H$ê$Z
Ë`mMm J«§Wmb`m§_Ü`o Adb§~ H$aUo hr ~m~ AË`§V AS>MUrMr R>aob ho `mnyduM ñnï>
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV gmYo d {_l {df`m§Mo V`ma dJmªH$ VgoM
gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. hr V`ma dJmªHo$ Ë`m Ë`m {df`m§À`m A§VJ©V
gmYmaU Vo {dd{jV {df`m§Zwgma Ë`m§À`m loUr~ÕVoà_mUo _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
`m nÕVrÀ`m _m§S>Ur_wio hr dJuH$aU nÕV Odi-Odi n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU
CndJm©V _moS>br OmVo. VWm{n, 21ì`m Amd¥ÎmrnmgyZ hr dJuH$aU nÕV n¡by~Õ
ñdê$nmH$S>o H$bë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo. na§Vw VarXoIrb Vr _wŠV n¡by~Õ ñdê$nmMr åhQ>br
OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gyú_{df`, ~hþemIr` VWm Am§VaemIr` {df`m§Mo g_ì`mnH$
dJm©H$ V`ma H$aVmZm Ë`mV H$mhr AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV kmZ {dídmVrb {df`m§Mo Xhm _w»` dJmªV
{d^mOZ Ho$bobo Amho. `mVrb àË`oH$ _w»` dJ© Xhm Cn{d^mJm§V {d^mJÊ`mV `oD$Z
Xhm _w»` dJmªMo 100 Cn{d^mJ V`ma Ho$bo Jobobo AmhoV. Va {Vgè`m Q>ßß`mV àË`oH$
Cn{d^mJmMo nwZíM Xhm Cn Cn{d^mJm§gh EH§$Xa 1000 Cn Cn{d^mJ V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambobo AmhoV. nwZíM `m 1000 Cn Cn{d^mJmMo àË`oH$s Xhm ^mJ V`ma hmoD$Z hrM
à{H«$`m nwT>o gwê$ R>odÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. `m à{H«$`oZwgma gmYo d {_l {df`m§Mo dJmªH$
gyMr_Ü`o Ë`m-Ë`m _w»` dJm©À`m A§VJ©V _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV. øm§Mr _m§S>Ur
23ì`m Amd¥ÎmrV ^mJ XmoZ d VrZ _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. Á`m {_l VWm g§{_l
{df`m§Mo V`ma dJmªH$ gyMr_Ü`o ^mJ XmoZ d VrZ_Ü`o {Xbobo ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mo dJmªH$ V`ma
H$aÊ`mH$[aVm `m dJuH$aU nÕVrV Imbrb Mma òmoV {Xbobo AmhoV.
VŠVm 1 - gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ
(Table - 1 Standard Subdivision)
VŠVm 2 Vo VŠVm 6
(Table - 2 to Table- 6)
gyMtMm BVa ^mJ
(Other parts of the schedule)
gyMrVrb VŠË`m§Mr _m§S>Ur
(Add tables in the schedule)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 32
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 33
S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb dJmªH$ ~m§YUr
`mn¡H$s àW_ XmoZ òmoV 23ì`m Amd¥ÎmrV àW_ ^mJmV g_m{dï> AgyZ Cd©[aV
XmoZ òmoV gyMr_Ü`o Amdí`H$ Ë`m dJmªH$m§nwT>o "gyMZo' À`m ê$nmV _m§S>bobr AmhoV.
dJmªH$ V`ma H$aVmZm `m gyMZm§Mm dJuH$aUH$mamg Cn`moJ hmoV AgVmo.
S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb Xmof
OJmV H$moUVrhr àUmbr n[anyU© Zmhr. àË`oH$ àUmbrV H$mhr Zm H$mhr Xmof ho
AgVmVM. VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV n[anyU© AgUmè`m àUmbrV H$mbm§VamZo hmoV
Agboë`m ~Xbm§_wio Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmVM. `mVyZ S>çyB©Mr Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVhr
gwQ>bobr Zmhr. Ë`mZwgma `m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMo Xmof nwT>o Z_yX Ho$bobo AmhoV.
`m dJuH$aU nÕVrV àË`oH$ dJmªH$mVrb A§H$m§Zm dJmªH$mVrb Ë`m§À`m ñWmZm§Zwê$n
AW© àmßV Pmbobm Amho. CXmhaUmW©, J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr emñÌ `m {df`mÀ`m A§VJ©V
023 hm dJmªV S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV Personnel management `m
g§H$ënZobm XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `mVrb àË`oH$ A§H$mg Ë`mÀ`m ñWmZmZwgma
Imbrbà_mUo AW© àmßV Amho.
000
_w»` dJ©
(Generalitises)
020
Cn{d^mJ (Library and Information Science)
023
Cn Cn{d^mJ (Personnel Management)
`m CXmhaUmVrb 023 _Yrb àË`oH$ A§H$mg AW© àmßV AgVmZm CnamoŠV Z_yX
VrZhr g§H$ënZm _mÌ H$moUË`mhr {MÝhm§H$Zm§{edm` OmoS>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV. `mà_mUoM
`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrZo V`ma hmoUmè`m dJm©H$m§Vrb àË`oH$ A§H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
ñWmZm§Zwgma AW© àmßV AgVmZmXoIrb `m dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb {MÝhm§H$Zm§À`m
H$_VaVo_wio Vo ñnï> hmoV Zmhr. AWm©V, J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§Wg§J«hm_YyZ Amdí`H$ J«§Wm§Mm
emoY KoVmZm Cn^moŠË`m§Zm hr ~m~ AS>MUrMr R>aV Zgë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m Ñï>rZo hm Xmof
R>aV Zgbm Varhr J«§Wmb` dJuH$aU Aä`mgH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _mÌ hm Xmof R>aVmo.
S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb Xwgar ~m~ Aer H$s, EImÚm J«§WmÀ`m
dJm©H$m§V Ë`m J«§WmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m {df`m§À`m n¡by§Mm g_mdoe AgUo ho J«§W dJuH$aUmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo AË`§V _hËdmMo AgVo. _mÌ `m dJuH$aU nÕVrZo V`ma hmoUmè`m H$mhr {_l
VgoM g§{_l {df`m§À`m J«§Wm§À`m dJm©H$m§V hr ~m~ AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr. dJmªH$ V`ma
H$aVmZm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m VaVwXtÀ`m A^mdm_wio hm Xmof `m dJuH$aU nÕVrV
{XgyZ `oVmo. CXmhaUmZo hr ~m~ A{YH$ ñnï> hmoB©b. `m J«§WmMm dJmªH$ S>çwB©Mo Xem§e
dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m 23ì`m Amd¥ÎmrZwgma 025.174 Agm hmoB©b. `m dJmªH$mMo
n¡by§Zwgma {d^mOZ Ho$ë`mg Administration of collection of special materials
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 34
(025.17) d E-resources (4) Ago hmoB©b. VWm{n E-resources Mo ì`dñWmnZ
Á`m J«§Wmb`mV hmoV Amho Ë`m _hÎdmÀ`m n¡byg (University Libraries) _mÌ `m
dJmªH$mV OmJm XoÊ`mV Ambobr Zmhr.
`m{edm`, EH$mnojm OmñV {df` qH$dm EH$mM {df`m§VJ©V EH$mnojm OmñV
n¡b y § da AmYm[aV J« § Wm§ M o dJmª H $ V`ma H$aVmZmXoI rb `m dJuH$aU nÕVrV
dJuH$aUH$maH$mg_moa àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. AWm©V Aem J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm
Amdí`H$ Vo _mJ©Xe©H$ S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m 23ì`m Amd¥ÎmrVrb àW_
^mJmV Classifying with the DDC `m erfmªVJ©V Imbrbà_mUo Ho$bobo Amho.
(1) J«§WmV Á`m {df`mg qH$dm n¡byg OmñV _hÎd {Xbobo Agob Ë`m {df` / n¡byg
J¥{hV Yê$Z dJmªH$ V`ma H$amdm.
(2) XmoÝhrhr {df`/n¡byg g_mZ _hÎd {Xbo Jobobo Agë`mg first of two rules
Zwgma gyMrV Omo {df`/n¡by àW_ Ambobm Agob Vmo {df`/n¡by dJmªH$ V`ma
H$aVmZm J¥hrV Yamdm.
(3) VrZ n¡by§da AmYm[aV EH$ J«§W Agë`mg Ë`mMm dJmªH$ V`ma H$aVmZm rule of
three Zwgma ho VrZ n¡by Á`m _w»` n¡by A§VJ©V `oV AgVrb Vmo _w»` n¡by J¥hrV
Yamdm. VWm{n `m n¡by§n¡H$s EImÚm n¡byg J«§WmV OmñV _hÎd {Xbo Jobobo
Agë`mg CnamoŠV H«$_m§H$ 1 Zwgma dJmªH$ V`ma H$amdm.
CnamoŠV _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmZwgma J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$ë`mg H$moUË`mhr EH$mM _w»`
{df` / n¡bygM dJmªH$mV OmJm {_iy eH$Vo ho ñnï> hmoVo. hr ~m~ Imbr Z_yX
CXmhaUmdê$Z A{YH$ ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
CXm. A Manual of Practical Colon Classification and Dewey
Decimal Classifcation.
`m J«§Wm§V Colon Classification and Dewey Decimal Classification
~m~V _m{hVr {Xbobr AgyZ `m XmoÝhrhr n¡by§Zm g_mZ _hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. da
Z_yX Xwgè`m H«$_m§H$mVrb first of two rules Zwgma Omo n¡by gyMrV àW_ Ambobm
Agob Ë`m n¡byg J¥hrV Yê$Z dJmªH$ V`ma hmoB©b. gyMrV J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ `m
_w»` {df`m§VJ©V Dewey Decimal Classifcation hm n¡by àW_ `oV Agë`m_wio
CnamoŠV CXmhaUmVrb `m J«§WmMm dJmªH$ 025.431 Agm hmoB©b. åhUOoM Colon
Classicication `m n¡byg gXa J«§WmV Dewey Decimal Classifcation à_mUoM
g_mZ _hÎd AgyZXoIrb dJmªH$mV _mÌ `m n¡byg ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr.
J«§WmÀ`m erf©H$m§V g_Om Colon Classification & Dewey Decimal
Classification gh Universal Decimal Classifcation `m n¡byMmhr g_mdoe
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 35
AgVm d `m VrZhr n¡byg J«§WmV g_mZ _hÎd AgVo Va CnamoŠV Z_yX H«$_m§H$ 3 _Yrb
rule of three Zwgma gyMrV gXa VrZhr n¡by Á`m _w»` n¡by A§VJ©V XoÊ`mV Ambobo
AmhoV, Ë`m _w»` n¡byMm dJmªH$ `m J«§Wmg Úmdm bmJbm AgVm. S>çyB©À`m Xem§e
dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m 23ì`m Amd¥ÎmrV J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ `m _w»` {df`m§VJ©V ho
VrZhr n¡by General Classification Scheme (025.43) A§VJ©V XoÊ`mV Ambobo
AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `m J«§WmMm dJmªH$ 025-43 Agm amhrb Am{U g_Om `m J«§WmV
Universal Decimal Classification `mda A{YH$ ^a XoÊ`mV Ambobm AgVm Va
`m J«§WmMm dJmªH$ _mÌ CnamoŠV Z_yX H«$_m§H$ 1 Zwgma 025.432 hm am{hbm AgVm.
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMm nm`mM _yimV n[aJUZmË_H$ dJuH$aU
nÕVrda AmYm[aV Agë`m_wio g§{_l {df`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm `m AS>MUr CÕdV
AgVmV. gÚ…pñWVrVrb g§{_l {df`m§À`m J«§Wm§Mr dmT>Vr g§»`m bjmV KoVë`mg
dJuH$aUH$maH$mÀ`m CnamoŠV Z_yX AS>MUtda _mV H$aUo hr H$mimMr JaO R>aV
Amho. hr AS>MU gmoS>{dVmZm AmO S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMm OJ^a _moR>çm
à_mUmda hmoV Agbobm dmna {dMmamV KoUoXoIrb JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m _yi
Jmä`mg YŠH$m Z bmdVm Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrV Ho$ë`mg
J«§Wmb`m§À`m X¥ï>rZo Vo A{YH$ gmo`rMo hmoB©b. na§Vw hr à{H«$`m H$aVmZm gÚ…pñWVrVrb
gmYo d {_l {df`m§À`m dJmªH$m§Zm \$magm YŠH$m bmJUma Zmhr ømMrXoIrb H$miOr
KoUo JaOoMo R>aob, _mÌ g§{_l {df`m§À`m J«§Wm§Mm dJmªH$ {ZpíMVM ~Xbob.
_wŠV n¡by~Õ S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU
S>m°. Eg.Ama. a§JZmWZ øm§Mr H$mobZ dJuH$aU nÕVrMr gmVdr Amd¥Îmr ({Vgar
ê$nm§V[aV Amd¥Vr) hr _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrV _moS>Vo. Ë`m_wio S>çyB©À`m Xem§e
dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m Vodrgmì`m Amd¥ÎmrMo _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrV ê$nm§Va
H$aVmZm àñVwV boImV H$mobZ dJuH$aU nÕVrMr g§H$ënZm {dMmamV KoÊ`mV Ambobr
Amho, VWm{n g§nyU© Vodrgmì`m Amd¥ÎmrMo ê$nm§Va H$aUo `m {R>H$mUr eŠ` Zgë`m_wio
àñVwV boImV àm`mo{JH$ ñVamda \$ŠV J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr emñÌ `m {df`mMmM {dMma
H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
nÕVrMo _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrV ê$nm§Va H$aVmZm H$mobZ dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb
ì`{º$Ëd (Personality -P), nXmW© (Matter-Property - MP), d D$Om©
(Energy - E) øm _yb^yV àdJm©Mm AmYma KoD$Z VrZ ^mJm§V {d^mJÊ`mV Ambobo
AmhoV. `mà_mUo J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ `m {df`mer g§~§{YV n¡by§ Mr gyMr
(Schedule) d Ë`mMm {ZX©oe (Index) n[a{eï>_Ü`o XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV gwédmVrg VrZ A§H$mZ§Va Xem§e qQ>~ XoÊ`mV
`oVmo d Ë`mZ§Va BVa n¡by§Mo A§H$ (Isolate Number) {Xbo OmVmV. Ë`mZwgma J«§Wmb`
d _m{hVremñÌ `m {df`mg 020 hm dJmªH$ XoÊ`mV Ambobm AgyZ gXa {df`m§VJ©V
`oUmè`m n¡by§Mo A§H$ (Isolate Number) Ë`m Ë`m n¡byZwgma XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
àË`jmV _mÌ 020 _Yrb àW_ XmoZ A§H$ (02) ho J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr emñÌ hm {df`
Xe©{dVmV. åhUyZ ZdrZ _wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV 02 hm dJmªH$ J«§Wmb`
d _m{hVremñÌ `m {df`mg XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
(Am) {MÝhm§H$Z
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVr _Ü`o qQ>~ ( . ) ho {MÝh dJmªH$mVrb VrZ
A§H$m§Z§Va XoÊ`mMm àKmV Amho. Á`mg dJmªH$mV \$magm AW© Zmhr. `m {MÝhmì`{V[aŠV
0, 00, 000, 09, 009, 0009, BË`mXr {MÝho `m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV Cn`moJmV
AmUbr Jobobr AmhoV. da Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrZo V`ma
hmoUmè`m dJmªH$m§Vrb àË`oH$ A§H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ñWmZm§Zwgma AW© àmßV AgVmZmXoIrb
`m dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb {MÝhm§H$Zm§À`m H$_VaVo_wio Vo ñnï> hmoV Zmhr. hr ~m~ bjmV
KoD$Z `m {MÝhm§ì`{V[aŠV ZdrZ _wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV àË`oH$
àdJmªH$[aVm Imbrb à_mUo ZdrZ {MÝho àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AmhoV. àdJmªZm
{MÝh XoVmZm H$mobZ dJuH$aU VgoM OmJ{VH$ Xem§e dJuH$aU (Universal Decimal
Classification) nÕVrb {MÝhm§H$ZmMm AmYma KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
(B) dJmªH$ ~m§YUr
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV Ë`mÀ`m Vodrgmì`m Amd¥Îmr_Yrb Xwgè`m
I§S>mVrb n¥ð> H«$. 51 Vo 74 Xaå`mZ J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr emñÌ `m {df`mer g§~§{YV
n¡by _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo AmhoV. gXa gd© n¡by `m boImV S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU
EImÚm J«§WmMo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm dJuH$aUH$maH$m§g gd©àW_ Ë`m J«§WmMm _w»`
{df` {ZpíMV H$amdm bmJVmo. na§Vw `m boImV J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ hm EH$M _w»`
{df` J¥hrV Yaë`m_wio hm àíZ CØdV Zmhr. _w»` {df` {ZpíMV Ho$ë`mZ§Va J«§WmV
M{M©ë`m Joboë`m à_wI n¡by§Mm emoY dJuH$aUH$maH$mZo ¿`mdm. J«§WmMo erf©H$,
AZwH«$_{UH$m, àñVmdZm VgoM J«§W MmiyZ `m à_wI n¡by§Mm emoY KoVm `oVmo. `mZ§Va
J«§WmMm _w»` {df` d Ë`mVrb dJuH$aUmH$[aVm Amdí`H$ dmQ>Umè`m à_wI n¡b§yMm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 36
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 37
(A) gmaUr : J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr emñÌ
VŠVm : àdJ© d Ë`m§Mr {MÝho
A.H«$.
{MÝh§
àdJ©
1
, (comma)
ì`pŠVËd (Personality)
2
; (Semi colon)
nXmW© (Matter-Property)
3
: (colon)
D$Om© (Energy)
4
/ (slash)
5
' (inverted comma)
^yjoÌ (Area)
gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ
(Standard subdivision)
6
^ (caret)
d§e d amï´>r` JQ>
(Ethnic and National Group)
7
= (equal to)
8
( ) (parenthesis)
^mfm (Language)
{df` `wŠVr (Subject device)
9
- (dash)
EH$mM {df`m§VJ©V EH$mM àdJm©Vrb
qH$dm EH$mM VŠË`mVrb EH$mnojm OmñV
n¡by OmoS>Uo.
H«$_ {ZpíMV H$amdm. AWm©V, `m gmIirV J«§WmMm _w»` {df` _mÌ AJ«^mJr amhrb
`mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.
J«§WmMm _w»` {df` VgoM à_wI n¡by d Ë`m§Mm H«$_ {ZpíMV Ho$ë`mZ§Va gyMr
(schedule) {MÝhm§H$ZmMm CnamoŠV VŠVm d I§S> 1 _Yrb ghm VŠË`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo
ZdrZ _wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrZo dJmªH$ V`ma Ho$bo OmD$ eH$VmV. JaOoZwgma
{ZX©oe (Index) MmXoIrb Cn`moJ H$aVm `oD$ eH$Vmo. `m ZdrZ dJuH$aU nÕVrZo
dJm©H$ ~m§YUrMr nÕV Imbr Z_yX nmM ^mJm§V ñnï> Ho$bobr Amho.
(1) \$ŠV gyMrÀ`m AmYmao ({Xboë`m gyMZm§Mm Cn`moJ Z H$aVm)
(2) gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ (I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠVm 1) À`m AmYmao
(3) ^yjoÌ (I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠVm 2) À`m AmYmao
(4) I§S> 1 _Yrb BVa VŠ`m§À`m AmYmao
(5) gyMrV {Xboë`m gyMZm§À`m AmYmao
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 38
(1) \$ŠV gyMrÀ`m AmYmao ({Xboë`m gyMZm§Mm Cn`moJ Z H$aVm)
da Z_yX Ho$ë`mZwgma S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVr_Yrb J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr
emñÌ `m {df`mVrb n¡by / g§H$ënZm Personality (P), Matter0Property
(MP) d Energy (E) øm VrZ _yb^yV àdJmªMm AmYma KoD$Z VrZ ^mJm§V {d^mJÊ`mV
Amboë`m AmhoV.
J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm _w»` {df` d Ë`mVrb à_wI n¡by `m§Mm H«$_ {ZpíMV
Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr H«$_dma gmIir V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdr. g§~§{YV {df`mÀ`m gyMrV
`m à_wI n¡by§Mm emoY `m VrZ _yb^yV àdJm©V KoÊ`mV `mdm. `m n¡by§Mm `m àdJm©V Oo
H«$_m§H$ {Xbo Jobobo AgVrb Vo H«$_m§H$ gmIirVrb n¡by§EodOr XoÊ`mV `oD$Z gXa J«§WmMm
dJmªH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdm. VËnydu, ho H«$_m§H$ Á`m àdJmªVyZ KoÊ`mV Ambobo AgVrb
Ë`m àdJmªÀ`m CnamoŠV VŠË`m_Ü`o Z_yX {MÝhm§Ûmao ho H«$_m§H$ EH$_oH$m§Zm dJmªH$m§V
OmoS>Ê`mV `mdoV. nwT>rb CXmhaUmZo hr à{H«$`m A{YH$ ñnï> hmoB©b.
CXm. Library and Information Science - Dewey Decimal
Classification .
`m J«§WmMm _w»` {df` Library and Information Science hm AgyZ `m
_Ü`o Dewey Decimal Classification hr à_wI g§H$ënZm M{M©ë`m Jobobr Amho.
Ë`m_wio `mMr gmIir nwT>rbà_mUo hmoB©b.
Library and Information Science - Dewey Decimal
Classification
ZdrZ _wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV `mVrb _w»` {df`mMm H«$_m§H$
02 AgyZ Dewey Decimal Classification hm n¡by gwMrV Matter Property
_Ü`o 5.431 `m H«$_m§H$mZo Z_yX Amho. Ë`m_wio darb gmIir 025.431 `mà_mUo
_m§S>Vm `oB©b, VWm{n Matter-Property H$[aVm ZdrZ dJuH$aU nÕVrV ; ho {MÝh
XoÊ`mV Ambobo Agë`m_wio `m {MÝhmÛmao 5.431 hm H«$_m§H$ 02 bm OmoS>bm OmB©b d
AIoarg CXmhaUmVrb J«§WmMm dJm©H$ 02;5.431 Agm hmoB©b. `mà_mUo Imbr Z_yX
J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo dJmªH$ Ë`m§Mo nwT>o XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
Current Awareness Service
Library Administration
Libraries for disabled persons
02:5.525
02:5.1
02,7.663
ZdrZ dJuH$aU nÕVr {df` gyMr A§VJ©V H$mhr n¡by ho {d{eï> {df` qH$dm
{dÚmemIm§er g§~§{YV AmhoV. `m n¡b§yZm BVa {df`m§Mo A§H$ OmoS>VmZm {df` `wŠVrÀ`m
{MÝhm§Mm dmna ìhmdm. Library and Information Science À`m gyMrVrb ì`{º$Ëd
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 39
àdJmªVJ©V Libraries, archieves, information centres devoted to specific
subjects and disciplines H$[aVm 6 VgoM nXmW© àdJm©V Acquisition of
materials on specific disciplines and subject H$[aVm 5.27 ho A§H$ {Xbobo
AmhoV. `m n¡by§g§~§{YV erf©H$m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm {df` `wŠVrÀ`m {MÝhm§Mm dmna
H$aVm `oB©b.
CXmhaUmW©, Agriculture Library `mMm dJmªH$ V`ma H$aVmZm ì`{º$Ëd
àdJmªVrb Libraries, archives, information centres devoted to specific
subjects and disciplines `m n¡byMm Cn`moJ hmoB©b. gyMrV `m n¡byMm H«$_m§H$ 6
Amho d Agriculture `m _w»` {df`mMm H«$_m§H$ 23ì`m Amd¥ÎmrVrb I§S> 3 _Ü`o 63
Agm Agë`m_wio Vmo Library and Information Science `m _w»` {df`mVrb 6
`m H«$_m§H$mg Imbrbà_mUo {df` `wŠVrÀ`m {MÝhmMm dmna H$ê$Z OmoS>mdm bmJob.
Agriculture Library - 02,6. (63)
(2) gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ (I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠVm 1) À`m AmYmao
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV I§S> 1 _Yrb ghm VŠË`m§n¡H$s àW_ VŠË`mV
gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. J«§Wm§À`m erf©H$m§V `mVrb n¡by§Mm g_mdoe
Agë`mg Ë`m n¡bygh CnamoŠVZwgma J«§WmMm _w»` {df` d Ë`mMo à_wI n¡by {ZpíMV
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm gmIirVrb H«$_ R>admdm. gmIirVrb n¡by§Mm à_wI {df`m§VJ©V g_m{dï>
àdJm©V VgoM Amdí`H$VoZwgma gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§V emoY KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo H«$_m§H$
gmIirVrb n¡by§EodOr XoÊ`mV `oD$Z Vo {Xboë`m {MÝhm§Ûmao OmoS>Ê`mV `mdoV. gm_mÝ`
Cn{d^mJm§VyZ KoÊ`mV Amboë`m n¡byg dJmªH$mV OmoS>VmZm ' (Inverted comma) `m
{MÝhmMm Cn`moJ H$amdm.
CXmhaUmW©, Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science
`m J«§WmMm _w»` {df` Library and Information Science AgyZ Xwgam
n¡by Encyclopaedia hm Amho. hm n¡by gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§V 03 `m H«$_m§H$mZo
Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambobm AgyZ Xwgam n¡by n hm Amho. hm n¡by gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§V 03 `m
H«$_m§H$mZo Xe©{dÊ`mV Ambobm Agë`m_wio `m J«§WmMm dJmªH$ 02'0.3 Agm hmoB©b.
Imbr `mM nÕVrZo H$mhr J«§Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
Research in Cataloguing
History of University libraries
Computerization of College Libraries
02;.34'072
02,7.7'09
02,7.7'0285
VWm{n, àdJm©Vrb Á`m n¡by§g_moa + qH$dm ++ hr {MÝho AgVrb d Ë`m n¡by§Zm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 40
gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§Vrb n¡by§Mm H«$_m§H$ OmoS>md`mMm Agë`mg Ë`m_Ü`o AZwH«$_o 0 d
00 Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm.
CXmhaUmW©, Directories of Archives and Information Centres
CnamoŠV CXmhaUmV Library and Information Science `m _w»` {df`mgh
Directories d Archives and Information Centres hr XmoZ n¡by AmhoV.
n¡H$s Directories hm n¡by I§S> 1 VŠVm 1 _Ü`o 025 A§VJ©V Va Archives and
Information Centres hm n¡by erf©H$mÀ`m _w»` {df`m§VJ©V Personality `m
àdJm©V 7 `m H«$_m§H$mZo Z_yX Amho. VWm{n Personality `m àdJm©Vrb `m n¡by g_moa
"+' ho {MÝh Agë`m_wio I§S> 1 _Yrb gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§Vrb Directories `m
n¡byMm H«$_m§H$ 025 OmoS>VmZm EH$ A{V[aŠV 0 gh inverted comma Zo OmoS>mdm.
`mZwgma CnamoŠV CXmhaUmVrb J«§WmMm dJmªH$ 02,7.'0025 Agm hmoB©b.
`mMà_mUo EImÚm àdJm©Vrb n¡by g_moa "++' ho {MÝh Agë`mg Ë`m n¡byg
I§S> 1 _Yrb gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§Vrb n¡byMm H«$_m§H$ OmoS>Vm§Zm XmoZ A{V[aŠV 0 Zo
inverted comma OmoS>mdm.
(3) ^yjoÌ (I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠVm 2) À`m AmYmao
J«§WmÀ`m erf©H$m§V ^yjoÌmMm g_mdoe Agë`mg S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU
nÕVr_Ü`o gyMrV {Xboë`m gyMZoZwgma I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠË`mV H«$. 1 A§VJ©V n¡by§À`m
H«$_m§H$m§Mm dJmªH$m_Ü`o Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. VWm{n H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr gyMZm
Zgë`mg dJmªH$mV ^yjoÌmMm H«$_m§H$ OmoS>VmZm _mÌ I§S> 1 VŠË`m H«$. 1 _Yrb 09
À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ VŠË`mV H«$. 2 A§VJ©V n¡by§À`m H«$_m§H$mMm dJmªH$m_Ü`o Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV
`oVmo.
ZdrZ _wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV ^yjoÌmMm H«$_m§H$ dJm©H$mV ' / '
(slash) `m {MÝhmZo OmoS>mdm bmJob. EImÚm àdJm©Vrb n¡byg_moa ' * ' ho {MÝh
Agë`mg I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠË`mV H«$. 2 A§VJ©V n¡by§Mm H«$_m§H$ dJmªH$m§V ' / ' (slash)
`m {MÝhmZo OmoS>mdm.
CXmhaUmW©, Family libraries in UK
CnamoŠV CXmhaUmV _w»` {df` Library and Information Science d
Family Library `m n¡by gh United Kingdom (UK) ho ^yjoÌ Z_yX Amho.
gyMrV Personality `m àdJm©V Family library `m n¡by g_moa '* ' ho {MÝh
Agë`m_wio dJmªH$mV `m n¡byg I§S> VŠVm 2 _Yrb United Kingdom (UK) `m
^yjoÌmMm 41 hm H«$_m§H$ ' / ' `m {MÝhmZo OmoS>mdm. `mZwgma CnamoŠV CXmhaUmVrb
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 41
J«§WmMm dJmªH$ '02,7.1/41 Agm hmoB©b.
VWm{n àdJm©Vrb n¡by§g_moa '**' ho {MÝh Agë`mg I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠË`mV H«$.
2 A§VJ©V H«$_m§H$ 3 Vo 9 Xaå`mZÀ`m n¡b§yZm dJmªH$m§V ' / ' (slash) `m {MÝhmZo
OmoS>mdoV. VgoM àdJm©Vrb n¡by g_moa ' ***' ho {MÝh Agë`mg I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠË`mV
H«$. 2 A§VJ©V H«$_m§H$ 4 Vo 9 Xaå`mZÀ`m n¡by§Zm dJmªH$m§V ' / ' (slash) `m {MÝhmZo
OmoS>mdoV.
CXmhaUmW©, Successive path of Indian Library Association
`m CXmhaUmVrb erf©H$m§V Library and Information Science hm _w»`
{df` Va Indian Library Association hm n¡by Z_yX Amho. Indian Library
Association hr g§KQ>Z {Xëbr pñWV Xoe nmVirdarb J«§Wmb` ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mr
g§KQ>Zm Amho. Ë`m_wio `m erf©H$m§V India `m n¡byMmXoIrb g_mdoe Pmbobm Amho.
gyMrV Personality `m àdJm©V National Organization `m n¡by g_moa '**' ho
{MÝh VgoM I§S> 1 VŠVm 2 _Ü`o India øm ^yjoÌmMm H«$_m§H$ 3 Vo 9 Xaå`mZ Agë`m_wio
ZdrZ _wŠV n¡by~Õ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m darb {Z`_mZwgma CnamoŠV CXmhaUmVrb
J«§WmMm dJmªH$ 02,6.22/54 Agm hmoB©b.
VWm{n àdJm©Vrb n¡by§g_moa ' * ' , ' ** ' qH$dm ' *** ' ho {MÝh Zgë`mg d
^yjoÌmMm H«$_m§H$ dJmªH$m§V OmoS>md`mMm Agë`mg _mÌ I§S> 1 _Yrb gm_mÝ`
Cn{d^mJm§Vrb 09 À`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ VŠVm H«$. 2 _Yrb n¡by§Mm H«$_m§H$ dJmªH$mV
inverted comma d ' / ' (slash) `m {MÝhm§Zr OmoS>mdoV.
CXmhaUmW©, Library co-operation in Rajasthan
gyMrV co-operation hm n¡by Energy `m àdJmªV 1.64 `m H«$_m§H$mZo {Xbobm
AgyZ `m n¡byg_moa H$moUVohr {MÝh Zmhr. Ë`m_wio CnamoŠV CXmhaUmVrb Rajasthan
`m ^yjoÌmMm H«$_m§H$ Ë`mg OmoS>VmZm I§S> 1 _Yrb gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§Vrb 09 À`m
_mÜ`_m§VyZ inverted comma d ' / ' `m {MÝhm§Zr OmoS>mdm. VŠË`m H«$. 2 _Ü`o
Rajasthaan `m n¡by H$arVm 544 hm H«$_m§H$ XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `m {Z`_mZwgma
CnamoŠV erf©H$mMm dJmªH$ 02:1.64'09/544 Agm hmoB©b.
Directories of Indian Special Libraries `m CXmhaUm§Vrb erf©H$m§V
Special Libraries `m n¡bygh Directories d Indian hr XmoZ n¡byXoIrb AmhoV.
`mVrb Special Libraries hm n¡by nXmW© (Personality) `m àdJm©V 7.6 `m
H«$_m§H$mZo g_m{dï> AgyZ Directories d India hr XmoZ n¡by I§S> 1 _Yrb AZwH«$_o
VŠVm 1 d VŠVm 2 _Ü`o Z_yX AmhoV. Special Libraries `m n¡by g_moa ' * ' ,
' ** ' . qH$dm ' *** ' ho {MÝh ZmhrV d India `m ^yjoÌmMm H«$_m§H$ dJmªH$m§V
OmoS>md`mMm Agë`m_wio CnamoŠV gyMZoZwgma I§S> 1 _Yrb gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§Vrb
09 À`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ VŠË`m H«$. 2 _Yrb India Mm H«$_m§H$ dJmªH$m§V Inverted
comma d ' / ' (slash) `m {MÝhm§Zr OmoS>mdm bmJob. na§Vw `m erf©H$m§V I§S> 1
_Yrb gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJm§Vrb (VŠVm 1) Directories øm n¡by§Mm H«$_m§H$ 025
XoIrb dJmªH$mV OmoS>md`mMm Amho. gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ `m EH$mM VŠË`mVyZ XmoZ n¡b§yMm
H«$_m§H$ OmoS>VmZm EH$mM VŠË`mVrb EH$m nojm OmñV n¡by OmoS>Ê`mH$[aVm - (dash)
`m {MÝhmMm Cn`moJ H$amdm. `mZwgma Directories of Indian Special Libraries
`mMm dJmªH$ 02,7.6'025-9/54 Agm hmoB© b. na§V w gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJmVrb
Directories `m n¡byImbr ^yjoÌmMm H«$_m§H$ OmoS>Uo~m~V gyMZm {Xbobr Amho. Ë`m
gwMZoZwgma dJmªH$mV India Mm H«$_m§H$ Directories `m n¡byg gai OmoS>mdm bmJob.
Ë`m_wio Directories of Indian Special Libraries `mMm dJmªH$ 02,7.6'025/
54 Agm hmoB©b.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 42
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 43
(4) I§S> 1 _Yrb BVa VŠ`m§À`m AmYmao
I§S> 1 _Yrb VŠVm H«$_m§H$ 5 Vo 6 _Ü`o Agboë`m n¡by§Mm H«$_m§H$ dJmªH$mV
OmoS>VmZm ZdrZ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV Imbrb {MÝho gwM{dbobr AmhoV.
VŠVm H«$_m§H$ 5 d§e d amï´>r` JQ> (Ethnic and National group) ^(caret)
VŠVm H«$_m§H$ 6 ^mfm (Language)
= equal to
(5) gyMrV {Xboë`m gyMZm§À`m AmYmao
ZdrZ dJuH$aU nÕVrZo dJmªH$ ~m§YUrMr nÕV nmM àH$mao H$aVm `oVo. `mn¡H$s
\$ŠV gyMrÀ`m AmYmao, gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJmÀ`m AmYmao VgoM ^yjoÌmÀ`m AmYmao d I§S>
1 _Yrb VŠVm 3 Vo 6 À`m AmYmao dJmªH$mMr ~m§YUr H$aÊ`mMr nÕV da CXmhaUmghrV
ñnï> Ho$bobr Amho. VWm{n gyMrV {Xboë`m gyMZm§À`m AmYmao dJm©H$m§Mr ~m§YUr H$er
H$aVm `oB©b ho CXmhaUmghrV nwT>o _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo Amho.
ZdrZ dJuH$aU nÕVrV gyMr_Ü`o H$mhr {R>H$mUr Division as per......
Aem Ame`mÀ`m gyMZm XoÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV. gyMrVrb Á`m n¡byg_moa Aem gyMZm
{Xboë`m AgVrb Ë`m n¡by§Mm H«$_m§H$ BVa H«$_m§H$m§Zm OmoS>Vm§Zm `m gyMZmZwgma OmoS>Ê`mV
`mdm.
CXmhaUmW©, Acquisition of e-books
`m erf©H$m§V Acquisition d e-books hr XmoZ n¡by AmhoV. `mVrb ebooks hm n¡by e-resources À`m A§VJ©V `oV AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m Acquisition Mm
A§V^m©d Acquisition in special form _Ü`o hmoVmo. Acquisition in special
form Mm H«$_m§H$ Library and Information Science À`m gyMrV 5.28 Agm
AgyZ Ë`m g_moa Division as per '5.34 cataloguing, classification, indexing
of Special Materials' given in 'Matter-Property. Omit first for digits
'5. . , 3 , 4 Aer gyMZm XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. `m gyMZoZwgma 5.8 `m A§VJ©V
Matter-Property _Ü`o 5.34 cataloguing, classification, indexing of
Special Materials À`m A§VJ©V Agbobm e-resources Mm 5.344 hm H«$_m§H$
OmoS>mdm. VWm{n, hm H«$_m§H$ OmoS>VmZm _mÌ `m H«$_m§H$mVrb àW_ Mma A§H$ 5, ., 3 d
4 gmoSy>Z Cd©[aV A§H$ (4) 5.28 `m H«$_m§H$mg OmoS>Ê`mV `mdm. `mZwgma CXmhaUmVrb
erf©H$mMm dJmªH$ 02;5.284 Agm hmoB©b.
`mà_mUoM University Library building `mMm dJmªH$ 02,2.317 Agm
hmoB©b.
{_l/g§{_l {df`m§Mo dJuH$aU
S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb Xmofm§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm da Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo
H$mhr {_l VgoM g§{_l {df`m§À`m erf©H$m§Mo S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrZo dJuH$aU
Ho$ë`mg dJm©H$m§V Ë`m erf©H$m§Vrb gd©M n¡by§Mm g_mdoe hmoB©bM `mMr emídVr ZgVo.
H$maU EH$mnojm OmñV {df` qH$dm EH$mM {df`m§VJ©V EH$mnojm OmñV n¡by§da AmYm[aV
J«§Wm§Mo dJmªH$ V`ma H$aVmZm `m dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m 23ì`m Amd¥ÎmrVrb àW_ ^mJmV
Classifying with the DDC `m {efmªVJ©V {Xboë`m Amdí`H$ Ë`m _mJ©Xe©Z VÎdm§Mr
MMm© boImV `m nydu Ho$bobr Amho. `m g§X^m©V da Z_yX erf©H$m§MoM dJuH$aU ZdrZ
dJuH$aU nÕVrZo H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg Vo Imbrbà_mUo H$aVm `oB©b.
E-resource Management in University Libraries `m erf©H$m§V
Library and Information Science gh E-resource Management d
University Library ho n¡by AmhoV. øm§Mr l¥§Ibm Library and Information
Science-University Library- E-resource Management Aer hmoB©b.
`m_Yrb University Library hm n¡by ì`pŠVËd àdJmªV `oVmo, Va E-resource
Management hm n¡by D$Om© àdJmªVrb Administration A§VJ©V Treatment of
special material _Ü`o _moS>Vmo. 5.17 _Yrb Treatment of special material
Imbr {Xboë`m gyMZoà_mUo E-resource Management Mm dJmªH$ 5.174 Agm
hmoB©b Va darb l¥§IboZwgma E-resource Management in University
Libraries `m g§nyU© erf©H$mMm dJmªH$ ZdrZ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrZo 02,7.7:5174
Agm hmoB©b.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 44
A Manual of Practical Colon Classification and Dewey
Decimal Classification `m erf©H$mMm ZdrZ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrZo dJmªH$
02;5.431-5 Agm hmoB©b. `m erf©H$m§Vrb Colon Classification d Dewey
Decimal Classification hr XmoÝhr n¡by Library and Information Science
`m EH$mM {df`m§VJ©V nXmW© `m EH$mM àdJm©V g_m{dï> AmhoV. EH$mM {df`m§VJ©V
EH$mM àdJm©Vrb EH$mnojm OmñV n¡by dJmªH$mV OmoS>Ê`mH$[aVm (dash) `m {MÝhmMm
Cn`moJ ZdrZ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrV gwM{dbobm Amho. VWm{n hr XmoÝhrhr n¡by
5.43 General Classification scheme Imbr 5.431 (Dewey Decimal
Classification) d 5.435 (Colon Classification) `m A§H$m§Zr Xe©{dbobr AmhoV.
Dewey Decimal Classification hm n¡by gyMrV àW_ Amë`m_wio Vmo 02 `m
A§ H$mg àW_ Omo S y >Z Ë`mZ§ V a ( dash) `m {MÝhmMm Cn`mo J H$ê$Z Colon
Classification `m n¡ byH$[aVm 5 hm A§ H$ OmoS >bo bm Amho . gyMrV Colon
Classification `m n¡byH$[aVm 5.435 hm A§H$ Oar {Xbm Agbm Var Ë`mVrb àW_
5, ., 4 d 3 ho A§H$ Dewey Decimal Classification À`m A§H$mÀ`m (5.431)
VwbZoV g_mZ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm dJiÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.
CnamoŠV XmoÝhrhr CXmhaUm§V, ZdrZ Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrà_mUo dJmªH$ V`ma
hmoVmZm erf©H$mVrb gd© n¡by§Mm g_mdoe dJuH$m§V Pmë`mMo {ZXe©Zmg `oVo.
_wŠV n¡by~Õ S>çwB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrà_mUo dJuH$aUmMr
CXmhaUo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Dictionary of Practical Cataloguing
02;5.34'03
Industrial Libraries in Communist
Countries
02,7.69'09/1717
A Future Age : A Practical Handbook
for Librarians working with Older Aduts 02,7.622
Circulation Policy in Academic and
Public Library
02,7.4-7:56
Documentation Centres in India
02,7.0/54
Library Buildings in 21st Century
02,2.3'0905
Aeronautics and Space Fight Collection 02:5.21(6291)
Developing an Expert System for
Classification of Books Using Micro-base
Expert System Shell
02;5.42'0285(633)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 45
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Public Information in Rural Areas
Technical Experiment
02;5.52'0285(416)
Optical Principles of Co-ordinate
and Post Co-ordinate Indexing
02;5.484'015(3, 5)
The Health Science Library Network
for India
02,6.(61):165'0954
Use of DDC in Special Libraries
in India
02,7.6;5431'0954
Cost Account of Maharashtra University
Library System
02,7.7:511/5479
Library Science Research in Developing
Countries
02'0.720/1723
In-service Training for Librarians
02:3.8
_wŠV n¡by~Õ S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMo \$m`Xo
àñVwV boImV àm`mo{JH$ VÎdmda S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb \$ŠV
I§S> 2 _Yrb J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ `mM _w»` {df`m§VJ©V `oUmè`m n¡by§Mo _wŠV
n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrV ê$nm§Va Ho$bobo Amho. I§S> 1 _Yrb gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ d
BVa VŠË`m§Zm _mÌ OgoÀ`m Vgo R>odÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. H$mhr {_l VgoM g§{_l {df`m§À`m
erf©H$m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrà_mUo Ho$boë`m dJmªH$mV
\$aH$ nS>Vmo.
S>çyB©À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMo CnamoŠVà_mUo _wŠV n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVrV
ê$nm§Va Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMo Imbrb \$m`Xo g§^dVmV.
· {MÝhm§H$Zm§_wio àË`oH$ A§H$m§Mm dJmªH$m§Vrb Ë`m§À`m ñWmZmZwgma AW© ñnï> hmoVmo.
· J«§Werf©H$mVrb àË`oH$ _hÎdnyU© n¡byg dJmªH$m§V OmJm àmßV hmoVo.
· g_ì`mnH$ (n) dJmªH$ V`ma H$aVm `oVmV.
· {_l d g§{_l {df`m§Mo dJmªH$ V`ma H$aUoXoIrb ímŠ` hmoVo.
· Amd¥Î`m AÚ`mdV H$aÊ`mMr dma§dmaVm H$_r hmoB©b.
· ZdrZ `oUmè`m Amd¥Î`m§À`m I§S>m§Mr g§»`m ^{dî`mV ZdrZ g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m
{df` / g§H$ënZo_wio dmT>V OmUma Zmhr.
· _wŠV n¡by~Õ S>çyB©Mo Xem§e dJuH$aU g§JUH$sH¥$V H$aÊ`mg gmono OmB©b.
n[a{eï>
J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌmMr gmaUr
02 Library and Information Science
Personality (P)
0.6
0.62
0.621
0.622
0.6232
0.6234
0.624
Organization
Permanent non government
International
** National
** Regional
** State and Provincial
** Local
2.1
2.3
2.31
2.4
Location and site
Building - Planning
By institution
Division as per '7 General libraries, archives,
Information centres' given below. Omit first two
digits 7 and.
Stack
3.2
3.3
3.4
Professional positions
Technical positions
Administrative positions
6
++ Libraries, archives, information centres
devoted to specific subjects and disciplines
7
+ General libraries, archives, information centres
Add '0' before space (area)
* Private and family libraries
7.1
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 46
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 47
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.62
7.622
7.625
7.6251
7.626
7.63
7.65
7.66
7.662
7.663
7.665
7.67
7.68
7.69
7.7
7.8
7.82
7.822
7.8222
7.8223
7.83
* Proprietary
* Rental
** Public
** Government
Libraries for specific group and organization
Libraries for specific age group
Late adulthood
Children
Storytelling
Young people
Minority groups
Legislative reference bureaus, Parliamentary
libraries
Welfare institution library
Hospital library
Personal with disabilities
Prison library
Library for religious organizations
Library for non profit organizations
Library for business and industrial organization
** College and University libraries
School libraries
** Specific levels and specific library
Specific levels
Primary
Secondary
Libraries in religious school
5.042
5.0422
5.04252
5.0425
5.06
5.23
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.2814
5.29
5.3
5.31
5.313
5.3132
5.315
5.316
5.32
5.322
Matter - Property (MP)
2.9
5.04
Equipment, Furniture Furnishing
Information storage and retrieval system
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 48
5.3222
5.324
World Wide Web, Digital library, Internet literacy
Websites, portals
Search engines
Semantic web
Information and storage and retrieval systems
devoted to specific subject
Acquisition through purchase
Acquisition through exchange gift deposit
Acquisition of materials on specific disciplines
and subject
In special form
Division as per '5.34 cataloguing, classification,
indexing of Special Materials' given in 'MatterProperty. Omit first four digits 5, ., 3, 4
- for archival material (for number building use
the instruction as given under 5.28 above)
Acquisition of materials from geographical area
Bibliographic analysis and control - ISBN
For computer application synthesized as per the
instruction in Table-1 under 028.
The catalogue
From
Online catalogue
Structure of catalogue
Machine Readable Catalogue Record format
Descriptive catalogue- Descriptive catalogue
code
Choice of entry and form of heading - author title indexing
Authority files
Bibliographic description
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 49
5.34
5.341
5.3412
5.3414
5.3416
5.342
5.343
5.3432
5.3434
5.3436
5.344
5.346
5.347
5.3471
5.3473
5.348
5.3482
5.3488
5.349
5.3492
5.3494
5.3496
5.35
5.39
5.393
5.396
Cataloguing, Classification, Indexing of special
material
Manuscripts archival materials rarities
Manuscripts
Archival materials - arrangement, description,
processing
Rarities
Clippings, broadsides, pamphlets - content of
vertical files, printed ephemera
Serials, government publications, reports
literatures
Serials - CONSER, ISDP, ISSN
Government publications
Report literature
Electronics Resources - CD - ROM, computer
software, interactive multimedia
Maps Atlas Globs
Pictures and materials for projection
Pictures and prints
Motion pictures, filmstrips, slides, videotapes
Sound recording and music scores
Sound recording - cassettes, compact discs
Music scores
Other special materials
Publication in raised characters - Braille
Microforms
Games, models, miniatures, media kits, toys,
flashcard
Co-operative cataloguing, classification, indexing
Re-cataloguing, re-classification, re-indexing
Re-cataloguing
Re-classification
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 50
5.4
5.41
5.42
5.428
5.43
5.431
5.432
5.433
5.434
5.435
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.486
5.487
5.49
8
8.1
8.12
8.13
Subject analysis and control
For computer application synthesized as per the
instruction in Table-1 under 028
Abstracting
Classification and shelflisting
Shelflisting
General classification scheme
Dewey Decimal Classification
Universal Decimal Classification
Library of Congress Classification
Bliss's Bibliographic Classification
Colon Classification
Classification of specific disciplines and subjects
Subject indexing and cataloguing, Pre co-ordinate
indexing, co-ordinate and Post co-ordinate
indexing, thesauri, subject authority files, subject
headings
Use Table-6 (notations 2-9) for General Subject
cataloguing and Indexing scheme for specific
language
Subject cataloguing and indexing based on
natural language
Full text indexing - Keyword indexing
Tagging - Variant names : collaborative indexing,
folksonomies, social classification, social indexing
Subject cataloguing and indexing of specific
subjects
Reading and use of other information medias
Reviews
Reviews of reference works
Reviews of works published in specific from
"Division as per 1.3 General Bibliographies of
works published in specific form in 01. Omit first
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 51
8.16
8.5
8.53
8.7
8.8
three digits 1,. and 3"
Reviews of works for specific kind of users
"Division as per 1.6 General Bibloographies of
works for specific kinds of users' in 01. Omit
first three digits 1, . and 3"
Reading and use of other information media by
young people
Reading & use of other information media by
"Division as per '- 0832 to - 0833' given under
Table 1. Omit first three digits 0, 8 and 3"
Use of books and other media as sources of
Information
Use of books and other media as sources of
recreation and self development
1.82
1.83
2
2.4
2.7
2.8
policy on libraries
Commission and government boards
Financial support
Administration of physical plant
Shelving
lighting
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning
3
3.7
3.8
3.9
Personnel administration
Titles and job description
Training in-services
Element of personnel administration
5
+ Operations of libraries, archives, information,
Documentation
Technical services
Search and retrieval, Internet security
Administration
Finance
Duplication services, Reprography, photocopying,
printing
Treatment of special materials
Division as per '5.34 Cataloguing, classification,
indexing of Special materials' given in MatterProperty. Omit first four digits 5, ., 3 and 4.
Administration of specific types of institution
Collection development, collection analysis,
evaluation, management, selection policy and
procedure
Censorship
Weeding
Energy (E)
1
1.2
1.24
1.26
1.28
1.3
1.6
1.64
1.642
1.65
1.7
1.8
Relationship of libraries, archives, information
centres
Relationship with community
Educational role
Cultural role, sponsorship of community cultural
programs
Informational role, clearing house for information
on community action programs
Relationship with other educational institutions
Co-operation and network, centralization of
systems
Co-operation
Co-operation through union catalogue
Network, systems, consortia
Promotion of libraries archives information
centres, Public relations
Relationship with government, Government
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 52
5.02
5.0425
5.1
5.11
5.12
5.17
5.19
5.21
5.213
5.216
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 53
5.218
5.233
5.236
5.317
5.3173
5.3177
5.5
5.52
5.523
5.524
5.525
5.527
5.54
5.56
5.58
5.6
5.62
5.7
5.8
5.81
5.82
5.84
Collection development in specific types of
institution
Relation with vendors
Clerical operations
Conversion and maintenance
Retrospective conversion
Filing
Service to users
Reference and information services, referral
service
Co-operative information services
Information search and retrieval
Selective Dissemination of Information, Current
awareness services
Reference and information services in specific
types of institutions
Reader advisory service to individuals and
groups
Orientation and biblographic instruction for
users - signs, regulations for use, user manuals
Library use studies
Circulation services - document delivery
Inter library loan
Physical preparation for storage and usebinding, labelling, pocketing
Maintenance and preservation of collections
Physical arrangement and access to collections closed and open stacks, integrated shelving
Security against theft and other hazards disaster preparedness
Preservation - conservation, deacidification,
repair and restoration, digital preservation
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 54
7.42
8.55
8.9
Library outreach programs - library extension,
mobile library
Reading interest and habits of children and young
adults
Reading interest and habits
Index
Abstracting
5.41 [MP]
Acquisition
Exchange gift deposit 5.26 [MP]
From geographical area 5.29 [MP]
In special form 5.28 [MP]
On specific disciplines and subject 5.27 [MP]
Through purchase 5.23 [MP]
Administration
5.1 [E]
Personnel
3 [E]
Physical plant 2 [E]
Specific institution 5.19 [E]
Administrative positions 3.4 [P]
Air conditioning 2.8 [E]
Archival materials 5.3414 [MP]
Arrangement 5.3414 [MP]
Description 5.3414 [MP]
Processing 5.3414 [MP]
Archives 7 [P]
Operation 5 [E]
Relationship 1 [E]
Atlas 5.346 [MP]
Bibliographic analysis and control 5.3 [MP]
Binding 5.7 [E]
Bliss's Bibliographic Classification 5.434 [MP]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 55
Braille 5.3492 [MP]
Broadsides 5.342 [MP]
Building 2.3 [P]
Catalogue 2.3 [P]
Descriptive catalogue 5.32 [MP]
Author-title indexing 5.322 [MP]
Bibliographic description 5.324 [MP]
Authority files 5.3222 [MP]
Descriptive catalogue code 5.32 [MP]
Form 5.313 [MP]
Machine Readable Catalogue Record format 5.316 [MP]
Online 5.3132 [MP]
Structure 5.3115 [MP]
Cassettes 5.3482 [MP]
Cataloguing 5.34 [MP]
Co-operative cataloguing 5.35 [MP]
Classification 5.42 [MP]
Bliss's Bibliographic Classification 5.434 [MP]
CC 5.435 [MP]
Co-operative classification 5.35 [MP]
DDC 5.431 [MP]
Library of Congress Classification 5.433 [MP]
Social classification 5.487 [MP]
UDC 5.432 [MP]
CD-ROM 5.344 [MP]
Censorship 5.213 [E]
Circulation services 5.6 [E]
Clippings 5.432 [MP]
Collaborative indexing 5.487 [MP]
Collection
Analysis
5.21 [E]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 56
Development 5.21 [E]
Evaluation 5.21 [E]
Maintenance 5.8 [E]
Management 5.21 [E]
Preservation 5.8 [E]
Selection policy 5.21 [E]
Colon Classification 5.435 [MP]
Commission 1.82 [E]
Compact discs 5.3481 [MP]
Computer software 5.344 [MP]
CONSER 5.3432 [MP]
Conservation 5.84 [E]
Consortia 1.65 [E]
Conversion 5.317 [E]
Retrospective 5.3173 [E]
Co-operation 1.64 [E]
Union Catalogue 1.642 [E]
Co-operative indexing 5.35 [MP]
Co-operative Information Service 5.523 [E]
Current awareness Services 5.525 [E]
Deacidification 5.84 [E]
Dewey Decimal Classification 5.431 [MP]
Digital library 5.042 [MP]
Disaster preparedness 5.82 [E]
Document delivery Service 5.6 [MP]
Duplication services 5.12 [E]
Electronics Resources 5.344 [MP]
Equipment 2.9 [MP]
Filing 5.3177 [E]
Filmstrips 5.3473 [MP]
Finance 5.11 [E]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 57
Financial support 1.83 [E]
Flashcard 5.3496 [MP]
Folksonomies 5.487 [MP]
Full text indexing 5.486 [MP]
Furnishing 2.9 [MP]
Furniture 2.9 [MP]
Games 5.3496 [MP]
Globs 5.346 [MP]
Goverment
Boards 1.82 [E]
Publications 5.3434 [MP]
Heating 2.8 [E]
Indexing 5.47 [MP]
Co-operative indexing 5.35 [MP]
Keyword 5.486 [MP]
Pre co-ordinate 5.47 [MP]
Post co-ordinate 5.47 [MP]
Social 5.487 [MP]
Information
Retrieval 5.524 [E]
System 5.04 [MP]
Specific subject 5.06 [MP]
Search 5.524 [E]
Storage
System 5.04 [MP]
Specific subject 5.06 [MP]
Information centres 7 [P]
Relationship 1 [E]
Information services 5.52 [E]
In specific types of institutions 5.527 [E]
Interactive Multimedia 5.344 [MP]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 58
Inter library loan 5.62 [E]
Internet
Literacy 5.042 [MP]
Security 5.0425 [E]
ISBN 5.3 [MP]
ISDP 5.3432 [MP]
ISSN 5.3432 [MP]
Job description 3.7 [E]
Keyword indexing 5.486 [MP]
Labelling 5.7 [E]
Library 7 [P]
Children 7.625 [P]
Storytelling 7.6251 [P]
College 7.7 [P]
Extension 7.42 [E]
Family 7.1 [P]
Government 7.5 [P]
Hospital 7.662 [P]
Relationship 1 [E]
Late adulthood 7.622 [P]
Legislative reference bureaus 7.65 [P]
Minority 7.63 [P]
Non profit organizations 7.68 [P]
Mobile 7.42 [E]
Operation 5 [E]
Organizational
Business and industrial organization 7.69 [P]
Religious organizations 7.67 [P]
Welfare institution 7.66 [P]
Outreach programs 7.42 [E]
Parliamentary libraries 7.65 [P]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 59
Private 7.1 [P]
Proprietary 7.2 [P]
Public 7.4 [P]
Rental 7.3 [P]
School 7.8 [P]
Primary 7.8222 [P]
Religious 7.83 [P]
Secondary 7.8223 [P]
Services 5.5 [E]
Specific group
Personal with disabilities 7.663 [P]
Prison 7.665 [P]
Young people 7.626 [P]
University 7.7 [P]
Library of Congress Classification 5.433 [MP]
Lighting 2.7 [E]
Maintenance 5.317 [E]
Manuscripts 5.3412 [MP]
Maps 5.346 [MP]
Media kits 5.3496 [MP]
Microforms 5.3494 [MP]
Miniatures 5.3496 [MP]
Mobile library 7.42 [E]
Models 5.3496 [MP]
Motion pictures 5.3473 [MP]
Music scores 5.3488 [MP]
Network 1.65 [E]
Operation
Clerical 5.236 [E]
Organization 0.6 [P]
International 0.621 [P]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 60
Local 0.624 [P]
National 0.622 [P]
Permanent non government 0.62 [P]
Provincial 0.6234 [P]
Regional 0.6232 [P]
State 0.6234 [P]
Orientation and biblographic instruction 5.56 [E]
Orientation Program 5.56 [E]
Pamphlets 5.342 [MP]
Personnel administration 3 [E]
Elements 3.9 [E]
Photocopying 5.12 [E]
Pictures and prints 5.3471 [MP]
Pocketing 5.7 [E]
Portals5.0422 [MP]
Post co-ordinate indexing 5.47 [MP]
Pre co-irdinate indexing 5.47 [MP]
Preservation 5.84 [E]
Digital 5.84 [E]
Printing 5.12 [E]
Professional positions 3.2 [P]
Rarities 5.3416 [MP]
Reader advisory service 5.54 [E]
Reading
Habits 8.9 [E]
Children 8.55 [E]
Young adults 8.55 [E]
Interest 8.9 [E]
Children 8.55 [E]
Young adults 8.55 [E]
Re-cataloguing 5.393 [MP]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 61
Re-classification 5.396 [MP]
Reference Service 5.52 [E]
In specific types of institutions 5.527 [E]
Referral service 5.52 [E]
Relationship 1 [E]
Archives 1 [E]
Government 1.8 [E]
Library 1 [E]
Vendors 5.233 [E]
With community1.2 [E]
Educational role 1.24 [E]
Cultural role 1.26 [E]
Informational role 1.28 [E]
Repair 5.84 [E]
Reports 5.3436 [MP]
Reprography 5.12 [E]
Restoration 5.84 [E]
Retrieval system 5.04 [MP]
Specific subject 5.06 [MP]
Reviews 8.1 [MP]
In specific form 8.13 [MP]
Reference works 8.12 [MP]
Specific kind of users 8.16 [MP]
Search and retrieval 5.0425 [E]
Engines 5.04252 [MP]
Security 5.82 [E]
Internet 5.0425 [E]
Theft 5.82 [E]
Selective Dissemination of Information 5.525 [E]
Semantic web 5.0425 [MP]
Serials 5.3432 [MP]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 62
Services 5.5 [E]
Circulation 5.6 [E]
Co-operative 5.523 [E]
Current awareness 5.525 [E]
Document delivery 5.6 [E]
Information 5.52 [E]
In specific types of institutions 5.527 [E]
Inter library loan 5.62 [E]
Reader advisory 5.54 [E]
Reference 5.52 [E]
In specific types of institutions 5.527 [E]
Referral 5.52 [E]
Selective Dissemination of Information 5.525 [E]
Technical 5.02 [E]
Shelflisting 5.428 [MP]
Shelving 2.4 [E]
Integrated 5.81 [E]
Slides 5.3473 [MP]
Social classification 5.487 [MP]
Social indexing 5.487 [MP]
Sound recording 5.3482 [MP]
Stack 2.4 [P]
Closed 5.81 [E]
Open 5.81 [E]
Subject
Analysis and control 5.4 [MP]
Authority files 5.47 [MP]
Headings 5.47 [MP]
Tagging 5.487 [MP]
Technical
Positions 3.3 [P]
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 63
Services 5.02 [E]
Thesauri 5.47 [MP]
Toys 5.3496 [MP]
Training in-services 3.8 [E]
Universal Decimal Classification 5.432 [MP]
User manuals 5.56 [E]
Use studies 5.58 [E]
Variant names 5.487 [MP]
Ventilation 2.8 [E]
Videotapes 5.3473 [MP]
Websites 5.0422 [MP]
Weeding 5.216 [E]
World Wide Web 5.042 [MP]
References
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Chan, Lois Mai (1996), Dewey Decimal Classification :
Organizing the world of knowledge for the World. In Dewey
Decimal Classification : Edition 21 and International
perspective : Papers from a workshop presented at the General
Conference of the International Federation of Library
Association and Institutions (IFLA). August 29, 1996; 85-95.
Foskett, A. C. (1982), The Dewey Decimal Classification,
Ed.4, London : Bingley.
Gangadhara, Rao P. (1983), Synthesis in DDC 18th Edition :
Extension Lectures delivered in the DLIS, Andhra University,
Waltair during the academic year 1980-1981. Waltair : Andhra
University Press.
Mitchell, Joan S. and others (2011), Dewey Decimal
Classification and Relative Index Edition 23, Devised by Melvil
Dewey, Ohio : OCLC.
Ranganathan, S. R. (1989), Prolegomena to Library
Classification VI, Ed.3, Reprint, Bombay : Asia Publishing
House
Vickery, B. C. (1960), Faceted Classification : A Guide to
construction and use of special schemes, London : ASLIB.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 64
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2 AãOmhÿ Z A{YH$ EdT> ç m àbo I mÀ`m Zm| X r Amho V . [http://
www.classify.oclc.org/classify2/] `m àË`oH$ àboImbm {d{eï> H«$_m§H$ {Xbo
AmhoV, Oo H«$_m§H$ 1 Vo 9 A§H$m_Ü`o Amho. hm H«$_m§H$ emoY ~m°Šg_Ü`o Q>mB©n Ho$ë`mg
AmnUmg Ë`m àboImMm H«$_m§H$ Am{U {df` erf©H$ {_iVo.
VgoM AmnU ~maH$moS> qH$dm Universal Product Code (UPC) Mo ~mam
A§H$ Q>mB©n H$ê$Z _m{hVr {_idy eH$Vmo. ~maH$moS> g§~§YrÀ`m A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r
[http://www.barcoding.com/ups/] ho g§Ho$VñWi nmhÿ eH$Vm.
2.2 Title Author
`m {R>H$mUr AmnU J«§WmMo / àboImMo J«§WZm_ Am{U J«§WH$ma qH$dm XmoÝhr
Q>mB©n Ho$ë`mg AmnUmg dJmªH$ Am{U {df` erf©H$ {_iy eH$Vo.
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(3) Dewey Browser
Dewey browser ho [http://www.deweybrowser.oclc.org/)
OCLC À`m World Cat S>Qo >m~og_Yrb Odinmg 2.52 Xebj Zm|Xr {_idyZ
XoÊ`mg _XV H$aVmo. dJuH$aUH$mambm àboI / J«§Wm§Zm V`ma dJmªH$ àmßV H$aÊ`mMo ho
EH$ CÎm_ gmYZ Amho. Dewey Browser À`m emoY ~m°Šg_Ü`o J«§WZm_ XoÊ`mMr
JaO Amho. AmnU Dewey Browser ho hmo_noO nm{hë`mg nwT>rb {df` Am{U
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Dewey Browser
H«$.
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{d^mJmVrb hì`m Ë`m àboI / J«§Wmda pŠbH$ Ho$ë`mg AmnUmg Ë`m {d{eï> J«§WmMo
J«§WZm_, J«§WH$ma, àH$meZ, df©o, Amd¥Îmr Am{U _hÎdmMo åhUOo Xem§e dJuH$aU
nÕV Am{U bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«og dJuH$aU nÕVrZwgma Agbobo V`ma dJmªH$ nmhVm
`oVmV.
A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r Imbr AmH¥$Vr 3 _Ü`o {Xbobo hmo_noO nmhmdo.
Source : [http://www.deweybrowser.oclc.org] accessed
on 25 June 2013
A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r Dewey Browser AmH¥$Vr 2 _Yrb hmo_noO nmhmdo.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3 : isbndb Mo hmo_noO
(5) bm`~«a r Am°\ $ H$m±J «og Am°Z bmB©Z H°$ Q>b m°J
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2 : Dewey Browser Mo hmo_noO
(4) ISBNDB.com
gZ 2001 _Ü`o `m S>oQ>m~ogMr (Isbndb.com) {Z{_©Vr A±S´>rd _mëQ>god
`m§Zr Ho$br. B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«§Wm§Mm gdªH$f S>oQ>m CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m
Ñï>rZo N>§X åhUyZ hm àH$ën `m§Zr am~dbm. gÜ`m isbndb.com hr do~gmB©Q> BOoëQ>m
EbEbgr `m H§$nZrMm àH$ën Amho.
àñVw V S> oQ >m~og _Ü`o 4,496,898 àH$meH$m§ Mr 13,19,412 EdT> çm
{df`m§Vrb Am{U 73,32,753 EdT>çm J«§Wm§À`m Zm|Xr CnbãY AmhoV. [http://
www. isbndb.com] AmnUmg EImÚm J«§ WmMm dJmªH $ hdm Agë`mg `m
do~gmB©Q>darb emoY ~m°Šg_Ü`o J«§WZm_, J«§WH$ma, àH$meH$, ISBN qH$dm {H$ dS>©
Q>mB©n Ho$ë`mg Amnë`mbm hì`m Agboë`m Am{U `m S>oQ>m~g_Ü`o Vmo àboI / J«§W
CnbãY Agë`mg Ë`mMr Zmo§X hr Book, Subject, Categories, Publishers
Am{U Author BË`mXr {d^mJmImbr àmßV hmoVo. `m {d^mJmn¡H$s AmnU Subject `m
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òmoV, BË`mXrMm g_mdoe Amho. ho gd© àH$maMo dmMZ gm{hË` AmnUmg J«§WH$ma,
{df`, J«§WZm_, {H$ dS>© Am{U _mJUr A§H$mZwgma emoYVm `oVo.
bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«ogMo hmo_noOMo AdbmoH$Z Ho$bo AgVm Ë`mdaVr Normal
Search, Advanced Search Am{U Keyword Search Zwgma _m{hVr emoYVm
`oVo. Advanced Search _Ü`o ~w{b`Z Am°naoQ>a (AND, OR NOT) À`m gmømZo
{d{eï> àH$maMo àboIZ emoYÊ`mMr gw{dYm Amho. `m{edm` EImÚm {d{eï> àboImV
{d{eï> _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r Within Search gw{dYm CnbãY Amho. `m hmo_noOdaVr
25-100 Zm| X r EH$m n¥ ð > m da AmnU nmhÿ eH$Vmo . [http://
www.catalogue2.loc.gov/] AmnU emoY ~m°Šg_Ü`o hdo Vo J«§WZm_ Q>mH$ë`mg
AmnUmg S>oQ>m~og_Ü`o CnbãY Agbobo gd© g§~§{YV gyMr àmßV hmoVo. Ë`mVrb hdo Ë`m
J«§WZm_mda AmnU pŠbH$ Ho$ë`mg AmnUmg Ë`m {d{eï> J«§Wm§Mr J«§WgyMr` _m{hVr
àmßV hmoVo. Á`m_Ü`o J«§WmMo emar[aH$ dU©Z, AZwH«$_m{UH$m, àH$meH$mMr qbH$ Am{U
ISBN `m gh bm`~«ar Am°\$ H$m±J«og Am{U Xem§e dJuH$aUmZwgma dJmªH$ àmßV hmoVmo.
A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 _Ü`o {Xbobo hmo_noO nmhmdo.
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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 : LC Am°ZbmB©Z H°$Q>bm°JMo hmo_noO
(6) Ind Cat (Online Union Catalogue of Indian Universities)
[http:/www.indcat.inflibnet.ac.in/] IndCat hm ^maVmVrb _w»`
{dÚmnrR>mVrb J«§Wmb`mV CnbãY Agbobo J«§W, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ Am{U Ph.D. à~§YmMm
hm Am°ZbmB©Z H°$Q>bm°J Amho. `m_Ü`o 1.17 H$moQ>r J«§W, 2.15 bmI Ph.D. à~§Y
Am{U 22,471 {Z`VH$m{bH$ J«§WZm_mMm `m_Ü`o g_mdoe Amho.
hm Vm{bHo$VyZ ~mam _{hZo Mmodrg Vmg _m{hVr emoYVm `oVo. hr _m{hVr
MARC21 `m ñdê$nmV CnbãY hmoVo. J«§WmMr _m{hVr AmnUmg J«§WH$ma, J«§WZm_,
{df` erf©Ho$, àH$meZ ñWi, àH$meH$ Am{U dfm©Zwgma emoYVm `oVo. `m Am°ZbmB©Z
H°$Q>bm°J_Ü`o 200 hÿZ A{YH$ {dÚmnrR> J«§Wmb`m§V CnbãY Agboë`m J«§W {Z`VH$m{bHo$
Am{U Ph.D. à~§YmMm hm S>oQ>m~og Amho.
`m g§Ho$VñWimda AmnU {d{eï> àboImMo Zmd, J«§WH$ma / boIH$, ISBN,
ñWi, àH$meH$, {df`mMo dU©Z Am{U dfm©Zwgma emoYy eH$Vmo. `m_Ü`o CnbãY _m{hVr
MARC, CCF Am{U ASCII ñdê$nmV {_iVo H$s, Á`m_Ü`o Ë`m àboImMm dJmªH$hr
{_iy eH$Vmo. {dÚmnrR>{Zhm` EImXm àboI emoYë`mg Ë`m Ë`m {dÚmnrR> J«§Wmb`mV
Or dJuH$aU nÕVr Adb§~br OmVo Ë`m dJuH$aU nÕVrZwgma AmnUmg dJmªH$ {_iVmo.
A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r AmH¥$Vr H«$.5 _Ü`o {Xbobo Indcat Mo hmo_noO nmhmdo.
Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMm gdªH$f Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, 42
n¥ð>mMr 1876 _Yrb àW_ Amd¥Îmr Am{U 2011 _Ü`o 4,000hÿZ A{YH$ n¥ð>m§_Yrb
23dr Amd¥Îmr H$s, Á`m_Ü`o 40,000hÿZ A{YH$ {ZX©oe g§kmMm g_mdoe bjmV KoVm
H$moUË`mhr dJuH$aUH$mambm ghO Am{U `mo½` àH$mao dmMZ gm{hË`mMo dJuH$aU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r _w{ÐV ñdê$nmVrb Xem§e dJuH$aUm{edm` do~da CnbãY Agboë`m
CnamoŠV gmYZm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg dJuH$aUm_Ü`o ZŠH$sM EH$dmŠ`Vm AmUÊ`mg
_XV hmoB©b. do~da V`ma dJmªH$mgmR>r CnbãY Agboë`m gmYZm§n¡H$s [http://
www.classify.oclc.org/classify2/] ho gmYZ gdmªg g_OÊ`mg ghO gmono
Agë`mZo `mMm gdm©{YH$ dmna dJuH$aUH$mam§Zr H$amd`mg hdm.
g§X^©
(1)
http://www.oclc.org/en-europe/worldcat/catalog.html
accessed on 25th June2013
(2) http://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/services/brochures/
213371usb_dewey_for_programs_research.pdf accessed on
25th June 2013
(3) http://indcat.inflibnet.ac.in/accessed on 26th June 2012
(4) http://deweybrowser.oclc.org/ddcbrowser2/ accessed on 25th
June 2013
(5) http://isbndb.com/ accessed on 26th June 2013
(6) http://catalog.loc.gov/ accessed on 26th June 2013
(7) h t t p : / / c a t a l o g 2 . l o c . g o v / v w e b v /
holdingsInfo?searchld=33156&recCount=25&recPointer=0&bibId=58054
accessed on 26th June 2013
(8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Heavenhelllord/IsBMdb.com
accessed on 25th June 2013
(9) Barman, Badan (2011), Classification of library Documents
by Using the Web.IJISS 1 (1). 50-55
(10) Ravi, B. (2011) OCLC Worldcat, Inding Journal of Library &
Information Science, 5(3), 213-216
(11) Vaughan, J. (2011), Chapter 2:OCLC WorldCat Local Library
Technology Reports, 47(1), 12-21.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 5 : Indcat Mo hmo_noO
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OmñV à_mUmV AmT>iyZ Ambm. `mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo J«§Wnmbm§Zm J«§Wmb`mV
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_m{hVr g§nXm `mMr gm§JS> KmbUo J«§Wnmbm§Zm eŠ` Pmbo. A§H$s` ñdê$nmÀ`m
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gwb^ dmna hmoÊ`mg A§H$s` _m{hVrda à{H«$`m hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. A§H$s` _mÜ`_mV
hm`na qbH$ (Hyperlink) gma»`m Šb¥ßË`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`mMr Cn`wŠVVm dmT>Ê`mg
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àmMrZ amo__Ü`o "Šbmgr' øm eãXmMm dmna ""EH$mM dJm©Vrb g_mZ JwUY_© Agboë`m
ì`ŠVtMm g_yh'' `mgmR>r g§~moYbm OmV Ago. gd©gmYmaUnUo dJuH$aU åhUOo {dMma
qH$dm dñVwg_yh `m§À`m Jw UY_m©Zwgma JQ>mV {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr hmo`.
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g§~moYbo. ~oa{dH$ goAg© (1967) `m§À`m _Vo "J«§WmMo dJuH$aU åhUOo J«§WmMr
dmMH$mÀ`m Cn`wŠVVoZwgma H$nmQ>m§da Ho$bobr aMZm hmo`. Ý`y EZgm`Šbmo{n{S>`m
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gwb^oVoZo d ghOnUo J«§W hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr à{H«$`m hmo`. _mËQ>~r (1972)
À`m _Vo J«§W dJuH$aU hr emñÌr` nÕVrZo Ho$bobr J«§Wm§Mr d BVa gm{hË`mMr H$nmQ>m§da
qH$dm Vm{bHo$V d gyMrV Ho$boë`m Zm|Xr dmMH$m§gmR>r d _m{hVr emoYÊ`mg Cn`wŠV
R>aVmV. h§Q>a (2002) `m§À`m _Vo dJuH$aU åhUOo gma»`m JwUY_m©À`m dñVy§Mo JQ>
nmS>Uo hmo`. `m§À`m _Vo dJuH$aU hr d¡Mm[aH$ d ~m¡{ÕH$ (Mental) à{H«$`m Amho.
Á`mV dñVy§À`m gmaIonUmÀ`m JwUY_m©da Ë`m§Mo JQ> nmS>bo OmVmV d Ë`m§Mm dJ© ñnï>
Ho$bm OmVmo. a§JZmWZ (1967) `m§ZrgwÕm dJuH$aUm§Mr à{H«$`m {dñV¥VnUo _m§S>br
Amho d Ë`m§À`m _Vo dJuH$aU åhUOo J«§WmÀ`m {df`mMo ê$nm§Va gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfoVyZ
qH$dm g§»`m qH$dm {MÝhm§VyZ àH$Q> H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hmo`. `m_wio EH$mM {df`mda
AmYm[aV J«§WmVrb KQ>H$m§Zm EH${ÌV AmUÊ`mMr nÕVr hmo`. {d{H${n{S>`m_Ü`o {Xbobr
ì`m»`m ""J«§W dJuH$aU hr J«§WmMr, àboIm§Mr {df`mda {d^mJUr d aMZm H$ê$Z Vr
gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfoV {ZX©oeZ H$aÊ`mMr {H«$`m hmo`.''
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 74
øm gd© ì`m»`m§dê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, J«§Wmb` dJuH$aU hr emñÌmoŠV
nÕVrZo J« §Wm§Mr d BVa dmMZ gm{hË`mMr Ho$bo br {df`mda aMZm hmo`. J§«W
dJuH$aUm_wio J«§WmMr CnbãYVm, emoY d ñWmZ{ZpíMVr ghO d gwb^nUo H$aVm
`oVo. dJuH$aUH$mamZwgma d BVa g_rjH$m§Zwgma dJuH$aUmMr Cn`wŠVVm J«§WmMr {df`dma
_m§S>Ur hmo`. na§Vw J«§W dJuH$aU ho kmZmMo dJuH$aU AgyZ Ë`mV JaOoZwgma dma§dma
\o$a\$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. _mZdr OrdZmVhr dJuH$aUmg AZÝ` ñWmZ Amho d amoOÀ`m
OrdZmV _mZd hm dJuH$aUmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
(4) dJuH$aUmMo CÔoe
J«§Wmb` dJuH$aUmMm _w»` hoVy åhUOo J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§Wg§J«hmMr {df`dma
aMZm H$ê$Z àË`oH$mMo J«§Wmb`mVrb ñWmZ {ZpíMV H$aUo. Á`m_wio dmMH$ {df`mdarb
nwñVHo$ hmVmiy eH$Vmo d Vm{bHo$à_mUo J«§W ñdV: {_idy eH$Vmo `mì`{V[aŠV Imbrb
hoVynU gmÜ` hmoVmV.
· dmMH$m§Mr gmo` d J«§Wm§Mr dJ©dma aMZm `m_wio g_mZ {df`mda AmYm[aV J«§W
gm{hË` EH$mM dJm©V Cn`wŠVVogmR>r EH${ÌV H$aVm `oVmV.
· J«§W dmnê$Z Pmë`mda nwÝhm `mo½` OmJr R>odÊ`mg gwb^Vm `oVo.
· ZdrZ J«§Wm§gmR>r OmJm CnbãY H$aVm `oVo.
· ñWyb d gyú_ {df`m§Mo `mo½` àH$mao dJuH$aU H$ê$Z OmJm {ZpíMV hmoVo.
· {df`dma gyMr V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r
· J«§Wm§Mr Cn`wŠVVm dmT>Ê`mgmR>r
(5) dJuH$aU nÕVrMo àH$ma
J«§Wmb`rZ dJuH$aU nÕVtMo Ë`m§À`m ñdê$nmZwgma S>m°. a§JZmWZ (1965)
`m§Zr J«§Wmb` VrZ H$mbI§S>mV {d^mJUr Ho$br.
(1) n¡by~ÕVm (n) nyd© H$mbI§S> - (1876 - 1896)
(2) n¡by~ÕVoÀ`m ê$nm§VaMm H$mbI§S> - (1897 - 1932)
(3) n¡by~ÕVoMm H$mbI§S> - (1933 - 1972)
na§Vw dJuH$aU nÕVrV 1972 Z§Vahr ~aoM ~Xb hmoV Jobo d `mg AmnU
n¡by~ÕVoMm Am{U n¡by~ÕVo Cnam§V H$mbI§S> Ago g§~moYÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. `m
ZOrH$À`m H$miI§S>mV gd© à_wI dJuH$aU nÕVrV {dñV¥VnUm d A§H$s` dmVmdaUmer
OdirH$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoV Amho. `m H$miI§S>mV g§JUH$sH¥$V dJuH$aU
nÕVr, kmZ ì`dñWmnZ nÕVr (KOS) Thesaurus, Taxonomies, Ontologies,
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 75
BË`mXr g§H$ënZm§Mm CX` Pmbm d J«§Wmb` dJuH$aUmMmhr `mV _moR>m dmQ>m R>abm
Amho.
5.1 n¡by~ÕVm nyd© dJuH$aU nÕVr
·
·
`m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo Imbrb nÕVtMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.
_oËdyb S>odr `m§Mr Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVr (Melville Dewey's Decimal
Classification)
gr.E. H$Q> a `m§ M r EŠgnmZ{gìh dJuH$aU nÕVr ( C.A. Cutters
Expansive Classification System (1879)
5.2 n¡by~ÕVoÀ`m ê$nm§V[aV dJuH$aU nÕVr
·
·
·
`m_Ü`o Imbrb à_wI J«§Wmb` dJuH$aU nÕVtMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.
`w{Zìhg©b S>ogr_b dJuH$aU nÕVr (Universal Decimal Classification
System (UDC) 1885, 1897)
bm`~« a r Am° \ $ H$m± J « o g dJuH$aU nÕVr ( Library of Congress
Classification System (LCC) 1897, 1902)
Brown's Subject Classification (1906-1939)
5.3 n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU nÕVr
·
a§ J ZmWZ `m§ M r {Ûq~Xy dJuH$aU nÕVr ( Ranganathan's Colon
Classification System (1933) )
· ãbrg `m§ M r {~~{bAmo J « m {\$H$ dJuH$aU ( Bliss Bibliographic
Classification System (1933)
· bm`~« a r {~~{bAmo J « m {\$H$ dJuH$aU ( Library Bibliographic
Classification (1960) )
· \°$a_m|Q> am`S>g©Mr B§Q>aZ°eZb dJuH$aU (Fermont Riders International
Classification (1961) nÕVr
{dH$s{nS>r`mV (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/library_classification)
dJuH$aU nÕVrMo Imbrb VrZ àH$ma gwM{dbo AmhoV.
(1) OmJ{VH$ dJuH$aU nÕVr (Universal Classification Scheme)
(2) {d{eï> dJuH$aU nÕVr (Specific Classification Scheme)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 76
(3) amï´>r` dJuH$aU nÕVr (National Classification Scheme)
· OmJ{VH$ dJuH$aU (Universla Classification scheme) nÕVr_Ü`o
g_m{dï> Ho$boë`m à_wI nÕVr åhUOo D.D.C., UDC. CC d LC.
· {deof dJuH$aU nÕVrV EImÚm {d{eï> {df`mg AZwgê$Z Ho$bobr nÕVr
CXm. {~«{Q>e H°$Q>bm°J Am°\$ å`w{gA_ dJuH$aU nÕVr (British Catalogue
of Museum Classification) {S>{ H$gZg dJuH$aU ( Dickinson
Classification) d Z°eZb bm°`~«ar Am°\$ _o{S>grZ dJuH$aU (NLM
Classification, IPC) , BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Va
· amï´>r` dJuH$aU nÕVrV {d{eï> XoemV {Z{_©V d dmnabr OmUmar dJuH$aU
nÕVr CXm. pñd{S> e J« § W mb` dJuH$aU ( Swedish Library
Classification)
`m gd© nÕVr_Ü`o DDC, UDC, LC d CC `m J«§W dJuH$aU nÕVr IynM
àM{bV AmhoV d `mMm dmna AmOhr ~è`mM J«§Wmb`m§VyZ hmoV Amho. UDC Mm H«$_
OJmV Xwgè`m H«$_m§H$mda Amho d `m nÕVrÀ`m JwUY_m©_wio hr nÕVr {deof J«§Wmb`mV
dmnabr OmVo d gImob dJuH$aUmgmR>r hr nÕVr Cn`wŠV Amho. dJuH$aU nÕVrMo
àH$ma Xe©{dVmZm H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr {df`mÀ`m _m§S>UrÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma, Ë`m§Mo
dJuH$aU nÕVr_Ü`o {díbofU Ho$bo Amho d Ë`m§Mo VrZ àH$ma Ho$bo AmhoV. Vo àH$ma
nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
(1) n[aJUZmË_H$ (Enumerative) : `mV {df`m§gmR>r V`ma dJmªH$ {Xbobo
AgVmV. CXm. LCC, DDC
(2) CVa§S>Xe©H$ (Hierarchical) : `mV {df`m§Mr {d^mJUr d aMZm gm_mÝ`
{df`mH$Sy>Z {d{eï> {df`mH$S>o Zobr OmVo. CXm. DDC
(3) n¡ b y ~ Õ qH$dm {díbo f U g§ í bo f UmË_H$ ( Faceted or Analytico
Synthetic) : `mV {df`mMr n¡by§_Ü`o (Facet) {d^mJUr Ho$br OmVo. ho n¡by
Vo Mutually exclusive orthogonal à_mUo AgVmV. CXm. CC, BLISS,
UDC
(6) `w{Zìhg©b S>o{g_b dJuH$aU (UDC)
`w{Zìhg©b S>o{g_b dJuH$aU nÕVrMr {Z{_©Vr hr XmoZ ~oëOr`Z gyMrH$ma d
dH$sb nm°b Am°Q>boQ> d hoÝar bm \$moÝQ>oZ `m§Zr EH$moUrgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r Ho$br.
`wS>rgr hr nÕVr {d{dY Zmdm§Zr àgm[aV Pmbr. Ogo `wamo{n`Z S>odr (European
Dewey), ~«wgoëg dJuH$aU (Brussels Classification), B§Q>aZ°eZb S>o{g_b
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 77
dJuH$aU (International Decimal Classification), BË`mXr (Satija 2008),
UDC hr dJuH$aU nÕVr S>çwB© `m§À`m nÕVrda AmYm[aV Agë`mZo `mg {dñVm[aV
S>çwB© (Expanded Dewey) Ago nU gwê$dmVrg Zm|Xdbo Jobo.
na§Vw, UDC hr gdmªV àW_ Am§Vaamï´>r` dJuH$aU nÕVr åhUyZ g§~moYbr
Jobr d `mMm Cn`moJ àm_w»`mZo gy{MË_H$ Zm|XrÀ`m dJuH$aUmgmR>r d àboIZ H$m`m©gmR>r
(Documentation work) H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Voìhm nyduÀ`m nÕVrMm dmna hm \$ŠV
J«§Wmb` dJuH$aUmgmR>r d J«§Wm§Mr H$nmQ>m§da aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmV hmoVm, hr
`m nÕVrMr {deofVm R>abr. _m{hVr emoYmgmR>rMo à_wI gmYZ VgoM gwb^ J«§W
dJuH$aUmg hr nÕVr Cn`wŠV R>abr. øm nÕVrÀ`m bdMrH$Vo_wio (Flexibility)
VgoM AZoH$ ^mfoVyZ àH$m{eV Pmë`mZo `mMr ì`mßVr dmT>V Jobr. kmZmÀ`m gd© emIm
`m dJuH$aU nÕVrZo g_m{dï> Ho$ë`m Agë`m Var hr nÕVr {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmVrb
àboIm§À`m dJuH$aUmg Iyn n[aUm_H$maH$ nÕVr R>abr. Slavic (2008) `m§Zr
Ho$boë`m UDC À`m J«§Wmb`rZ dmnamg§~§YrÀ`m OmJ{VH$ gd©ojUmV Ago Ñ{ï>nWmV
Ambo H$s, UDC dJuH$aU nÕVr hr OJmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m gd© dJuH$aU nÕVrV
Xwgè`m H«$_m§H$mda Amho. gwñnï> g§km (Terms), g§aMZm (Structure), g§km§Mm
H«$_ (Vocabulary Syntax), g§íbofUmË_H$ {ZX©oeZ ^mfm (Synthetic Indexing
Language), BË`mXtÀ`m dmnam_wio hr nÕVr _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>abr
Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV, UDC hr EH$ _hÎdmMr J«§Wmb` dJuH$aU nÕVr åhUyZ {d{dY
J«§Wmb`m§VyZ OmJ{VH$ ñVamda dmnabr Jobr. gH¥$VXe©Zr hr nÕVr Oar DDC da
AmYmaÊ`mgmaIr {XgyZ Ambr Var {d{dY gmhmæ`H$mar VŠË`m§_wio (Auxiliary
Tables) (^mfm, ñWi, H$mi, {MÝhm§H$Z, BË`mXr) hr nÕVr OmñV gj_ R>abr d
gImob dJuH$aUmgmR>r `m nÕVrMm dmna AZoH$ J«§Wmb`m§VyZ Pmbm. `m nÕVrMm
AmT>mdm, Ame` (Contents), aMZm, Cn`wŠVVm, H$m`©j_Vm, nmoQ>|{e`b d
AmYw{ZH$Vm `m g§X^m©V Cn`wŠV R>aob.
1895 À`m gwê$dmVrg B§Q>aZ°eZb BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ {~~{bAmoJ«m\$s (IIB)
`m g§ñWog OmJ{VH$ gyMrMr (Universal Bibliography) aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m
Aem nÕVrMr JaO ^mgbr H$s Vr nÕVr gyMr` Zm|XrMr dJuH¥$V aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r
_XV H$ê$ eHo$b. `m H$m`m©gmR>r XmoZ ~opëO`Z gyMrH$ma nm°b Am°Q>boQ> (18681944) d Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {dOoVm hoÝar bm \$moÝQ>oZ (1864-1943) `m `m§Zr
_opëdb S>odr (1851-1931) `m§Mr nadmZJr Ë`m§À`m DDC À`m dmnamg§~§Yr d
Zm|XrMr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r KoVbr. AemàH$mao `m XmoKm§Zr gyú_ àboI dJuH$aUmgmR>r
{dñV¥V dJuH$aU nÕVr V`ma H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Ho$br. àW_ Ë`m§Zr DDC _Ü`o
{Xem, gImobVm d bdMrH$Vm {Z_m©U Ho$br d n{hbr n¡by~Õ dJuH$aU (Faceted
Classification) V`ma Ho$bo. (Satija 2008)
`m XmoÝhr gyMrH$mam§Zr CËgwH$VonmoQ>r OJmV N>nmB© `§ÌmÀ`m CX`mZ§Va Agboë`m
{df`m§Mr g_J« gyMr emñÌmoŠV nÕVrZo g§H${bV H$aÊ`mMm M§J ~m§Ybm d ([anmo{Q>©`a
{~~brAmoJ«m\$s `w{Zìh©gb) _mZdr kmZmÀ`m gd© emIm g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm. Am°Q>boQ> d \$moZQ>oZ `m§Zr S>odr `m§Zm ^oQy>Z DDC _Ü`o g§íbofU gmYZm§Mm
(Synthetic Device) d gmhmæ`H$mar VŠË`m§Mm (Auxiliary Tables) Mm dmna
H$ê$Z ZdrZ n¡by`wŠV g§aMZoÛmao (Faceted Structure) dJuH$aU H$go gwb^ H$aVm
`oB©b `m{df`r MMm© Ho$br. Aem [aVrZo `w{Zìhg©b S>o{g_b dJuH$aUmMr (UDC)
àW_ gwYm[aV d {dñV¥V EH$ ZdrZ {díbofU g§íbofUmË_H$ (Analytico Synthetic)
dJuH$aU nÕVrMr Amd¥Îmr 1905-1907_Ü`o ""_°Ý`wAb [anmo{Q>©`a {~{~brAmoJ«m\$s
`w{Zìhg©b'' (Manual du Repertoire bibliographique Universale) `m
ZmdmZo àH$m{eV Pmbr d `mV 33000 Cn{d^mJ d 38000 {df`m§Mr gyMr g_m{dï>
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr Amd¥Îmr `wamon_Ü`o {d{dY J«§Wmb`m§V dmnaÊ`mV Ambr. `m nÕVrMr
Xwgar Amd¥Îmr \«|$M ^mfoV "Classification decemale universselle" `m ZmdmZo
1923 d 1933 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmbr d nwT>o `m Amd¥ÎmrV ~è`mM gwYmaUmgwÕm
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
UDC Mr àW_ Amd¥Îmr hr DDC À`m nmMì`m Amd¥Îmrda (1894) \«|$M
^mfoV àW_ àH$m{eV Pmbr. (1905-1907) d Xwgar Amd¥Îmr \«|$M_Ü`o 19231933 `m H$mimV à{gÕ Pmbr. {Vgar d Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr AZwH«$_o O_©Z (1933)
B§J«Or (1936) ^mfoV àH$m{eV Pmë`m. (Satiji 2008, Mcllwaive 2010)
gmYmaUV: 1930_Ü`o `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMo ê$nm§Va O_©Z d B§J«Or ^mfoV H$aÊ`mg
gwê$dmV Pmbr. UDC dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r d nÕVr {Z`{_V AÚ`mdV
R>odÊ`mgmR>r `m nÕVrMo {Z_m©Vo Am°Q>boQ> d \$moÝQ>oZ `m§Zr EH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm
{dMma H$ê$Z 1931 _Ü`o "B§Q>aZ°eZb BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ S>m°Š`y_|Q>oeZ' (IID) hr
g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br, `m g§ñWoMo _yi Zmd ""BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb S>r {~~brAmoJ«m\$s''
(IIB) qH$dm ""~w«goëg BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>'' nU g§~moYV hmoVo. `m g§ñWoMoM ê$nm§Va XmoKm§Zr
IID _Ü`o Ho$bo VgoM hr g§ñWm 1937 _Ü`o ZoXab±S>, `oWrb S>oìh|Q>a (Deventer)
`m ehamVyZ ""{X hoJ'' `m ehar ñWbm§VarV Ho$br d g§ñWoMo ZdrZ Zm_m§Va ""\o$S>aoeZ
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 78
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 79
(7) UDC Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ AdbmoH$Z
B§Q>aZ°eZb S>r S>m°Š`w_|Q>oeZ (FID) Ago Ho$bo. \$moÝQ>oZ (1943) d Am°Q>boQ> (1944)
`m§À`m {ZYZmníMmV UDC À`m àH$meZmMr O~m~Xmar ""S>m°ÝH$a Sy>{dg'' (Donker
Duyvis) `m§Zr KoD$Z `m dJuH$aU nÕVrda {Z`§ÌU R>odbo, VgoM 1980 nmgyZ `m
dJuH$aUmÀ`m {d{dY {dñV¥V Amd¥Î`m {d{dY ^mfoVyZ àH$m{eV hmoV Joë`m. g{VOm
(2008) `m§Zr UDC À`m {dH$mgmMo nwT>rb Mma Q>ßno Xe©{dbo AmhoV.
· 1895 - 1933 \«|$M H$miI§S>. `m H$mim_Ü`o dJuH$aU nÕVrMm Ama§^ d
nm`mamodZr Pmbr.
· 1933 - 1952 O_©Z H$miI§S>. `m H$mim_Ü`o {dñV¥VVm d gImobVm {Z_m©U
Pmbr.
· 1936 - 1975 B§J«Or H$miI§S>. `m H$mimV `m nÕVrda g§emoYZ d dmna
`mda ^a XoD$Z gwYm[aV Amd¥Î`m H$mT>ë`m.
· 1990 - Am§Vaamï´>r` H$miI§S>. `m H$mimV nÕVrV Vm§{ÌH$ d g§KQ>ZmË_H$
gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m.
ì`mnH$VoÀ`m Ñï>rZo `m dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m VrZ Amd¥Î`m àH$m{eV Pmë`m
AmhoV.
(1) nyU© Amd¥Îmr (Full Edition)
(2) _Ü`_ Amd¥Îmr (Medium Edition)
(3) g§{jßV Amd¥Îmr (Abridged Edition)
`mMà_mUo `m dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m ""à_wI {df`dma'' (Subject oriented)
Amd¥Î`m§Mr nU {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Jobr. Abridged Building Classification (ABC),
UDC for Polar Librarires, Global Forest Decimal Classification hr
Ë`mVrb H$mhr CXmhaUo hmoV. ñbm{dH$ (2004) `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m gd©ojUmVyZ Ago {XgyZ
Ambo H$s, `m dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m nyU© Amd¥ÎmrV XmoZ bmIm§hÿZ A{YH$ {df`m§À`m
Zm|XrMr g_m{dï>Vm Amho d gmYmaU 111 Xoem§VyZ `m nÕVrMm dmna Zm|Xdbm Jobm
VgoM 38 ^mfoVyZhr nÕVr àH$m{eV Pmbr.
g{VOm (2008) `m§À`m AdbmoH$ZmV hr 1990 n`ªV nyU© Amd¥ÎmrV XmoZ
bmI Zm|Xr _Ü`_ Amd¥ÎmrV gmR> hOma Zm|Xr d g§{jßV Amd¥ÎmrV Vrg hOma Zm|Xr
CnbãY AmhoV. `mM dJuH$aU nÕVrMr "English Pocket" Amd¥Îmr nU BSI `m
g§ñWoZo àH$meZmgmR>r gwédmV Ho$br Amho. VgoM ~hþ^mfr` "Pocket Edition" Mo
àH$meZ UDC H$Ýgmoa{e`_Zo hmVr KoVbo Amho. WmoS>Š`mV, `m nÕVrMr gwYmaUm
Zoh_rM `mo½` {XeoZo hmoV Jobr.
1980 Z§Va FID g§ñWoZo "International Task Force" `m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm
H$ê$Z `m dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb ^{dî`mVrb ~Xb d àH$meZm{df`r _gwXm H$aÊ`mMo
R>a{dbo d hr g{_Vr 1990 nmgyZ H$m`m©pÝdV Pmbr. ({Jb{¼ñQ> 1990) `m g{_VrZo
H$mhr gwYmaUm _m§S>ë`m. Ë`mVrb _hÎdmÀ`m gwYmaUm åhUOo · dJuH$aU nÕVrMr A§H$s` ñdê$nmV ""_mñQ>a \$mB©b'' (Master File) V`ma
Ho$br. hr \$mB©b g§JUH$mÛmao dmMVm VgoM dmnaVm `oB©b.
· Master File À`m àH$meZmgmR>r ""H$Ýgmo{ g© e`_ Am°\ $ npãbeg©' '
(Consortiums of Publishers)Mr ñWmnZm H$aUo d `mg "UDC"
H$Ýgm©o{g©`_ (UDC Consortium) (UDCC) g§~moYÊ`mV `mdo.
· `m gdmªMo ì`dñWmnZ Executive Committee d Editor in Chief VgoM
Editorial Board `m§À`m _m\©$V H$amdo.
1944 _Ü`o `m ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr d gmYmaU Xhm dfmªÀ`m
H$miI§S>mZ§Va nwÝhm `m dJuH$aU nÕVrV {dñV¥VVm, gImobVm, AmYw{ZH$Vm AÚ`mdVm
ho ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr. gmYmaU 2000 Z§Va FID hr g§ñWm
H$Ýgmogr{e`_Mr g^mgX åhUyZ BVa àH$meH$m§gh Kmo{fV Pmbr. Aem nÕVrZo ""{X
hoJ'' `oWrb ì`dñWmnZ UDC Mo {ZX©oeH$ (Director) `m§À`m XoIaoIrÛmao gwê$
Pmbo.
UDCC hr àH$meH$m§Zr Zm°Z àm°{\$Q> g§ñWm åhUyZ UDC À`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r,
{dH$mgmgmR>r, Amd¥Î`m àH$m{eV H$ê$Z {dVaUmgmR>r, g§nmXH$s` JQ> ñWmnZo,
Advisory Board {Z`wŠV H$aUo hr H$m`©o H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZm Pmbr.
1992-2006 `m H$mbmdYrV UDC Mm dmna _m{hVr òmoVm§Mo g§KQ>Z
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm Jobm. Ë`mMà_mUo B§J«Or B§Q>a\o$Ogh {df`mYm[aV _m{hVr emoY
gw { dYm ( Subject Gateway ) ñd`§ M {bV dJuH$aU ( Automatic
Classification) BË`mXrgmR>r nU dmna Ho$bm. Stoklasova (2003) `m§Zr VgoM
DESIRE (RE 1004) À`m [anmoQ>©_Ü`o `m dJuH$aU nÕVrMm dmna B§Q>aZoQ> òmoV d
{df`mYm[aV _m{hVr emoY gw{dYm (Subject Gateway) gmR>r H$gm Ho$bm ho ñnï>
Ho$bo Amho.
UDC dJuH$aUmÀ`m A§H$s` ñdê$nmVrb Master File (Machine
Readable Maser File) hr UDC - Master Reference File ( UDCMRF) åhUyZ "{X hoJ' `oWo g§H${bV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ Pmbo. `mg "Extensions
and Corrections to UDC" Ago g§~moYÊ`mV Ambo d Master File Mr Amd¥Îmr
hr _yi B§J«Or _mÜ`_mVrb Amd¥Îmrda AmYm[aV hmoVr. (BS 1000 M : 1985) VgoM
1992 n`ªV À`m gwYmaUm§Mm ( Amendments) nU `mV g_mdo e hmoV m. `m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 80
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 81
dJuH$aUmÀ`m 1992 Z§VaÀ`m àH$meZmV UDC-MRF AmYm[aV Zm|XrMm g_mdoe
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. (\$ŠV B§J«Or ^mfoVrb Zm|Xr MRF _Ü`o CnbãY AmhoV.) `m Amd¥Î`m
CD-ROM d Am°ZbmB©Z ñdê$nmV, N>mnrb (Print) Amd¥Î`m§gh nU CnbãY
Pmë`m. UDC-MRF _Ü`o 31000 Zm|Xr O_© Z_Ü`o CnbãY AgyZ UDC
H$Ýgm©o{g©`_ 2010 n`ªV O_©Z ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mMm àH$ën KoVbm. gwédmVrg UDCMRF _m{hVrg§M 1993 _Ü`o CDS/ISIS àUmbr dmnê$Z gwê$ Ho$bm Jobm.
(8) UDC À`m {dH$mgmVrb _hÎdmMo Q>ßno
1905-07
1929
1931
1927-1933
1934-1953
1937
1960
1980
1980Ÿ
1980
1992
1992-2006
1993
2001
àW_ Amd¥Îmr 10000 dJ© Zm|Xrgh \«|$M ^mfoV àH$meZ
IIB g§ñWm ~w«goëg _YyZ "{X hoJ' `oWo ñWbm§V[aV
IIB Mo Zm_H$aU IID - International Institute for
Documentation _Ü`o Pmbo.
Xwgar \«|$M Amd¥Îmr Classification Decimale Universelle
O_©Z Amd¥Îmr Dezimal-Classifickation
IID Mo Zm_m§Va FID (International Federation for
Documentation) _Ü`o Pmbo.
UDC dJuH$aU nÕVrMm àW_ online dmna
dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb 60,000 dJ© Zm|Xr (_°JZo{Q>H$ Q>on) Mw§~H$s`
{\$Vrda "BSI - Medium Edition" _Ü`o àH$m{eV
International Task Force g{_VrMr ñWmnZm
dJuH$aU nÕVrÀ`m nyU© Amd¥Î`m {ZKmë`m d Ë`mV XmoZ bmI
dJ© Zm|Xr g_m{dï> Ho$ë`m.
UDC Mr Zm Z\$m Zm VmoQ>m `m VÎdmda àH$meH$m§À`m g§ñWog
gwnyX© Ho$br d hr g§ñWm g^mgX ewëH$, bm`goÝg, {dH«$s, BË`mXrda
{Z`§ÌU R>odVo.
UDC Mm dmna B§Q>aZoQ>, Subject gateway _m{hVr g§M,
BË`mXr_Ü`o dmna Ho$bm.
UDC-MRF Mr {Z{_©Vr
"UDC on Web" Amd¥Îmr CnbãY
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 82
2007
UDC-MRF _Ü`o 676000 dJm©Mr Zm|X gwYm[aV Amd¥ÎmrV
dJ© Ho$br.
(Source : UDC Online : UDC on web at http://www.udconline.net)
(9) UDC Mr aMZm
UDC Mr aMZm hr bdMrH$ Agë`mZo `m_Ü`o dma§dma n[adV©Z H$ê$Z ZdrZ
{df`m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMr gw{dYm àmßV Pmbr Amho. UDC nÕVrMo g§emoYZmË_H$
d N>mn nmS>Umao d¡{eîQ>ç gmYo {df` Xe©{dÊ`m~amo~a {d{dY {df`m§Vrb g§~§Y
Xe©{dÊ`mMo H$m`©gwÕm H$aVo. `m d¡{eîQ>çm_wio hr nÕVr CVa§S> Xe©H$ (Hierarchical
Structure) _Ü`o g_m{dï> hmoD$Z kmZmÀ`m {d^mJUrgmR>r / dJuH$aUmgmR>r Xhm
_w»` dJmªMr d àË`oH$ dJm©V Cn{d^mJmMr gmo` H$ê$Z {df` ì`mßVr dmT>{dbr Amho.
bdMrH$Vo_wio `m nÕVrV dma§dma aMZm, H«$_mVrb ñVa (Hierarchical Levels)
Cn`wŠVoZwgma ~Xb d AÚ`mdVnUm øm_wio øm nÕVrMm dmna dmT>VM am{hbm.
UDC À`m gwê$dmVrnmgyZÀ`m aMZo{df`rMm AmT>mdm KoVë`mg nwT>rb R>iH$
d¡{eîQ>ço bjmV `oVmV.
`m dJuH$aUmMr ê$naofm d _w»` dJmªH$ ho \$ŠV EH$m _yi A§H$mda AmYm[aV
AmhoV.
0
- Generalities
1
- Philosophy
2
- Religion
3
- Social Sciences
4
- Vacant (1960 nmgyZ d VoìhmnmgyZ dmnamV Zmhr)
5
6
7
8
9
-
Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Applied Sciences
Fine Arts
Languages and Literature
Geography / Biography
darb EH$ A§H$s` _w»` Xhm dJ© V`ma Ho$bo. (dJ© 4 hm 1960 nmgyZ [aŠV
R>odbm Amho.)
· `m nÕVrV Aao{~H$ A§H$ d {MÝhm§H$ZmMm VgoM gmhmæ`H$mar VŠË`m§Mm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 83
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
(Auxiliary Tables) dmna H$ê$Z hr nÕVr gImob dJuH$aUmgmR>r Cn`wŠV
R>abr Amho.
hr nÕVr gd© ñVam§darb d {df`mdarb J«§Wmb`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV Va AmhoM,
na§Vw {deof J«§Wmb`mgmR>r `mMr Cn`wŠVVm A{YH$ Amho.
gy{MË_H$ Zm|XrÀ`m (Bibliographic) dJuH$aU nÕVrV eoS>çyëg, ZmoQ>oeZg
d gyMr hr _w»` KQ>H$ AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo n[aJUZmË_H$ (enumerative) d
n¡by~Õ (faceted) hr XmoZ d¡{eîQ>çonU {XgyZ `oVmV.
UDC dmna H$nmQ>mdarb aMZoì`{V[aŠV gyMrH$aU d _m{hVr emoYÊ`mg OmñV
hmoVmo.
`m nÕVrV ñ_aU gwb^Vm, {MÝhm§H$Zo `mMm dmna H$ê$Z {d{dY {df`m§À`m
g§~§YmMr OmoS> {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho.
{MÝhm§H$ZmMr Cn`wŠVVm d Ë`mMm dmna {df`mVrb {d{dY ñVa OmoS>Ê`mgmR>r
H$ê$Z _yi dJmªMo {dñVma H$aUo ghO eŠ` Pmbo.
A{V[aŠV KQ>H$m§Mr Zm|X H$aÊ`mg gmhmæ`H$mar VŠË`m§Mr _XV hmoVo d `m_wio
{df` AmYm[aV ñWi, H$mi `m§Zm Xe©{dÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo.
gmhmæ`H$mar VŠË`m§Mo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV Vo åhUOo gm_mÝ` d {deof gmhmæ`H$mar
VŠVo.
`m dJuH$aUm_wio {df` {díbofU d gyú_ dJuH$aUmda OmñV à^md nS>Vmo.
gd© àH$maÀ`m Šb¥ßË`m dmnaë`mZo UDC hr ~hþn¡byË_H$ (multidimensional)
Pmbr Amho.
(10) UDC dJuH$aU nÕVrMr Cn`wŠVVm d \$m`Xo
UDC Mr _w»` Cn`wŠVVm nwñVH$m§Mr, J«§WmMr ñWmZ{ZpíMVr, _m{hVrMm
à{VemoY, dJuH¥$V Vm{bHo$Mr {Z{_©Vr, J«§Wg§J«h {dH$mg, gyMr {Z{_©Vr, _m{hVrg§M
{Z{_©Vr, _oQ>m S>mQ>m, BË`mXrgmR>r {XgyZ `oVo. UDC dJuH$aU nÕVrV {d{dY Šb¥ßË`m
(Devices) dmnaë`mZo `m nÕVrV bdMrH$Vm (Flexibility) Ambr Amho. Ë`m_wio
gImob dJuH$aU H$aUo VgoM ZdrZ dJ© g_m{dï> H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo. UDC hr Iè`m
AWm©Zo {díbofU g§íbofUmË_H$ (analytic-synthetic) dJuH$aU nÕVr åhUyZ àW_M
{dH${gV Ho$br Jobr. (Mcllwaire 1997, 2010) d `m_wio H$moUVrhr g§H$ënZm
Xwgè`m g§H$ënZoer OmoS>Uo eŠ` hmoVo. 1980 nmgyZ {dH${gV d gwYm[aV Ho$bobo gd©
dJ© ho nyU© n¡by`wŠV (faceted) AmhoV. `m_wio pŠbï> d {_l {df`m§Mo dJuH$aU `mo½`
[aVrZo H$aVm `oVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 84
10.1 g§JUH$sH$aU d
UDC
nÕVr
UDC Mr _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z _m{hVrMr àVràmßVr H$aUo ímŠ`
Pmbo. Rigby (1981) `m§Zr gmXa Ho$boë`m AhdmbmV `m nÕVrMm gwYmaUm, g§emoYZ
d g§JUH$sH$aUm~m~V (KWIC - KEy Word in Context) gyMrH$aU Vo
g§JUH$sH$aU d dJuH¥$V Vm{bH$m {Z{_©VrMm àdmh Zm|Xbm Amho d hr nÕVr Am{U
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m gmømZo _m{hVrMm emoY d àVràmßVr H$aÊ`mg gwb^ Amho ho Xe©{dbo
Amho. {df`m§Mr d g§H$ënZm§Mr CVaVr H«$_dma (Hierarchical Structure) aMZm
_m{hVr emoYmg H$er nyaH$ Amho ho {d{dY ~m~tgh ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. UDC nÕVrMm
dmna H$ê$Z ""_erZ [aQ´>rìhb'' àH$ën gdmªV àW_ 1967-1968 _Ü`o {\«$_Z d
AW©Q>Z `m§Zr A_o[aH$Z BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ Am°\$ {\${OŠg `oWo "Automatic Direct Access
to Information with Online UDC System - AUDACIOUS KoVbm. `m
àH$ënm§_wio Ý`wŠbr`a gm`Ýg A~ñQ´>ŠQ>_Yrb Zm|Xr dJuH¥$V nÕVrZo _m§S>Vm Amë`m.
B§Q>aZoQ>darb {d{dY àH$ënm§V Ogo- DESIRE, NORDIC, SCORPION d
CORC _YyZ `wS>rgr_wio _m{hVr emoYZà{H«$`m Cn`wŠV R>abr. B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVr
òmoVmMo ñd`§M{bV nÕVrZo dJuH$aU (Automatic Classification) H$aÊ`mgmR>r
UDC Mm dmna H$ê$Z SOSIG, NISS ho _m{hVrMo àdoeÛma V`ma Ho$bo. Ë`mMà_mUo
INTUTE, HERO - Higher Education & Research Opportunities ho
àH$ën Ho$bo. UDC Mm dmna H$ê$Z gwú_ d ñWyb Zm|XrMo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z A{YH¥$V
Zm|XrMr gmaUr (Authority Files) {Z_m©U Ho$br. GERHARD - German
Harvest automated Retrieval & Directory hm àH$ën nU UDC Mm dmna
H$ê$Z V`ma Pmbm. (Mcllwaire, 2010)
10.2 B§Q>aZoQ> d UDC
UDC Mm dmna> \$ŠV J«§W dJuH$aUmn`ªV gr{_V Z amhVm Vo B§Q>aZoQ>da CnbãY
Agbobr _m{hVr òmoVm§Mo ñd`§M{bV dJuH$aU (Automatic) H$aÊ`mgmR>rgwÕm Pmbo.
gÜ`m B§Q>aZoQ> godm XoUmè`m BUBL GERHARD, NISS, OMNI, SOSIG,
BË`mXr `§ÌUoV `wS>rgrMm dmna H$aVmV. B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVr òmoVm§À`m godogmR>r d
dmnamgmR>r UDC nÕVr Cn`wŠV R>aÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo (DESIRERE, 1004)
· øm nÕVrMm dmna gd©Ì OmJ{VH$ _mZHo$ (Standard) åhUyZ Ho$bm OmVmo.
· bdMrH$Vm d ZdrZ {df` d g§H$ënZm g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mMr gmo`.
· dmnaÊ`mg gwb^, VgoM gImobVm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 85
·
·
·
·
A§H$s` Amd¥ÎmrMr CnbãYVm
B§Q>aZoQ> godm_Ü`o dmna H$ê$Z SOSIG, NISS gmaIo àH$ën {Z{_©Vr `m_wio
`m nÕVrMm dmna ZdrZ àH$ënmg gmo`rMm Pmbm.
_m{hVr emoY epŠVembr d gwb^
ZdrZ {df`m§gmR>r dJmªH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm
""The UDC : A guide to its use.''
`m Cn`wŠVVo_wio UDC Mo _w»` Cn^moŠVo J«§Wmb` d _m{hVr H|$ÐmVrb godH$,
J«§Wmb`, àboIH$, gyMrH$ma `m gdmªZm _m{hVr / kmZmMo dJuH$aU H$aUo d kmZmÀ`m
{d{dY n¡byMr emoY à{H«$`m gwb^VoZo H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo.
11 gmam§e
10.3 BVa H$mhr Cn`wŠVVm d \$m`Xo
UDC nÕVrMo \$m`Xo gd© J«§Wmb`mV J«§W dJuH$aU, gyMrH$aU, {df` Zm|Xr
H$aUo, _oQ>mS>mQ>mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. `mMr ì`mßVr d \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
· OJmVrb 130 Xoem§V 1,50,000 nojm OmñV J«§Wmb`mV øm nÕVrMm dmna
hmoVmo.
· amï´>r` gyMr {Z{_©VrgmR>r 30 Xoem§V dmna
· _m{hVr g§M {Z{_©VrV gh^mJ NEBIS (2.6 Million Zm|Xr), COBIS.SI
(3.5 Million Zm|Xr), VINITI RAS (28 Million Zm|Xr), PORBASE
(1.5 Million Zm|Xr)
· nma§n[aH$ J«§W dJuH$aUmgh B§Q>aZoQ>darb (www) _m{hVr òmoVo emoYUo d
dJuH¥$V H$aUo.
· dJuH¥$V {df` gyMr, Vm{bH$m, _m{hVrg§M, _m{hVremoY, _m{hVrgodoV Cn`wŠVVm
· _m{hVremoY gm_mÝ` {df`, {dñV¥V {df`, BË`mXrgh eŠ`.
· Ontology d thesaurus À`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r Cn`wŠV
· gyú_ {df`m§Mm `mo½` à_mUmV dmna H$aÊ`mg _XV
· _m{hVr emoYmMr XO©oXma j_Vm dmT>dUo, Improved recall ghO eŠ`
· _m{hVr g§MmVyZ {df`dma _m{hVr emoYÊ`mg _XV
· {Z`{_V nÕVr AÚ`mdVVo_wio nÕVr H$mb~mø hmoV Zmhr.
· g§JUH$sH¥$V Vm{bHo$V ghO d gwb^ dmna eŠ`
· gImob dJuH$aUmgmR>r AË`§V Cn`wŠV
· {d{dY ñVam§Mm dmna H$ê$Z gwb^Vm gmYUo eŠ`
· à_m{UV (Standardize) nÕVr d {d{dY dUmªMr (Categories) ñnï>Vm
· B§Q>aZoQ>À`m dmnamV, _oQ>mS>mQ>m d ""{df` JoQ>do'' V`ma H$aVmZm Cn`wŠV
· ~hþn¡by`wŠV dJmªH$ (Multifaceted)
· nÕVrMm `mo½` dmna hmoÊ`mg _mJ©X{e©H$m, {d{dY ^mfoV àH$m{eV Ho$ë`m Ogo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 86
UDC hr gd© dJuH$aU nÕVrVrb OwZr d gm_mÝ` nÕVr åhUyZ {dH$mgZ
nmdbr d g§JUH$sH¥$V _m{hVrMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mbm§VamZo hr nÕVr Cn`wŠV d
gj_ R>abr. 2003 _Ü`o Cn`wŠV Ago AH$am {d{dY àH$maMo n¡by g§~§Y (Phase
Relations) `m nÕVrV g_m{dï> Ho$ë`mZo `m nÕVrMr Cn`wŠVVm AOyZ dmT>br. `m
dJuH$aU nÕVrMm dmna B§Q>aZoQ>gmR>r H$ê$Z ~arM g§emoYZ àH$ën V`ma Ho$br. CXm.
DESIRE, NORDIC, SCORPION, CORC `m_wio øm dJuH$aU nÕVrMr
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb JaO d Cn`wŠVVm {gÕ Pmbr d _m{hVr emoYZ H$m`© gwb^
Pmbo. B§Q>aZoQ> gm{hË`mV ñd`§-{Z{_©V dmT>rÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r dJmªH$ nÕVrMr JaO
^mgV Amho. H$maU H$moUVrhr nma§n[aH$ (Manual) dJuH$aU nÕVr `mda {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mg Ag_W© Amho. na§Vw UDC À`m dmnamZo ~è`mM dJuH¥$V godm CXm. SOIG,
NISS _m{hVr JoQ>do {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. (Mcllwaine 2010) Xwgam _w»` àH$ën UDC
Mm dmna H$ê$Z Ho$bobm GERHARD - (German Harvest Automated
Retrieval & Dictionary) (http://www.gerhard.de/) hm do~ noOogMo
ñd`§M{bV (Automatic) dJuH$aUmMo CXmhaU Amho d dJuH$aU nÕVr hr _m{hVr
emoYZ nÕVrMm AmYmañV§^ Amho ho {gÕ H$ê$Z {Xbo Amho. UDC nÕVr hr nma§n[aH$
dmnamgmR>r Cn`wŠV Va AmhoM, na§Vw `m nÕVrMm dmna g§JUH$s` Omiçm§À`m
OJmVgwÕm `mo½` [aVrZo H$aVm `oVmo ho {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr nQ>dyZ {Xbo Amho. hr nÕVr
AmOÀ`m OJmV Cn`wŠV dJuH$aU nÕVr åhUyZ dmnabr OmV Amho. UDC-MRF
Mr Cn`wŠVVm A§H$s` `wJmV _hÎdmMrhr R>aV Amho.
g§X^© gyMr
(1)
(2)
Berwick Sayers, W. C. (1967), A manual of classification for
librarians, London, Grafton & Co.
BS 1000c (1963), Guide to Universal Decimal classification,
UDC, (FID No.345), BSI, London.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 87
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
DESIRE (RE 1004), The role of Classification Schemes in
Internet resources description and discovery, Accessed at http:/
www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/desire/classification/class_1.htm,
accessed on 24 May, 2013.
Gilchrist, A and Strachan D. eds. (1990) Essays for a new
Decade, ASLIB, London.
Hunter, E. (2002) Do we still need classification : future of
classification, Grower, P.1-17.
Library classification : Accessed at - http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/library_clasification accessed on 25.7.13
Maltby, A (1972), Classification in 1970s : A discussion of
development and prospects for the major schemes, London,
Bingley.
Mann, Margaret (1930), Introduction to Cataloguing and
Classification of Books, 2nd ed. Chicago, American Library
Association.
MclLwaine, C (1997) : The UDC : Some factors concerning
its origin, Developments and influence. Journal of the American
Society for Information Science 48(4) 331-339.
MclLwaine, I. C. (2009, 2010) Universal Decimal Classifiction
(UDC) In Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences.
Third edition Taylor and Francis, NY Vol. 1.1, PP 3432-5439.
accessed at http://2x.doi.org/10.1081/E-ELIS3-12004352,
Accessed on 13 May, 2013
Ranganathan, S. R. (1965), Library classification through a
century, Library Science with slant to Documentation, 2(1) 130.
Ranganathan, S. R. (1967), Colon classification 7 The edition,
Edited by Gopinath, M. A. Banagalore, Sarada Ranganathan
Endowment for Library Sciences.
Ranganathan, S. R. (1967), Prolegomena to library
classification. 3rd ed. Bangalore, Sarada Ranganathan
Endowment for Library Science.
Rigby, M. (1981), Automation and UDC. (FID 565), FID, The
Hague.
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(15) Satiji, M. P. (2008), Universal Decimal Classification : Past
and present DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information
Technology vol. 28, 6 Nov. 2008 PP. 3-10
(16) Slavic, A (2004) UDC translations : A 2004 survey report and
bibliography, UDC, 26, pp. 58-80
(17) Slavic, A and Other (2008) Maintenance of Universal Decimal
Classification : an overview of past and preparation for the
future. Accessed at http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105220,
accessed on 2 Feb. 2013
(18) Slavic, A (2008) Use of the Universal Decimal Classification
: a worldwide survey. Journal of Documentation, 64(2) PP
211-2328, Accessed at http://dlist.siv.orizona.edu/1555/,
accessed on 23rd April 2013
(19) Stoklasova, B (2003) Short survey of subject gateways (SG)
activity. IFLA 69th General conference and Council. World
Library and Information Congress 1-9 Aug.2003, Berlin
(20) UDC online : UDC on webs. Accessed at http://
www.undconline.net
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 89
dJuH$aU : EH$ Zm|X ì`dñWmnZmMo V§Ì
S>m°. gm¡. gwZrVm Hw$bH$Uu, J«§Wnmb
Eg.E_.Ama.Ho$.~r.Ho$.E.Ho$. _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, Zm{eH$-5
J«§Wmb` emñÌmV _ob{db S>çyB©, Mmbg© H$Q>a, AmQ>boQ> d bm-\$m°ÝQ>oZ, ~«mD$Z,
S>m°. a§JZmWZ, BË`mXr gd©M dJuH$aUH$mam§Zr J«§Wmb`rZ H$ma^mamV dJuH$aU V§Ìmg
A{Ve` _hÎdmMo g§~moYbo Amho. J«§W dJuH$aUmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r`
ñVamda dmnaë`m OmVmV. åhUyZM J«§Wmb`rZ H$ma^ma H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm dJuH$aUmM
gImob Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.
JǤWdJuH$aU
gmam§e … "dJuH$aU … EH$ Zm|X ì`dñWmnZmMo V§Ì' `m
boIm_Ü`o J«§WdJuH$aU åhUOo H$m` ? J«§WdJuH$aUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço,
H$m`m©b`rZ Zm|XtMo ì`dñWmnZ, Ym[aH$m§Mo dJuH$aU, H$mJXnÌ{dZm
Zm|Xr AmXr ~m~tda MMm© Ho$bobr Amho.
gm_mÝ`V: kmZ dJuH$aU åhUOo J«§WdJuH$aU g_Obo OmVo. Oo {df`mÀ`m
AmYmao Ho$bo OmVo. na§Vw J«§WmÀ`m _yV© ñdê$nm_wio kmZ dJuH$aUmV H$mhr ~Xb H$ê$Z
J«§W `m àË`j dñVyMo ñWmZ {ZpíMVrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. VmpÎdH$ kmZ dJuH$aUmMo
ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$nm§Va J«§W dJuH$aUmV Ho$bo OmVo. åhUOoM gmå`, ^oX d nañnag§~§Y `m
VÎdm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ñWb, H$mb, ^mfm d ñdê$n `m Jmoï>tMmhr {dMma J«§WdJuH$aUmV
H$amdm bmJVmo.
J«§WdJuH$aUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
àmñVm{dH$
Jevons `m boIH$mZo Princples of Science `m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV åhQ>bo
Amho, "Science is the detection of identity and classification placing
together either in thought or in actual proximity of space, those
object between which identity has been detected. Accordingly the
value of science and general reasoning, whenever we form a class
we reduce multiplicity to unity and detect as Plato said the one in
the many."
(1) {MÝhm§H$Z
àË`oH$ dJuH$aUH$ma dJuH$aU H$aVmZm g§{jßV ^mfoV g§~moYZ H$aVmo. Ë`mgmR>r
{MÝhm§Mm dmna H$aVmo. _mJm©aoQ> _°Z `m§À`mZwgma {MÝhm§H$Z åhUOo dJ© Am{U Ë`mMo
Cn{d^mJ Xe©{dUmao g§Ho$V {MÝh. àË`oH$ g§kog _mÝ` Agbobo H«$_dmMH$ g§Ho$V {MÝh
XoD$Z {df`mMm AZwH«$_ amIUo, Ë`mMo ñWmZ {ZpíMV H$aUo ho gmÜ`gwb^, gd©g_mdoeH$,
AW©dmhr d ñ_¥{Vgwb^ {MÝhm§H$ZmZo gmYVm `oVo.
dñVy, ì`ŠVr, KQ>Zm, BË`mXr_Yrb gmaIonU d doJionUm AmoiIÊ`mMr j_Vm
ho _mZdr _|XyMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. `m_wioM _mUyg ^m§~mdboë`m AdñWoVyZ ~mhoa
nSy> eH$Vmo, gmå`-^oX `mÀ`m gmømZo JQ>dmar H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m j_VoÀ`m OmoamdaM
AmOMm àJV _mZd A{Ve` ~w{Õ_mZ àmUr åhUyZ JUbm OmVmo. dJuH$aU hr EH$
_mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m AgyZ _wbV: Agboë`m `m j_VoÀ`m {ZË` dmnamZo, gamdmZo hr
j_Vm A{YH$m{YH$ {dH${gV hmoV OmVo. hr kmZmMr Jwê${H$ëbr qH$dm kmZ {_i{dÊ`mMo
gmYZ hr _mZbo OmVo. VH©$emñÌmV dJuH$aUmg àW_ _mÝ`Vm {Xbobr Amho. `m à{H«$`oV
àm_w»`mZo JwUY_© qH$dm d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM hr à{H«$`m H$aÊ`m_mJo
H$mhr hoVy AgVmo. hoVyZwgma d¡{eîQ>ço qH$dm JwUY_© {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVmV d Ë`mAmYmao
dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
(2) g§H$sU© dJ©
H$mhr dmMZ gm{hË` AWdm _m{hVrMr gmYZo H$moUË`mhr EH$m {df`mer g§~§{YV
Z AgVm, {_l ñdê$nmMo qH$dm AZoH$ {df` EH${ÌV `oD$Z V`ma Pmbobo AgVo. Aem
àH$maÀ`m gmYZmgmR>r J«§Wmb` dJuH$aUH$mam§Zm g§H$sU© dJ© (Generalities) hm
doJim dJ© {Z_m©U H$amdm bmJVmo. H$mhr dJuH$aUH$ma `mg _w»` dJm©Mo ñWmZ XoVmV.
Aem dJm©_wio _moR>rM gmo` hmoVo d dJuH$aU A{YH$ gwb^nUo H$aVm `oVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 90
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 91
(3) gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ / ñdê$n {d^mJ / gmhmæ`H$ {d^mJ
{df`mZwgma dJuH$aU H$aVmZm EH$mM {df`mÀ`m gd© J«§Wm§Zm AWdm gmYZm§Zm
gmaImM dJmªH$ {Xbm OmB©b. `mVyZ AZoH$ {df`m§À`m JXuV {df`dma dJ©dmar hmoB©b
na§Vw J«§WmMo AgUmao doJionU ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r ho {VVHo$go nwaogo Zmhr. `mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m
ñdê$n `m n¡byMm {dMma dJuH$aUH$ma {df`mÀ`m ~amo~arZo H$aVmV. Ogo EH$m {df`mMo
VÎd{ddoMZ, {Z`VH$m{bH$, H$moe, hñVnwpñVH$m, {df`VÁk, BË`mXr åhUOoM {df`
EH$M na§Vw ñdê$n {^Þ Agë`mZo gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJmMo {MÝhm§H$Z _w»` {df`mg
OmoSy>Z gyú_nUo dJuH$aU H$aVm `oVo. `m_Ü`o ñWb, H$mb, ^mfm, BË`mXr {deof
n¡by§Mm {dMmahr Ho$bm OmVmo. ho n¡by Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r _w»` dJm©g gmøH$mar R>aUmao
åhUyZ `mg ghmæ`H$ {d^mJ Agohr g§~moYVmV.
(4) {ZX©oe
dJuH$aU H$aVmZm {MÝhm§H$Z / H¥${Ì_ ^mfoMm dmna Ho$bobm Agë`mZo {Vbm
AmÚmjamZwgma dUm©ZwH«$_o {ZX©oe / gyMr `mMr OmoS> Úmdr bmJVo. dUm©ZwH«$_ aMZo_wio
gd© g§~§{YV g§km EH$Ì `oVmV. J«§W dJuH$aUmÀ`m S>çyB© S>o{g_b d `w.S>r.gr. `m
nÕVr_Ü`o gmnoj {ZX©oe AmT>iVmo. `m_wio dJuH$aUmV {dIwabo Jobobo {df` gmnoj
{ZX©oem_wio EH$Ì `oVmV.
(5) ñdê$n dJ©
gm{hË`mMo BVa {df`m§nojm Agbobo doJionU bjmV KoD$Z gm{hË`mMo CnàH$ma
åhUOoM H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, H$mì`, ZmQ>ç, BË`mXr Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdê$n dJm©Mm {dMma
H$amdm bmJVmo. gm{hË`mÀ`m dJuH$aUmgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m gm{hpË`H$ n¡byZm àmYmÝ` XoD$Z
dJuH$aUH$ma `m_Ü`o doJir `moOZm H$aVmV.
J«§Wmb`mMm H$ma^ma gwì`dpñWVnUo, H$m`©j_VoZo hmoÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY gmYZm§Mr
VH©$ewÕ nÕVrZo aMZm AWdm _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mg J«§WdJuH$aU nÕVrMm Ë`mÀ`m
darbà_mUo dU© Z Ho $bo ë `m d¡ { eîQ> ç m§ g h Adb§ ~ Ho $ bm OmVmo . AmOÀ`m
g§JUH$sH$aUmÀ`m dmVmdaUmVhr dJuH$aUmg n`m©` Zmhr qH$~hþZm g§JUH$sH$aUmÀ`m
gmømZo hr dJuH$aU à{H«$`m gwb^ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
Zm|XrMo kmZ d ì`dñWmnZ, Ahdmbm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ `m{df`rMo g_J« kmZ àË`oH$
J«§Wnmbmg AgUo AË`mdí`H$ AgVo. Á`m Á`m joÌmV ì`dñWmnZ `oVo, Ë`m Ë`m {R>H$mUr
gm_mÝ` dJuH$aU à{H«$`oMm g_mdoe AgVmoM. joÌmZwgma dJuH$aUmgmR>r {dMmamV
KoVbo OmUmao JwUd¡{eîQ>ç d hoVy {^Þ Agy eH$VmV, na§Vw dJuH$aU hr _ybV: AgUmar
à{H«$`m g_mZM AgVo. Ogo- J«§Wmb`mMo VrZ _yi KQ>H$ åhUOo J«§Wmb`rZ gmYZo,
Cn^moJ H$V©o Am{U J«§Wmb`rZ godH$. `m_Ü`o J«§Wmb`rZ gmYZm§gmR>r dJuH$aU à{H«$`m
{d{eï> J«§W dJuH$aU nÕVr A_bmV AmUyZ Ho$br OmVo. VgoM AZoH$Xm Cn^moJ H$V©o
`m§Mohr J«§Wmb`mÀ`m àH$mamZwgma dJuH$aU H$amdo bmJVo. e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`mV
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m dJm©Zwgma AWdm Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma Va J«§Wmb`rZ godH$ `m§Mohr dJuH$aU
H$m_mÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma hmoD$ eH$Vo.
H$m`m©b`rZ Zm|XrMo ì`dñWmnZ (Record Management)
J«§Wmb`mV J«§WnmbZH$m`m©~amo~arZo H$m`m©b`rZ H$m_H$mOmMmhr A§V©^md AgVmo.
{d{dY àH$maÀ`m Zm|Xr J«§Wmb`mV R>odë`m OmVmV. XmIbZm|X, Vm{bH$m Zm|Xr,
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m Zm|Xr J«§Wmb`mV R>odë`m OmVmV. XmIbZm|X, Vm{bH$m Zm|Xr,
{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m Zm|Xr, g^mgX Zm|Xr, BË`mXr `m{edm` H$m`m©b`rZ Zm|Xr åhUOo
nÌì`dhma, boIm Zm|Xr, H$_©Mmar Zm|Xr godm d gw{dYm§{df`H$ Zm|Xr, Ahdmb Zm|Xr,
BË`mXr `m gd© Zm|XrMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo J«§Wmb`rZ H$ma^mamMm _hÎdmMm ^mJ R>aVmo.
Zm|XrMo ì`dñWmnZ
ì`mdgm{`H$ J«§WnmbZmV XmoZ àH$maÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMm g_mdoe _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z
Agbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. EH$ åhUOo J«§WnmbZmMo H$m_H$mO d Xwgao åhUOo H$m`m©b`rZ
H$m_H$mO. J«§WnmbZmÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejUmVyZ J«§WnmbZmMo H$m_H$mO J«§Wnmb
AmË_gmV H$aVmo. na§Vw H$m`m©b`rZ H$m_H$mO _mÌ AZoH$Xm Ë`mg Vmo Á`m J«§Wmb`mV
H$m_H$mO H$aVmo VoWo AZw^dmVyZM {eH$mdo bmJVo. H$m`m©b` ì`dñWmnZ d H$m`©nÕVr,
ñQ>oeZar ì`dñWmnZ, CnH$aUo, `§Ìo d \${Z©Ma `m{df`rMo kmZ, {d{dY àH$maÀ`m
Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`o_Ü`o _m{hVr V`ma H$aUo, _m{hVrMm dmna H$aUo, _m{hVr
gmR>dyZ R>odUo, _m{hVr g§X^m©gmR>r nwa{dUo, _m{hVr Zï> H$aUo `m gdmªMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. J«§Wmb`mV gd©M {df`H$ nÌì`dhma, H$ama {~OH$, Ahdmb, ñ_aUnÌo, BË`mXr
H$mJXnÌo boIr ñdê$nmV R>odbr OmVmV. Ë`m§Zm CÔoeyZM H$mJXnÌo qH$dm Zm|Xr qH$dm
aoH$m°S>© Agm eãXà`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. J«§Wmb`mV `mMo _hÎd g§X^©, boIr nwamdm, gmYZ
IaoXr, g^mgX g§nH©$, godm-gw{dYm nwadUo, gmYZo OVZ H$aUo, Zm|XrÀ`m VwbZmË_H$
Aä`mgmdê$Z {ZU©` KoUo, àJVrMo _moO_mn H$aUo, dmñV{dH$ pñWVrMo àH$Q>Z H$aUo
`m gd©M ~m~tgmR>r Zm|XrMo ì`dñWmnZ _hÎdmMo R>aVo.
Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMo VÎd åhUOo dJuH$aU VÎd. gd© àH$maÀ`m
Zm|XrMo dJuH$aU H$aVm Ambo nm{hOo. dJuH$aU Ho$ë`m_wio Zm|XrMm Amnë`m JaOoà_mUo
Cn`moJ hmoVmo. VgoM dJuH$aUm_wio {díbofUmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aVm `oVmo,
{ZU©` KoUo A{YH$ ñnï> d gwH$a hmoVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 92
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 93
J«§WnmbZmVrb H$m`m©b`rZ ì`dñWmnZ
Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZmVrb n{hbm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo Ym[aH$m§Mo (Files)
dJuH$aU d ZñVrH$aU (Filing). H$mJXnÌo AWdm Zm|Xr `m§Mo nÕVera OVZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Or nÕVr dmnabr OmVo Ë`mg Ym[aH$m (Filing System) nÕVr åhUVmV.
`mV Zm|XrMr OnUyH$ d gmR>dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo.
""_yi H$mJXnÌo AJa Ë`m§À`m àVrMo dJuH$aU H$aUo d Vr H$mJXnÌo Amdí`H$
Voìhm ghO CnbãY hmo Vrb Aer aMZm H$aUo åhUOo Ym[aH$m R>o dUo hmo `.''
({b\$s¨Jdob)
WmoS>Š`mV, H$mJXnÌm§Mr d XñVEodOm§Mr dJ©dmar H$ê$Z AZwH«$_mZo Ym[aHo$VyZ
bmdÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm Ym[aH$m nÕVr AWdm ZñVrH$aU (Filing) åhUVmV.
Ym[aH$m§Mo dJuH$aU
Ym[aH$m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm H$mJXnÌm§Mo OVZ H$aUo `m~amo~aM Ooìhm Ë`mMr
nwÝhm JaO ^mgob Voìhm Vo ËdarV CnbãY ìhmdo hm hoVy AgVmo. dJuH$aU Z H$aVm
AWdm `oB©b Vgo H$mJXnÌ R>odë`mg Amdí`H$ XñVEodO emoYUo A{Ve` {O{H$arMo
hmoD$Z ~gVo åhUyZ Ym[aHo$V H$mJXnÌo bmdÊ`mnyduM `mo½` nÕVrZo Ë`mMo dJuH$aU
H$ê$Z Ym[aHo$V {d{eï> nÕVrZo bmdUo JaOoMo AgVo.
dJuH$aU à{H«$`oZwgma g_mZ qH$dm EH$mM àH$maMr d¡{eîQ>ço AWdm {df`
Agboë`m H$mJXnÌm§Mo {d^mOZ AWdm JQ>dmar H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm {d{eï> erf©H$mImbr
dJuH¥$V H$aUo åhUOo Zm|XrMr dJuH$aU à{H«$`m hmo`.
Ym[aH$m dJuH$aUmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr AmhoV.
(1) AmÚmjamZwgma / dU©ZmZwgma (Alphabetical Classification)
H$mJXnÌmMo dJuH$aU Ë`mdarb ZmdmMo AmÚmja {dMmamV KoD$Z eãXH$moemà_mUo
Ë`mMr aMZm Ho$br OmVo. Á`m {R>H$mUr H$_r nÌì`dhma Agob Aem {R>H$mUr hr
nÕVr dmnabr OmVo. na§Vw gma»`mM AmÚmjam§_wio EH$mM Ym[aHo$V H$mJXnÌm§Mr JXu
hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. àË`oH$ AmÚmjambm {H$Vr OmJm bmJob `mMm A§XmO `oV
Zmhr.
(2) AZwH«$_mZwgma
`m nÕVrV H$mJXnÌm§Zm H«$_m§H$ {Xbm OmVmo. àË`oH$ {df`mgmR>r Ym[aHo$bm
H«$_m§H$ {Xbm OmVmo. Ë`mZwgma H$mJXnÌo R>odbr OmVmV. `m nÕVrV {df`dma H$mJXnÌm§Mo
dJuH$aU hmoV Agë`mZo Zm|X ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {df`dma dJuH$aU nÕVrMm `mV g_mdoe
H$aVm `oVmo. AZwH«$_m§Zwgma VrZ àH$mao dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. EH$ åhUOo, EH$m nmR>monmR>
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 94
EH$ `mà_mUo gbJ H«$_mZo AZwH«$_m§H$ XoUo.
Xwgam àH$ma åhUOo, eodQÀ`m AmH$S>çmZwgma dJuH$aU. `m nÕVrV eodQ>À`m
A§H$ g_mZ Agboë`m Zm|Xr EH$Ì R>odë`m OmVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Ym[aHo$V 01, 101,
201 H«$_m§H$mMr H$mJXnÌ R>odUo.
{Vgam àH$ma åhUOo, J«§Wmb`rZ nwñVH$m§À`m Xem§e dJuH$aU nÕVrMm Cn`moJ
H$ê$Z H$mJXnÌo dJuH$aU H$aUo. `mV H$mJXnÌmÀ`m {df` g§X^m©Zwgma {df` {ZpíMV
H$ê$Z Ë`mg dJmªH$ {Xbm OmVmo. `m AZwH«$_m§H$mVrb àË`oH$ A§H$mg {deof AW© AgVmo
d Ë`mMo {d{eï> ñWmZ AgVo. CXmhaUmW©, J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m Ym[aHo$Mm d
Ë`m§À`mer g§~§{YV H$mJXnÌm§Mm H«$_m§H$ 023 Agob Va J«§Wmb`rZ A§XmOnÌH$
`mg§~§{YV Ym[aH$m d H$mJXnÌm§Mm H«$_m§H$ 025.11 Agob. `m àH$mamV H$mJXnÌm§Mo
AMyH$ dJuH$aU hmoV Agë`mZo Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZmMo H$m`©hr AMyH$ hmoVo. hr nÕVr
bdMrH$ Amho d H$mJXnÌm§Mr g§»`m {H$Vrhr dmT>br Var dJuH$aU H$aVm `oVo. {deof
_hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo J«§WdJuH$aUmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§à_mUo `mVhr dJuH$aUmgmR>r g§H$sU©
Ym[aH$m V`ma H$aVm `oVo Am{U gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJmà_mUo Amdí`H$VoZwgma gm_mÝ`
Cn{d^mJ {Z_m©U H$aVm `oVmV. CXmhaUmW©, H$mJXnÌm§Mo ñWb, H$mb, ^mfm `m§Zwgma
gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ _w»` dJm©g OmoSy>Z A{YH$ gyú_nUo dJuH$aU hmoD$ eHo$b.
Zm|X dJuH$aUmV J«§Wmb`rZ nÕVrà_mUo gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJmMm dmna H$ê$Z
H$aVm `oD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ `m_Ü`o J«§WdJuH$aU nÕVrZwgma gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ Z dmnaVm
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwgma gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ V`ma H$amdo bmJVrb. CXmhaUmW©,
J«§Wmb`rZ g^mgX 027.6 H«$_m§H$ Agë`mg Ë`mg ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ
OmoSy>Z Ë`mMr dJ©dmar ñWmZmZwgma H$aVm `oB©b. `mgmR>r ho gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ JaOoZwgma
V`ma H$amdo bmJVrb. Ë`mgmR>r ñWmZmMo AmÚmja d {nZ H$moS> Z§~aMm eodQ>À`m
A§H$mMm dmna H$aVm `oD$ eHo$b. Ogo, EImÚm g^mgXmMm g^mgX AO© Agob Ë`mgmR>r
Ë`mMm nÎmm Zm{eH$ 422005 Agob Va J«§Wmb` g^mgX `mgmR>r Agbobm Ym[aH$m
H«$_m§H$ Ë`mg N5 `mà_mUo gm_mÝ` Cn{d^mJ OmoS>Vm `oB©b. AWm©VM ho dJuH$aU
J«§WdJuH$aU H$aUmè`m J«§WnmbmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ZpíMVM gmono Agob.
_mÌ `m Zm|X dJuH$aU àH$mamV J«§WdJuH$aUmà_mUoM {ZX©oe / gyMr V`ma
H$amdr bmJob Am{U hr gyMr V`ma H$aUo A{YH$ {O{H$arMo d IMr©H$ Amho.
(3) AmÚmjao d AZwH«$_m§H$mZwgma
darb XmoÝhr nÕVrMo EH$ÌrH$aU H$ê$Z `m nÕVrV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
gwê$dmVrbm AmÚmjamZwgma dJuH$aU H$ê$Z, Z§Va àË`oH$ AmÚmjamV Agboë`m {d{dY
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 95
H$mJXnÌm§gmR>r AZwH«$_m§H$ {Xbm OmVmo. Ogo- {~bm§À`m Ym[aHo$g B AmÚmjamZo
dJuH$aU Ho$bo Agob Va Ë`mVrb àË`oH$ {~bmg B1, B2 Aem àH$mao dJuH$aU Ho$bo
OmVo. `m nÕVrbm darb XmoÝhr nÕVrMo \$m`Xo {_iV Agbo Var _moR>çm J«§Wmb`mg hr
nÕV dmnaUo J¡agmoB©Mo R>aVo.
(4) H$mbH«$_mZwgma dJuH$aU
`m nÕVrV VmarI, dma, df©, _{hZo `m§Zwgma dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. hr nÕVr
gdmªV gwb^ Amho. _mÌ H$mJXnÌm§Mr VmarI _m{hVr Zgob Va g§X^© emoYUo eŠ` hmoV
Zmhr. Á`m J«§Wmb`mMm H$ma^ma A{Ve` _`m©XrV ñdê$nmMm Agob Aem {R>H$mUr ho
dJuH$aU `mo½` R>ê$ eH$Vo.
J«§Wmb` dJuH$aU d¡{eîQ>çm_Ü`o Á`mà_mUo {ZX©oe / gyMr `m§Mo Ogo _hÎd Amho
VodT>oM _hÎd Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZmVhr Amho. Ym[aHo$V R>odboë`m H$mJXnÌm§Mr d Zm|XrMr
_m{hVr Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r gyMr V`ma Ho$br OmVo. Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZmVrb ho EH$ _hÎdmMo
H$m`© g_Obo OmVo. H$mJXnÌo OVZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ym[aH$m§_YyZ aMbr OmVmV.
na§Vw Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ob Voìhm hr H$mJXnÌo CnbãY Pmbr nm{hOoV, g§X^© åhUyZ
Ëd[aV {_imbr nm{hOoV. `mgmR>r H$moUVr H$mJXnÌo H$moUË`m Ym[aHo$V R>odbobr AmhoV
`mgmR>r Ym[aH$m§Mo gyMrH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. gyMr åhUOo H$mJXnÌm§Mr g§X^©
`mXr. ho gyMrH$aU Ym[aH$m§À`m dJuH$aUmZwgma Ho$bo OmVo. Ym[aH$m§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z gwMrdê$Z
hmoVo. `m_wio Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZmMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo.
ì`dñWmnZmMo H$m_ {ZpíMVM H$mhr à_mUmV H$_r d gwb^ hmoB©b `mV e§H$m Zmhr.
g§JUH$sH¥$V _m{hVrMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg AemM àH$maÀ`m dJuH$aU nÕVrMm
dmna H$ê$Z _m{hVrÀ`m Folders Mo ì`dñWmnZ hmoD$ eH$Vo.
g§X^©
(1) bmohma A{Zb d H$moR>mar àH$me (2010) H$m`m©b` ì`dñWmnZ, 2ar Amd¥Îmr,
OiJm§d, àem§V àH$meZ, nmZ Z§. 114-129
(2) ^Q> am. Jmo., _mhÿaH$a _w. O. Am{U bmS>gm§JdrH$a à.H¥$., g§nm. (1985),
J«§Wmb`emñÌmMr ê$naofm, ZmJnya, ^m½`lr àH$meZ, nmZ Z§. 90-138
H$mJXnÌ{dZm Zm|Xr (Paperless Record System)
AmOÀ`m g§JUH$sH¥$V J«§Wmb`mV Zm|Xr ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n nyU©V: ~XbyZ
Jobo Amho. g§JUH$mV àM§S> ñdê$nmV _m{hVr gmR>{dVm `oVo. _m{hVrda à{H«$`m H$ê$Z
{d{dY ñdê$nmV (AmH¥$Vr/AmboI) _m{hVr nwÝhm {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo. _m{hVrMm H«$_
nm{hOo Vgm bmdVm `oVmo, aMZm H$aVm `oVo.
g§JUH$mda H$mJXnÌm§À`m Ag§»` \$mB©ëg gmR>dVm `oVmV. gmR>dbobr _m{hVr
goH§$XmV ñH«$sZda nmhVm `oVo d `m _m{hVrMo hñVm§VaU ghO H$aVm `oVo. H$mJX
{da{hV J«§Wmb`mgmR>r g§JUH$ ho daXmZ R>abobo Amho. Varhr Ë`mÀ`m H$mhr _`m©Xm
AmhoV. _yi Zm|Xr Am{U _yi H$mJXnÌo \$mB©ëg/Ym[aH$m§_Ü`o gm§^miyZ R>odmdrM bmJVmV.
{deofV: ^{dî`mVrb g§X^m©gmR>r, H$m`Xoera ~m~ åhUyZ _yi Zm|Xr R>odmì`m bmJVmV.
Ë`mbm g§JUH$ n`m©` R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr. na§Vw AË`mYw{ZH$ gmYZo d CnH$aUo _moR>çm
à_mUmV J« §Wmb`mV dmnabr OmV Agë`mZo EHy$UM H$mJXnÌo, Zm|X r `m§À `m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 96
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 97
^«-J«§Wmb`
S>m°. àXrn H${U©H$, J«§Wnmb, ê$nmaob _hm{dÚmb`,
_mQw>§Jm, _w§~B©
pradip_karnik@yahoo.com
gmam§e … àñVwV boIm_Ü`o E_-bm`~«ar `m g§koMm AW© ñnï>
H$ê$Z {\$aVr J«§Wmb`o qH$dm Moving Libraries nojm hr
g§H$ënZm H$er doJir Amho ho ñnï> Ho$bobo Amho. E_-bm`~«ar
qH$dm ^«-J«§W mb`o `mÛmao _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
H$moUH$moUË`m J«§Wmb` godm XoÊ`mV `oVmV `mda MMm© H$aÊ`mV
Ambobr Amho.
E_. bm`~«ar (M-Library) åhUOo Mobile Library AWm©V OwÝ`m H$mimV
"_mo~mB©b bm`~«ar' hr g§H$ënZm "{\$aVr J«§Wmb`o' qH$dm 'Moving Libraries' `m
AWm©Zo dmnabr OmV Ago. AmOhr Vr g§H$ënZm Am{U dmMZmb`m§Mo Vo H$m`© A{O~mV
OwZo Pmbobo Zmhr qH$dm H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Zm_eof Pmbobo Zmhr. "_mo~mB©b \$moZ
darb J«§Wmb`' Agm Ë`m ZdrZ g§H$ënZoMm AW© Amho. "_mo~mB©b bm`~«ar' `m
g§H$ënZoMm AW© MwH$sMm g§Xoe àñVwV H$aVmo`. ^«_UÜdZrdarb J«§Wmb` Agm AW©
A{^àoV ZgyZ "^«_UÜdZrÛmam {Xë`m OmUmè`m J«§Wmb`mVrb godm' Agm AW© "E_.
bm`~«ar' `m g§H$ënZogmR>r Amho ho CKS> Amho. {\$aË`m dmMZmb`mer `mMm H$mhrhr
g§~§Y Zmhr.
g§JUH$mda Á`m nÕVrZo _m{hVrMm gmR>m Ho$bm OmVmo d Ë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao
dmMH$m§Zm godm d _m{hVr nwadbr OmVo, Vgmhr hm àH$ma Zmhr. ^«_UÜdZrda _m{hVr
gmR>m H$ê$Z hr {Xbr OmUmar godm, Agmhr `mMm AW© Zmhr. Va J«§Wmb`mÀ`m g§JUH$mV
gmR>dbobr _m{hVr ^«_UÜdZrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmMH$m§Zm nmoMdÊ`mMr {H«$`m `m godoV
Ano{jV Amho. Ë`m_wio Aem godm§Zm "^«_UÜdZr J«§Wmb`rZ godm' Mobile Library
Services Ago åhUm`bm hdo. qH$dm `mo½` àH$mao Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s, "^«_UÜdZrÛmam
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 98
{Xë`m OmUmè`m J«§Wmb`rZ godm' 'Library Services through Mobile Phones'
hoM erf©H$ `mo½` R>ê$ eH$Vo.
Aem godm§Mr JaO {H$Vr Am{U Ë`mgmR>r H$moUVo V§ÌkmZ bmJob hm _hÎdmMm
_wÔm R>aVmo. n¡H$s V§ÌkmZmMm {dMma àW_ H$am`bm hdm.
V§ÌkmZ
J«§Wmb`mbm H$moUVr _m{hVr ^«_UÜdZrÛmam XoÊ`mMr BÀN>m Amho Ë`mda
V§ÌkmZmMm {dMma H$amdm bmJob. CXmhaUmW©, nyU© nwñVH$ (Full Text) J«§Wmb`
dmMH$mbm nmR>dUma Agob Va dmMH$mÀ`m ^«_UÜdZrMr H$n°{gQ>r {H$Vr Amho, Agmdr
hm {dMma _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. Ho$di gyMr` _m{hVr {Xbr OmUma Agob Va Ë`mgmR>r
H$moUË`m H$n°{gQ>rMm ^«_UÜdZr Cn`wŠV R>aob Vo R>admdo bmJob. EImÚm dmMH$mH$S>o
(Tab) Q>°~ Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m JaOm doJiçm R>aVrb. Anojmhr doJiçm AgVrb.
Aem doir J«§Wmb`mZo H$m` H$am`Mo Vo R>admdo bmJob. V§ÌkmZmMm àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r
J«§Wmb`o H$moUË`m godm nwady nmhVmV ho R>admdo bmJob.
SMS godm Am{U JǤWmb`o
AmO ^«_UÜdZrdarb SMS hr godm gd©Xya ngabobr Amho. gd©lwVhr Amho
Am{U gd©M ^«_UÜdZrYmaH$m§Zr _mÝ` H$ê$Z Xod-KodgmR>r ñdrH$mabobr Amho.
Om{hamVXmahr `m godoMm OmñVrV OmñV dmna H$aVmZm {XgV hmoVo. AmO _mÌ Ë`mÀ`m
A{Vdmnamda ~§YZo Ambr Agbr Var ~±Ho$VyZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m ^«_UÜdZrdarb godm§Mr
A\$mQ> bmoH${à`Vm Amho, JaOhr Amho. Transactions Am{U SMS `m§Mr gm§JS>
hr H$mimMr JaO Amho nU Ë`mgmR>rMo Software J«§Wmb`m§Zm V`ma H$amdo bmJob.
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ~m~VrVhr dmMH$m§Zr XodKod {d^mJmV Ho$bobo ì`dhma SMS
Ûmam dmMH$mÀ`m ^«_UÜdZrda Zm|Xdbo OmUo ho dmMH$m§À`m Am{U J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Ñï>rZohr
AË`mdí`H$ R>ê$ eH$Vo. hm ì`dhma nwT>rbà_mUo Agy eH$Vmo.
(1) naV Ho$boë`m nwñVH$mMm Vnerb
(2) Zmdmda KoVboë`m nwñVH$mMm Vnerb
(3) nwñVH$ naV H$aÊ`mÀ`m VmaIoMo ñ_aU
(4) X§S>mMo ñ_aU Am{U aŠH$_
(5) X§S> ^aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm
(6) nwñVH$mgmR>r _mJUr, Šbo_, amIyZ R>odUo, BË`mXr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 99
Aem ñdê$nmMo SMS dmMH$m§Zm J«§Wmb`mV ì`dhma hmoVmM jUr ^«_UÜdZrda
àmßV Pmbo Va dmMH$ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gmo`rMo R>ê$ eH$Vo.
AWm©V ~±Ho$V `m godm§gmR>r dmnabo OmUmao V§ÌkmZ OgoÀ`m Vgo J«§Wmb`mgmR>r
dmnaVm `oB©b H$m ? hm àíZ Amho d Vmo V§ÌkmZm§À`m _XVrZo gmoS>dmdm bmJob. Vmo
gwQ>Uo eŠ` Amho.
J«§Wmb`rZ ì`dhma Am{U SMS `m§À`m ì`{V[aŠVhr AZoH$ _m{hVrgodm
J«§Wmb`m§Zm ^«_UÜdZrda XoVm `oUo eŠ` Amho. Ë`mgodm nwT>rbà_mUo (1) ZdrZ J«§Wm§Mo AmJ_Z
(2) ZdrZ _m{gH$m§Mo AmJ_Z
(3) gyMr` godm
3.1 boIm§Mr gyMr
3.2 AZwH«$_{UH$m§Mr gyMr
3.3 boIH$ gyMr
3.4 nwñVH$ gyMr (BË`mXr)
3.5 CnbãY gm{hË`, J«§Wmb`m~mhoa Jobobo gm{hË`
(4) J«§Wmb`m§Mo {Z`_, godm Am{U BVa Vnerb
4.1 g^mgX {Z`_
4.2 JǤWmb` doim
4.3 dmMZ H$jmMo {Z`_ (BË`mXr)
hr `mXr AmUIrgwÕm dmT>dVm `oUo eŠ` Amho; na§Vw àíZ Agm Amho H$s n Mr
eãXg§»`oMr _`m©Xm `m godoÀ`m AmS> `oD$ eH$Vo. _J (What App) ìhm°Q> A°nÀ`m
_mÜ`_mMm dmna H$am`Mm H$m ?
hm dmna H$am`Mm, `mMm AW© B©-_obMmM dmna H$aÊ`mgmaIo Amho. _J
g§JUH$mMmM dmna H$m H$am`Mm Zmhr ? {VWo Va _`m©Xmhr Zmhr. \$moQ>mo, nyU© nwñVH$,
{gZo_m, g§JrV H$mhrhr nmR>dUo eŠ` AgVmZm, ^«_UÜdZrMr _`m©Xm H$m Q>mHy$Z
¿`m`Mr ? AWm©V b°nQ>m°n qH$dm g§JUH$ ZgVmZmhr ^«_UÜdZrÛmam B©-_obdarb gm{hË`
dmMH$mbm dmMUo eŠ` Amho. Ë`m_wio What App Ûmam {Xboë`m _m{hVr godobm
_hÎd amhÿ eH$Vo. nU _J Ë`mbm ^«_UÜdZr J«§Wmb` godm åhUUo `mo½` R>aob H$m` ?
B§Q>aZoQ>MmM dmna Agë`mZo hr godm B§Q>aZoQ>MrM Cn{d^mJr` Agob.
dm°B©g_ob Am{U J«§Wmb`o
AmdmO gmR>dyZ R>odyZ Ë`m AmdmOmV {Zamon R>odUo Am{U Vmo {Zamon ^«_UÜdZrÛmam
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 100
nmR>dUo eŠ` Agë`mZo J«§Wmb`m§Zm `m V§ÌmMm dmna H$mhr R>amdrH$ ~m~tgmR>r dmnaUo
eŠ` Amho. AWm©VM SMS bm n`m©` åhUyZ `mMm dmna H$aÊ`mMm {dMma J«§Wmb`o
\$maer H$aUma ZmhrV Ago dmQ>Vo. _mÌ Om{hamVrgmR>r `mMm dmna H$aUo eŠ` Amho.
Library Marketing, Fund rasing gmR>r `m `§ÌUoMm dmna EImXm H$ënH$
J«§Wmb`mV H$ê$Z KoD$ eH$Vmo. AWm©V `mMo CnÐd_yë` bjmV KoVm J«§Wmb`m§da Q>rH$mhr
hmoD$ eH$Vo.
XyaÜdZrgodm Am{U J«§Wmb`o
àË`j g§nH$m©EodOr XyaÜdZrdê$Z g§nH©$ gmYUo ho AZoH$Xm Cn`wŠV R>aVo. {deofV:
"hoënbmBZ'gmaIr gw{dYm XoÊ`mgmR>r àË`j g§dmX gmYUo d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m ì`ŠVrg
gmhmæ` H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. _mZ{gH$ àíZm§~m~V Aem godm AË`§V \$m`Xoera R>aVmV.
J«§Wmb`mÛmam {Xbr OmUmar (Reference service) g§X^©godm ho Ë`mgmR>r
CÎm_ CXmhaU hmo`. Ë`mgmR>r ^«_UÜdZrÛmam hr godm nwadUo eŠ` Amho. AWm©V B©_ob, nÌì`dhma d àË`j ^oQ> g§dmX hm Zoh_rM Cn`wŠV R>aVmo, nU XyaÀ`m A§Vamdarb
dmMH$mbm àË`j Z ^oQ>Vmhr MMm© H$ê$Z, {d{dY nÕVtMo XmIbo XoD$Z {Xbobr _m{hVr
OmñV AmdS>Vo, éMVo. Aem nÕVrÀ`m godm§gmR>r ^«_UÜdZrÛmam àË`j g§dmX gmYUo
CÎm_ R>ê$ eH$Vo.
J«§WmonMma nÕV hr AmVm ^maVmVhr WmoS>çm\$ma à_mUmV ê$T> hmoD$ bmJbr
Amho. àË`j ^oQ>rÛmam Agm CnMma H$aUo Ho$ìhmhr CÎm_M, nU ^«_UÜdZrÛmam Agm
CnMma H$aUogwÕm ghO eŠ` Amho.
J«§Wmb` godH$ Am{U ^«_UÜdZr
AmOH$mb àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrJ{UH$ ^«_UÜdZr AgVmo. BVHo$M H$m` nU {d{dY
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ J°PoQ>g² KoD$Z qhS>Umar {nT>r AmO gd©Ì {XgVo. J«§Wmb` H$_©Mmarhr
Ë`mbm AndmX Zmhr. EH$_oH$m§Zm {Zamon XoUo, H$m_mÀ`m g§X^m©V ^«_UÜdZrÛmam
gëbm_gbV KoUo, AS>MUtda Cnm``moOZm {dMmaUo, {deofV: g§JUH$s` nm`arda
`oUmè`m AS>MUr gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r PQ>nQ> XyaÜdZrMm dmna H$aVmZm AmVmMr {nT>r
{XgVo. H$m_ H$aVmZm g§JrV EoH$Uo, _moQ>marMm, ~gMm, aoëdoMm àdmg H$aVmZm g§JrV
dm nwñVH$ EoH$Uo AZoH$m§Zm AmdS>Vo. J«§Wmb`mVrb godH$ `mV {ZfUmV Pmbm Amho.
`mM~amo~a H$mhr ~m~r dmnaUo eŠ` Amho. CXmhaUmW©, [a_m§BªS>aMm dmna,
ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m_mÀ`m AmR>dUrgmR>r `mMm dmna H$am`bm haH$V Zmhr. JaO d
H$m_m§Mr gm§JS> KmbUohr eŠ` Amho. {XZ{deofgmR>r ^«_UÜdZr dmnaUo eŠ` Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 101
dmMH$m§À`m dmT>{Xdgm§à_mUo, gUm§à_mUo H$moQ>oeÝg nmR>dUo, Ë`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`mVrb
H$moQ>oeÝg H$moem§Mm dmna H$aUo eŠ` Amho. "bmB©\$ Q>yëg' À`m gmo`rMm dmna gd©M
OU H$aVmV, nU Ë`m YVuda "J«§Wmb` Qy>ëg'Mr {Z{_©Vr eŠ` Amho H$m `mMmhr
{dMma ìhm`bm hdmM. `mV eãXH$moe, ZH$meo, dOZo-_mno, bm°J Q>o~b, J{UVr gyÌo,
\$m°å`wbo, BË`mXr _m{hVr R>odVm `oUo eŠ` Amho.
hñV{b{IVm§À`m {d{dY boIZe¡br d àH$ma
lr. gwZrb {Ydma, O`H$a J«§Wmb`, nwUo {dÚmnrR>, nwUo-411007
sunildhiwar@yahoo.co.in
gmam§ e … àñVwV boI m_Ü`o hñV{b{IVm§ À `m {d{dY
boIZe¡br Am{U Ë`m§Mo àH$ma `m§Mo g{dñVa {ddaU XoÊ`mV Ambobo
Amho . hñV{b{IVm§ M m CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg, g§ H $ënZm,
hñV{b{IVm§Mr {d{dYVm Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r `mg§X^m©Vrb
Aä`mgnyU© boI kmZJ§JmoÌrÀ`m dmMH$m§gmR>r XoÊ`mMo à`moOZ Amho.
(1) hñV{b{IVm§Mm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg
hñV{b{IVm§Mo ApñVËd ho {OVŠ`m {b{IV Zm|Xr OwÝ`m AmhoV, {VVHo$M OwZo
Amho, åhUyZ hñV{b{IVm§À`m CJ_mMo ñnï> {MÌ {_iÊ`mgmR>r boIZmÀ`m B{VhmgmMm
emoY KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. boIZmMm B{Vhmg Am{U _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg øm
XmoZ A{d^mÁ` ~m~r AmhoV. _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m gwédmVrg, kmZ ho Ho$di ~mobUo d
EoH$Ê`mVyZ EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o Am{U EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o
g§H«${_V hmoV Ago. ^maVmV doX ho ~mobUo d EoH$Uo `mÛmao g§H«${_V Pmbo, åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm
"lwVr' (Oo EoH$bo OmVo) Ago åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo. {dÛmZm§Mm Agm {dídmg Amho H$s,
H$mhr {MÝho d IwUm, VgoM IS>H$ Am{U dmiy/aoVrdarb {MÌ_` d H$ënZmYm[aV
dUm©jao, Or JwhoÀ`m q^Vrdarb {MÌ`wŠV IwUm d H$ënZm_` IwUm åhUyZ AmoiIë`m
OmV hmoË`m. `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {b{IV g§XoedhZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m
CËH«$m§VrMm Xwgam Q>ßnm gwê$ Pmbm. na§Vw dmiy qH$dm aoVrda {b{hbobr Ajao OmñV
H$min`ªV {Q>Hy$ eH$br ZmhrV Am{U Ë`mda H$moabobm g§XoeXoIrb EH$m OmJodê$Z
Xwgè`m OmJoH$S>o g§H«${_V hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr. nwT>À`m {nT>tgmR>r _mZdr AZw^d Am{U
kmZ `m§À`m Zm|Xr H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgbr. Ë`m_wio EH$sH$S>o `mo½` boIZgmYZm§Mm
emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r, Va XwgarH$S>o `mo½` boIZe¡br emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _mZdmMo à`ËZ
gwê$ Pmbo. `wJmZw`wJm§Mm hm àdmg, boIZgmYZm§Mm IS>H$ Vo H$mJX Agm B{Vhmg
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 102
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 103
Am{U boIZe¡btMm B{Vhmgnyd©H$mbrZ {MÌ`wŠV {MÝho Vo dV©_mZH$mbrZ dUm©jao
Agm B{Vhmg ñWm{nV H$aVmo. Ooìhm boIZH$boMm emoY bmJbm Voìhm boIZhoVwñVd
{d{dY àH$maMr gm_J«r dmnaÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. boIZ ho hmVmZo Ho$bo OmV hmoVo,
`m_wio {d{dY àH$maÀ`m hñV{b{IVm§À`m (Zm|X d g§XoedhZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r) {dH$mgmbm
MmbZm {_imbr. _Zwî`mÀ`m doJdoJiçm hoVwnyVugmR>r hr hñV{b{IVo PmS>m§Mr nmZo,
bmHy$S>, PmS>mMr gmb, XJS>, VmJmMo H$mnS>, _oU, YmVy, hpñVX§V, bìhmiçmMm
bJXm Am{U H$mJXmda, H$mJXmMr Jw§S>mir qH$dm nwñVH$m§À`m ê$nmV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. nmpíM_mË` Xoem§_Ü`o B.g. nyd© H$mimnmgyZ Vo Bgdr gZÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m
eVH$m§À`m H$mimn`ªV hñV{b{IVo XmoZ eãXm§_Ü`o OmJm Z gmoS>Vm ( Scriptio
continua) {b{hÊ`mV Ambr, Á`m_wio {deofV: Aà{e{jVm§Zm hr hñV{b{IVo
dmMÊ`mg \$maM AdKS> Pmbo.
àmMrZ {dídmÀ`m Wmoa g§ñH¥$Vr d gä`VoMo d¡^dembr d _m¡ë`dmZ KQ>H$ ho
Ho$di dmL²>_`rZ Am{U nwamUdñVw{df`H$ am{hboë`m Adeofm§VyZ VJyZ amhÿ eH$bo.
àmMrZ {dídmMo gm{hË` ho Ë`m§À`m kmZ Am{U Ü`o`àmßVrMo à_wI Am{U WoQ> òmoV
Agë`mMo {gÕ Pmbo Amho Am{U `m g§X^m©V hñV{b{IVm§Mo ñWmZ AgmYmaU Amho.
àmMrZ kmZ ho hñV{b{IVm§À`m ñdê$nmV OVZ Ho$bo OmVo. àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr d gä`Vm,
kmZ d {ejU, Y_© d VÎdkmZ `m§Mm àmW{_H$ d _yi òmoV hr hñV{b{IVo AmhoV.
Ho$di àmMrZ na§naoÀ`m g§X^m©VM Zìho Va _Ü``wJrZ Am{U AmYw{ZH$ `wJmÀ`m
g§X^m©VXoIrb hñV{b{IVo hr AñgbnUmMm _hÎdmMm òmoV åhUyZ {dMmamV KoVbr
OmVmV. hñV{b{IVo Amnbm gdmªV _m¡ë`dmZ amï´>r` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm ñWm{nV
H$aVmV. ^yVH$mimVrb kmZ ho dV©_mZH$mbrZ g_mOmn`ªV AmUÊ`m_Ü`o hñV{b{IVm§Mo
{deof `moJXmZ am{hbo Amho. Amnë`m g_mOmÀ`m H$ënZm, dñVwpñWVr Am{U kmZ
`m§À`m g§H«$_UmgmR>r hñV{b{IVo hr à^mdembr _mÜ`_o AmhoV, VgoM Amnbm
dmL²>_`rZ, ^mfm{df`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U H$boMm dmagm OVZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
à^mdembr gmYZo åhUyZ hñV{b{IVm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. `m hñV{b{IVm§da Amnbr
nma§n[aH$ hñVmjao H$moabobr AmhoV, Or Amnë`m g_mOmÀ`m CËH¥$ï> aMZoÀ`m _hÎdmMm
^mJmMr ñWmnZm H$aVmV. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {df`m§darb _m{hVr nwa{dÊ`m~amo~aM
H$mhr hñV{b{IVm§_Ü`o H$bmË_H$ XOm©, gw§Xa Ajao Am{U gwaoI boIZe¡br AmT>iVo.
{ZpíMVnUo hñV{b{IVo hr XoemMr g§ñH¥$Vr d B{VhmgmÀ`m nwZa©MZmgmR>rMo _m¡ë`dmZ
òmoV AmhoV.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 104
(2) hñV{b{IV - g§H$ënZm
"hñV{b{IV' hr g§km b°{Q>Z eãX "_°Ý`wpñH«$ßQ>g' `m eãXmnmgyZ àM{bV
Pmbr Amho. _°Ý`wpñH«$ßQ>g hm eãX XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho, Vo åhUOo,
"_°Ý`w' åhUOo hmVmZo Am{U "pñH«$ßQ>g' åhUOo {b{hUo (Thompson, 1995)
ì`wËnÎmremñÌmZwgma, hñV{b{IVo åhUOo hmVmZo {b{hUo hmo`. nwamUdñVw{df`H$ g§ko_Ü`o
XJS>, YmVy, bmHy$S>, _mVr, VmJmMo H$mnS>, PmS>mMr gmb, PmS>m§Mr nmZo Am{U
OZmdam§Mr H$_mdbobo H$mVS>o `m§da gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb boIZ Aer hñV{b{IVmMr
ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo. _wÐUH$boÀ`m AmJ_Zmnydu, d¡`pŠVH$ nmVirdarb gd© _hÎdmMo
boIZ hñV{b{IVm§À`m ñdê$nmV CnbãY hmoVo. åhUyZ hñV{b{IVm§_Ü`o gwê$dmVrÀ`m
H$mimVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m boIZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo, Or _w{ÐV Am{U àH$m{eV Pmbr
ZìhVr. Xwgè`m eãXm§V gm§Jm`Mo Pmë`mg, H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo hñVboIZ, _J Vo
H$mJXmdarb Agmo qH$dm BVa H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`m§da Agmo, Ago _w{ÐV Z Pmbobo
hñVboIZ hñV{b{IV åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo (Cornish, 1970). gd©gmYmaUnUo
hñV{b{IV hr g§km, _mVrÀ`m dS>çm d XJS> `m§darb àmMrZ boIZ, _Ü``wJrZ
Am{U nwñVHo$ d gm§Ho${VH$m§Mr nwZ{Z{_©V hñV{b{IVo Am{U d¡`pŠVH$ H$mJXnÌo `m§Mm
g_mdoe Agboë`m hñV{b{IV gm{hË`mMm CëboI H$aVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb
hñV{b{IVoXoIrb boIZ, nÌì`dhma Am{U Q>§H${b{IV gm{hË`mMm CëboI H$aVmV.
boIZ ho Ho$di hmVmZo H$am`Mo AgVo. Vo H$mJXmda, PmS>m§À`m nmZm§da, H$mnS>mda,
bmH$S>mda, XJS>mda, OZmdamÀ`m H$mVS>rda, _mVrda, q^Vrda Am{U BVa dñVy§da
Agy eH$Vo. boIZmÀ`m àH$mamda H$moUVrhr ~§YZo AgV ZmhrV _J Vo boIZ
Üd{ZemñÌmZwgma Agob, {MÌ`wŠV Agob H$s H$ënZoda AmYm[aV Agob. `m boIZmV
^mfoVrb Zoh_rÀ`m boIZmì`{V[aŠV a§JH$m_, {MÌH$bm, aoImQ>Z, {MÝho, BË`mXtMm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. hñV{b{IVm§Zm Ë`m§À`m ApñVËdmMm XrK© B{Vhmg Amho Am{U
hñV{b{IVm§À`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m CnbãY AmhoV, Á`m hñV{b{IVm§Mo ñdê$n à{Vq~{~V
H$aVmV.
M|~g© eãXH$moemZwgma, ""hñV{b{IV ho _wÐUmÀ`m emoYmnyduMo hmVmZo {b{hbobo
nwñVH$ qH$dm XñVEodO Amho.'' (Allied Chambers (India) Ltd., 2000).
Eìhar_°ZÀ`m kmZH$moemZwgma, ""hñV{b{IV ho Oar àm_w»`mZo VmJmÀ`m H$mnS>mdarb
_Ü``wJrZ boIZ qH$dm H$mJXmdarb AmYw{ZH$ boIZ Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmV
Agbo Varhr Vo H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`mdarb H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m boIZmH$S>o {ZX©oe
H$aVo.'' (Bozman, 1967). hñV{b{IVmMr nwT>rbà_mUoXoIrb ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo.
""J«§Wmb` qH$dm XâVaImÝ`mÀ`m g§J«hmVrb H$moUVmhr hñV{b{IV boI; CXmhaUmW©,
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 105
EImÚm Eo{Vhm{gH$ à»`mV ì`ŠVrZo {b{hboë`m nÌm§Mm qH$dm Zm|XtMm J«§Wmb`mVrb
g§J«h.'' (www.yourencyclopedia.net). OmJ{VH$ ZoQ> eãXH$moe hñV{b{IVmMr
""hñV{b{IV nwñVH$ qH$dm XñVEodO'' Am{U ""àH$meZmgmR>r gmXa Ho$boë`m dmL²>_`rZ
H$m_mMm àH$ma'' Aer ì`m»`m H$aVmo ( www.hyperdicitionary.com).
do~ñQ>aÀ`m (1913) eãXH$moemZwgma, ""hñV{b{IV åhUOo H$mhrVar Ago H$s Oo
hmVmZo {b{hbobo Amho Am{U N>mnbobo Zmhr.'' (www.hyperdictionary.com).
_w{ÐV àVrnmgyZ doJir Agbobr hmVmZo {b{hbobr dmL²>_`rZ qH$dm g§JrVaMZm
AgoXoIrb hñV{b{IVm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. _m{hVr d J«§Wmb`emñÌmÀ`m
kmZH$moemZwgma, hñV{b{IVmMr nwT>rbà_mUo ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo, ""{b{IV XñVEodO
Omo hmVmZo {b{hbm Amho, na§Vw _w{ÐV qH$dm BVa _mJmªZr nwZ{Z©{_V Pmbobm Zmhr.''
(Korea, 1993). Eìhar_°Z am°OoQ>Mm B§J«Or eãX d g§km§Mm eãXH$moe hñV{b{IVm§Mr
""H$moUVrhr hñV{b{IV àV, Zm|X, H$ÀMr àV, nŠH$s àV, boIZ, nwpñVH$m, BË`mXr''
Aer ì`m»`m H$aVmo. (Browning, 1988)'' A±½bmo A_o[aH$Z `mXr {Z`_-2
hñV{b{IVmMr ""hñV{b{IV nwñVHo$, à~§Y, nÌo, ^mfUo, H$m`Xoera H$mJXnÌo Am{U
Aem hñV{b{IVm§Mm g§J«h'' Aer ì`m»`m H$aVo (Gorman & Winkler, 1978).
VWm{n EEgrAma-2Zo {Xbobr ì`m»`m hr hñV{b{IVm§Mo àH$ma A{YH$ gyMH$ {XgVo
Am{U ~arMer ñnï> Amho.
(3) hñV{b{IVm§Mr {d{dYVm Am{U Ë`m§Mr Eo{Vhm{gH$
nmíd©^y_r
_mUgmÀ`m, Ë`mÀ`m ~mobÊ`mMr eŠVr H$moUË`m Var {b{IV Zm|XrÀ`m àH$mamV
ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mÀ`m Vrd« AmH$m§joZo Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`m hoVwnyVugmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m
boIZgm{hË`mMm emoY bmdÊ`mg _mJ©X{e©V Ho$bo. øm gm{hË`mdarb boIZ ho àm_w»`mZo
hmVmZo Ho$bo OmV Agë`mZo øm boIZmbm hñV{b{IVo Ago g§~moYÊ`mV Ambo. AWm©VM,
_Zwî` hm Aem boIZgm{hË`mMm Cn`moJ H$aVmo, Oo ghOnUo àmßV H$aVm `oD$ eH$Vo
Am{U {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Oo gdmªV OmñV `mo½` Amho, VWm{n `m gd© boIZgm{hË`mMr
XmoZ àH$mam§_Ü`o {d^mJUr H$aVm `oD$ eH$Vo. àW_V: XJS>, Vm§~o, gmoZo, bmoI§S> Am{U
Mm§Xr `mgmaIo boIZgm{hË` hmoVo, Oo {Q>H$mD$ hmoVo Am{U H$_r qH$dm A{YH$ à_mUmV
H$m`_ñdê$nr åhUyZ dmnabo OmV hmoVo. Xwgao åhUOo, hpñVX§V, _mVrÀ`m dS>çm,
~m§~y, bmHy$S>, PmS>mMr gmb, VmJmMo H$mnS>, _oU, H$mnS>, {gëH$, M_©nÌ, bìhmiçmMm
H$mJX, gm§{MnmQ>, ^moOd¥jmMr gmb, _mS>mMo nmZ `m Z¡g{J©H$nUo Zmed§V AgUmè`m
boIZgm{hË`mMm dmna Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. øm gd© boIZgm{hË`mMo WmoS>Š`mV Eo{Vhm{gH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 106
ñnï>rH$aU Imbrbà_mUo {Xbo Amho.
3.1 XJS> Am{U IS>H$
XJS> Am{U IS>H$ hr boIZmgmR>r dmna Ho$bobr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb {Q>H$mD$
gmYZo hmoVr. ho boIZ IS>H$, XJS>r Im§~, JwhoÀ`m q^Vr Am{U _§{Xam§da H$moabo hmoVo.
`mMo Z_wZo AmOhr {h_mb`mnmgyZ Vo åh¡gyan`>ªV CnbãY AmhoV Am{U ~hþVm§e boIZ
ho g_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ`m H$mimVrb Amho. amOñWmZ_Yrb EH$ Jmd {~Omo{b`Z `oWrb
O¡Z _§{XamOdi IS>H$mda Ho$bobo boIZ CnbãY Amho. Vo ""CÞV-{gIa-nwamU'' ho
AgyZ Vo O¡ZdmXmÀ`m {XJ§~a XbmMo Amho Am{U Vo B.g. 1160 gmbmVrb Amho
(Chopra, 1995). XJS>mdarb boIZ ho AMyH$nUo, H$miOrnyd©H$ {N>ÞrÀ`m qH$dm
EImÚm YmaXma gmYZmÀ`m _XVrZo Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. EH$Xm {b{hbobo g§Xoe XrK©H$min`ªV
{Q>Hy$Z am{hbo Am{U ho boIZ H$moard boIZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobo. XJS>mdarb H$moard
boIZmV ~hþVm§er {deof _yë`m§g§~§YrMo, amOgÎmoÀ`m Zm|Xr, Ym{_©H$ g§Ho$V, BË`mXr{df`H$
_OHy$a hmoVm.
3.2 Im§~
amOñWmZ_Ü`o Im§~ Am{U ñV§^m§darb boIZ ho \$maM {Z`{_V hmoVo. øm ñV§^m§Zm
ÜdO ñV§^, O` ñV§^, H$sVu ñV§^, dra ñV§^, gVr ñV§^, N>m`m ñV§^ Am{U `yn ñV§^
Ago åhQ>bo Om`Mo (Chopra, 1995). ÜdO ñV§^ _§{Xamg_moa, O` ñV§^ {dO`mÀ`m
~m~VrV, Va H$sVu ñV§^ à^mdr ì`ŠVrgmR>r. dra hm eya g¡{ZH$m§gmR>r, gVr hm Ë`m
pñÌ`m§gmR>r Á`m Ë`m§À`m nVrÀ`m _¥Ë`wg_`r ñdV:À`m OrdZmMm Ë`mJ H$arV AgV,
N>m`m ñV§^ hm Á`m_Ü`o ì`ŠVrMo N>m`m{MÌ H$moabo OmVo Am{U `OZm CËgdmV àmÊ`mMm
~ir XoÊ`mgmR>r.
3.3 _mVrÀ`m dS>çm
gw_o[a`Z, ~o{~bmo{Z`Z Am{U Agm`[a`Z `m Amnë`m nyd©Om§Zr _mVrÀ`m
{dQ>m§darb boIZmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br hmoVr. gdmªV OwÝ`m Aem àH$maÀ`m _mVrÀ`m
dS>çm Á`m {_imë`m Ë`m _yiÀ`m ~o{~bmo{Z`Z H$mimVrb hmoË`m, Á`m empëS>`Z
Zm_H$ ~o{~bmo{Z`Z O_mVrH$Sy>Z {b{hë`m hmoË`m. Aem _mVrÀ`m dS>çm gÜ`m {~«{Q>e
g§J«hmb`mV OVZ H$ê$Z R>odë`m AmhoV. {VJ[ag ImoXmB©À`m Xaå`mZ empëS>`Z
O_mVrÀ`m "Š`w{Z\$m°_© e¡br'_Ü`o {b{hboë`m _mVrÀ`m dS>çm _moR>çm à_mUmV gmnS>ë`m
AmhoV. B.g. 1833 _Ü`o ga hoÝar boAS>© `m {~«{Q>e nwamUdñVy g§emoYH$mZo BamH$_Yrb
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 107
_mogybOdi {ZZodoh `oWo OdiOdi 10,000 _mVrÀ`m dS>çm§À`m _moR>çm gmd©O{ZH$
J«§Wmb`mMm emoY bmdbm. `m J«§Wmb`mMr {Z{_©Vr Agwa~{Znmb `m Agm`[a`Z
amOmH$Sy>Z Pmbr Agë`mMo _mZÊ`mV `oVo (Chakraborty, 1975). Ca, {Znya,
{H$e Am{U Q>oba hr _mVrÀ`m dS>çm§Mr J«§Wmb`o Agbobr BVa àmMrZ ZJao hmoVr. øm
_mVrÀ`m dS>çm§_Ü`o B{Vhmg, bmoH$H$Wm, J{UV, H$m`Úmdarb Am{U ì`mnma{df`H$
Zm|Xr `mdarb boIZmMm g_mdoe hmoVm. Aem àH$maÀ`m Zm|XrMo à_mU ho Xe©dVo H$s,
dmMZ/boIZ emim§_Ü`o {eH$dbo OmV hmoVo, Oo _§{Xam§er g§~§{YV hmoVo Am{U Zm|Xr
R>odÊ`mMr nÕV hr \$maM àM{bV hmoVr. _mVrÀ`m dS>çm ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r àW_ _mVr
Amobr Ho$br OmV Ago, Z§Va Vr _ibr OmB©, hmVmZo {Vbm AmH$ma {Xbm OmB©, {d{eï>
nÕVrZo Ë`mda boIZ Ho$bo OmV Ago Am{U eodQ>r gy`©àH$memV R>odyZ Vr gwH$dbr OmB©
qH$dm {Q>H$mD$nUmgmR>r Ja_ ^Å>r_Ü`o øm _mVrÀ`m dS>çm ^mOë`m OmV AgV. Aem
dS>çm, Á`m {dQ>m§gma»`m {XgV hmoË`m, Ë`m doJdoJiçm AmH$mamÀ`m d H$moZmÀ`m
Am{U gmYmaU nmM B§M bm§~rÀ`m hmoË`m. ^Å>r_Ü`o ^mOboë`m _mVrÀ`m dS>çm øm
IynM _O~yV Am{U OdiOdi Zme Z nmdUmè`m AmhoV. _mVrÀ`m dS>çm Or
boIZe¡br {dH${gV H$aVmV Vr "Š`w{Z\$m°_© e¡br' åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo (Perti,
1995). R>moH$içmÀ`m AmH$mamMr nÕV, Or _D$ _mVrda {b{hÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr
hmoVr, Ë`m nÕVrZo {Z`{_VnUo R>moH$içmÀ`m AmH$mamÀ`m IwUm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br, Or
Š`w{Z\$m_© boIZmMr EH$ R>amdrH$ nÕV hmoVr.
3.4 {dQ>m
H$moard boIZ Ho$boë`m {d{dY AmH$mam§À`m {dQ>m§Mm emoY ^maVmV bmJbm hmoVm,
Á`m§Mm Ym{_©H$ g§Xoe boIZmgmR>r EH$ _mÜ`_ åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ^maVmVrb
CÎma àXoe `m amÁ`mVrb JmoaInya {OëømÀ`m Jmonmbnya `m JmdmV B.g. {Vgè`m
qH$dm Mm¡Ï`m eVH$mVrb ~wÕH$mbrZ gyÌm§Mo boIZ H$moaboë`m H$mhr {dQ>m gmnS>ë`m
hmoË`m. (Pandey, 1952)
3.5 YmVyMo nÌo
{b{hÊ`mÀ`m hoVwñVd YmVyÀ`m nÍ`m§Mm Cn`moJ hm XJS> d IS>H$mer VwbZm
H$aVm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. YmVyMo nÌo gmYmaUnUo X¡Z§{XZ ñdê$nmÀ`m
XñVEodO åhUyZ dmnaÊ`mV Ambo. Ogo ^yXmZ, H$m`Xoera g§Ho$V, Am§VaamÁ`r` H$ama
Am{U `m ñdê$nmÀ`m BVa H$m_m§gmR>r (Pandey, 1952). XJS> Am{U {dQ>onojm
YmVyMo nÌo A{YH$ H$mi {Q>H$Umao åhUyZ {dMmamV KoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo Am{U boIZmgmR>r
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 108
ho Cn`wŠV gmYZ hmoVo. `mMo _moR>çm g§»`oZo nwamdo OJmVrb AZoH$ g§J«hmb`m§V CnbãY
AmhoV.
3.6 gmoZo
gmoÝ`mMm Cn`moJ hm Zr{VdMZ, amÁ`H$ma^ma{df`H$ nÌo Am{U H$m`Xm _§Owar
`m§gma»`m _hÎdmÀ`m XñVEodOm§gmR>r Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. gmoÝ`mdarb boIZ ho \$maM
Xw{_©i hmoVo na§Vw ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ OmVH$m_Ü`o `mMm CëboI Amho. Wmoa nm¡dm©Ë` {dÛmZ,
OZab H$qZJh°_Zo VjerbmOdirb J§JmñVyn `oWo IamoíVr {bnr_Yrb boIZ H$moaboë`m
gmoÝ`mÀ`m nÍ`mMm emoY bmdbm hmoVm (Chakraborty, 1975).
3.7 Mm§XrMo nÌo
Mm§Xrdarb boIZ \$maM Xw{_©i hmoVo, VWm{n Vjrbm d ^Å>ràmoby `oWo gmnS>boë`m
Mm§XrÀ`m nÍ`m§da H$mhr A{YH¥$V / àemgH$s` XñVEodOm§Mo H$moard boIZ Ho$bobo
AmT>ibo. {~«{Q>e g§J«hmb`m_Ü`o Mm§XrÀ`m nÍ`mMo doï>Z Ho$bobr Am{U gmoÝ`mMm _wbm_m
{Xboë`m _mS>mÀ`m nmZm§da {b{hbobr hñV{b{IVo AmhoV (Pandey, 1952).
3.8 Vm§ã`mMo nÌo
Vm§ã`mÀ`m nÍ`m§Mm boIZ gm{hË` åhUyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV
Ambm, Á`mda {d{dY àH$maMo XñVEodO H$moabo hmoVo. ho XñVEodO Vm_«mgZ, Vm_«\$ir,
XmZnÌ, BË`mXr Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. amOo, g§ñWm{ZH$ Am{U gaXma Xodim§Zm,
gw{e{jV ~«måhUm§Zm {ejU d Y_© `m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r O{_Zr d n¡go ^oQ>
åhUyZ XoV AgV Am{U ho gd© ì`dhma Vm§ã`mÀ`m nÍ`mda Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. Vm§ã`mÀ`m
nÍ`mMm Cn`moJ hm _m¡`©H$mimnmgyZ àM{bV hmoVm (Bulher, 1904). à{gÕ {MZr
àdmgr \$m-hoZ `mZo Ë`mÀ`m àdmg X¡Z§{XZr_Ü`o Ago {bhÿZ R>odbo Amho H$s ~m¡Õ
_R>m§_Ü`o Or Vm§ã`mMr XmZnÌo hmoVr, Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhr ^JdmZ ~wÕmÀ`m H$mimBVH$s
àmMrZ hmoVr. øyEZ-Ëg§J `mZo Agm CëboI Ho$bm Amho H$s H${ZîH$mZo ~m¡Õ g^oÀ`m
n{hë`m ~¡R>H$sZ§Va g§nyU© {dZ`m-{nQ>mH$m Vm§ã`mÀ`m Wmiçm§da {b{hbo (Pandey,
1952).
3.9 bmoI§S>
bmoI§S>mMmXoIrb boIZgm{hË` åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm, na§Vw Vo
J§OV Agë`mZo bmoI§S>mMm Cn`moJ hm {VVH$m {Z`{_V hmoV ZìhVm. VWm{n {Xëbr_Ü`o
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 109
Hw$Vw~ {_ZmaOdi _oham°br `oWrb EH$m bmoI§S>mÀ`m ñV§^mda H$moard boIZ Ho$bobo
Amho. Á`m_Ü`o J§Oà{V~§YH$ bmoI§S>mV XrK© _mZnÌ H$moabobo Amho. VgoM A~y `oWrb
AMboída _§{XamV EH$ àM§S> {Ìeyi Amho, Omo H$moard boIZ Á`mda Ho$bo Amho Aem
bmoI§S>mMm Amho Am{U Vmo B.g. 1468 gmbmVrb Amho (Chakraborty, 1975).
3.13 ^mOboë`m _mVrMr nmQ>r / \$im
3.10 bmH$S>r \$io Am{U dS>çm
3.14 H$mngmMo H$mnS>
bmH$S>r \$içm§Mm Cn`moJ hñV{b{IVo {b{hÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
`mMm CëboI OmVH$ Am{U {dZ`m {nQ>mH$m `mV H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. bmH$S>r
\$içm§Zm "\$bH$' Ago Zmd {Xbo hmoVo Am{U ^maVmV Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ ~wÕH$mimnmgyZ
H$aÊ`mV Ambobm hmoVm. MH$mH$s`wŠV bmH$S>mMo VwH$S>o ào_nÌo {b{hÊ`mgmR>rXoIrb
dmnaÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo, `mMm CëboI Xm§S>r `mZo {b{hboë`m "XeHw$_mam M[aV_²' `m
g§ñH¥$V H$WoV AmT>ibm Amho. Am°Šg\$S>© `oWrb ~moS>{b`Z J«§Wmb`mV ^maVr`
hñV{b{IV {b{hbobo Aem àH$maMo bmH$S>r \$io AmhoV. ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmë`mZ§Va
AbrH$S>rb H$mimn`ªV bmH$S>r \$içm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoV hmoVm. `m bmH$S>r \$içm§Mr
é§Xr gmYmaUnUo 1 \y$Q> d bm§~r 1.5 \y$Q> BVH$s AgyZ Ë`mbm bmH$S>r _yR> hmoVr.
WmoS>ogo nmUr KoD$Z _wbVmZr qH$dm JMZrZo hm bmH$S>r \$im Kmgbm OmV hmoVm,
Á`m_wio `m \$içmda {b{hÊ`mgmR>r a§JrV n¥ð>^mJ V`ma H$aVm `oV hmoVm. Cn`moJ
Pmë`mZ§Va nwT>rb boIZmgmR>r ho bmH$S>r \$io YwVbo OmV hmoVo. Á`mda {b{hbo Om`Mo
Ago bmH$S>o \$io "\$bH$' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo (Chopra, 1995). _oUmMo
AmÀN>mXZ Agboë`m bmH$S>r dS>çm§Zm J«rH$ ^mfo_Ü`o {nZ°Šg, J«°_{Q>AZ Am{U b°{Q>Z
^mfoV goam, Aem g§km hmoË`m. àmMrZ amo_Zm§H$Sy>Z V~obm hr g§km _moR>çm à_mUmV
dmnabr hmoVr (Bozman, 1967). `m bmH$S>r dS>çm emioÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r,
{heo~mgmR>r Am{U e¡j{UH$ aMZm§gmR>r dmnaë`m OmV hmoË`m.
H$m`m©b`rZ Am{U ImOJr XñVmEodOm§gmR>r H$mngmÀ`m H$mnS>mMm Cn`moJ
Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. `m H$mnS>mMm Cn`moJ XodimV nÌo {b{hÊ`mgmR>r, OÝ_n{ÌH$m Am{U
BVa H$m_m§gmR>r Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. O¡Zm§H$Sy>Z, Pmboë`m MwH$m§~Ôb j_m`mMZm H$aUmar
EH$m JmdmhÿZ Xwgè`m Jmdmbm nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r, {Z`{_VnUo Or nÌo {b{hbr OmV
hmoVr, VrXoIrb H$mngmÀ`m H$mnS>mda {b{hbr OmV hmoVr. H$mngmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m
H$mnS>mdarb H$mhr hñV{b{IVo Am§Y«àXoemVrb em§Joar _R>m_Ü`o CnbãY AmhoV. Aem
àH$maÀ`m H$mnS>mdarb XmoZ AmUIr hñV{b{IVo nVZ ^§S>mam_Ü`o OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbr
AmhoV. Ë`mVrb EH$ 1418 _Ü`o {b{hbo Amho Am{U Ë`m_Ü`o 25" X 3" AmH$mamMr
92 nmZo AmhoV. O¡Zm§Zr Ho$bobo ho H$m_ AgyZ Vo Y_©{dYr åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo, Oo lr
à^ygwar `m§Zr {b{hbobo Amho (Pandey, 1952). H$mngmÀ`m H$mnS>mMr nmZo hr
gmYmaUnUo XmoZ OmS> ImXr H$mnS>mMo VwH$S>o EH$Ì {MH$Q>dyZ ~Zdbo OmV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm
"nVm' qH$dm "n{VH$m' Ago åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo.
3.11 ~m§~yÀ`m nQ²>Q>çm
H$mhr B§S>moZo{e`Z bmoH$m§À`m hñV{b{IVm§_Ü`o EH$mV EH$ Jw§\$boë`m ~m§~yÀ`m
nQ²>Q>çm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. `m nQ²>Q>çm§Mr bmH$S>r doï>Zm_Ü`o Xw_Sy>Z EH$Ì KS>r KmVbr
OmVo Am{U bmH$S>r bìhmiçmÀ`m XmoarZo EH$Ì ~m§Ybo OmVo (Bozman, 1967).
3.12 M§XZ
~wÕH$mbrZ gm{hË` "b{bV {dñVma' dê$Z AmnUmg g_OVo H$s, M§XZmnmgyZ
V`ma Ho$bobo \$io emim§_Ü`o nmQ>r åhUyZ dmnabo hmoVo (Chakraborty, 1975).
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 110
^mOboë`m _mVrnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m nmQ>rMm Cn`moJ {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmV
hmoVm. _°Ho$ `m g§emoYH$mZo _mohoZOmo-Xamo `oWo CËIZZmV XmoZ gma»`m nmQ>çm emoYyZ
H$mT>ë`m (Chopra, 1995).
3.15 aoer_
aoer_MmXoIrb boIZmMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ Cn`moJ Pmbm, na§Vw Ë`mMr qH$_V OmñV
Agë`mZo aoer_Mm dmna OmñV Ho$bm OmV ZìhVm. O¡gb_oaÀ`m O¡Z J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o
~whboa `m§Zm aoer_ H$mnS>mda emB©Zo {b{hbobo O¡Z gyÌm§Mr `mXr AmT>ibr (Bulher,
1904).
3.16 bìhmim
bìhmim ho EH$m dZñnVrMo Zmd AgyZ Vr B{OßV_Yrb ZmB©b Imoè`mÀ`m
XbXbrÀ`m ^y^mJmV {dnwbnUo AmT>iVo. bìhmiçmMm Cn`moJ H$mJX H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. bìhmiçmnmgyZ Ho$boë`m H$mJXmMr Jw§S>mir hr _mVrÀ`m dS>çm§BVH$sM
àmMrZ Amho. àmMrZ H$mir ~o{~bmo{Z`Z bmoH$ Š`w{Z\$m°_© e¡brVrb boIZ Agboë`m
_mVrÀ`m dS>çm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$arV hmoVo, B{Opße`Z bmoH$ bìhmiçmÀ`m dZñnVrnmgyZ
gw§Xa Ago boIZ gm{hË` V`ma H$amd`mg {eH$bo. _mVrÀ`m dS>çm§À`m VwbZoV bìhmim
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 111
ZmOyH$ Amho, Varhr B{Opße`Z bìhmiçmÀ`m H$mJXmMo B.g. nyd© 2500 _Yrb
Z_wZo AOyZhr ApñVËdmV AmhoV. `m_mJrb H$maU åhUOo, bìhmiçmMr H$mJXr
Jw§S>mir àmMrZ B{Opße`Z X\$Z{dYr_Ü`o dmnabr OmV hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr _¥V earam~amo~a
bìhmiçmMr H$mJXr Jw§S>mir JmS>br hmoVr, Á`mda OmXwB© gyÌo {b{hbr hmoVr Am{U
Agm _OHy$a "_¥VmMo nwñVH$' åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmV hmoVm. Cëbo{IV nwamdo Ago
Xe©{dVmV H$s bìhmim hm B.g. nyd© 900 _Ü`o J«rH$ bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z dmnabm Jobm hmoVm,
Omo nwT>o amo_Zm§H$S>o gwnyX© Ho$bm Am{U J«rH$m§Zr gd© eham§_Ü`o bìhmiçmÀ`m nwñVH$m§Mr
J«§Wmb`o ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr. g_«mQ> AboŠPm§S>a `mbm, Ë`mZo B.g. nyd© 332_Ü`o
dgdboë`m AboŠPm§{S´>`m `m ehamV, bìhmiçmÀ`m H$mJXmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m
nwñVH$m§À`m à{gÕ J«§Wmb`mÀ`m ñWmnZoMo lo` {Xbo OmVo. {dÛmZm§Mm Agm {dídmg
Amho H$s, `m J«§Wmb`mV 50,000 nojm OmñV bìhmiçmÀ`m Jw§S>miçm AmhoV.
bìhmiçmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m H$mJXm§Mm gdmªV _moR>m g§J«h AmVm pìhEÞm, H¡$amo
`oWrb B{OpßeZ`Z g§J«hmb` `oWo Amho, Ë`mnmR>monmR> ~{b©Z g§J«hmb`, {~«{Q>e g§J«hmb`
Am{U Am°Šg\$S>© {dÚmnrR> `oWo CnbãY Amho. bìhmim hr doiwgmaIr dZñnVr Amho.
`m dZñnVrMo XoR> 3 Vo 10 \y$Q> bm§~ AgyZ {ÌH$moUr AmH$mamMo AgVo. boIZ gm{hË`
~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r XoR> nQ²>Q>çm§_Ü`o H$mnbo OmVo, XoR>mdarb gmb H$mT>br OmVo Am{U
Aem nQ²>Q>çm OdiOdi EH$_oH$m§da WmoS>çmem `oVrb Aem R>odë`m OmVmV. Z§Va
COì`m H$moZmV AmUIr EH$ N>moQ>çm nQ²>Q>çm§Mm Wa R>odbm OmVmo. ho XmoZ Wa EH$Ì
{dUë`mZ§Va bìhmiçmMm H$mJX V`ma hmoVmo. nmÊ`mV {^Odë`mZ§Va Am{U H$mJXmbm
WmoS>r Ii bmdë`mZ§Va H$mJXmbm R>moH$ë`mZ§Va gy`©àH$memV dmidbo OmVo. H$mJXmÀ`m
n¥ð>^mJmda _D$ eobÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo KmgyZ H$mJXmdarb Ia~arVnUm H$mT>bm OmVmo.
H$mJXmMr Jw§S>mir V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mJXmMr AZoH$ nmZo Ii bmdyZ OmoS>br OmVmV.
bìhmiçmMm H$mJX {d{dY AmH$mamMm AgVmo. gmYmaU H$mJX 5 Vo 6 B§M ê§$X
AgVmo Am{U gmYmaUnUo EH$m Jw§S>mir_Ü`o H$mJXmMr 20 nmZo OmoS>br OmVmV.
_moR>çm Jw§S>miçm nwñVHo$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaë`m Joë`m Am{U Ë`m§Zm bìhmim
Jw§S>mir Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m bìhmiçmÀ`m H$mJXmda Ho$bobo boIZ
"àmW{_H$ boIZ' (hieroglyphic - B.g. nyd© 3000À`m gw_mamg B{Opße`Z
bmoH$m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$bobr {MÌ`wŠV boIZe¡br) åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobo. hr boIZe¡br
åhUOoM n{dÌ boIZ (Perti, 1995). bìhmiçmda ~moê$Mo noZ Am{U doJdoJiçm
a§JmÀ`m emB©À`m gmhmæ`mZo boIZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 112
3.17 M_©nÌmgmaIm {XgUmam H$mJX (Parchment)
M_©nÌmgmaIm H$mJX ho Zmd ~hþYm nJm©__ ZmdmÀ`m ehamdê$Z KoVbo Amho. ho
eha ì`mnmamMo VËH$mbrZ H|$Ð hmoVo. M_©nÌmà_mUo {XgUmam hm H$mJX M_©nÌmgmaIm
hmoVm, na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV `mV Xmohm|V \$aH$ Amho. M_©nÌmgmaIm {XgUmam H$mJX
hm àmMrZ B{OßV Am{U `wamo{n`Z Xoem§_Ü`o dmnaÊ`mV `oV hmoVm. Mm_S>çmà_mUo hm
H$mJX CÝhmV dmidbm Jobm Zmhr. Ë`mbm VmUyZ Vmo H$moaS>m Ho$bm. _Ü``wJrZ H$mimV,
hm H$mJX {IS>Š`m§da AmÀN>mXZ bmdÊ`mgmR>r dmnabm hmoVm. M_©nÌmgma»`m H$mJXmMm
dmna Ho$di boIZmgmR>r dmnabm hmoVm. M_©nÌmgma»`m `m H$mJXmbm boIZgm{hË`
åhUyZ hm B{Vhmg Amho. g_«mQ> AboŠPm§S>aÀ`m d§eOm§Zr H$m°ÝñQ>±{Q>ZmonmobOdi
{ejUmMo H|$Ð åhUyZ nJm©__ ho eha dgdbo. Ooìhm nJm©__ `oWrb J«§Wmb`mZo
AboŠPm§{S´>`m `oWrb J«§Wmb`mnojm A{YH$ _hÎdmMo hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Ho$bm,
Voìhm \$amhmoZo nJm©__bm H$aÊ`mV `oUmam bìhmiçmMm nwadR>m ~§X Ho$bm. Ooìhm `w_oÝg2À`m AmXoemdê$Z B{OßVH$Sy>Z hmoUmam bìhmiçmMm nwadR>m AmQ>bm, Voìhm nJm©__À`m
emgH$mZo bìhmiçmEodOr OZmdam§Mr H$mVS>r dmnaÊ`mMm à`moJ gwê$ Ho$bm. ZdrZ
gm{hË` nJm©_o_Q>_ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo, Oo M_©nÌmgmaIm H$mJX `m eãXmMo
_yi Amho (Bozman, 1967). Am{e`m I§S>mVyZ M_©nÌmgma»`m H$mJXmMm dmna
npíM_H$S>o {dñVmabm Am{U `mMm J«rH$ d amo_Zm§H$Sy>Z Cn`moJ hmoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr.
M_©nÌmgmaIm H$mJX hr {dñV¥V g§km AgyZ Vr boIZhoVygmR>r dmnaÊ`mV `oUmao
OZmdamMo Mm_S>çmMm CëboI H$aVo. gd©gmYmanUo ~H$ar, _|T>r, harU, BË`mXr
OZmdam§À`m H$mVS>çmÀ`m AmVrb ~mOynmgyZ ho boIZgm{hË` V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. ho
V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mVS>rdarb Ho$g qH$dm bmoH$a H$mT>br OmVo Am{U Aer H$mVS>r
Ma~r H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r qb~mÀ`m agmV ~wS>dbr OmVo. hr H$mVS>r Z§Va Mm¡H$Q>rda VmUyZ
~gdbr OmVo Am{U ~mH$Xma MmHy$À`m gmhmæ`mZo H$mVS>rdarb Cabobo Ho$g qH$dm
bmoH$a H$mTy>Z H$mVS>r ñdÀN> Ho$bo OmVo Am{U XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr H$mVS>r Kmgbo OmVo.
Ooìhm ho H$mVS>o gwHo$ hmoVo Voìhm Vo KÅ> hmoVo Am{U _J Ë`mda EH$gmaIo Kmgbo OmVo.
Z§Va `m H$mVS>çmbm Ja_ nmÊ`mMr dm\$ {Xbr OmVo Am{U H$mVS>o _D$ d _wbm`_
~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r hbŠ`m gpÀN>Ð XJS>mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ^wH$Q>r`wŠV ISy>Zo Kmgbo OmVo.
ho H$mVS>o Ea§S>ob Vob bmdyZXoIrb _D$ Ho$bo OmVo qH$dm VwaQ>rMmXoIrb dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo (Perti, 1995). M_©nÌ ~Z{dÊ`mMr OwZr nÕV åhUOo H$mVS>çmÀ`m EH$m
~mOyda à{H«$`m H$ê$Z Ho$di H$mVS>çmÀ`m à{H«$`m Ho$boë`m AmVrb ~mOydaM boIZ
Ho$bo OmV hmoVo Am{U ho H$mVS>o Jw§S>mirÀ`m ñdê$nmV OVZ Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. Z§Va
H$mVS>çmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy boIZ`mo½` ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$mVS>çmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§da à{H«$`m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 113
H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr. Aem àH$maÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§da boIZ H$aÊ`mV `oUmè`m
nwñVH$ê$nmVrb M_©nÌmbm H$moS>oŠg åhQ>bo Jobo.
3.18 M_©nÌ (Vellum)
M_©nÌ - `m ZmdmZo Xe©{dë`mà_mUoM Vo Zì`mZo OÝ_boë`m JmB©Mo dmgê$ Am{U
_|T>rÀ`m H$mVS>çmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$bobo boIZgm{hË` Amho. A{Ve` ZmOyH$ nXmWm©nmgyZ
V`ma Ho$boë`m H$moS>oŠgMo EH$ CëboIZr` CXmhaU {~«{Q>e g§J«hmb`mV CnbãY Amho,
Oo M_©nÌmÀ`m 579 nmZm§nmgyZ V`ma Ho$bobo Amho (Chakraborty, 1975). Aem
àH$maÀ`m M_©nÌmdarb gwaoI hñV{b{IVm§Mr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb CXmhaUo H$_rA{YH$ gwpñWVrV AÚmnhr VJ Yê$Z AmhoV. M_©nÌ ho M_©nÌmgma»`m {XgUmè`m
H$mJXmnojm gwaoI gm{hË` Amho Am{U Vo doJiçm nÕVrZo V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. Vo Zì`mZo
OÝ_boë`m dmgamÀ`m AI§S> H$mVS>çmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. M_©nÌmMm n¥ð>^mJ hm
M_©nÌmgma»`m {XgUmè`m H$mJXmnojm A{YH$ gwaoI, nm§T>am Am{U _wbm`_ AgVmo
Am{U åhUyZ Ë`m H$mimV M_©nÌ ho Ho$di _m¡ë`dmZ hñV{b{IVm§gmR>rM dmnabo OmV
hmoVo. Vo nmVi, ZmOyH$, ^ŠH$_, IwgIwerV, _wbm`_ Am{U M_H$Umao AgVo.
M_©nÌmbm CÀM àVrÀ`m Om§^içm a§JmZo a§J{dÊ`mMr H$bm H$m°ÝñQ>±{Q>Zmonmob Am{U
amo__Ü`o B.g. {Vgè`m eVH$m_Ü`o ApñVËdmV hmoVr (Chakraborty, 1975).
3.19 PmS>mMr gmb
~mQ>H$ (gw_mÌm)Mr àmMrZ nwñVHo$ CËH¥$ï> emB©V PmS>mÀ`m gmbrnmgyZ V`ma
Ho$boë`m H$mJXmda {b{hbobr AmhoV. àmMrZ empëS>`Zm§ZrXoIrb boIZhoVwñVd PmS>mMr
AmVrb qH$dm ~mhoarb gmb dmnabr hmoVr. A_o[aH$m, Am{\«$H$m d Am{e`mVrb
nma§n[aH$ bmoH$ AmOhr PmS>mMr gmb boIZgm{hË` åhUyZ dmnaVmV. àmMrZ amo__Ü`o
nwñVH$m§gmR>r PmS>mÀ`m gmbrMm Cn`moJ hmoV hmoVm, Á`m_wio {VMo Zmd {b~a Ago
nS>bo (Bozman, 1967).
3.20 ^moOd¥jmMr gmb
^moOd¥j ho EH$ PmS> AgyZ Vo dZñnVtÀ`m ~Q>b°gr `m dJm©Vrb Amho Am{U Vo
CÎmaY«wdr` àXoemV AmT>iVo. ^maVmV {h_mb`mMm àXoe ^moOd¥jmÀ`m bmJdS>rgmR>r
AmoiIbm OmVmo. AboŠPm§S>aÀ`m H$mimV ^moOd¥jmMr gmb ho ^maVmVrb EH$
à^mdembr boIZgm{hË` hmoVo Am{U ^maVmda AboŠPm§S>aMo AmH«$_U hmoÊ`mnydu Iyn
AJmoXanmgyZ `m gmbrMm Cn`moJ hmoV hmoVm. J«rH$ B{VhmgH$ma Š`y. H${Q>©AgZo, Omo
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 114
AboŠPm§S>aMm B{VhmgH$ma hmoVm, ^maVr`m§Zr ^moOd¥jmÀ`m gmbrMm Cn`moJ Ho$ë`mMm
CëboI Ho$bm Amho Am{U `m g§X^m©V Ë`mZo nwT>rb {dYmZ Ho$bo Amho, ""PmS>mÀ`m
ZmOy H $ gmbrda bìhmiçmÀ`m H$mJXmgmaIrM Ajam§ À `m Iw U m `o V mV''
(Chopra, 1995). B.g. Xwgè`m qH$dm {Vgè`m eVH$mVrb ^moOd¥jmÀ`m gmbrda
{b{hbobo gdmªV n{hbo hñV{b{IV ImamoíQ>r e¡brVrb AgyZ H$miçm emB©Zo {b{hbobo
Amho. `mMm Cn`moJ _moJb amOdQ>rn`ªV Mmby am{hbm. ^moOd¥jmÀ`m gmbrMm dmna
àmMrZ H$mimV Zm|Xr {b{hÊ`mgmR>r, {deofV: Oå_y d H$mí_ra Am{U ^maVmÀ`m
nd©V_` àXoemV Pmbm. `wamon Am{U CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m AZoH$ Xoem§_Ü`o N>moQ>çm Q>rnm
Am{U nÌo {b{hÊ`mgmR>r ^moOd¥jmÀ`m gmbrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. ^moOd¥j
14,000 \y$Q> C§Mrn`ªV dmT>Vo. `m PmS>mMr AmVrb gmb boIZmgmR>r dmnabr OmVo.
hr gmb AZoH$ nmVi Wam§nmgyZ V`ma hmoVo. àË`oH$ Wa hm Z¡g{J©H$ qS>H$mZo Am{U
bmH$S>r JmR>rZo {MH$Q>bobm AgVmo, Oo PmS>mÀ`m gmbrMo ^mJ AgVmV. gmbrMo
nmVi Wa H$mT>ë`mZ§Va AmVrb gmb gwH$dbr OmVo Am{U {Vbm Vob bmdyZ d KmgyZ
{b{hÊ`m`mo½` ~Zdbr OmVo. {VMm AmH$ma 3 X 4 \y$Q> BVH$m AgVmo. à_mU~Õ
AmH$mamMo H$mJX {d{eï> AmH$mamV H$mnbo OmVmV. XmoarÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo nmZo EH$Ì
~m§YyZ R>odÊ`mg _Ü`^mJr {N>Ð nmS>bo OmVo Am{U XmoZ bmH$S>r AmÀN>mXZm§À`m _Ü`o
gwa{jV R>odë`mZ§Va KÅ> H$ê$Z R>odbo OmVo. {b{hÊ`mgmR>r H$m~©Z emB©Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm
OmV hmoVm Am{U noZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo boIZ Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. KmgÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V,
OmS> gmbrda YmaXma boIZmgm{hË`mZo Ajao Kmgbr OmVmV. ^moOd¥jmÀ`m gmbrMm
a§J EH$m ~mOyg JS>X Vn{H$ar AgyZ Xwgè`m ~mOyg Vn{H$ar nm§T>am AgVmo. Ym{_©H$
XñVmdoO Am{U n{dÌ `§ÌmgmR>r ^moOnÌ ho A{Ve` n{dÌ boIZ gm{hË` g_Obo OmVo
(Agarwal, 1984). Mma WamV Agboë`m ^moOd¥jmÀ`m gmbrMr OmS>r 0.2 Vo
0.5 {_.{_. Xaå`mZ Agbobr AmT>iVo. KZVm hr Odinmg 5 J«°_ BVH$s hmoVr.
gmbrÀ`m EH$m Z_w Ý`mMo narjU Ho$bo AgVm goë `wb mo O `m KQ>H $mMo à_mU
38hñV{b{IV d {bJ{ZZMo à_mU 8hñV{b{IV BVHo$ AmT>ibo. `m gm{hË`mMr
A°{gQ>moZ, ~oÝPoZ, BW°Zm°b, BWa d Pm`{bZ `mgma»`m {d{dY Z¡g{J©H$ agm`Zm§_Ü`o
{daKiÊ`mMr j_Vm CÀM AgVo. W§S> nmÊ`mV _mÌ ho gm{hË` {daKiV Zmhr Va Ja_
nmÊ`mV ho gm{hË` 4.3 Q>ŠŠ`m§n`ªV {daKiVo.
3.21 gm§{MnmQ>
AJmê$À`m gmbrda {b{hbobr hñV{b{IVo gd©gmYmaUnUo gm§{MnmQ> åhUyZ
AmoiIbr OmVmV. CÎma-nyd© ^maVmVrb bmoH$ `m hñV{b{IVm§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmV
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 115
Cn`moJ H$arV hmoVo. H$mhr {dÛmZm§Mm Agm {dídmg Amho H$s, `m àXoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm
BVa àH$maMo hñV{b{IVmMo gm{hË` dmnê$Z Ho$bobo gm§{MnmQ> ng§V hmoVo. {g~m qgKm,
ê$Ð qgYm `mgma»`m Ahm°_Mo gm_Ï`©embr amOm§gmR>r ~Zdboë`m gw§Xa gm§{MnmQ>
hñV{b{IVm§Mo ApñVËd darb {dYmZmbm nwï>r XoVmV. AmJa d¥jmÀ`m gmbrÀ`m (AJmê$
~bH$mbm) Cn`moJmMm g§X^© hm hf©dY©ZmÀ`m H$mim_Ü`o AmT>iVmo. ~ZhÅ>Zo {b{hboë`m
hf©M[aÌmZwgma, H$m_nwamMm emgH$ dmgH$ad_©Z amOmZo g_«mQ> hf©dY©Z `mg AJmê$À`m
gmbrda gw§XanUo {b{hbobo I§S> ^oQ> {Xbo. AmJa d¥jmÀ`m gmbrMm Cn`moJ Ho$ë`mMo
{d{eï> g§X^© gmVì`m eVH$mV {b{hboë`m {ZU©`gmJa `m hñV{b{IVm_Ü`o CnbãY
AmhoV (Datta, 1988). gm§{MnmQ> H$mJX V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmJa d¥jmÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m
gmbrda Am¡fYrH$aU, a§JH$m_ Am{U M_H${dUo `m§Mm g_mdoe Agbobr {H$MH$Q>
à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mV `oVo. gm§{MnmQ> ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r 15 Vo 16 df© d` Am{U 75 go§._r.
Vo 90 go§._r. Koa Agboë`m Amja d¥jmbm ng§Vr {Xbr OmVo. 2 Vo 4 _rQ>a bm§~r
Am{U 10 Vo 60 go._r. é§Xr Agboë`m nQ²>Q>çm `m d¥jmnmgyZ {_idVm `oVmV. àË`oH$
nÅ>rMr AmVrb qH$dm nm§T>aQ> ~mOy ~mhoa R>odyZ Am{U ~mhoarb qH$dm {hadQ> n¥ð>^mJ
Agbobr ~mOy AmVrb ~mOyg KoD$Z àË`oH$ nÅ>r ñdV§ÌnUo Jw§S>mibr OmVo. Aem
àH$mao Jw§S>miboë`m nQ²>Q>çm AZoH$ {Xdg gy`©àH$memV R>odyZ dmidë`m OmVmV. Z§Va
gmbrdarb Ia~arV ^mJ qH$dm ~mhoarb ^mJ H$mT>Ê`mg gwb^ ìhmdo åhUyZ `m nQ²>Q>çm
\$içmda R>odyZ hmVmZo qH$dm BVa H$R>rU gm{hË`mZo Kmgë`m OmVmV. Z§Va Ë`m nQ²>Q>çm
EH$ amÌ XdmV R>odë`m OmVmV. Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir, gmbrMm ~mhoarb Wa
H$miOrnyd©H$ H$mT>bm OmVmo Am{U Z§Va gmbrMo 25 Vo 60 g|._r. bm§~ d 8 Vo 20.
g§o._r. é§X Ago VwH$S>o Ho$bo OmVmV. `m H$mnboë`m gmbrMm n¥ð>^mJ MmHy$À`m gmhmæ`mZo
KmgyZ _wbm`_ Ho$bm OmVmo. gmbrMo ho VwH$S>o Z§Va ^mOboë`m {dQ>oÀ`m VwH$S>çmZo
Kmgbo OmVmV. _{V_mh d¥jmÀ`m (Phaseolus radiatus) qS>H$mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$bobr
Ii H$mnboë`m gmbrda Mmoibr OmVo Am{U Z§Va ho VwH$S>o h[aVbMr (orpiment)
à{H«$`m Ho$br OmVo (Datta, 1988). gm§{MnmQ>À`m nmZm§Zm h[aVb nÕVrZo _wbm`_
ê$n Am{U _¥Xy ñne© {Xbm. hr nÕV gm§{MnmQ>bm BVa YmoŠ`m§nmgyZ ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r
à{VH$maj_ ~ZdVo. nwT>Mr nm`ar åhUOo nwÝhm EH$Xm gy`©àH$memV dmidUo hr hmo`.
Ë`mZ§Va gm§{MnmQ> nmZm§Zm _D$ XJS>mZo, e§ImZo qH$dm H$R>rU bmH$S>r VwH$S>çmZo Kmgbo
OmVo. Aem àH$mao V`ma Pmboë`m gmbrÀ`m gd© VwH$S>çm§Zm IynM _wbm`_ ê$n àmßV
hmoVo. Mm§Jë`m àH$mao a§Jg§JVr Agbobo XmoZ bmH$S>r VwH$S>o ~mhoarb AmÀN>mXZ åhUyZ
dmnabo OmVmV. gm§{MnmQ>Mr hr nmZo XmoZ bmH$S>r AmÀN>mXZm§_Ü`o R>odbr OmVmV
Am{U XmoatÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo hm g§nyU© g§M EH${ÌVnUo KÅ> ~m§Ybm OmVmo. gm§{MnmQ>
hñV{b{IVo hr Zoh_r Mm¡H$moZr AmH$mamV CnbãY AgVmV. àË`oH$ nmZmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr
nyU© g§Mmbm KÅ> ~m§YyZ R>odUmar Xmoar Amanma OmÊ`mg {N>Ð nmS>bobo AmT>iVo. øm
Xmoè`m gmYmaUnUo _w§Jm qH$dm E§S>r V§Vy§nmgyZ ~Zdë`m OmVmV. hr hñV{b{IVo
{b{hÊ`mgmR>r H$m~©Z emB© Am{U "gm§Mr-_mhr' Ago Zmd Agbobr {deof emB© dmnabr
OmV hmoVr.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 116
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 117
3.22 Ho$irMo d H$_imMo nmZ
Ago {XgyZ Ambobo Amho H$s, Ho$i Am{U H$_imÀ`m nmZm§MmXoIrb {b{hÊ`mgmR>r
Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. H$_imÀ`m nmZmMm {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m Cn`moJmMm CëboI
H$m{bXmgmÀ`m "A{^kmZ emHw§$Vb_²' _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho (Chopra, 1995).
3.23 _mS>mMo nmZ
H$mJXmMm emoY bmJÊ`mnydu H$mhr àH$maMo _mS>mMo nmZ ho OdiOdi gd©
X{jU Am{U X{jU-nyd© Am{e`mB© Xoem§_Ü`o gdmªV _hÎdmMo boIZgm{hË` hmoVo. XoemVrb
{d{dY g§ñWm§_Ü`o Am{U ì`ŠVrH$S>o _mS>mÀ`m nmZmdarb hñV{b{IVo _moR>çm g§»`oZo
CnbãY AmhoV. _mS>mÀ`m nmZmdarb ~hþVm§e hñV{b{IVo hr B.g. 11ì`m qH$dm
12ì`m eVH$mVrb AmhoV. àmMrZ H$mimV hñV{b{IVo {b{hÊ`mgmR>r _mS>mÀ`m
nmZmMm g§X^© OmVH$mVm AmT>iVmo. øwbr `mZo {b{hboë`m øwEZ-Ëg§J `mÀ`m
AmË_M[aÌmVyZ AmnUmg Ago g_OVo H$s, ^JdmZ ~wÕmÀ`m _hm{Zdm©UmZ§Va Ooìhm
n{hbr ~m¡Õ g^m KoÊ`mV Ambr, Voìhm `m g^oMr {Ì{n{Q>H$m _mS>mÀ`m nmZm§da
{b{hÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. AW©emñÌm_Ü`o H$m¡{Q>ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m O§JbmVrb dñVy§À`m `mXr_Ü`o
^moOd¥j Am{U _mS>mÀ`m nmZm§Mm CëboI Ho$bm Amho, Or boIZgm{hË` åhUyZ dmnabr
OmV hmoVr. hf©dY©Z amOmÀ`m J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o _moR>çm g§»`oZo hñV{b{IVo hmoVr Am{U
Ë`mZo _moR>çm g§»`oZo _mS>mÀ`m nmZm§da {b{hbobr hñV{b{IVoXoIrb øwEZ-Ëg§J `mbm
B.g. 632-642 _Yrb Ë`mÀ`m ^maV^oQ>r Xaå`mZ {Xbr. _mS>mÀ`m nmZmdarb
hñV{b{IVo AJXr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV åhUOo B.g. 7ì`m eVH$mV Zonmi_Ü`o CnbãY
Agë`mMr Zm|X Amho. ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb JwßV amOdQ>rMr boIZe¡br dmnê$Z
_mS>mÀ`m nmZmda {b{hbobo gdmªV OwZo hñV{b{IV (B.g. 6do eVH$) OnmZ_Yrb
hmo[a`wPr `oWrb _R>mV OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbo Amho (Bhattacharya, 1947). ^maVmÀ`m
{d{dY ^mJm§_Ü`o Am{U BVa ny d©oH$S>rb Xoem§_Ü`o _mS>d¥jmÀ`m nmZm§Mm dmna
eVH$mZweVHo$ Ho$bm OmV Amho. {b{hÊ`mgmR>r _mS>mMr nmZo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwédmVrg
hr nmZo H$moaS>r Ho$br OmVmV, Z§Va H$mhr Vmgm§gmR>r Ja_ nmÊ`mV CH$ibr OmVmV
Am{U Z§Va nwÝhm gwH$dbr OmVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Amdí`H$Voà_mUo hr nmZo H$mnbr OmVmV.
hr gd©gmYmaU nÕV Amho, na§Vw XoemÀ`m doJdoJiçm àXoem§_Ü`o {b{hÊ`mgmR>r _mS>mMr
nmZo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r WmoS>rer {Zamir à{H«$`m {Z:g§e`nUo {dH${gV Ho$br hmoVr.
_mS>mMr nmZo hr bm§~ na§Vw Aé§X AgVmV. H$mhr doiog {b{hÊ`mg {dñV¥V n¥ð>^mJ
{_idÊ`mgmR>r _mS>mMr XmoZ qH$dm VrZ nmZo EH$Ì {edbr OmVmV. _mS>mÀ`m nmZm§da
{b{hÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _w»` à{H«$`m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. n{hbr åhUOo, `m
nmZm§da Ajao Am{U AmH¥$Ë`m H$moaÊ`mgmR>r YmVyMo Q>moH$Xma gmYZ dmnabo OmV hmoVo.
Z§Va `m nmZm§darb Ajao d AmH¥$Ë`m ñnï>nUo {XgÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mda H$mOir qH$dm
bmoUmar H$moiemMr nyS> Mmoibr OmV hmoVr. BVa nÕVr_Ü`o, Ogo H$mJXmda {b{hbo
OmVo Vgo PmS>mÀ`m nmZm§da {b{hÊ`mgmR>r boIUr d emB©Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm
(Agarwal, 1977). hñV{b{IVmMr nmZo EH$Ì ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r, nmZm§À`m _Ü`^mJr
qH$dm EH$m ~mOyg {N>Ðo nmS>br OmV Am{U `m {N>Ðm§VyZ Xmoar KmbyZ hr nmZo EH$Ì
R>odbr OmV. hr hñV{b{IVo, gm_mÝ`V: bmH$S>mÀ`m XUH$Q> \$içm§_Ü`o R>odbr OmV.
H$mhr doiog ho bmH$S>r \$io a§JH$m_ qH$dm H$moard H$m_ H$ê$Z gOdbo OmV hmoVo.
3.24 H$mJX
"nona' (H$mJX) `m eãXmMo _yi "nnmBag' (Gyprus Papyrus Linn) `m
ZmB©b Imoè`m_Ü`o {dnwb à_mUmV dmT>Umè`m d doiygma»`m {XgUmè`m dZñnVr_Ü`o
Amho. H$mJXmMm emoY ËgB© bwZ `mZo MrZ_Ü`o bmdbm. ËgB© bwZ hm B.g. 105 _Ü`o
hmo Vr `mÀ`m amOdQ>r_Ü`o {MZr gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ _§Ìr hmoVm. {MZr bmoH$m§Zr
XrK©H$mimn`ªV H$mJX ~Z{dÊ`mMr H$bm A{Ve` gwa{jV Jw{nV R>odbr. na§Vw B.g.
1751 _Ü`o Aa~ Am{U {MZt_Ü`o g_aH§$X `oWrb WmamO ZXr{H$Zmè`mda Pmboë`m
bT>mB©_Ü`o {H$Ë`oH$ {MZr H$mJX-{Z_m©Vo nH$S>bo Jobo. `m KQ>ZoZ§Va g_aH§$XMo bmoH$
H$mJX ~Z{dÊ`mMr H$bm {eH$bo Am{U CÎmamoÎma hr H$bm B{OßV, n{e©`m, _Ü`
Am{e`m, OnmZ, BË`mXr `m§gma»`m BVa eoOmar Xoem§_Ü`o Am{U ~JXmX, X_mñH$g
`m§gma»`m eham_Ü`o ngabr. H$mJXmda {b{hbobr AZoH$ Aa~ hñV{b{IVo hr Zdì`m
eVH$mVrb Agë`mMr AmT>iVmV (Agarwal, 1997). Xhmì`m eVH$mV _wpñb_m§Zr
^maVmV H$mJXmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr Am{U gdmªV OwZo ^maVr` H$mJXr hñV{b{IV
B.g. 1223-1224 _Yrb Amho Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. na§Vw E_.E. ñQ>oZ `mZo gVnVm
~«m÷U ho H$mJXmdarb hñV{b{IV B.g. 1089 _Yrb Agë`mMm CëboI Ho$bm
Amho. Or. ~wëhoa `mZo Ë`mÀ`m "B§{S>`Z n°{bAmoJ«m\$s' Zm|Xr_Ü`o gdmªV OwZo H$mJXmdarb
hñV{b{IV ho JwOamV_Yrb B.g. 1223-1224 `m dfm©Vrb Agë`mMm g§X^©
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 118
{Xbm Amho (Pandey, 1952). OmoYnya `oWo EH$ H$mJXmdarb hñV{b{IV Amho, Vo
B.g. 1146 _Yrb Amho ( Chopra, 1995 ). _w Kb amOYmZrÀ`m ^mo dVr
"H$mKOrnwam' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmUmar AZoH$ H|$Ðo hmoVr. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m
H$mofmJmam_Ü`o {d{dY àH$maMo H$mJX hmoVo. Am°pìh¨½Q>Z Ë`mÀ`m "gyaVMr g\$a' `m
B.g. 1689 _Ü`o {b{hboë`m nwñVH$mV {b{hVmo H$s gd©gmYmaU ^maVr` H$mJX
\$maM _wbm`_ d MH$mH$s Agbobm hmoVm (Chopra, 1995).
(4) g_mamon
hñV{b{IVo d Ë`m§Mo ApñVËd ho da CëboI Ho$boë`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dmMZ
gm{hË`mda Adb§~yZ Amho. ^maVmVrb d {dXoemVrb AZoH$ g§J«hm§_Ü`o hr hñV{b{IVo
{d{dY nÕVtMm dmna H$ê$Z OVZ d g§dY©Z H$ê$Z R>odÊ`mV Ambobr AmhoV.
àñVwV boImMm _w»` CÔoe hm {d{dY boIZ gm{hË`m§Mm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Vo
dmMH$m§g_moa _m§S>Uo hm hmoVm. Ë`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gXaMm boI `m {df`mV g§emoYZ
H$aUmè`m d BVa H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo boIZ H$aÊmmè`m ì`ŠVtZm {ZpíMVM Cn`wŠV
R>aUma Amho.
g§X^© gyMr
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Agrawal, O. P. & Barkeshli Mandana (1997), Conservation
of Books, Manuscripts and Paper Documents, Lucknow :
INTACH Indian Council of Conservation Institutes, 270P.
Agrawal, O. P. (Edr.) (1992), Conservation of Manuscripts
and Documents : Problems And Prospects, Lucknow :
INTACH, ICI, pp. 1-21.
Ashman, J. (1993), Ethics in Conservation, Journal of the
Society of Archivists, Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 15-24.
Bhattacharya, B. (1947), Palm Leaf Manuscripts and Their
Preservation, The Indian Archives, Vol. 1, No.3, pp. 233-234.
Bozman, E. F. (Edr.) (1967), Everyman's Encyclopaedia, Vol.8,
5th Edn., London : J. M. Dent & Sons. p.212.
Buhler, G. (1904), Indian Paleography, Bombay : Bombay
Education Society Press, pp.92-98.
Chakraborti, M. L. (1975), Bibliography in Theory and Practice,
Calcutta : The World Press.
Chopra, H. S. (1995), Library Conservation, New Delhi :
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 119
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
Commonwealth Publishers, Church.
Corea Ishvari, (Edr.) (1993), Encyclopaedia of Information
and Library Science, Vol.8, New Delhi : Akashdeep Publishing
House, pp. 1944-1949.
Datta, A. (Edr.) (1989), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature,
Vol. III, New Delhi : Sahitya Academy, pp. 2596-2603.
Datta, P. K. (1988), Notes on Sanchipat Manuscripts of
Eastern India, Conservation of Cultural Property in India,
Vol.21, pp.47-49
Pandey, R. B. (1952), Indian Paleography, Varanasi : Motilal
Banarasi Das, pp. 66-86
Perti R. K. (1995), Preservation And Conservation of Library
Materials, School Of Social Sciences, New Delhi, IGNOU
Sinha, D. G. and Agrawal, O. P. (1994), Basic Studies on the
Properties of the Palm leaf, Restaurator, Vol. 15, No.2, pp.
65-78.
www.paleography.ac.uk/mgmtmeet.htm dt.12.5.2005, pp. 17 (Project Progress Report : Presented at the Management
Committee Meeting, 25 July, 2000)
www.acharya.iitm.ac.in/palm_leaf.html.dt.24.7.2003
www.georgianmanuscripts.caucasus.netlen/digit_center.asp,
dt.24.7.2003
www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/manuscript.dt.14.2.2004
www.llbrary.comell.eduipreservationimanuallmg7b.html.
dt.24.7.2003
www.skypoint.com/~waltzmnlmscategories.html, dt.17.5.2005
pp.1-5. Manuscript Categories, (Aland Kurt and Aland Barab)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 120
_m{hVr gmjaVm....
- àm. àdrU KmoS>oñdma, ghm`H$ àmÜ`mnH$, {dÚmWu godm {d^mJ,
`.M._._wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$-422 222
gpraveen18feb@gmail.com
gmam§e … _m{hVr gmjaVm (Information Literacy) hm
gÜ`mÀ`m `wJmVrb nadbrMm eãX Pmbobm Amho. CnbãY
Agboë`m kmZmMo `mo½` VèhoZo Cn`moOZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
àË`oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m A§Jr H$mhr H$m¡eë`o AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m
H$m¡eë`m§À`m AmYmamda gXa ì`º$s Amnbm {dH$mg gmYy eH$Vo.
OrdZmÀ`m àË`oH$ joÌm_Ü`o _m{hVr gmjaVm AgUo JaOoMo Amho
d _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ ho {dH$mgmÀ`m àË`oH$ joÌmer {ZJ{S>V Agë`mZo
`mg§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr gmjaVm A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© R>aVo.
gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV gmjaVm `m eãXmMm AW© Ho$di {b{hVm-dmMVm `oUo BVnVM
_`m©{XV am{hbobm Zmhr. AjakmZ AgUo hm gmjaVoMm _yi AW© Agbm Var g_mOmV
dmdaVmZm AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m gmjaVm ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr AgUo JaOoMo Pmbo Amho. Ob
gmjaVm, {dYr gmjaVm, n`m©daU gmjaVm, _mÜ`_ gmjaVm, AW© gmjaVm, Amhma
gmjaVm, V§ÌkmZ gmjaVm Ago gmjaVoMo doJdoJio àH$ma gm§JVm `oVmV. AmOMo `wJ
ho _m{hVrÀ`m àñ\$moQ>mMo `wJ g_Obo OmVo. _m{hVr - g§àofU - V§ÌkmZ AWm©V
Am`grQ>r (BZ\©o$_oeZ- H$å`w{ZHo$eZ- Q>oŠZm°bm°Or) ho AmOÀ`m H$mimVbo nadbrMo
eãX AmhoV.
Am`grQ>rÀ`m `m H$mimV Mmahr ~mOy§Zr _m{hVrMm àM§S> AmoK dmhVmo`. B§Q>aZoQ>,
Q>rìhr M°Zëg, gmoeb {_S>r`m Aem doJdoJiçm _mJmªZr Am{U {Za{Zamiçm ñdê$nmV
_m{hVr gmaIr AmXiV AgVo. Amnë`mn`ªV nmohMUmar _m{hVr {H$Vr {dídgZr`
Amho, Ë`mMr gË`Vm H$er nS>Vmimdr, Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Hw$R>o {Z H$gm H$amdm, àmßV
Pmboë`m _m{hVrMr d¡YVm H$Yrn`ªV Amho `mgma»`m àíZm§Mr CH$b H$aVm `oUo Iyn
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 121
Amdí`H$ Pmb`§. àmßV hmoUmè`m _m{hVrÀ`m àM§S> ^S>r_mamZo Amnbr _Vr Hw§$R>rV
hmoÊ`mMr doi àg§Jr `oVo EdT>m _m{hVrMm OmoaXma _mam Amnë`mda gÜ`m hmoV Amho. ho
gd© Q>miÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr gmjaVoMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho.
_m{hVr gmjaVm åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` `mMm AmnU WmoS>Š`mV {dMma H$ê$.
AmnUmg nm{hOo Agboë`m _m{hVrMr Amdí`H$Vm g_OUo, Vr emoYUo, {VMo _yë`_mnZ
H$aUo Am{U Vr _m{hVr BVam§Zm Anm`H$maH$ R>aUma Zmhr Aem nÕVrZo dmnaÊ`mMr
j_Vm àmßV H$aUo åhUOo _m{hVr gmjaVm hmo`. WmoS>Š`mV, doJdoJiçm j_Vm§Mm
EH${ÌV n[aUm_ åhUOo _m{hVr gmjaVm Agohr AmnUmg åhUVm `oD$ eH$Vo. AmnUmg
OodT>r JaO Amho Ë`mnojm OmñV _m{hVr gÜ`m CnbãY hmoV AgVo. qH$~hþZm H$YrH$Yr Va JaO ZgVmZmhr _m{hVr CnbãY hmoVo. Aem doir CnbãY Pmboë`m _m{hVrMo
H$m` H$am`Mo `mMr OmU {Z ^mZ AgUo Iyn _hÎdmMo Amho. `mgmR>rM ì`ŠVr _m{hVr
gmja Agm`bm hdr. gÜ`mÀ`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m H$mimV CnbãY _m{hVrÀ`m ^S>r_mamVyZ
Zo_H$s _m{hVr {_i{dUo hrXoIrb EH$ g_ñ`mM Pmbobr Amho.
AmnU _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ doJdoJiçm ñVam§da H$arV AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©,
{ejUmMo doJdoJio n`m©` {ZdS>Ê`mgmR>r, ZmoH$ar-ì`dgm`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr àJVr
gmYÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`mMà_mUo ImOJr Am`wî`mVhr _m{hVrMr JaO CX²^dV AgVo.
dV©_mZnÌo, AmH$medmUr, Xya{MÌdm{hÝ`m, B§Q>aZoQ> `m§gma»`m _mÜ`_m§_YyZ _m{hVr
Amnë`mn`ªV `oV AgVo. hr _m{hVr {\$ëQ>a Pmbobr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio {VÀ`mV Amnë`mgmR>r
ZH$mo Agboë`m KQ>H$m§Mmhr ^aUm AgVmo. {edm` hr _m{hVr ÜdZr (AmdmO), Ñí`,
ÑH$-lmì`, J«m{\$Šg, _w{ÐV _OHy$a Aem doJdoJiçm ñdê$nmV CnbãY hmoV AgVo,
åhUyZM `m _m{hVrMo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mV doi bmJVmo. VgoM _m{hVrMo _yë`_mnZ H$aU§hr
AdKS> hmoV AgVo. VÁkm§À`m _Vo, ""_m{hVrMr XOm©Ë_H$ A{ZpíMVVm Am{U g§»`mË_H$
CnbãYVm ho Iè`m AWm©Zo _m{hVr dmnaÊ`mVbo _moR>o AmìhmZ Amho, H$maU Ho$di
_w~bH$ _m{hVrÀ`m CnbãYVo_wio Hw$UmH$S>o _m{hVr {Z{_©Vr j_Vm `oV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r
_m{hVr n[aUm_H$maH$nUo dmnaÊ`mMr j_Vm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.'' hr j_Vm
_m{hVr gmjaVoVyZ `oD$ eH$Vo.
_m{hVrMr JaO g_OUo, nm{hOo Vr _m{hVr àmßV H$ê$Z Vr `Wm`mo½` d
n[aUm_H$maH$ Cn`moJmV AmUUo, _m{hVr d _m{hVrÀ`m òmoVm§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aVm
`oUo, àmßV Ho$bobr _m{hVr ñdV:À`m kmZmV g_m{dï> H$aUo, _m{hVrÀ`m Cn`moJmMo
Am{W©H$, Z¡{VH$, H$m`Xoera d gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _hÎd g_OyZ KoD$Z Vr dmnaUo,
BË`mXr ~m~r _m{hVr gmjaVoV A§V^y©V AmhoV. _m{hVr gmjaVoMm g_mOmV Iyn ì`mnH$
n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo, Ago VÁkm§Mo _V Amho. _m{hVrMm emoY KoUo, Ë`mVbm Ame`
OmUUo, _m{hVrMo g§àofU Am{U {díbofU H$aUo, BË`mXr à{H«$`m _m{hVr gmjaVoV
A{^àoV AmhoV. `m Jmoï>r åhUmì`m VodT>çm gmoß`m ZmhrV. øm à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r
CÀM XOm©Mr ~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm Amdí`H$ Amho.
AbrH$S>À`m H$mhr XeH$m§_Ü`o ^maVmV OZVoMr _m{hVr gmjaVm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
doJdoJio CnH«$_ AmIÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. `mV gd© {ejm A{^`mZ, {Oëhm àmW{_H$
{ejU H$m`©H«$_, amï´>r` gmjaVm Am{^`mZ, BË`mXr CnH«$_m§Mm CëboI H$aVm `oB©b.
`mM _m{bHo$V g_wXm` _m{hVr H|$Ðo, JmdnmVirdarb _m{hVr H|$Ðo H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mV
Ambr AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmV {Xdg|{Xdg ZdrZ ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. V§ÌkmZmV
hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mr _m{hVr bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohMyZ Vr Ë`m§Zm ghOnUo H$er dmnaVm `oB©b
`mgmR>r à`ËZ ìhm`bm hdoV. hr O~m~Xmar emgZm~amo~aM e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm (emim,
_hm{dÚmb`o, {dÚmnrR>o), ñd`§godr g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`o, {d{dY àgma_mÜ`_mo
`m§Mrhr Amho. g_mOmVë`m Yw[aUm§Zr "_m{hVr gmjaVm _mohr_' AJ«H«$_mZo Am{U
Omo_XmanUo am~{dUo hr gÜ`mÀ`m {S>OrQ>b `wJmÀ`m H$mimMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho.
(gXa {Q>nU {b{hÊ`mgmR>r S>m°. X. Zm. \$S>Ho$ {b{IV "J«§Wmb` g§JUH$sH$aU Am{U
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU' `m nwñVH$mVrb àH$aUmMm AmYma KoVbm Amho.)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 122
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 123
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m bmoH$ H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrÀ`m
JaOm (Public Legal Information Needs)
_m{hVr d _m{hVr nÕVr
OdiOdi gd© _mZdr ì`dhmam_Ü`o _m{hVr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo.
_m{hVrMo _hÎd _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmV AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. _m{hVrMo àgmaU
d _m{hVrMr CnbãYVm `m§Zr OJ ho EH$ IoS>oJmd (Global Village) ~Zbo Amho.
^maV Cd©[aV OJmà_mUo _yë`mnmgyZ V§ÌkmZmn`ªV ~Xb AZw^drV Amho.
Á`mà_mUo _mZdOmVrÀ`m {dH$mgmV gd© kmZemIm§Zr hmV^ma bmdbm Amho.
VÛVM "J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ' øm emñÌmVrb AZoH$ V§Ìm§Zr àË`j dm AàË`j
g§emoYZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. Vr V§Ìo Vm{bH$sH$aU, dJuH$aU, g§X^©godm,
àboIZ godm, gmaboIZ godm, gyMr godm, CÕaU {díbofU, Ame` {díbofU, BË`mXr.
_m{hVr Cn^moŠË`m§À`m (User Study) Aä`mgmV _m{hVràUmbr, _m{hVr òmoV,
_m{hVr àmßV H$arV AgVmZm _m{hVr Cn^moŠË`m§Mo dV©Z `m§Mm Aä`mg hmoVmoo.
Aer eŠ`Vm Amho H$s n¥ÏdrVbmda Aer EH$hr ì`ŠVr Zgob H$s Á`mbm
_m{hVr åhUOo H$m` ? OrdZmV _m{hVrMo H$m` _hÎd Amho d _m{hVrÀ`m ApñVËdmÀ`m
d _m{hVrÀ`m AZwnpñWVrMm EImÚmMo OrdZmda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo ho _mhrV
Zmhr. _m{hVr hm KQ>H$ d¡pídH$ Amho. Vr gd© ^mfo_Ü`o CnbãY Amho. _m{hVr hm
Amnë`m OrdZmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho. AmnUmg {Xdg^a _m{hVr àmßV hmoV AgVo.
AmnU àmV:H$mir CR>ë`mda AmH$medmUr, d¥ÎmnÌo AmnUmg {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr
XoV AgVmV. XyYdmbm, XwH$mZXma, KaH$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m d BVa AmnUm§g {d{dY
àH$maMr _m{hVr nwadrV AgVmV. H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmnU Amnbo d[að>, Amnbo
ghH$mar, Amnbo H${Zð> `m§À`mV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m _m{hVrMo AmXmZ-àXmZ hmoV AgVo.
AmnU {d{dY àH$maÀ`m _m{hVrgmR>r {_Ìm§Zm d BVam§Zm {dMmaUm H$arV AgVmo.
CXmhaUmW©, {H«$Ho$Q>Mm ñH$moAa, AmJm_r 24 VmgmVrb hdm_mZ, dmqeJ _erZMm
~oñQ> ~«±S> Omo ~mOmamV CnbãY Amho, BË`mXr.
AemM àH$maÀ`m H$mhr _m{hVrgmR>r AmnU J«§Wmb`mg ^oQ> XoVmo. AmnUmg
nyU© H$amd`mÀ`m AgmB©Z_|Q>gmR>r, àmoOoŠQ>gmR>r {Z`VH$m{bHo$ MmiVmo. WmoS>Š`mV,
OrdZmMo Ago H$moUVohr joÌ Zmhr H$s OoWo _m{hVrZo ñne© Ho$bm Zmhr.
"`wOoZ Jma{\$ëS>' ho "g_mOmÀ`m nyV©Vm Z Pmboë`m _m{hVr{df`H$ JaOm' øm
boImV Ago à{VnmXZ H$aVmV H$s, _m{hVr emñÌkm§Zr (Information Scientist)
g_mOmbm ZwgË`m V§ÌkmZm~m~V bmoH${ejU XoD$Z Wm§~y Z`o, Va g_mOmVrb gd©gm_mÝ`
àH$maÀ`m _m{hVrÀ`m g_ñ`m AmoiIyZ Ë`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm. hr _m{hVr
emñÌkm§Mr à_wI O~m~Xmar Amho. (Eugune Garfield is president of the
Institute for scientific Information (ISI Philadelphia Pennsylvania)
gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ \$ŠV {dÛmZ, emñÌk, V§Ìk `m§À`mV
_m{hVrÀ`m JaOm d Ë`m H$em nwa{dë`m OmVmV `m§Mm Aä`mg OmXm à_mUmV hmoV
AmhoV, na§Vw gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm nyU© hmoV ZmhrV.
`mgmR>r H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr àUmbr Zmhr. (Information System) gd©gm_mÝ`
OZVog X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmdí`H$ ~m~r g§~§YmMr _m{hVr CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. V§Ìk,
ì`mdgm{`H$ YmoaU R>a{dUmao, {Z`moOZH$ma `m§À`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnZ _m{hVr nÕVr
(MIS) {dH${gV Pmbr Amho. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m {ejU, Amamo½`, AW©{df`H$ ~m~r
`m~m~V hdr Vr _m{hVr CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. `mbm AndmX \$ŠV "{H$gmZ H$m°b
g|Q>a'Mm Amho. `mda eoVH$è`m§Zm Q>mob \«$s Z§~ada _m{hVr àmßV hmoVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 124
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 125
à^mH$a JmoqdX {YaS>o, J«§Wnmb
Ý`y bm° H$m°boO, Ah_XZJa
S>m°. Eg.Ho$. nmQ>rb, àmÜ`mnH$ d J«§Wnmb
qg~m°`mo{gg B§Q>aZ°eZb `w{Zìha{gQ>r, nwUo
gmam§e … ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm§Mm
Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m kmZmMr nmVir VnmgUo Am{U `m JaOm
^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`m§Mm H$gm Cn`moJ H$aVm `oB©b `m g§X^m©Vrb
{díbofUmË_H$ {ddoMZ d {dYr gmjaVoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m`Xm
_m{hVr nÕVr H$er {dH${gV H$aVm `oB©b `mda àñVwV boImV
^mî` H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.
àmñVm{dH$
{dYr gmjaVm (Legal Literacy)
H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr~m~V {dMma H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg A{YH$ J§^raVoZo {dMma
H$amdm bmJVmo. AÝ` OrdZmdí`H$ ~m~rg§~§Yr _m{hVr CnbãY Z Pmë`mg AàË`j
VmoQ>o hmoVmV. CXmhaUmW©, AmhmagmjaVm (Diet Literacy) `mV `mo½` AmhmamMr,
nmofU _yë`mMr _m{hVr JaOy§Zm àmßV Z Pmë`mg earamda Ë`mMo A{Zð> n[aUm_
hmoVrb. VWm{n H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr AgUo ho àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$mMo H$V©ì` Amho. H$maU
H$m`ÚmMo gwàñWm{nV Ago VÎd Amho, Vo Ago H$s, Ignorance of Law is No
Excuse. `mMm AW© Agm H$s, àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm Vmo Á`m XoemMm ZmJ[aH$ Amho
VoWrb X¡Z§{XZ ~m~rg§~§Yr H$m`Xo _mhrV Agm`bm hdoV. Ë`m H$m`ÚmMm ^§J Pmë`mg
Vmo H$m`Xm _mhrV ZìhVm Aer g~~ gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. åhUOo X¡Z§{XZ ~m~rg§~§Yr
H$m`ÚmMo kmZ AgUo JaOoMo Amho. hr ~m~ J«m_rU ^mJmV d ehamV amhUmè`m
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XmoKm§Zmhr Cn`wŠV Amho. Aem àg§Jr nÕVera, emñÌmoŠV _m{hVr XoUmar
àUmbr Amdí`H$ Amho.
bmoH$ H$m`Xo {ejU (Public Legal Education) Oa H$m`ÚmZo / Ý`m`
`§ÌUZo ho J¥hrV Yabo Amho H$s, àË`oH$mbm H$m`ÚmMo kmZ Amho. Vgo Ho$bo Zmhr Va
bmoH$ H$m`ÚmMm ^§J H$aVrb. {Z`_ _moS>Vrb d Agm n{dÌm KoVrb H$s, Amåhmbm
H$m`Xm _mhrV ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio àË`oH$mbm {H$_mZ H$m`Xo _m{hVr AgmdoV. åhUOo
àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$mZo H$m`Xo H$go _mhrV H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMo `m~m~V amÁ`mMrgwÕm O~m~Xmar
Amho H$s, Ë`m§Zr ZmJ[aH$m§Zm OwO~r (Functional) H$m`Úm~m~V gkmZ H$amdo.
{dYr gmja (Legal Literate) H$amdo. bmoH$m§n`ªV gmoB©ñH$a _mÜ`_mÛmao H$m`ÚmMo
kmZ g§ào{jV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$m`Xo ~Z{dUmè`mMo åhUOo {dYmZ J¥hmMo Amho.
bmoH$emhr_Ü`o ho Ano{jV Amho Va Ë`m H$m`ÚmMm AmXa hmoB©b d H$m`XonmbZ H$aUmam
ZmJ[aH$ V`ma hmoB©b. (Law Abiding Citizen)
XwX}dmZo ^maVmV Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maUmZo g_mO Cn`moJr H$m`ÚmMo bmoH$ {ejU
(Public Legal Education) hr H$moUmMr O~m~Xmar Zmhr. à{gÕ _mÜ`_m§Zr d
emioÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV H$m`ÚmÀ`m _m{hVrMm g_mdoe Ho$ë`mZo OZVoMo H$m`ÚmMo
bmoH${ejU Aën à_mUmV Pmbo AmhoV. amOH$s` nj, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, gm_m{OH$
g§ñWm `m§Zr H$m`Xo{df`H$ gmjaVoMo CnH«$_ {e{~amÛmao am~dyZ Aëngm à`ËZ Pmbm
Amho. bmoH$ H$m`Xo {ejUm_Ü`o AmUIr à^mdrnUo emim, _hm{dÚmb`, AmH$medmUr,
XyaXe©Z (H$-H$m`ÚmÀ`m gma»`m _m{bH$m), àm¡T> gmja `moOZm, {dñVma {ejU,
{Za§Va {ejU, nWZmQ>ço, _m{hVr nÌHo$, dV©_mZnÌo, {MÌnQ>, q^VrnÌH$, J«§Wmb`,
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$Vrb.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 126
bmoH$ H$m`Xm {ejU ho ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ý`m` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam
AmË_{dídmg, H$m¡eë` d H$m`Úm~m~V kmZ, OmJê$H$Vm, hŠH$m~m~V OmUrd H$ê$Z
XoVo. bmoH$ H$m`Xm {ejU OZVog EH$_oH$m§g _XV H$aÊ`mMo \$ŠV gwMdrV ZgyZ Ë`m§Zm
H$m`ÚmÀ`m _m{hVrMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoUo d H$m`Úm~m~V g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
H$m`ÚmMo kmZ {_i{dUo, H$m`ÚmMm dmna H$aUo øm~m~Vhr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVo `m_Ü`o
bmoH$H$m`Xo {ejUmMr _m{hVrnÕVr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r, ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$m`Xo{df`H$
_m{hVrÀ`m JaOm§Mo _yë`_mnZ hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mZ§Va bmoH$H$m`Xo _m{hVrnÕVrMo
àmê$n (Model) {dH${gV H$aVm `oB©b, Ë`m AZwf§JmZo øm boIm_Ü`o Aä`mg Ho$bm
Amho.
ì`mßVr Am{U _`m©Xm
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m bmoH$ H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm øm {df`m§À`m _m{hVr
emñÌmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. _m{hVr Cn^moŠË`mMm Aä`mg (User
Study) d Ë`mg§~§YmV _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm (Information Needs) `m§Mm nam_e©
`m_Ü`o KoVbm Amho.
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZm_Ü`o X¡Z§{XZ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r d CËgwH$VonmoQ>r AZoH$
àH$maÀ`m _m{hVrMr JaO ^mgVo. VWm{n `m Aä`mgmV H$m`ÚmÀ`m kmZmMr
An[ahm`©Vm bjmV KoD$Z H$m`ÚmÀ`m, kmZmÀ`m, _m{hVrÀ`m JaOoMm Aä`mg `mV
Ho$bm Jobm Amho. H$m`Xo àM§S> à_mUmV AmhoV, Ë`m§Mr g§»`m AJ{UV Amho. VWm{n
gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§Mm gH$minmgyZ gm`§H$min`ªV Á`m H$m`Úm§er g§~§Y `oVmo Aem
OrdZmon`moJr 25 H$m`Úm§Mm nam_e© `m Aä`mgmV KoVbm Amho. øm Aä`mgmgmR>r
Ah_XZJa {Oëhm d Ah_XZJa eha {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo Amho.
C{Ôï>o
(1) ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
(2) ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$m`Xo{df`H$ kmZmMr nmVir VnmgUo.
(3) ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb` _m{hVr
godm_Yrb gmYZo d _mJ© `m§Mm H$em àH$mao dmna H$aVm `oB©b ho nmhUo.
(4) ZmJ[aH$m§Mr H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrMr g~bVm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r {dYr
gmjaVoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m`Xm _m{hVr nÕVr H$em àH$mao {dH${gV H$aVm
`oB©b ho gwM{dUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 127
dmMZ gm{hË`mMo AdbmoH$Z (Review of Literature)
g§emoYZ {df`mer g§~§{YV Ago dmMZ gm{hË`mMo AdbmoH$Z Ho$ë`m{edm`
àñVwV g§emoYZmg gm_Ï`© àmßV hmoV Zmhr. `m g§emoYZm_Ü`o nwT>rb dmMZ gm{hË` hm
g§~§Y Xe©{dVo, d Ë`mMm àñVwV g§emoYZmda H$m` à^md ho `mV Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.
AdbmoH$Z Ho$bobo dmMZ gm{hË`mV MM©obobm {df` d g§emoYZmV KoVbobm {df` H$gm
doJim Amho `mMm D$hmnmoh `mV Ho$bm Amho.
(1) gr. ìhr Zaqgh aoÈ>r `m§Zr nrEM.S>r. gmR>r bmoH$_m{hVr ì`dñWmnZ (Public
Information Management) hm {df` KoV bm hmoVm. emgZ OZVoÀ`m
Ñï>rZo Or _m{hVr {ZdS>Vo d àgmaU H$aVo Vr _m{hVr EH$m§Jr AgVo. Am{W©H$
Xm[aÐçmMr gwê$dmV hr _m{hVrÀ`m Xm[aÐçmnmgyZ hmoVo. _m{hVrMo Xm[aÐç
g§nbo H$s Am{W©H$ Xm[aÐç g§nVo. Aem àH$mamMm {gÕmÝV `mV _m§S>bm Amho.
(2) bm`~«ar AmgmogrEeZ, b§S>Z `m§Zr 1999 gmbr àH$m{eV Ho$bobo nwñVH$
e¡bm n°ÝQ>r `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$bo Amho. ""g_mO _m{hVr OmiçmMr ~m§YUr''
Ago `m nwñVH$mMr erf©H$ Amho. ""CÎm_ g_mOmgmR>r CÎm_ _m{hVr'' ho `m
nwñVH$mMo _Ü`dVu gyÌ Amho. g_mO _m{hVr H$m`m©V _m{hVrMm dmna hr g§H$ënZm
ZdrZ Amho. `m g§H$ënZo_wio Aä`mgH$mg bmoH$H$m`Xm _m{hVrMr g§H$ënZm
gwMbr.
(3) ZmbgmÀ`m Ý`m`XrnÀ`m I§S>-7, A§H$-3, Owb¡ 2006 _Ü`o "{dYr gmjaVoMo
Ñí`' (Prospective on Leal Literacy) øm boIm_Ü`o OñQ>rg Ama.
adtÐ ^Q> `m§Zr nwT>rbà_mUo {dMma ì`ŠV Ho$bo. H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` {dYr
gmjaVoZo gmÜ` hmoUma Amho. hm _hÎdmMm _wÔm _m§S>bm Amho.
(4) EM.EZ. àgmX `m§Zr "_m{hVrÀ`m JaOm d Cn^moŠVm' `m _m{hVrÀ`m {df`mda
(Information Needs and Users) ho nwñVH$ {b{hbo. ho `m {df`mdarb
_yb^yV nwñVH$ Amho. _m{hVrÀ`m Cn^moŠË`mbm g_mYmZH$maH$, à^mdr,
n[aUm_H$maH$ godm XoÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m _m{hVrÀ`m JaOoMo {ZXmZ
hmoUo JaOoMo Amho d Ë`mAmYmao _m{hVr àUmbr {dH${gV H$aVm `oVo ho `m
à{Vnm{Xbo Amho.
(5) àm. ~rHy$. Q>r. bmb `m§Zr EH$m doJiçm {df`mbm ñne© Ho$bm. _m{hVrÀ`m
JaOm, _m{hVr àmßVr_Ü`o _m{hVr Cn^moŠVmMo dV©Z `m _wÚm§da ^a XoD$Z
(Information Needs, Information Seeking behavior) `m erf©H$mMo
nwñVH$ {b{hbo.
(6) H$mao Z, B. \${ea `m§Zr Theories of Information Behavior hm
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 128
AmJimdoJim J«§W g§nm{XV Ho$bm. `m_Ü`o 70 boIm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. øm_YyZ
ho bjmV `oVo H$s, {d{dY g§X^m©V _m{hVr H$er àmßV H$aVmV, Ë`m _m{hVrMo
ì`dñWmnZ H$go Ho$bo OmVo, _m{hVrMo AmXmZàXmZ H$go hmoVo d _m{hVrMm dmna
H$gm hmoVmo `mda ^a {Xbm Amho.
(7) bm`~«ar arìhÿ À`m I§S>-46, A§H$-1 _Ü`o Om\o$Q> Am{Q>H$ `m§Zr "gd©gm_mÝ`
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm' `mda boI {b{hbm. `m_Ü`o
øm JaOm ^mJUo H$go _hÎdmMo Amho `mda ^a {Xbm.
(8) Hw§$P doaZa `m§Zr _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm§Mo n¥WŠH$aU d _yë`_mnZm§À`m nÕVr `mda
{Q>nUr(ZmoQ>) V`ma Ho$br. `m {df`mdarb hm _hÎdmMm XñVEodO Amho.
g§emoYZ nÕVr
gXa g§emoYZmgmR>r dU©ZmË_H$ (Descriptive) g§emoYZ nÕVrMm dmna
H$aÊ`mV Ambm, H$maU gXaMm Aä`mg hm gÚ…pñWVrMm (dV©_mZH$mbrZ) Amho.
_m{hVr g§H$bZmgmR>r gd©ojU Ë`m AZwf§JmZo àJZ§H$mÀ`m _XVrZo _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. àíZmdbr {~ZMyH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r nm`bQ> àmoOoŠQ>Ûmao àíZmdbrMr nS>VmiUr
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. d àíZmdbr VmH$s©H$ {ZH$fmda VnmgyZ {~ZMyH$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm Jobm. Zm°Z àmo~°~brQ>r g°ß_btJ nÕVrZo Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb eha d 14
VmbwHo$ BWyZ VW g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mV àJZH$m§Zr (Investigator) `m§Zr
a°S>_ g°nb nÕVrZo à{VgmXH$ {ZdS>bo. `mVyZ g§H${bV Pmboë`m _m{hVrÛmao H$moï>H$
(Q>o~b) V`ma H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z {d{dY _m{hVrMo KQ>H$ g_moa Ambo. Ë`mVyZ {ZîH$f©
H$mTy>Z {e\$maer d gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
_m{hVrMo {díbofU gmXarH$aU
Ah_XZJa {Oëhm d IyX eha `oWrb bmoH$g§»`m 40,40,462 EdT>r Amho.
øm_Ü`o nwéf d {ó`m§Mm A§V^m©d Amho. g§nyU© Ah_XZJa {OëømV _m{hVr àmßVrgmR>r
20 àJZH$m§Zr g§nyU© {Oëhm^a àdmg Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr Ë`mgmR>r 1000 à{VgmXH$m§er
g§nH©$ gmYbm. Ë`mn¡H$s 720 à{VgmXH$m§Zr nwadbobr _m{hVr g§emoYZmg Cn`wŠV d
`mo½` AmT>ibr.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 129
H$moï>H$ H«$. 3 : H$m`ÚmÀ`m _m{hVr~m~V ^mdZm
_m{hVrMo {díbofU d gmXarH$aU
H$moï>H$ H«$. 1 : d`mo_mZmZwgma à{VgmXH$m§Mo dJuH$aU
A.Z§.
1
2
3
d`moJQ>
25 dfmªn`ªV
26 Vo 50
51 Vo da
EHy$U
à{VgmXH$m§Mr g§»`m
236
304
180
720
Q>ŠHo$dmar
33%
42%
25%
100%
darb H$moï>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, d`mo_mZ 25 n`ªV 236 (33%)
à{VgmXH$ AgyZ d`moJQ> 26 Vo 50 _Ü`o 304 (42%) à{VgmXH$ AmhoV. 51 df©
d`mMo da 180 (25%) à{VgmXH$ AmhoV.
`mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, gd© à{VgmXH$ ho àm¡T> AmhoV. åhUOo EImÚm ~m~r
g§~§Yr _Vo àX{e©V H$aÊ`mg g_W© AmhoV.
H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 : à{VgmXH$m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ñWmZ
A.Z§.
1
2
3
à{VgmXH$m§Mm XOm© (ñWmZ)
H$Vm©
Hw$Qw>§~ à_wI
Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`
ì`ŠVr
164
175
381
Q>ŠHo$dmar
23%
24%
53%
EHy$U
720
100%
Á`m doir àJZH$mZo Hw$Qw>§~mbm ^oQ> {Xbr, Ë`m doir Ë`mbm 164 (23%)
Hw$Q>w>§~mV H$Vm© hm à{VgmXH$ åhUyZ ^oQ>bm. 175 (24%) Hw$Qw>§~mV Hw$Qw>§~ à_wImZo
à{VgmXH$ åhUyZ _m{hVr {Xbr Va AÝ` à{VgmXH$ 81 (53%) Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`
hmoVo.
`mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb {d{dY ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Umao KQ>H$
àJZH$m§À`m _m{hVrg à{VgmX XoVmV d Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gd© ì`ŠVtZm bmoH$ H$m`Xo _m{hVrÀ`m
JaOm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU hmoVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 130
A.Z§.
1
2
à{VgmX
hmo`
Zmhr
à{VgmXH$
646
74
Q>ŠHo$dmar
89%
11%
H$moï>H$ H«$. 3 dê$Z Ago Ñï>moËnVrg `oVo H$s, g_mOmVrb 646 (89%)
bmoH$m§Zm H$m`Xo _m{hVr AgmdoV Ago dmQ>Vo, Va g_mOmV Agmhr EH$ dJ© Amho
74(11%) Ë`m§Zm H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo dmQ>V Zmhr.
`mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü`o Aer ^mdZm Amho H$s, ~hþg§»` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
H$m`ÚmMo kmZ Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo. H$m`ÚmÀ`m _m{hVrMr JaO Zmhr Ago dmQ>Ê`mMo
à_mU ZJÊ` Amho.
H$moï>H$ H«$. 4 : H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr ì`ŠVrg H$m Agmdr
A.Z§.
1
2
3
4
H$maUmMo ñdê$n
\$gdUyH$ Q>miÊmogmR>r
JwÝhoJmarda dMH$ ~gmdm
H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ H$ê$Z
hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Cn`moJ
EHy$U
ì`ŠVr
304
48
210
Q>ŠHo$dmar
42%
7%
29%
158
720
22%
100%
darb H$moï>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, OZVobm H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr Agmdr
Ago dmQ>Ê`mMo H$maU Amnbr \$gdUyH$ hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ 304 (42%), JwÝhoJmarda
dMH$ ~gmdm åhUyZ 48 (7%), H$m`ÚmMo kmZ Agob Va hŠH$mMo ajU H$aVm `oB©b
Ago 210 (29%), H$m`ÚmMo kmZmMm X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Cn`moJ hmoVmo åhUyZ 158
(22%) ZmJ[aH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo. `mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, H$m`ÚmÀ`m kmZm_wio ~è`mM
J¡aàH$mam_wio {Z`§ÌU hmoD$ eH$Vo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 131
H$moï>H$ H«$. 5 : ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _mhrV Agm`bm hdoV Agm H$m`Xo
A.Z§.
1
2
3
4
5
H$m`Úm§Mo Zmd
gd© H$m`Xo
^maVr` amÁ` KQ>Zm
_m{hVrMm A{YH$ma H$m`Xm
J«mhH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm
{ddmhmg§~§Yr H$m`Xo
ì`ŠVr
149
101
91
76
37
Q>ŠHo$dmar
20%
14%
12%
10%
5%
darb H$moï>H$ H«$_m§H$-5 dê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, bmoH$m§Zm H$moUVo H$m`Xo
_mhrV AgmdoV `mMr {dMmaUm Ho$br AgVm 149 (20%) ì`ŠVtZm dmQ>Vo H$s, gd©
H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr Agmdr. Ë`mZ§Va 101 (14%) ì`ŠVtZm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, ^maVr`
amÁ` KQ>Zm gdmªZm _m{hV Agmdr. Ë`mImbmoImb 91(12%) ì`ŠVtZm Ago dmQ>Vo
H$s, _m{hVr A{YH$ma H$m`Xm hm gdmªZm _mhrV Agm`bm hdm. J«mhH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm
76 (10%) bmoH$m§Zm _mhrV Agm`bm hdo Ago dmQ>Vo. {ddmhg§~§YrMo H$m`Xo 37
(5%) bmoH$m§Zm _mhrV Agm`bm hdo Ago dmQ>Vo.
darb H$m`ÚmMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm à{VgmXH$m§Zr Ë`mMr gm§JS> OrdZmVrb à_wI
~m~rer OmoS>br Amho. ~hþg§»` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, gd© H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm hdr. gd© H$m`ÚmMm AmYma Omo ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>Zm Amho Ë`mMr _m{hVr
gdmªZm Agmdr Ago dmQ>Vo. ^maVmV H$m`Xo Oar nwîH$i Agbo Var Á`m H$m`ÚmZo
g_mOmV OrdZmV H«$m§Vr Pmbr Agm _m{hVr A{YH$mamMm H$m`Xm gdmªZm _mhrV
Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo. H$moUVmhr ZmJ[aH$ Agbm Va Vmo lr_§V Agob, Jar~ Agob, Vmo
J«mhH$ AgVmo d Ë`mbm J«mhH$ g§ajU H$m`ÚmMo _moR>o AmH$f©U AgVo, åhUyZ J«mhH$
g§ajU H$m`Xm _m{hVr Agm`bm hdo Ago dmQ>Vo. g_mOm_Ü`o Á`m àWm - na§nam
AmhoV, g§ñH$ma AmhoV, Ë`mVbm _hÎdmMm g§ñH$ma {ddmh Amho. Ë`m {ddmhg§~§YrMo
H$m`Xohr gm_mÝ` OZVog _m{hVr AgmdoV Ago à{VgmXH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 132
H$moï>H$ H«$. 6 : H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr àmßV H$aÊ`mMr nÕV
A.Z§.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
_m{hVrMm òmoV
dV©_mZnÌo
AmH$medmUr
XyaXe©Z
dH$sb
{_Ì d ZmVodmB©H$ `m§À`mer MMm©
BVa
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ì`ŠVr
329
199
194
169
159
106
79
Q>ŠHo$dmar
45%
27%
26%
23%
22%
14%
10%
darb H$moï>H$ H«$_m§H$ 6 _YyZ Ago {ZînÊU hmoVo H$s, Á`m doir ì`ŠVrbm
_m{hVrMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoVo, Vr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVr {d{dY _m{hVrÀ`m
òmoVmMm emoY KoVmo. _m{hVrMm gdmªV _moR>m òmoV hm dV©_mZnÌ hm Amho. 329 (45%)
à{VgmXH$m§Zm H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr hr dV©_mZnÌmVyZ àmßV hmoVo, Va AmH$medmUr
`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr àmá hmoVo Ago 199 (27%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm
dmQ>Vo. Á`m doir H$m`Xo{df`H$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo, Ë`m doir H$m`Xo{df`H$ g_ñ`oZo
J«ñV ì`ŠVr d{H$bmH$S>o OmV Ago 169(23%) ì`ŠVtZm dmQ>Vo. H$m`Xo{df`H$
g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r gd©gm_mÝ`V: {_Ì d ZmVodmB©H$ `m§Mm 159 (22%) ì`ŠVtZm
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AmYma KoVmV.
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OmVo. g_mOmV gmja bmoH$ AmhoV. VÛVM {Zarja ZmJ[aH$gwÕm AmhoV. Aja eÌy§Zm
AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©Z `m _mÜ`_m§gmR>r Ajao AmoiIrMr JaO Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm ldUmZo
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{Zaja XmoÝhr KoD$ eH$VmV. dV©_mZnÌ ho _mÜ`_ A{Ve` à^mdr Amho. {edm` Vo
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{_Ì d ZmVodmB©H$ ho _hÎdmMo òmoV dmQ>VmV. Ë`m§À`mer Vo MMm© H$aVmV. gdmªV H$_r
à{VgmX hm emgH$s` àH$meZm§Zm Amho. Ë`mMo H$maU Ë`mMr AZwnbãYVm d emgH$s`
àH$meZm_Ü`o dmnabr OmUmar à_mU _amR>r ^mfm Agmdr Ago dmQ>Vo. `m{edm`
106 (14%) à{VgmXH$m§Zr BVa òmoVm§Mr Adb§~ H$aVmo Agm CëboI Ho$bm Amho.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 133
H$moï>H$ H«$. 7 : H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrMo g§àofU H$aÊ`mMr gmYZo
A.Z§.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
gmYZo
XyaXe©Z _m{bH$m
H$m`©emim
gŠVrMo Aä`mgH«$_
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H$m`Xm OmJéH$Vm {e{~a
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emgH$s` àH$meZo
{Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boI
gwÅ>rVrb Aä`mgH«$_
N>moQ>o Aä`mgH«$_
ì`ŠVr
350
240
162
154
149
145
106
90
75
55
Q>ŠHo$dmar
48%
33%
22%
21%
20%
20%
14%
12.5%
10%
7.6%
darb H$moï>H$ H«$_m§H$ 7 dê$Z Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo H$s, gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrMo g§àofU 350(48%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm XyaXe©Z _m{bH$m ho à^mdr
gmYZ dmQ>Vo. 240 à{VgmXH$m§Zm (33%) H$m`Úm§À`m H$m`©emioÛmao H$m`ÚmMr
_m{hVr g§ào{fV hmoB©b Ago dmQ>Vo. VgoM H$mhr à{VgmXH$m§Zm nwT>rb gmYZo Cn`wŠV
dmQ>VmV. gŠVrMo Aä`mgH«$_ 162(22%), nWZmQ>ço 154 (21%), H$m`Xm
OmJéH$Vm {e{~ao 149(20%), emgH$s` àH$meZo 106 (14%),
{Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boI 90 (12.5%), gwÅ>rVrb Aä`mgH«$_ 75 (10%), N>moQ>o
Aä`mgH«$_ 55 (7.6%). `m_Ü`o Agm à{VgmXH$m§Mm EH$ JQ> Amho Ë`m§Zm
J«§Wmb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrMo g§àofU hmoUo hm EH$ _mJ© Amho. ho
A{Ve` `Wmo{MV dmQ>Vo.
H$moï>H$ H«$. 8 : H$m`Xm g_OÊ`mg `oUmè`m AS>MUrMo ñdê$n
A.Z§.
1
2
3
4
5
AS>MUrMo ñdê$n
H$m`ÚmMr {H$MH$Q> ^mfm
J«m§{WH$ ^mfoMm dmna
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BVa
à{VgmX
255
136
115
18
68
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 134
Q>ŠHo$dmar
35%
18%
16%
03%
10%
darb H$moï>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, {b{IV d _m¡{IH$ H$m`ÚmMr ^mfm {H$MH$Q>
Amho Ago 255 (35%) à{VgmXH$ _V ì`ŠV H$aVmV. 136 (18%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm
Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, H$m`Xo{df`H$ dmL²>_`m_Ü`o J«m§{WH$ à_mU^mfoMm dmna Ho$bm Amho
VgoM 115 (16%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {dYr{df`H$
dmL²>_` CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. 18(3%) à{VgmXH$m§Zm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s H$m`Xo{df`H$
_m{hVrMr _mJUr H$aVmZm Vr Ý`yZJ§S>m_wio Zo_Ho$nUm_wio _m§S>br OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
Zo_H$s JaO g_OV Zmhr d n[aUm_V… _m{hVr àmßV hmoV Zmhr. `mnojm AÝ` H$mhr
AS>MUr AmhoV Ago H$mhr à{VgmXH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo.
darb {díbofUmdê$Z Ago bjmV Ambo Amho H$s, H$m`Xm gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm
g_OÊ`mgmR>r Vmo gwJ_ ~mobr^mfoV CnbãY ìhm`bm hdm, VgoM à_mU J«m§{WH$ ^mfmhr
g_OÊ`mOmoJr hdr. J«§Wmb`mV (gmd©O{ZH$ _hm{dÚmb`rZ) {dYr dmL²>_`mÀ`m gm{hË`
g§J«hmMm {dH$mg ìhm`bm hdm.
gmam§e
hm boI {b{hÊ`mgmR>r Oo VÏ` g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Ë`mdê$Z Ago R>m_nUo
åhUVm `oB©b H$s, gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Á`mà_mUo AZoH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m _m{hVrMr
JaO AgVo. Vr JaO Vo Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ _m{hVr nÕVrVyZ ^mJdrV AgVmV.
n[aUm_V: {OWo emñÌewÕ _m{hVr àmßV hmoVo Ë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao g_ñ`m {ZdmaU
hmoÊ`mgmR>r _XV hmoVo. H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVr AgUo, àmßV H$aUo hr EH$ {ZH$S>rMr
~m~ Amho.
àñVwV g§emoYZmV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$m`Xo{df`H$ _m{hVrMr JaO AgVo, Vr
H$emgmR>r, H$moUË`m ~m~r_Ü`o, H$moUË`m àg§Jr {Z_m©U hmoVo, H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmMr
OmñV Amdí`H$Vm AgVo, øm H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo òmoV
dmnaVmV, øm òmoVm§VyZ _m{hVr g§ào{fV hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo gmYZ Ë`m§Zm OmñV gmoB©Mo
dmQ>VmV, Ë`m gmYZm§Ûmao _m{hVr JaOyn`ªV nmohmoMÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m AS>MUr `oVmV
øm gd© ~m~tMm nwamì`mÀ`m AmH$S>odmarÀ`m AmYmao nam_e© KoÊ`mV Ambm.
`m gd© gyMZm§Mm d {e\$maetMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ZmJ[aH$m§À`m bmoH$ H$m`Xo{df`H$
_m{hVrÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ àmê$n Mm§Jë`m àH$mao V`ma hmoD$ eHo$b Oo
"bmoH$ H$m`Xm _m{hVr àUmbr' (Public Legal Information System) åhUyZ
{dH${gV H$aVm `oD$ eHo$b.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 135
g§X^©
(1)
Bikika Tanang Laloo, (2002), Information needs, Information
seeking behaiour and users. New Delhi : ESS ESS Publications,
PP.123-129
(2) Busha Charles H. and Harter Stephen P. (1980), Research
Methods in Librarianship Teaching and Interpretation, New
York, Academic Press, 1980, P.417
(3) Chandra R. and Others (CEO), (2005), "Libraries Information
Literacy and Life long learning" Conference Volume, Delhi,
Indian Library Association
(4) CRISP Group (2004), National Informatic Centre Department
of IT, Ministry of Communications & IT. Government of India.
"Information need Assessment for Rural Communities : An
Indian Case Study (on line web) Accessed 20.11.2003.
http://www.vigyanprasar.com/comcom/feature 31.html.
(5) Devi Purnina and Devi Chongtham Vikas (2005) Information
needs in higher education : A study of college faculties in
Manipur. I.L.A. Bulltin, XLI-2
(6) Eugene Garfield, (1985), Asis Bulletin - October - November,
pp.6-7
(7) Gandhi J. S. (2004), Law, State, Society; Delhi, Rawat
Publications, p.180
(8) Guha B. (1978), Documentation and Information Service
Techniques and Systems, Calcutta, The World Press Ltd.
(9) Kapoor, N. D. (1984), Elements of Mercantile Law including
Company Law & Industrial Law, New Delhi : Sultan Chand
& Sons, Educational Publications, pp. 1-4
(10) Kumar Manish, Bhardwaj Neelam, (2005), "Information needs
by Hills Women on Health and Nutrition : A study in the Kummu
Division of Uttaranchal", Journal of communication studies,
XXIII, p. 35-48
(11) Kunz Wener ef.al. (1977), (1977), Methods of Analysis &
Evaluation of Information needs : A critical review, Munchen
: Verlog, Documentation
(12) Mahapatra P. K. and Chakraborti Bhubenaswar (1999),
Organising Information in Libraries, Vol. II, Delhi, Ess Ess
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(13) Mukul Mudgal, (2005), "National Legal Literacy Mission
Implementation Strategies" Nyaya Deep, Vol. VII-4 Oct.
pp.53-66
(14) Naga, M. Moses (2002), "North East India Rural Information
System (NEIRIS) : A Model Library Herald 40.4 (December)
P. 241-245
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(2001), A consultation paper on "Literacy in the context of the
Constitution of India", Vigyang Bhavan Annexe, New Delhi
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Rights", Supreme Court Cases 10, P.J.49-J.59
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"Government Information Service to general public : A case
study of Maharashtra State" Delhi, I.L.a. Bulletin, 41-T, p.
16-22
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human rights violations and necessity in demographic society,
Nyayadeep, V.II-4 oct, pp.48-52
(20) Rao Laxman N. and others (2004), "Responding to users need
in changing information, Landscapes Sojourn of Libraries from
palm leaf to palm top ! Conference volume, Delhi, Indian
Library Association
(21) Reddy C. V. Narsimha, (2001), Public Information
Management, Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing House, P.267
(22) Riswadkar M. R. (1995), Use and User Research : A note
p.1-6
(23) Rowley Jennifer and Slack Frances (1998), Designing Public
Access Systems. Hampshire, England, Gower Publishing
Limited.
(24) Singh Gurudev, (2003), Information and User, Delhi, Bookwell
p.370
(25) Takalkar Anil, "Information needs, awareness, perceptions and
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kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 137
(26) Varadachari V. K. (1982), Citizen and the Law, New Delhi,
Metropolitan Book Co. 1982, p. 167
(27) Winrock International India (2005), Accessing 'Public'
Information, International Institute of Environment and
Development, London
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Doc.Rev.html
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Amho. àñVwV boImV {deof J«§Wmb`m_Yrb dmMZgm{hË` g§J«h,
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g§X^© {d^mJhr åhUVmV. d¥ÎmnÌmMo ñdV:gmR>r _moR>o J«§Wmb` AgVo. Ë`m_Ü`o {d{dY
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Pmbr qH$dm _moR>m nwañH$ma {_imbm AWdm H$moUmMo {ZYZ Pmbo Va Vr VmËH$mi
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Ago åhUVmV. gmh{OH$M ho J«§Wmb` Mmodrg Vmg Iwbo Agmdo bmJVo.' (gmYy, 2007)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 138
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 139
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Am{U _m{hVr "g§àofJUm'À`m (Communication) gmYZm§_Ü`o ~Xb Pmbo.
(2) XaamoO hmoV Agbobo g§emoYZ d bmJV Agbobo Zdo emoY, `m_wio {b{IV kmZmV
d _m{hVrV ^a nS>br.
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(4) àË`o H $ {df` d Ë`m§ M o gy ú _ Cn{df` `m§ d arb _m{hVrMr ì`dñWm
(Organisation) H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì d {deof H|$Ðm§Mr JaO {Z_m©U Pmbr.
(5) _m{hVrMm g§J«h H$ê$Z, Vr `mo½`doir à{VàmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m H|$Ðm§Zm,
_moR>çm J«§Wmb`mda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJy bmJbo.
åhUyZ {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m Ama§^r {deof J«§Wmb`o ApñVËdmV Ambr AmhoV.
Vr emñÌr` d V§ÌkmZ{df`H$ g§emoYZ Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg `m§À`mer àË`j
g§~§{YV AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço d H$m`©o ñnï> H$aÊmmè`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m H$mhr VÁkm§Zr
d g§KQ>H$m§Zr Ho$boë`m AmhoV.
gm_mÝ`nUo {deof J«§Wmb`m§~m~V nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï>rH$aU {Xbo OmVo. {d{eï>
Aem EH$m {df`mer qH$dm {df`m§À`m JQ>mer g§~§{YV, EdT>çmM ì`mßVrMr J«§Wmb`o
åhUOo {deof J«§Wmb`o AgVmV. `m J«§Wmb`m§_Yrb _m{hVrÀ`m g§J«hmV, {d{eï>
joÌmdarb _m{hVrMmM g_mdoe AgVmo. {VMr ì`dñWm H$aUmao H$_©Mmar ho "{deof
à{e{jV' AgVmV. {VMm Cn`moJhr _`m©{XV d {d{eï> JaOm§H$Sy>Z hmoVmo.
"A°pñb~' (ASLIB) `m g§KQ>ZoZo à{gÕ Ho$boë`m ì`m»`oZwgma {d{eï>
g§ñWogmR>r AJa g§emoYH$m§À`m {d{eï> JQ>mgmR>r, _m{hVr {_i{dUo, {VMo {ZX©oeZ
(Indexing) Am{U àgmaU (Dissemination) H$aUo, `mgmR>r O~m~Xma AgUmam
{d^mJ åhUOo {deof J«§Wmb` AgVo. gmYmaUnUo gd©_mÝ` H$aVm `oB©b Aer ì`m»`m
H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. H$maU ì`m»`m H$aVmZm AJa ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm H$mhr VÁkm§Zr
{df`m§da ^a {Xbm, H$mhtZm VoWrb à{e{jV godH$ dJ© _hÎdmMm dmQ>bm, Va H$mhtÀ`m
_Vo VoWrb godm _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV, Va H$mhtZm VoWrb ì`dñWmnZ d Cn`moOH$ ho
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© dmQ>VmV. åhUyZ `m Jmoï>tda AmYm[aV AerM {deof J«§Wmb`m§Mr ñnï>rH$aU
{Xbr OmVmV. "^m^m A°Q>mo{_H$ [agM© g|Q>a' (BARC) _Yrb AgoM VÁk, lr.
ìhr. E. H$m_W `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.
"ho Cn`moOH$m§gmR>r {deof g§J«h H$aUmao d Ë`m§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dUmao J«§Wmb`
AgVo. `oWrb Cn`moOH$ _w»`V: _mV¥g§ñWoer g§~§{YV AgVmV d Ë`m§Zm _m{hVr,
àboIZ d BVa J«§Wmb`rZ godm `m VÁk d à{e{jV godH$m§H$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmVmV.'
(H$m_V, 1985)
"`wZoñH$mo' (UNESCO) Zo, {deof J«§Wmb`m~m~V nwT>rb ñnï>rH$aU {Xbo
Amho. g§gX, emgH$s` {d^mJ, d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ g§ñWm, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, ì`mdgm{`H$
d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§KQ>Zm Am{U g§J«hmb`o d VoWrb _`m©{XV JaOy åhUOo, VÁk, emñÌk
d g§emoYH$ `m§Zm godm XoUmao ho J«§Wmb` AgVo. Vo Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr àH$mamV ~gV
Zmhr. Ago ho {deof J«§Wmb` AgVo. Vo _mV¥g§ñWoÀ`m g^mgXm§gmR>rMo ImOJr J«§Wmb`
AgVo.' (UNESCO, 1974)
_m{hVr godm§À`m ~XbË`m àdmhmZwgma, Zì`m Zì`m g§H$ënZm§Mr ^a KmbyZ
ì`m»`m V`ma hmoVmV. àW_, {d{eï> {df`mda {b{hboë`m gm{hË`mer g§~§{YV J«§Wmb`
åhUOo {deof J«§Wmb` Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. Ë`mZ§Va _`m©{XV Cn`moOH$m§À`m Cn`moJmgmR>r,
{d{eï> kmZemIodarb _m{hVr O_dyZ, {VMo ì`dñWmnZ VÁk H$_©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z, Á`m
J«§Wmb`mV Ho$bo OmVo Vo {deof J«§Wmb` hmo`. Aem ñdê$nmMo ñnï>rH$aU {Xbo Jobo. `m
J«§Wmb`mV "gyú_ àboI' (Micro documents) Am{U "J«§WoÎma gm{hË`' (Nonbook
Material) `m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoD$ bmJë`mda Ë`m§Mmhr g_mdoe ì`m»`oV hmoD$ bmJbm.
"lr. S>ãë`y A°edW© J«§Wmb` `m§À`m _VmZwgma, Am{W©H$ gmhmæ` H$aUmè`m
_mV¥g§ñWoÀ`m ImOJr \$m`ÚmgmR>r, {d{eï> ñdê$nmVrb _m{hVr {_idyZ, {VMo OVZ
d `mo½` Cn`moJ H$ê$Z XoUmao J«§Wmb` ho {deof J«§Wmb` AgVo.' (Ashworth, 1979)
"~m°~©am H$m°`b' `m§À`m _Vo, "BVa J«§Wmb`o d {deof J«§Wmb`o `m§À`mV
dmMZgm{hË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmVrb \$aH$ AgVmo. BVa J«§Wmb`mV J«§W, nwpñVH$m d ZH$meo
Ago dmMZ gm{hË` AgVo. {deof J«§Wmb`mV _m{hVrMo {deof KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo AgVmV.
Ë`mgmR>r àboImMo ñdê$n H$moUVohr Agy eH$Vo.' (Kyle, 1976)
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 140
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 141
{deof JǤWmb`o
AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g_mdoe H$aUmar EH$ ì`m»`m, àm. Am`P°H$ (Isaac)
`m§Zr nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$br Amho. ""{d{eï> JQ>mMo KQ>H$ AgUmè`m JaOy§Zm, Ë`m§À`m
g_mZ Aä`mg {df`mgmR>r, ñWbmgmR>r qH$dm _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ {dH¥$VtÀ`m
Cn`m§gmR>r, {deof _m{hVr godm Á`m J«§Wmb`mVyZ {Xbr OmVo Vo {deof J«§Wmb` hmo`.''
Aem `m AZoH$ ì`m»`m§dê$Z {deof J«§Wmb`m§Mr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo
gm§JVm `oVmV.
d¡{eîQ>ço
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·
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·
·
dmMZ gm{hË`mMm {deof g§J«h hm H|$Ðq~Xy _mZyZ g§KQ>Z Ho$bo OmVo.
{deof Aä`mgH$m§Zm godm {Xbr OmVo.
{deof ñdê$nmVrb dmMZgm{hË`mMm g§J«h Ho$bm OmVmo.
{d{eï> ñdê$nmMrM godm {Xbr OmVo.
_m{hVrMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mda OmñV ^a AgVmo. àboI nwadR>m H$aUo OmñV
_hÎdmMo ZgVo.
· `oWrb ì`dñWmnZ ho Anma§n[aH$ (Non Traditional) ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
· Ÿ_mV¥g§ñWoMm EH$ Cn{d^mJ Ago `mMo ñWmZ AgVo.
åhUOo, g§emoYZ d {dH$mg g§ñWm, à{ejU g§ñWm, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm, é½Umb`o,
d¥ÎmnÌo, e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ _§S>i, A§Y d An§J `m§À`m g§ñWm, Vwé§J Am{U
emgH$s` {d^mJ `m§Mr J«§Wmb`o hr {deof J«§Wmb`o AgVmV.
`m ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço `mdê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm `oVmo H$s, Cn`moJH$Ë`mªMm
(Users ) {dMma H$ê$Z {Z_m© U Ho $bo b r Aer hr J« § Wmb`o AgVmV d Ë`m
Cn`moJH$Ë`mªÀ`m _m{hVrÀ`m JaOm H$_rV H$_r doimV ^mJ{dUo Agm `mMm à_wI hoVy
AgVmo, H$maU Vo Ë`m§À`m _mV¥g§ñWoVrb (Parent Organization) g§emoYH$ AgVmV.
Ë`m§À`m JaOm `m àboIZ, (Documentation) H$m°åß`wQ>aMm Cn`moJ, Aem Zì`m
godm, V§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r {deof à{ejU KoVbobo H$_©Mmar Agmdo
bmJVmV.
Amnë`m _mV¥g§ñWoMr Ü`o`-YmoaUo àË`jmV AmUUo ho `m J«§Wmb`mMo A§{V_
Ü`o` AgVo. `mgmR>r hr J«§Wmb`o _Zmoa§OZmnojm gË` (Facts) emoYÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. VoWrb g§emoYH$ Am{U ì`dñWmnH$ `m§Zm d _mV¥g§ñWoZo {hV
OnUmè`m àË`oH$mbm Zdr d AÚ`mdV _m{hVr hr J«§Wmb`o à{VàmßV H$ê$Z XoVmV.
`mgmR>r dmMZ gm{hË`mMm g§J«h nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$bm OmVmo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 142
g§J«h
_mV¥g§ñWoÀ`m YmoaUm§er g§~§{YV {df`m§darb dmMZgm{hË`mMm g_mdoe AgUmam
g_Vmob Agm g§J«h Amdí`H$ AgVmo. `mV J«§W, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, nwpñVH$m, ^mfm§Vao,
{d{Z~§YH$, d¥ÎmnÌo, Ahdmb, Q´>oS>-_mŠg©, ñQ>±S>S>©g, noQ>§Q>g, ÑH$-lmì` gmYZo,
Üd{Z_w{ÐH$m, gma, H$mÌUo, ZH$meo, AmamIS> o ( Blue Prents), {N>{ ÐV nÌo
(Punched Cards), _°¾o{Q>H$ Q>oßg, VŠVo (Charts), N>m`m{M{ÌV àVr d gyú_ê$no
(Microforms) `m ê$nmVrb àboI AgmdoV.
T>mo~i d _w»` {df`m§nojm gyú_ {df`m§darb (Micro Subjects) Am{U
gy ú_ {dMmam§d arb (Micro Thoughts) àbo I _hÎdmMo AgVmV. åhUOo
{Z`VH$m{bH$mVrb boI, Vm§{ÌH$ Ahdmb, emgH$s` àH$meZo, MMm©gÌo, nong© d
à~§Y ho dmMH$m§À`m {d{eï> d Ano{jV JaOm§Zwgma g§J«{hV Ho$bo OmVmV. gyMr, gma d
{ZX©oe à{gÕ H$aUmar {Z`VH$m{bHo$ _hÎdmMr AgVmV. g§emoYZ _yë` (Research
Value) AgUmao J«§Whr Cn`wŠV R>aVmV.
Agm hm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§J«h H$miOrnyd©H$ Ho$bm OmVmo d Ë`mVyZ {deofV:
g§emoYZmgmR>rM godm {Xbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio `m {deof J«§Wmb`m§Mr H$m`©o nwT>rbà_mUo
{ZpíMV Ho$bobr AgVmV.
H$m`©o
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da CëboI Ho$ë`mà_mUo {deof godm XoUmè`m àboIm§Mm g§J«h V`ma H$aUo.
g§~§{YV {df`m§Mm, amï´>r` nmVirdarb, S>oQ>m~og V`ma H$aUo.
Amnë`m g§ e mo Y H$m§ À `m Aä`mg {df`mÀ`m "J« § W gy M r` {Z`§ Ì UmMm'
(Bibliographic Control) à`ËZ H$aUo.
Am§VaJ«§Wmb`rZ XodKodrgmR>r Amnë`m amï´>mVrb d ~mhoarb amï´>mVrb {deof
J«§Wmb`m§À`m g§nH$m©V amhUo.
{deof _m{hVr _mJUmè`m§Zm _m{hVrMm nwadR>m gwb^nUo H$aVm `mdm åhUyZ,
à{V{bnr (Reprography) d _m`H«$mo-{\$pë_¨J Aem godm§Mo {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
gmagodm (Abstracting) Am{U {ZX©oeZ godm (Indexing) XoUo.
a{e`Z, O_©Z, \«|$M, ñn°{Ze, Mm`ZrO d OnmZr `m ^mfm§_YyZ à{gÕ hmoUmè`m
_m{hVrMo B§J«Or ^mfoV ^mfm§Va H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr gmo` H$aUo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 143
·
{deof Cn`moJH$Ë`m©À`m {dZ§VrZwgma Ë`m§Zm {ZdS>H$ J«§WgyMrhr CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoUo.
· àM{bV OmJéH$Vm godm (Current Awareness Service) Am{U _m{hVrMr
{ZdS>H$ àgmaU godm (Selective Dissemination of Information) XoUo.
· JaOo Zw gma H$mhr {d{eï> {df`m§g mR>r amï´> r` _m{hVr H| $Ð ( National
Information Centre) åhUyZ godm XoUo.
Aem VèhoZo {deof _m{hVr godm XoUmar hr J«§Wmb`o g§K{Q>V hmoV AgVmV.
Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdahr Pmbobr AgVo. Ver nwT>rb XmoZ CXmhaUo
_hÎdmMr AmhoV.
(H$) ñnoeb bm`~«arO Agmo{gEeZ (SLA) `m g§KmMr ñWmnZm B.g. 1909
_Ü`o `w.Eg.E._Ü`o Pmbr.
(I) A°pñb~ (ASLIB) Mr ñWmnZm `w.Ho$. _Ü`o B.g. 1924 _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV
Ambr.
{deof JǤWmb`mMo dJuH$aU
A.Z§.
doJionUm XmIdUmam KQ>H$
(1) dmMH$m§Mo {d{eï> JQ>
XdmImÝ`mVrb é½Um§gmR>r
(2) H$m`m©Mm àH$ma
(3) {d{eï> {df`m§Mm Aä`mg
H$aUmè`m g§ñWm
(4) J«§W g§J«hmVrb dmMZ
gm{hË`m§Mo àH$ma
{deof J«§Wmb`m~m~VMr ^maVmVrb nmíd©^y_r d {dH$mg
{OAm°bm°{OH$b, ~moQ>°{ZH$b d Pybm°{OH$b gìh©o Am°\$ B§{S>`m, \$m°aoñQ> [agM©
BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am{U A°{J«H$ëMab [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Aem AZoH$ g§ñWm§Mr J«§Wmb`o 19ì`m
eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r ñWmnZ Pmbobr hmoVr, nU ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va `m à{H«$`obm doJ Ambm.
^maVmV AmoirZo am~{dë`m OmUmè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, AZoH$ g§ñWm§Mr
ñWmnZm, `m§_wio {deof J«§Wmb`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$ bmJbm. H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ gm`§{Q>{\$H$
A°ÝS> B§S>pñQ´>`b [agM© (CSIR), A°Q>m°{_H$ EZOu {d^mJ, {S>\o$Ýg [agM© A°ÝS>
S>oìhbn_|Q> Am°J©Zm`PoeZ (DRDO), {S>nmQ>©_|Q> Am°\$ BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg, {S>nmQ>©_|Q> Am°\$
ñnog, B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ A°{J«H$ëMab [agM© (ICAR), B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$
_o{S>H$b [agM© (ICMR), B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ gmoeb gm`Ýgog [agM© (ICSSR),
`m gdmªMr J«§Wmb`o hr {deof J«§Wmb` AmhoV.
`m{edm` H|${Ð` d amÁ`emgH$s` {d^mJ, emgZmÀ`m _XVrda MmbUmè`m
g§ñWm `m§Zrhr Amnë`m CÎm_ dmMZ gm{hË` g§J«hmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {deof J«§Wmb`o godmaV
Ho$bobr AmhoV. Aem {deof J«§Wmb`m§Mr g§»`m gw_mao 3000 EdT>r Amho.
{deof joÌmVM godm XoUmar {d{eï> J«§Wmb`o ^maVmV 20ì`m eVH$mV d {deofV:
ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV {dH${gV Pmbobr {XgVmV. Aem H$mhr joÌmVrb J«§Wmb`m§Mr
CXmhaUo nwT>rbà_mUo kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 144
{deof JǤWmb`
J« § W mb`o : A§ Y mgmR> r , ~mbH$m§ g mR> r ,
nmofU : Z°eZb BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ Ý`y{Q´>eZ
h¡Ðm~mXMo J«§Wmb`
Amhma {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ g|Q´>b \y$S>
A°ÊS> Q>oŠZm°bm°OrH$b [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>
åh¡gyaMo J«§Wmb`
(1) {MÌnQ> J«§Wmb`
(2) pìhS>rAmo H°$goQ> bm`~«ar
(3) hñV{b{IVm§Mo J«§Wmb`
(4) d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo J«§Wmb`
(5) AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©ZMo J«§Wmb`
H¥$fr joÌmVrb J«§Wmb`
H¥$fr{df`H$ _m{hVr {_i{dUo, {VMr ì`dñWm H$aUo d {dVaU H$aUo `m§gmR>r
{deof J«§Wmb`o Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. nwT>rb XmoZ àH$maMr J«§Wmb`o ^maVmV Aer {d{eï>
_m{hVr godm XoVmV.
(1) H¥$fr{df`H$ g§emoYZ g§ñWm§Mr J«§Wmb`o
(2) H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>m§Mr J«§Wmb`o
hr XmoÝhr àH$maMr J«§Wmb`o hr {deof J«§Wmb`oM AmhoV, H$maU Ë`m§Mo Cn`moOH$
ho {d{eï> àH$maMoM AgVmV. ^maVmV Aer gw_mao 136 nwT>rb J«§Wmb`o AmhoV.
(Banerlee, 1985)
· 22 H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>m§Mr J«§Wmb`o
· 75 H¥$fr _hm{dÚmb`m§Mr J«§Wmb`o
· 39 B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ A°{J«H$ëMab argM©Mr J«§Wmb`o
d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb` g§H$ënZm
d¥ÎmnÌH$MoarVrb J«§Wmb`o hm {deof J«§Wmb`mMm EH$ àH$ma Amho. `m§À`m
Cn`moJH$Ë`mªMr g§»`m H$_r AgVo. nU Ë`m§Zm {d{eï> àH$maMr godm XoÊ`mMr JaO
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 145
AgVo. d¥ÎmnÌ H$MoarVrb g§nmXH$s` H$m_ H$aUmao `m J«§Wmb`mMm OmñV Cn`moJ H$aVmV.
àog Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m Am{U `wZm`Q>oS> àog `m§gma»`m d¥Îmg§ñWm§Zr (News Agencies)
{Xboë`m ~mVå`m§Zm AmYma^yV R>aUmar _m{hVr `m J«§Wmb`mVyZ hdr AgVo. `m godogmR>r
H$mhr Cn`wŠV g§X^©J«§Whr `oWo g§J«{hV H$amdo bmJVmV. `mIoarO d¥ÎmnÌmV `oUmè`m
d¥Îmm§Zm XwOmoam XoÊ`mgmR>r N>m`m{MÌo, g§{jßV nmíd©^y_r, B{Vhmg d AmH$S>odmar Ago
gm{hË` H$_rV H$_r doimV CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdo bmJVo. erK« qH$dm ÐyV g§X^©godm hr
_w»` d _hÎdmMr godm Aem J«§Wmb`m_YyZ Úmdr bmJVo.
Aem godm XoÊ`mgmR>r g§X^© J«§W Amdí`H$ R>aVmV, nU J«§Wnmb \$ŠV Ë`m§À`mdaM
Adb§~yZ amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU JaOy§Zm Zo_H$s _m{hVr Úmdr bmJVo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r
g§nmXH$s` H$_©Mmè`m§À`m _mJÊ`m§Mm A§XmO KoD$ZM, AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m àboIm§Mm qH$dm
_m{hVr gmYZm§Mm g§J«h H$amdm bmJVmo. `m{edm` àM{bV _m{hVrgmR>r {Z`VH$m{bHo$,
boI, d¥ÎmnÌmVrb H$mÌUo O_dyZ, Vr {df`mdma, VmarIdma bmdyZ Ë`m§Mo OVZ H$amdo
bmJVo. CXmhaUmW©, H$maJrb g§Kf©, {d_mZ AnhaU, Zonmi_Yrb amOKamÊ`mVrb
hË`mH$m§S>, ^maVmVrb Aëng»`mH$m§À`m g_ñ`m, _{hbm AmajU, A§Vami àdmg,
AUw~m°å~ MmMÊ`m, am__§{Xa C^maUr, OmVr` X§Jbr, A{VaoŠ`m§Mo A_o[aHo$Vrb hëbo,
`m§Mr _m{hVr O_dyZ R>odmdr bmJVo. `m{edm` dmXio, nya d ^yH§$n `m§gma»`m A{ZpíMV
d Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmtMo n[aUm_, Ë`m§Mo A§XmO, BË`mXr _m{hVr O_dyZ R>odmdr bmJVo.
Aem Jmoï>tda à{gÕ hmoUmè`m _m{hVrMo {ZX©oe, gma d ^mfm§Va `m§Mmhr g§J«h Ho$bobm
Agob, Va H$_rV H$_r doimV _m{hVrgodm XoVm `oVo.
J«§Wmb`rZ H$_©Mmè`m§Zr amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ ZoË`m§~m~V nwT>rb
_m{hVr O_{dÊ`m~mV gVV OmJê$H$ amhUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
· M[aÌ{df`H$ _m{hVr
· N>m`m{MÌo - OwZr d Zdr
· Ë`m§Mo {dMma
· Ë`m§Mr ì`m»`mZo
`m{edm` XoemVrb d naXoemVrb à{gÕ IoimSy>, nwañH$ma{dOoË`m loð> ì`ŠVr
Am{U boIH$ `m§Mrhr N>m`m{MÌo d BVa _m{hVr g§J«{hV H$amdr bmJVo. Aem àH$mao
_m{hVr hr Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmda O_m hmoVo. Vr Cn`wŠV Aem H«$_mZo bmdyZ R>odmdr
bmJVo. Ë`m§À`m Zm|Xr H$ê$Z Vm{bH$m qH$dm {ZX©oe V`ma H$ê$Z Vr Zoh_rM AÚ`mdV
R>odUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
~mOmamV Aem M[aÌ{df`H$ _mJ©X{e©H$m (Directories) AgVmV. Ë`m H$mhr
à_mUmVM Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. H$maU Ë`m EH$Xm à{gÕ Pmë`m H$s, Ë`mV Zdr _m{hVr
g_m{dï> hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ J«§WnmbmZo OmJéH$VoZo Zdr d AÚ`mdV _m{hVr
ñdV§ÌnUo O_{dbr nm{hOo. {VÀ`m Zm|Xr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr Cn`wŠV aMZmhr Ho$br nm{hOo.
Amnë`m d¥ÎmnÌmMo Ama§^mnmgyZ OwZo A§H$ R>odUoo \$m`Xoera R>aVo. Ë`mVrb
_hÎdmÀ`m boIm§Mo d g§nmXH$s`m§Mo (Editorials) gmaboIZ d {ZX©oeZ H$ê$Z R>odë`mg
Ë`m§Mm {ZpíMVnUo Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
nwUo `oWrb Ho$gar d¥ÎmnÌ 120 dfmªhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi gVV à{gÕ hmoV Amho.
Ë`mMo n{hë`m A§H$mnmgyZ AmOn`ªVMo gd© A§H$ OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbo AmhoV. nU Ë`m§Zm
OmJmhr bmJVo d Ë`m§Mm H$mJXhr OrU© hmoVmo d \$mQ>Vmo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo _m`H«$mo{\$pë_¨J
(Microfilming) H$ê$Z R>odÊ`mV `oV Amho. Ë`m_wio H$_r OmJoV OmñV A§H$mVrb
_OHy$a amhÿ eH$Vmo d {Q>H$mD$nUmhr dmT>Vmo.
Ho$gar `m d¥ÎmnÌmMo ñdV§Ì J«§Wmb` Amho. VoWo Aer H$m_o hmoVmV. VoWo Amdí`H$
Ago nwT>rb àboI AmhoV. kmZH$moe, M[aÌH$moe, ZH$memg§J«h, {d{dY Xoem§Mr dm{f©Ho$,
{d{dY _mJ©X{e©H$m d ñWbdU©Z H$moe (Gazetteers) Ago g§X^© J«§W Am{U H$sgt½O
H$m°Q>onmoaar AH$m©BìhO (Keesings Contemporary Archiees) Aao{e`Z aoH$m°S>©a
(Asian Recorder) Am{\«$H$m S>m`ar Ago d¥ÎmnÌ H$mÌUm§Mo g§J«h doimodoir KoVbo
OmVmV. àË`oH$ d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m J«§Wmb`mV Aem àboIm§Mm g§J«h AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo
H$_©Mmè`m§Zm, g§nmXH$m§Zm d ñV§^boIH$m§Zmhr _m{hVrgodm {Xbr OmVo.
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 146
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 147
d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`mMr JaO
d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`mMr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m g§X^© godoMr hmo`. dmVm©ha, g§nmXH$ d
dmVm©boIH$m§Zm AMyH$ d Ëd[aV g§X^© nwa{dÊ`mgmR>rM `m J«§Wmb`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo à_wI
H$m`© Amho. _moR>_moR>çm X¡{ZH$m§Mr J«§Wmb`o Ë`m§À`mM g§nmXH$s` {d^mJmbm Ë`mM~amo~a
AmH$medmUr d XyaXe©ZÀ`m ZoQ>dH©$bmXoIrb _XV H$aVmV. {b{IV, _w{ÐV, ~mobr
^mfoVrb d (g§M`Z) _m{hVrÀ`m AdmT>ì` gmR>çmVyZ AZoH$ _m{hVrMr {ZdS> H$aUo,
g§H$bZ H$aUo d dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`m§Zm H$amdo bmJVo. OZg§nH$m©À`m
doJdoJiçm _mÜ`_mÛmao XaamoO Zìho, Xa Vmgmbm _m{hVrMm AmoK àgm[aV hmoV AgVmo.
AmOÀ`m AË`mYw{ZH$ dmVmdaUmV AZoH$ KQ>Zm§Mm nañnag§~§Y A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMm
~ZV Amho. VmÁ` KQ>ZoMm g§~§Y emoYÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ g§X^© VnmgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
Aem doir J«§Wmb`mMr _XV An[ahm`© R>aVo. d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`m§H$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoÀ`m
g§X^m©V AMyH$ d gImob _m{hVrMr Anojm Ho$br AgVo. `m VmÁ`m _m{hVrMo {díd Ë`m
~mV_r nÌmÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_onwaVo _`m©{XV ZgyZ ~mV_rÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdê$nmBVHo$
{dñVmabobo AgVo. ~mV_r Oa OmJ{VH$ ñdê$nmMr Agob Va d¡pídH$ g§X^© emoYUo
Amdí`H$ R>aVo. VgoM ~mV_r Á`m {df`mMr Agob Ë`m {df`mMo g§X^© emoYUo Amdí`H$
R>aVo. åhUyZM d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`mMo d¡{eîQ>ço ho A_`m©X {df`mÀ`m _m{hVrÀ`m gmR>çmVyZ
AMyH$ _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ, g§dY©Z d {dVaU H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrV AmhoV. JwÝhoJmar,
ZoV¥Ëd, H«$sS>m, H$bm, ì`dñWmnZ, BË`mXr {df`m§Mm g§~§Y ñWm{ZH$ VgoM OmJ{VH$
ñVamdarb amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m g_ñ`oer AgVmo. hm g§~§Y
emoYÊ`mgmR>r J«§Wmb`mMr JaO AgVo. d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`m_wio nwT>rb C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` hmoVmV.
d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`m_wio AMyH$ d ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMr _m{hVr Ëd[aV CnbãY hmoD$
eH$Vo. Mmby KS>m_moS>r d H$moUË`mhr {df`mda (CXmhaUmW©, Ioi, JwÝho, ì`ŠVtMr
N>m`m{MÌo, naXoer ~mVå`m, amOH$s` ~mVå`m, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ ~m~tda) _m{hVr
ËdarV CnbãY hmoVo. (JdB©, 2002)
d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`mMo H$m`©
{deof J«§Wmb`mMm ñWyb CÔoe hdr Agbobr _m{hVr hdr Voìhm Am{U hì`m
Ë`m ñdê$nmV nwa{dUo hm AgVmo. {deof àH$maÀ`m godm XoÊ`mgmR>rM d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`mV
gm{hË`mMo CnmO©Z g§KQ>Z d _m{hVr àgmaU hr {VÝhr H$m`©o Ho$br OmVmV.
gm{hË`mMo CnmO©Z
g§ñWoÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwgma _m{hVr gmYZmMo CnmO©Z Ho$bo OmVo. `mVrb H$mhr
gm{hË` IaoXr H$ê$Z àmßV Ho$bobo AgVo. narjU d XoUJr, BË`mXr _mJm©Zo gm{hË`
àmßV hmoVo. àM{bV gm{hË`mda {deof ^a {Xbm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio ì`mdgm{`H$ d emgH$s`
àH$meZo, Ahdmb, H$mÌUo, N>m`m{MÌo, noQ>§Q>g², AZwdmX, gyú_nQ>, ñbmB©S>g,
_m`H«$mo{\$e, BË`mXrMo CnmO©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z
_wÔogyX d n[anyU© _m{hVrgmR>r gImob dJuH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
gm{hË`mÀ`m àH$mamZwgma Ë`m§Mr Zm|X H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. àboImV A§V^y©V Agboë`m
_m{hVrÀ`m àH$mamZwgma gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z Ho$bo OmVo.
_m{hVr àgmaU
d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m gm_y{hH$ Ü`o`mgmR>r H$m_ H$arV Agë`m_wi o ì`dgm`mÀ`m
_m{hVr{df`H$ JaOm nyU© H$aUo ho H$m`© J«§Wmb`m_m\©$V hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü`o X¡Z§{XZ àíZm§Mr
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 148
CÎmao nwa{dUo, _w{ÐV gm{hË`mVyZ _m{hVr emoYUo, {d{eï> {df`mMo g§H$bZ d {Q>nUr
H$aUo, àboImMo à{Vê$n XoUo, BË`mXr _m{hVrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
darb H$m`m©{edm` d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m J«§Wmb`m§Mr AmUIrZhr H$m`©o AmhoV. `m_Ü`o
_hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mm g§X^© XoUo, d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m \$mB©btMo OVZ d g§J«hU H$aUo, J«§WnarjU,
g§J«hU ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo, g§JUH$mda Cn`wŠV _m{hVrgmR>m H$aUo, H$mÌUg§J«h H$aUo,
Aënn[aM` godm, \$moQ>mo godm `mgh {d{dY godm XoUo Aer H$m`©o d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`m§Zm
nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
gmam§e
d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb` Am{U Ë`m§Mo H$m`© `m boImV d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb` åhUOo H$m`,
d¥ÎmnÌmVrb BVa {d^mJmà_mUoM `m {d^mJmMo _hÎd, d¥ÎmnÌo J«§Wmb`o {deof J«§Wmb`
åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. `m J«§Wmb`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço, `oWrb g§J«h, `m J«§Wmb`mMr H$m`©o,
{d{dY joÌmVrb {deof J«§Wmb`o, d¥ÎmnÌ J«§Wmb`m_Ü`o gm{hË`mMo CnmO©Z, gm{hË`mMo
g§KQ>Z, ì`dñWmnZ, `oWrb _m{hVr àgmaU `m~m~VMr _m{hVr `m boImVyZ {_iVo.
g§X^©gyMr
(1) H$moÊUya, E_.~r., H$moÊUya gwOmVm Am{U _mUJmdH$a, Cfmà^m, (Zmoìh|~a
2008), S>m`_§S> J«§Wmb` d _m{hVremñÌ H$moe, nwUo, S>m`_§S> àH$meZ, n¥.
184
(2) JdB©, g{dVm (2002, X¡. nwT>marÀ`m _m{hVr g§àofUmV J«§Wmb`mMo `moJXmZ
EH$ Aä`mg, E_.{b~. A°ÊS> Am`.Egr.àH$ën, Zm{eH$ : `ed§Vamd MìhmU
_hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>
(3) ndma, Eg.nr. Am{U BVa (OmZodmar 2005), gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb`, J«§Wmb`
d _m{hVremñÌ, H$moëhmnya, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, n¥. 428
(4) gmYy, Aê$U (2007), g§X^© J«§Wmb`, _amR>r {dídH$moe I§S> 17, g§nm.
dmS>, {dO`m, _w§~B© : _amR>r {dídH$moe {Z{_©Vr _§S>i, n¥. 59
(5) gwVma, YZ§O` ^JdmZ (_mM© 2011), e¡j{UH$ J«§Wmb`o, J«§Wmb` Am{U
_m{hVremñÌ, dmaUmer, E.~r.Eg. npãbHo$eZ
(6) Ashworth, W. (1979), Special Librarianship London, Clive
Bingley, P. 6
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 149
(7) Banerlee, S. R. and moitras (1985), Agricultural Libraries in
India in hand book of Libraries, Archives and Information
Industries Publication
(8) Kamath, V. A. (1985), Role of Special Libraries in a National
Information system In India Libraries. Trends and perspectives
ed. by KM. george, calcutta orient Longman, P. 136
(9) Kyle, Barbara, (1976), Administration In Hand book of special
Librarianship and Information work 3rd by wilrel Ashworth
London, SASLIB P.14
(10) UNESCO, (1974), Standards for Library Services, An
International survey by F. N. withers paris, P.137
JǤWn[aM`
S>m°. _YwH$a eodmio
à_wI, J«§Wmb` Am{U _m{hVròmoV H|$Ð,
`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
m_shewale@yahoo.com
Title : Library Classification Trends in the 21st Century.
Author : Dr. Rajendra Kumbhar
Publisher : Chandose Publishing, Oxford., 2012
Series : Chandos Information Professional Series.
ISBN : 978-1-84334-660-9
Price : £ 47.50 (Approximately Rs. 4000)
nwUo {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m J«§Wmb`emñÌ {d^mJmVrb "àmÜ`mnH$' `m nXmda H$m`©aV
Agbobo S>m°. amO|Ð Hw§$^ma `m§Mo dJuH$aU `m {df`mda ZwH$VoM à{gÕ Pmbobo nwñVH$
"Library Classification Trends in the 21st Century' dmMë`mda EHy$UM
dJuH$aU `m {df`mÀ`m AmOnmdo V mo Pmboë `m KS>m _mo S > tMm Am{U {deo fV…
dmMZgm{hË`mMo ñdê$n ~XbUmè`m H$mimVrb KS>m_moS>tMm, {gÕmVm§Mm Am{U VÎdmMm
nam_e© `m nwñVH$mV KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
dJuH$aU hr _ZmMr à{H«$`m Amho. (Classification is the process of
mind) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. J«§Wmb`mÀ`m joÌm_Ü`o dmMZgm{hË`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Oo Oo
~Xb PmboV, {deofV… _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Pmboë`m ~Xbm§_wio dJuH$aUmda
Ë`mMm à^md nS>bobm Amho. ZdrZ A{Yð>mZ `m ~Xbm§_wio {ZpíMV ñdê$nmV àmá
Pmbobo Amho.
S>m°. Hw§$^ma `m§Zr EHy$U nwñVH$mMr _m§S>Ur Xhm àH$aUm§_Ü`o Ho$bobr Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ J«§WnmbZm_Ü`o dJuH$aU ho kmZ ì`dñWmnZmMo AË`§V _hÎdnyU© gmYZ
Agy Z {deo f V… _w{ ÐV nw ñ VH$m§ À `m O_mÝ`mnmgy Z AbrH$S> r b ~Xbbo ë `m
dmMZgm{hË`mn`ªV (Ogo gr.S>r., S>r.ìhr.S>r., B§Q>aZoQ>) Ho$di àmW{_H$ CÔoe Z
~mJiVm AZoH$ n¡bw§Zr kmZì`dñWmnZmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb dJuH$aUmÀ`m H$jm é§Xmdë`m
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 150
kmZJ§JmoÌr … OyZ-Zmoìh|~a 2013 … 151
Amho. `m é§Xmdboë`m H$jm§Mm nam_e© AmnUmg `m nwñVH$m_Ü`o nmhmd`mg {_iUma
Amho. gXa nwñVH$ {gÕ H$aVmZm boIH$mZo (Library and Information Science
Abstract) `m {ZX}eZ d gma godm gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bobm Amho. `m_Ü`o 68
Xoem§Vrb 20 doJdoJù`m ^mfm§_Yrb 440 {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho. `m nwñVH$m_Ü`o dJuH$aU {df`mer g§~§{YV 1999 Vo 2009 `m Xhm dfmªÀ`m
H$mbI§S>mVrb _m{hVrgmR>r {bgm_Ü`o emoY KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. {Z`VH$m{bHo$,
n[afX d¥ÎmmÝV Am{U nwñVH$ n[aM` Ago {_iyZ 3179 g§X^© Am{U gma Aä`mgÊ`mV
AmboV `mì`{V[aº$ Aä`mgÊ`mV Amboë`m gmYZm§Mr `mXr gyMr_Ü`o {Xbobr Amho.
n{hë`m àH$aUm_Ü`o dJuH$aU `m g§H$ënZog§X^m©Vrb àma§{^H$ ñdê$nmMr _m{hVr
Ë`mM~amo~a kmZ ì`dñWmnZ Am{U kmZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m nÕVr `m~m~V ^mî` Ho$bobo
Amho. Xwgè`m àH$aUm_Ü`o {S>{OQ>b _mÜ`_mÀ`m H$mbI§S>m_Yrb {d{dY ~m~tda
àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. _m{hVr à{Vàmár, g§X^©godm, B©-_obMo dJuH$aU Am{U
EHy$UM ZdrZ dJuH$aU nÕVr {Z{_©Vrg§X^m©Vrb {dMma `m {Vgè`m àH$aUmV {Xbobm
Amho. n¡by {díbofU Am{U Ë`mMo Cn`moOZ `mdahr ^mî` H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.
Mm¡Ï`m àH$aUmV gm_mÝ` dJuH$aU nÕVrMr MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. DDC,
UDC Am{U LC `m dJuH$aU nÕVrda AmYm[aV gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm `m àH$aUm_Ü`o
XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. noQ>§Q>g², H$m°{_Šg, {bQ>aoQ>a, _°n, BË`mXr {deof àH$maÀ`m
dmMZgm{hË`mH$[aVm nmMì`m àH$aUmV AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a
Non biblographic gmYZm§H$[aVm dJuH$aU nÕVr~m~VMm AmT>mdmhr `oWoM XoÊ`mV
Ambobm Amho.
ñd`§M{bV J«§W dJuH$aUm§ Mr _m{hVr ghmì`m àH$aUmV {Xbo br Amho.
g§JUH$mÀ`m _{hVrZo J«§W _mJUr A§H$ V`ma H$aUo ho J«§Wmb` ì`mdgm{`H$mMo {XdmñdßZM
AgVo. `mg§X^m©V doJdoJio _Vàdmh AmhoV. ghmì`m àH$aUmV {d{dY Xoem§_Yo XoÊ`mV
dJuH$aU {ejUmg§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. dJuH$aUm_Ü`o
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio ZdrZ kmZ ì`dñWmnZ gmYZmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
`mg§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr AmR>ì`m àH$aUmV {Xbobr Amho. AmYw{ZH$ kmZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m
gmYZm§_Yrb Q>m°ŠgmZm°_rO, \$m°ŠgmoZm°_rO, Am°ÝQ>mobm°Org `mdahr _hÎdnyU© _m{hVrMo
gmXarH$aU boIH$mZo Ho$bobo Amho.
_m{hVrÀ`m {dñ\$moQ>m_wio Am{U {d{dY _mÜ`_m§VyZ hmoUmè`m CnbãYr_wio Aer
_m{hVr dJuH¥$V H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>oJam`PoeZ (Text Categorisation)
ho Zddo àH$aU gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. do~ / B§Q>aZoQ>darb _m{hVr gmYZo
gwì`dpñWVnUo gmXa Ho$bobr Zgë`mZo Aem _m{hVrÀ`m nwZaàmárgmR>r Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$
Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>oJam`PoeZ V§Ì Cn`wº$ R>aVmV. doJdoJù`m àH$maMo Q>oŠñQ> H°$Q>oJam`PoeZ
Ë`mgmR>rMo gmYZo, nÕVr, à{VH¥$Vr d AbJmo[aW_ `m~m~VMo ^mî`hr _mÌ àH$aUmV
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eodQ>À`m àH$aUmV dJuH$aU {gÕm§Vmdarb _m{hVrMm AmT>mdm XoÊ`mV Ambobm AgyZ
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barve_pv@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac
Title : Objective Questions in Library and Information Science for
NET/SLET/SET PAPER-II & III, OTHER
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS.
Author : P. B. Ghante
Publisher : Ess Ess Publication, 4831/24, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj,
New Delhi - 110002.
Phones : 011-23260807, 23260807, www.essessreference.com
Price : Rs. 450/- in Paperback Edition,
Rs. 990/- in Hardbound Edition
ISBN : Paperback Edition 978-81-7000-706-7
Hardbound Edition 978-81-7000-705-0
Price : Rs. 339
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