DELAYED MORTALITY OF B TCHERY-REARED RAINBOW TR(JT
IN RELATION TO FIVE cREMICAL FACTORS
ENCOUNTERED IN TRANSPORTING WATERS
DEVON WAYNE LINN
A THESIS
submitted to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER 0? SCIENCE
June 1955
APPROVED:
Redacted for privacy
essor of Depar1nent of Fish and Gaule Mansgement
In Charge of Maoi'
Redacted for privacy
Head or Departnent of Fish and Game Management
Redacted for privacy
Chairman of 8"à4iool Graduate Coninittee
Redacted for privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Date thesis is presented Ma
Typed by Verna Anglemier
5, 1955
ACKNOWLEDGMb2IT
The Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit1 under
the leadership of Mr. A. S.
inarsen sponsored the study
and furnished finances, equipment, and personnel.
The
project was giided and assisted by Mr. H. R. Neweomb,
Game C,nnission fishery research biologist attached to
the Unit, who gave freely of hIs suggestions and services.
Encouragement and help were given by Mr. H. F. Horton,
graduate research assistant, who wo&ed Jointly on the
probln arid dealt wi
aspects.
th
the many physical and mechanical
Dr. L. D. Calvin
statistician with the Oregon
Agricultural Experiment Statton, helped establish the
experimental desiis and analyze the resultant data.
The Oregon State Gan
Contitas ion was generous in the
use of its equipment and liberatton staff.
Hatchery per-
sonnel willin&.y devoted extra time and help to the needs
of the study.
Chemicals and laboratory facilitIes were
made available by Mr. Fred Merryfield and Mr. W. C.
Westgarth, sanitary and civil engineering professors.
Dr. Peter Doudoroff, Dr. Max Katz, Mr. C. E. Bond, and
Mr. C.
. Warren, faculty mnbers of the Fish and Game
Depart2nent at Oregon State College, offered advIce and
Cooperating organizations are United States Fish and
Wildlife Service, Agricultural Research Foundatt on,
Wildlife Mwiagenent Institute. Oregon State Game Ccm
mission, and Oregon State codege.
enswered questions concerning the probleit.
Mr. Re E.
Dimick, Head of Departmt of Fish and Game Management,
reviewed and aided in the preparation of this thesis.
My wife, Pse, deserves thanks for her understanding
patience during the seemingly unending hours demanded by
the pro3ect.
Pa'.
INRODt1TIO
,
.
PROCLURS kI)
TiOi3
.
,
,
*
.
.
e
,
,
,
*
,
*
.
.
.
.
.
Ezpeimenta1 Deaigns
Analytical Methods Utilized
USULTSAID DISCUSSIO}
.
.
.
.
.,
DiesolvedOxygen
*
*
,
,
,
.
5
*
S
*
10
14
,
. ..,.,
15
22
AmmoniaNitrogon
Methyl Orange Alkalinity
.
.
29
.
CarbonDioide ,,,,,,,,
pH ... ,.,,,, ,
,,
,
OT}IR AALYSS
.
I
,
.
* ..
.
.
o
.
*..
35
35
37
4
Sodium Mnytal
*
.
.
Amberlite IRC - 50
.
,
.
.
.
*
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
so
.
APPF) DXX
.
.
.
*
,
58
.
.
.
.
,
.
*
60
LIST OF FIGURES
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Changes on
Delayed Mortality in Ovexead-Spray
Aerated Tarks; Rou'1ng River Hatchery
- Series I
2
3
4
.
18
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen changes on
Delayed Mortal ity in OverheadSpDay.!
Aerated Tanks; Roaring River Hatchery
Series 5 . . . $ . . . . . . . . . . .
19
$
. .
. . .
. . . .
. .
Amrnaia itrcen Increases in Overhead-
Spray-Aerated Tanks and Van turl -Aerated
Tanks; Roaring River Hatchery-Series 1,
Wizard Falls Hatchery - Series 2 . . .
ethyi Orange Alkalinity Increases in
Overhe-Spray-Aerated Taiks; Roaring
River Hatchery - Series 1 .
.
.
.
a
a
a
26
31
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Dissolved Oxygen Chenges in Transporting
Waters in Relation to Increasing Delayed
Mortality in OverheadSpray*Aerated
Tanks, Series I and Series V, Roaring
RiverHatchery,1954... .. .,.,.. 18
2
Ammonia Ni tro geri Increase in Transporting
Waters in Relation to Ascending Order of
Delayed Mortality From Twelve Loads of
Rainbow Trout in Overhead.sSpray-Aerated
Tanks; Series I, Roaring River Hatchery;
Series II, Wizard Falls Hatchery, 1954 . .
3
Ammonia Nitrogan Increase in Transporting
Waters in Relation to Ascending Order of
Delayed Mortality From Six toads of Rain-
bow Trout in Venturi-Aerated Tks; Series
I, Roaring River Hatchery; Series II,
4
5
6
2?
WIzard Falls Hatchery, 1954
. . . . . .
Ammonia nitrogen Increase In Transporting
atera in Relation to Ascending Order of
Delayed Mortality From EIt Loads of
Rainbow Trout in Overhead-Spray-Aerated
Tanks; Series IV, Wizard Falls Hatchery;
Series V, Roaring River Hatchery, 1954 . .
Ammonia
I trog an
Increase in Tranapor ting
2?
28
Waters in Rel ati on to Ascending Order of
Delayed Mortality From Twe1e Loads of
Rainbow Trout in Venturi-Aerated Tanks,
Series VI, Leaburg Hatchery, 1954 . . . . 28
Methyl Orange Alkalinity Change in Relation
to Amount of Ice and Per Cent Delayed
Mortality at Three Temperatures, Series I,
Roaring River Hatchery, 1954 . . . . . . 30
Changes Between Initial and Final Concentrati on a of Five Chenii cal Factors in Trans porting Waters That Contained Sodium Amytal,
Overhead.bSprayAsrated Tanks, Series III,
43
Roaring River Hatchery, 1954 . * . . .
Table
8
9
10
Average Delayed Mortality Percentages
From Three
perimrts in Overlie adSpray-Aerated Tanks at 470 id 55°?.
Water Temperatures, Roarir River
Hatchery, 1954 .
.
.
.
.
. . . . .
.
44
Changes Between Initial and Final Concen
trations of Five C1emical: Factors in
Seven Loads of Rainbow Trout in Transporting Waters That Were Filtered Through
a Resin, Amberlite 11W
50, and Four
Control Loads of Water Not Filtered,
Roaring River Hatchery, 1953 . . . .. . .
48
.
.
Delayed Mor tall ty and Final Water Temperature From Seven Loads of' Rainbow Trout
in Watera Filtered Thrcxgh a Resin,
Aiber1ite IRC
50, and Four Control
Loads of Water Not Filtered, Roaring
R!verHatchery,153.. 'has..**. 49
11
Chemical Factor ConcentratIon Changes in
Transporting Waters From Twenty OverheadSpray-Aerated Loads of Rainbow Trout
Hauled For Six Hours, Roaring River
Hatchery, 1954 a a a a a
a
a
e
a
*
12
Chemical Factor Concentration Changes in
Transporting waters From Twenty OverheadSpray-Aerated Loads of Rainbow Trout
Hauled For Six Hours, Wizard Falls Hatchery, 1954
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
54
Chnica1 Factor Concentration Changes in
Transporting Waters From Six VenturiAerated Loads of Rainbow Trout Hauled For
Six Uours, Roaring River Hatchery, 1954
54
13
14
Chmical Factor Concentration Changes in
Transporting Waters from Six Ventu*i
Aerated Loads of Rainbow Trout Hauled
For Six Hours, Wizard Falls Hatchery,
1954 .
.
s
a
a
a
a
a
a
S
55
LIST OF TABlES
continued
Table
15
CheTnical Factor Coneentratic Changes in
Transporting Waters From Twelve Venturi
Aerated Loads of aiubow Trout Hauled
for Six Hours, Leabwg Trout Hatobery,
1954 .
b
*
.
.
.
.
55
LIST OF APPDIX TABLB
Table
A
Per Cent Delayed Mortality of Rainb
Trout Transported Fran Roaring RiVer
and Wizard Pall s Hatch erie a in Thre a
B
Tanks of Two Types at Thre Controlled
Temperatures, July 1954 (Series I and II
6].
Per Cent Delayed Mortality of Rainbow
Trout Subjected to Rough Handling During
Loading and Unloading at YIzard Falls
Hatchery; Water Temperatures, 47 and 55°F.,
a
July 1954 (SerIes IV) .
.
.
a
61
Per Cent Delayed Mortality of Rainbow
Trout Handled With Exceptional Care
During Loading and Unloading at Roaring
River Hatchery; Water Teipertures, 47
and 550F., August 1954 (Series V)
a
61
.
C
D
E
F
Per Cent Delayed Mortality of Rainbow
Trout in Relation to Chanical Factor
Concentration Changes in Transporting
Waters at Three Controlled Temperatures
in 150 and 250 Gallon Overhead.iSpray
Aerated Tanks, Roaring River Hatchery,
.
July 1954 (Series I)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Per Cent Delayed Mortality of Rathb
Trout in Relation to Chemical Factor
Concentration Changes in Transporting
Waters at Three Controlled Temperaturea
in 150 end 250 Gallon Overhead-SprayAerated Tanks, Wizard Falla Hatchery,
July 1954 (Series II) a
.
.
.
.
62
Chemical Faot' Concentration Changes in
Relation to Increasing Delayed Mortality
From Twelve Loads of Rainbow Trout Transported In 150 and 250 Gallon OverheadSpray-Aerated Tanks at Three Controlled
Temperatures, Roaring River Hatchery,
July 1954 (SupplEmLent to Table D a
Sen as I) . * . a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
64
.
..s a . a a . (SeriesIli) 1954
6?
July Hatchery, River Roaring 55°F., and 47
Temperabix'es, Tanks; ay'Aerated adSpr Overhe
Gallon 150 in myta1 Sodium Containing
Water Transporting in Changes Concentration
Factor Chemical to Relation in Trout
Rainbow of Mortality Delayed Cent Per
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II) and I (Seria
1954 July Hatcheries, Falls Wizard end
Risr Roaring Tank, VenturiAerated Gallon
150 a in Teiuperatn'os Controlled Tbree
at iaters Transporting in Changes tion
Coneentra- Factor Chemical to RelatXon in
Trout Rainbow of Mortality Delayed Cent Per
65
.
H Table to (Supplenent
II) Series
1954 July Hatchery, Falls i1izard
Temperatures, Controlled Three at Tank
Ven1zri-Aerated Gallon 150 a in ported
Trans trout Rainbow of Loads Six From
Mortality Delayed Increasing to Relation
in Cbanea Concentration Factor Chical
66
.
.
K
3
.
H
Table
rrned
TABLES
U con
BD1X APP
OF LIST
LIST OF AP?bNDIX TABlES
continued
Table
M
Page
Per Cent Delayed Mortality of Rainbow
Trout Handled With Exceptional Cue
During Loading and Unloading in Relation
to Chenical Factor Concentration changes
in 4? and 55°F. Transporting ?aters
Within 150 Gallon Over ad-.Spray-'Aerated
Tanks, Roaring River Hatchery, August
1954(Serlesy) ......,...... 69
P
Per Cent Delayed Mortality of Rainbow
Trout in Relation to Chica1 Factor
Q
Concentration Obanges, Density of Fish,
and Velocity of Circulation in Transporting Waters at 470P. Within 150 and 175
Gallon Venturi-Aerated Tnka, Leabuz'g
.
.
* .
Hatchery, August 1954 (Series VI)
71
Per Cent Deliyed Mortality of Rainbow
Trout in Relation to Chemical Factor
Concentration Changes, Density of Fish,
and Velocity or Circulation in Transport.
lug Waters at 4?F. Within 150 and 175
Gallon Verituri..Aerated Tanks, Kiamath
Hatchery, September 1954 (Series VU) . .
72
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
continued
P ge
Table
R
S
Chuica1 Factor Cczicentratc*a Chsngs,
Density of Fish, and Velocity of Cirou
lati on in Re1atii to Increasing Delayed
Mortality From Twelve Loads of kainbow
Trout Transported in 47°F. Waters Within
150 and 175 Gallon Venturi-'Aerated Tsnks,
Leaburg Hatchery, Auxst 1954 (3upp1emnit
to Table P - Series VI) . . . . . * . . .
Chemical Factor Concentration Changes,
Density of Fish, and Velocity of 'Circu
latton in Relation to Increasing Delayed
Mortality Frci Twelve Loads of Rainbow
Trout Transported In 47°F. Vatere Y1thh
150 and 175 Gallon Venturi-Aerated Tanks,
Kiamath Uatchery, Septeiiiber 1954 (Supplement to Table C
,
Sriea VII) . .
.
.
..
73
iT
ITRODUCT lOW
Five chemical factors present in transporting waters
of liberation trucks which were regarded as having a pos
sible influence on the degree of delayed mortality
en-
cxintered by hatchery-reared rainbow trout, Sa].mo
gairdneri Richardson, Were studied in Oregon in 1953 and
1954.
The five chemical factors ware:
dissolved oxygen,
aonia nitrogen, methyl orange alkalinity, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen Ion concentration (pH).
Saltzman (15) conducted preliminary stul.ios with the
same factors in relation to delayed mortality of trans-
ported trout in 1951 and 1952,
This particular thesis is
an elaboration and extended report on the problem.
Delayed nrts1ity is defined as the loss of some
hatchery-reared trout one to seven daye foil owing trans -
portation with the peak occurring on the third or fourth
day.
Death is preceded by varied symptoms, but none is
individually characteristic of delayed mortality..
Gener-
ally, dying fish are extremely nervous, easi ].y excIted,
lose their equilibrium, swim in circles or spirally, and
gape, as it suffocating.
Delayed ma' tall ty is experiezed
El
by trc
that hve beer subjetsd tt
pro h
transortatix.
occasion the
noii
tub
fish b
The exstexioe of
th
prob1
has beefl substtiated by th
d etwy.
itberat.ton trn
fr
ben oted
ae pond to anotb*
of delayed iortaltty
i3 s
Fish were loaded at the
1)54
bserv&tio
atcbwy into a lib'.
eratioi track and taki for a dz hour period of tnaportatior.
ho18tn
hmtcsry
¶1e truek returned the trout t
pom
for ob,er,atton wre violert djing of
ss
fish cce.d o the first day nd ccmUnned to ocer
i.to the seventh day after their re1eaae
The typical
delayed raturs of this uortaiity of trout has
prob lea its na. A
"en the
re det*iled dee itt, plus
aøtusl field obsarvaton coet from )reior. Stats
Cisai
porsone1 can be fowd in Salt;a*n'e thesis
(15) and the Oregon State
in 141 (or
*tcbmry
Artiftolal p
Coission short course
pri tderte (12).
iaa.ttcri, r.artuij, sr4 release of
rainbow trout for the fishx'en of the state
tent and costly operation.
-
e
Th, delayed
i
an ipor
orta1t ty loss of
these tieh presents ny ma-ent probls, and
the fish rearing
an expensive tool or
&akee
cnsemexit.
The tishertø* section at the Oreai Cooprative Wildlife
Research Unit1 was assied the ,roblem and directed to
1
/ctnowledged, and hereafter referred to as the Unit.
fiT*
find the solution, arid if possible, the cause or causes
of the phenomenon.
Delayed mortality, when observed in the late nineteen thirties and early forties, was the topic of many
discussions, but little effort could be expended on experimental research at that time.
Some individual fish-
ery biologists did a small emount of exploratory experimentation with observations of their own (12).
When the
fisheries section of the Unit was established in 1950,
the problem became one of the initial studies.
The important ground work on physical and chemical
factors was thorouly established by Saltzman and Simes
(15) in 1951 and 1952; so therefore, little further preliminary work remained to be done.
Their work helped to
point out the considerations worthy of further study,
Two graduate assistants continued the project directing
their primary respective efforts to a considerati on of
the chemical factors reported here, and the physical
factors reported by H. F, Horton mder the thesis title:
"Some Physical and Mechanical Factors Important in Reduc-
ing De1aed Mortality of Hatcheryrsared Rainbow Trout",
hereinafter referred to as Horton's thesis.
Information
for these complementary theses was obtained from the same
experimental work,
His paper offers sgestiona and pre-
cautions that wIll be an aid in reducing or preventing
delayed mortality at the hatcheries mentioned.
Research work was condted at Roering River Trout
Hatchery near Solo and Leaburg Trout Hatchery near Vida
in western Oregon, as well, as at Wizard Falls Trout
Hatchery ne
Camp Sherman In central Oregon.
Two incidental studies were pursued In addition to
the Live main chemical factors instigated.
The use of
a cation exchange resin, Amberlit. IRC - 50 from Rohm and
Haas (14), to remove anmonia fran the transporting water,
and the use of sodium amytal as a hypnotIc agent for
trout were briefly explored.
Experimental pesis
In order to ascertain
factors
hicb factor or combination of
countered in trans porting trout did or did not
contribute to delayed mortality, particular attention was
devoted to construction of experimental designs employed
in various trial hauls.
Dr. L. 1). Calvin, statistician
with the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, established the experimental desIgns utilized in the study.
Experiments were devised to reduce variables in so far as
possible.
Constant control of variables was necessary
because experimental fish were from three separate hatch
orbs, and experimental hauls were made at different times
dur.ing the period from June 21 to September 3, 1954.
The following factors in alL five experiments were
least subject to variation:
3.
The species of trout was Sa]
gairdnez't of the
second year class; however, some racial or subspecie a differences were present.
Roaring River
and Leaburg trout originated from fall spawning
Roaring River Hatchery brood at ocic
WIzard
Falls trout were from spring spawners at Hagerman's Hatchery, a 1!. 8. Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice station In Idaho,
2.
Fish to be transported were usually starved for
48 hours, except in three trial hauls from Wizerd
Falls Hatchery when the nonfeeding period was 6?
hours,
3.
Loading and unloading techniques at each separ
ate hatchery were always the same, but methods
differed at each of the the sta.a. Gener
ally, loading procedures followed a similar
pattern at all hatcheries:
trout were seined
from hatchery ponds, a certain poundage of fish
was weighed into a tub full of water, which was
then emptied Into the transporting tank.
Trout
were unloaded frai the tanks by one of the fol'
lowing methods:
renoval by dip net and immedi-
ately released into holding ponds, or caught by
dip net and placed in buckets of water which
were emptied into the ponds, or discharged
through a hose that traversed the distance from
a tank outlet to the pond.
4,
The fr tanks utilIzed were either overhead.
spray or Venturi-aerated.
Cie Venturi-aerated
system was In a 150 gallon capacity metal tank,
and another was in a 175 gallon capacity wooden
tank.
The overhead-spray..aerated systems were
in wooden tanks of two sizes with 150 arid 250
gallon load limits.
Each truck retained the
same driver throughout any individual exper1meit.
5.
The duration of time fish were hauled in moat
loads was six hours, except for six loads from
Wizard Falls Hatchery in which trout were in the
tanks from cne-"fourth to three-fourths of an
hour longer.
6.
The anount of water used in each truck tank was
kept unifm, deptidont, of course,
i the size
of the tank.
7.
Density of tiah hauled was 0.6 pound per gallon
of water in the first tour experiments, and was
increased to a 1.0 or 1.2 pound per gallon of
water rate In the last experisnt at Leabur g
Hatchery.
Tho density governed the poundage of
fish for any given tank.
8.
Temperatures of traisporting water were controed
by use of ice.
Circumstances of importance aore readily subjected
to uncontrolled variations were:
1.
Growth of the trout as sunmer progressed caused
a change in number of trout per pound of fish,
number of trout per gallon of water, and number
of trout per load.
[j
2.
The type of terrain and mileage traveled by the
trucks in CQIVO7 varied from day to day.
3.
Atiosphevic condit1or3 before an experimental
haul, during a haul, and duriflg the period of
observati
4.
i fluctuated.
As experimentation progressed through the suzr,
fish under wetit ihysiological changes due to ad-
vancing age, which nf1uenced their adju8tmt
to the trial of transportation.
5.
I)iets fed the experimental trout were different
at each station.
T1
diet at Roar.ng River cut-
tamed 25% meal and 75% meat.
Leaburg trout re-
ceived 17% meal and 83% meat.
Wizard Falls fish
were fed 5% meal ath 95%. meat.
The first experimental desii, a randoud.zed chi-squaze
controlled temperature experimit, was used to explore
importance of temperatu
and type of aeration system.
The desii is as follows:
Trip
1
2
3
4
5
6
Truck
Venturi-aerated
tank
40
47
55
47
40
55
Truók B
Overhead- spray
tnk
47
55
40
40
55
47
Truck C
Overhead-spray
1arg tank
55
40
55
4?
40
The ccn trolled temperature experiment, In which three
trucks went out each day for sIx days, was conducted at
Roaring River Trout Hatchery from June 28 to July 3, 1984,
arid d heated at Wizard Falls Trout Hatchery from July 7
to July 12, 1954. Results Indicate the most desirable
water temperature at which hatchery-reared trout should
be transported, ad the effect different tank styles may
have
fish.
The first experiment at Roaring River is
referred to as Series I, and the duplicated exextmant
at Yizard Falls is called Series II throuiout this report.
The next designed experiment, Series III, was used
to determine what possible value could be derived from
use of sodium
iyta1 in the transportation of trout.
The
study is discussed more fully under Control Measures.
Handling of trout during loading aid unloading was
given primary consideration In the next two experiments,
Series IV end Series V, to learn if the type of treatment
wa, a cause or contributhig factor to delayed mortality.
ovethead-spray-aerated tanks
of equal capacity were alternately operated at water ternperaturee of 47 end 55°F. Physical treatment referred
During a four day period two
to In the previous sentence is a relative matter, dependent upai the typical handling procedures at the two
hatcheries where this aspect of the problem was studied.
Further details, other than chemical
analysis of trans-s
porting waters, are presented in Rortozi's thesis.
Relative efficiency of two separate Venturiaerated
a ye tems a t a con tro lied t empe rature wi. th two pump motor
speeds and two densitisa of fish was studied at Leaburg
Trout Hatchery from August 23 to August 28, 1954, under
the to 1 lowing design:
WATffi TPEBA1VR AT 47P.
aerated tank
1
2
$
4
&
6
Key:
e;a. ven;ur.
aerated tenk
WQOCIaII venur
JrJ.p
A
A
B
A
D
B
B
C
C
D
D
C
A
C
B
I)
1.0 pound
motor
1.0 pound
motor
1.2 pound
motor
1.2 pound
motor
fish/gallon
speed
fish/gallon
speed
ft h/gallon
speed
fish/gallon
speed
water and low pump
water arx high pump
water and low pump
water and high pump
Results obtained in Series VI provide an indication of
the effect which the pump motor speed and/or the density
of fish has on oheI7ical factors in the water, as well as
any possible delayed mortality that occurs in tanks
aerated by moans of Venturi system.
Analytical Methods Utilized
In each instance of water examination, senpies which
were to be chemically analyzed were taken prompt.y after
trout were loaded and immediately bebre they were re
leased after the six hour hauling period.
Porbitris for
study were secured with a sampling bucket that held two
250.0 milliliter (ml.) ground glass atoppored B.O.D.
bottles.
Procurement of water samples was similar to the
procedure employed ror dissolved oxygen and outlined in
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewe"
(1).
Four full bottles, which gave a total at 1000.0 ml.
of water, were taken for the five chemical analyses to be
The amount gave an ample supply so tha t a test
made.
could be repeated if any error was made.
Dissolved oxygen was measured by the sodium aside
modification of the Winkler method (1).
This procedure
is used in the presence of nitrites, which were fcind in
measurable quantities in the hatchery waters.
Some ni
tn to contnl. hi tion from metabolic waste products of trout
could have been present.
The fins], step utilized a 100.0
ml. prepared sample, into which was titrated N,/40 sodium
thi.osultate.
Th. milliliters of sodium thiosulfate times
two, equalled parts per miflion (p.p.m.) of dis8olvad
oxygen.
Ammonia nitrogen determinations in the field vere
accomplished by the Noeslenization method once intorter.
ing subs taric es were removed (11)
Permanent ainmani a
nitrogen standards were freshly prepared as often as possible, which was at least every two weeks.
The nine
"known stand ards, made from aminctiium chloride solution,
contaIned 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, and 3.0
ml, of
nmonium chloride respectively.
The amber color
of a prepared unknown baing tested was compared against
t}* color formed by a standard of known strength.
Final
results were c ompu ted by use of the formula
NH4C1 in standard x 10
Ml. water sample used in test
:
the amount of
nitrogen present
The amonnt of nitrogen prest x 1.216 (H3/N
17/14)
gave the final answer as p.p.m. ammonia.
The volimietri. c analysis for alkalinity uses methyl
orange color for an endpoint indicator (16).
Extra steps
were saved h en the c arbon dioxide test was run first.
It the addition of phenolphthalein to a 100.0 ml. sample
dId not turn the water pink, the absence of alkalinity as
hydroxide or carbonate alkalini ty was assumed.
The re-
matning titration procedure was followed to determine the
methyl orange alkalinity.
The milliliters of N/40 sul-
fux'ic acid times ten equalled bicarbonate alkalinity
stated as p.p.m. calcium carbonate.
Carbon dioxide was also determined volumetrically
(16).
A 100.0 ml. water sample was titrated with N/44
sodium hydroxide in the presence of phenolphthalein.
The
milliliters of sodium hydroxide times ten equally p.p.m.
of cxbon dioxide.
iydrogen ion eoncentratici of waters tos ted was as
oertainod by use of the Hellis pocket comparator, model
605.
Since the pH of all transporting and hatchery
waters fell wIthin the 6.0 to 7.6 range, only the brorn
thmol blue color indicator ai
was utilized.
color disc coithination
RISULS AND DICUSSIO
from that of greatest si.gniflcaace and correlation to
that of least significance and correlation in relati on to
delayed nortali ty.
Such an arrangemi t will all.
dis-
solved oxygen, ammonIa nitxeri, methyl orange alkalinity,
carbon dioxide, and pH in that order of diacuasion.
At
some stations tM ice used for temperature control con
tributed to the changes in chemical factor concentrations
in the water, especially when a large
nount was used.
Effects of ice wili be elaborated upon in the more detailed discussions that follow.
Dissolved Oxygen
Changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations s1wod
the highest correlation with delayed mortality of £18h
originating fran Roaring River Hatchery.
As showi In
Figure 1 for Series I, Fiire 2 for Series V, and Table 1,
delayed mortality increased as oxygen consumption increased.
Significant portiQrls of Table F and Table 0
from the Appendlt are shown in Table I to point out the
relationship.
zsr
ez' cent
ical
order
delayed
ntzta1ity
1)laaolyed
oxygen
chmigs
ium,r
iced
order
r.Z' CSflt
delayed
mortality
1ssoivea
oxygen
chauge.
P.fll.
0.07
0.18
0.29
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.74
0.08
2.34
1.56
2.64
1.74
0.38
0.0
0.58
0.82
0.87
6.82
8.78
8.83
15.58
23.32
7
8
9
10
11
12
- 2.
1
.2
2.51
2.82
3
4
5
6
7
8
6.55
8.24
8.99
15.32
17.56
27.51
-
0.44
0.80
0.24
1.33
3.03
2.73
2.91
3.66
.0.02
- 4.02
- 1.32
- 2.98
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentrationj negative
sign denotes a decrease in concontratii.
Both a regression coefficient and correlation cootficient have been. computed in order to demonstrate the
significanCe of the relationship between delayed mortal-
ity anddissolved oxygen consumption at Roaring River
The regression oquatici used to estimate percent
delayed mortality from change in dissolved oxygen, calculated from 12 loads in Series I, is
a. bX
where
Y
X
a
b
:
*
*
a
4.13
2.IOX,
per cent delayed mortality
change In di olved oxygen
intercept constant
regesion coefficient (slope of regression
LiflO!.
17
The intercept end regreeson coefficient are calculated
as
a : Y
and
b
: 5,53 - (2,l0) (-0.67) : 4.13
: _____
b
- 2.10.
The correlation coefficient, D, is given by
yj
:'8.91:-0.57
15.56
end is different from zero with probility equal to .05.
The regression equation used to estimate per cent
delayed mortality from change in dissolved oxygen, calcul ated from eight loads in Sane e V, is
Y:a+bX:l.05.39X,
where
Y : per cent delayed mortality
X : change in dissolved oxygen
a : intercept cons tent
b : regression coefficient (slope of regression
line).
The intercept and regression coefficient are ealoulatedas
a : !
bX : 11.12
and b :
(Xw.
) (Y
Z(X
X)2
(-5.39)(-l.89)
T)
1.0
6$
1.79
The correlation coefficient, r, is given by
ra
'x x)-(Y - Y).
5.61
and is different from zero with probability equal to .05.
Transporting waters from Roaring River generally had
a starting concantratiai between 7.54 to 10.44 p.p.m. of
1
FIGURE
28
I
EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CHANGES ON
DELAYED MORTALITY IN OVERHEAD-'
SPRAYAERATED TANKS
24
ROARING RIVER HATCHERY-SERIES I
/2
0
-3
I-
0
I6
w
-I
Ui
\J__GornPuIed I/ne of regress/on
8
4.
ISsss\ooI
I
1
o:
DISSOLVED OXYGEN CHANGE (PARTS PER MILLION)
FIGURE 2
EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
I
I
CHANGES ON
DELAYED MORTALITY IN OVERHEAD
SPRAYAERATED TANKS
ROARING RIVER HATCHERY-SERIES 5
24+
20 \
I-J
7
4
0
I-
0
w
>-
4
I/ne of regress/on
-j
012
Ui
2
Ui
5
C)
Ui
Q-
0
çrn:fed
8
4
-4
-2
0
+2
DISSOLVED OXYGEN CHANGE (PARTS PER MILLION)
dissolved
The content decreased as mudi as 4.00
cygen.
p.p.m. in a six hour hauling period, especially when the
tfr was 55°F.
The change in amount of dissolved oxyg,
which was more extreme in los of Roaring River fish,
vividly demstrated the increased
ygen demand made by
trout from thi a at ation during tran sport ati on.
When all
factors and variables from each study are considered, it
is apparent that a orne thi ng unknown about experimeri tal
trout from Roaring River must have aco ounted for the in
creased oxygen demand and the concom.ttrt dissolved oxygen decrease,
Delayed
rtality, though not attributed
to an innediate lowering of the oxygen supply, may be the
end re sul t of a physi o logical or neurological c cndi ti on
instigated by a period of deereaslxigly available oxy:en.
Vhen fish suffocate from lack of oxygen, death shoui.d
ta1
place wIthin twentyf otw hours, or shortly tbero
after (G).
Initial concentrations of dissolved ogen at Roarlug River ranged between 7,54 and 10.44 p.p.rn.
oxygen oontei a, after trout had b sen in t
Fins].
water for
six hours, rared from 5.49 to 11.10 p.p.m., with the
extremes of increases and decreases 'being as much as
2.64 and 4.02 p.p.m. respective2
and 0
Appdix).
Final o
(Tables D, F, H, I, M,
oicentraticns which wr
2].
greater than those faind at the beginning of experimental
hauls were nieasured ir heavily iced 400?. temperature
water,
ture,
Trout shod little activity at this low emperahich indicates there was less oxygen demand than
in warmer waters,
Ice used for tomperatuie oczitrol con-
tained up to 9.0 p.p.m. of dissolved oxygen, which added
to the available supply of that vital substance.
As indicated in Tables E, G, H, J, L, and N in t
Appendix, the dissolved oxygen in trensportatLon water
studied in Series II and Series IV at Wizard Falls showed
somewhat lower starting ooncentrat1a and less oxygen
uttlizati on during the hauling period.
Only three out
of twenty-six loads at this bat ohery had an oxygen decrease of 2.50 p.p.m. or more, while eight of the com-
parable twenty-six hauls at Roaz1ng
iver Hatchery had
dissolved oxygen decreases of 2.50 p.p.rn. or more.
Dissolved oxygen, which started at values between
8.02 and 9.90 p.p,ni. in experimental waters of Series VI
at Leaburg Hatchery, diminished to between 7.01 to 8.79
p.p.m. (Tables P and li--Appendix).
The decrease ranged
from 0.70 to 2.29 p.p.ru.
Limited changes in dies oled oxygen concentrations
noted at stations other than Roaring River had litti.
hewing on delayed mortality since virtually none was
encountered
2
A125fl0Ui& Nitrogen
Nitrogenous cis tituents measured in the water as
nitrogen end computed as annonia, hereafter referred to
as ammonia nitrogen, was a direct addit.on to transporting waters by trout.
The
'xadual increases in
nmoni&
ni trogen, '*iich were cb served in all sixty-four expert
mta1 loads reported uxn here
ranged from 0.9? to
.?5
p.p.m. and £requently exceeded the widely quoted 2,5 p.p.rn,
minima? lethal cone en tr ati on es tabl i shed by Elli s (11).
The m.1.c. mentioned applies to waters with a pH range
of '7.4 to 8.5.
Stnee the pH never exceeded 7.4 in the
studies wider discussion, it may be that the figure of
2.5 p.p.m. does not apply 98 9 11mittiOfl in these irives
tigations.
The true signifioexce of ammonia as a detri
ment to fish is contained in the following remarks from
'tSewage &id Industrial Wastes" (a).
"Furthermore, a high
concentration of ammon turn tons in 'v at er, whi oh is nt
initially demonstrably toxic, should be regarded as a
potential hazard to fish life, if the pH may be subjected
to considerable fluctuaticns........ The toxicity of
these solutions evidently is dependent largely, if not
entirely, on the concentration of the uruiissociated base,
which increases with the pH value, as well as with the
overall axnmonium eontent.'
Chipman (5) also draws
similar conclusions.
The pH in loads under consider aticrt never fluctuated
to any marked degree, and the concentration of undissoelated base was considered to be a very small percentage
of the total anuncziia nitrogen readings
So many other
nitrogenous products were present in the same water that
meaznent of undissociated base was impractIcable, es
pecially in the field.
The list of nitrogenous waste
products from metabolic functions of fish includes urea,
amine oxide, creatine, creatinine, uric acid (2), tnmetbylanilne, and tnimethylainine oxide (7).
The presence
of many compounds, plus other ionic radicals in transporting waters, would make it difficult for any annnonium
ions to remain disassociated and accumulate to a point
of toxicity for fish.
In fact, the opposite seemed more
true, in that moat all cnirrionium ions were associated.
In loads that were not heavily iced before fish were
introduced, initial concentratiis of ammonia nitrogen
ranged from 0.00 to 0.78 p.pan.
1aters that were iced
heavily to a 400F. temperature before fish were loaded
at Roaring River had high beginning contents from 0.44
to 1.93 p.p.m. of ammonia nitrogen.
Coolant from Albany
Ice and Cold Storage used for water temperature control
was tainted with ammonia up to 12.0 p.p.m.
Contamination
of ta ntuz*e made a contribuon to the concentration
24
of an,moni
nitrogen In transporting waters before trout
were introduced.
Final readings ranged between 1.21 to 6.33 p.p.m.
amnonia nitrogen, wh1h Indicated increases varying from
0.97 to 5.75 p.p.m. No corre1ati between 400, 470k
55°F. water temperatures, and changes in
ii a nitrogen
readings was observed in overhead-sprayaerated systems.
Belayed mortality of fish from waters in. overhead-spray
aerated loads does not follow a pattern of correlation
with any type of change in aiiicni a nitrogen content, as
illustrated in. Fitre 3 and Tables B, L, F, G, L, M, N,
and 0 in the Appendix.
Higher final ccncentratis, from 4.5 p.p.m. upwards,
were measured in waters from Vantur'i-aerated tanks. The
variati on range of' sranoni a nitrogen was wider in Venturi-
aerated tanks, especially in the Series VI experiment at
Leaburg Trout atcher'y (Tables P and It, Appendix).
H1
density loads in. the same series had 1.2 pounds of fish
per gall on of water and manifested an average change of
5.21 p.p,m. The loads of 1.0 pound of fish per gallon
of water from the same hatchery had en average increase
of only 4.58 p.p.m. These results demonstrate a slight
auguienting of ammonia nitrogen by an increased number of
fish in the transporting waters.
Water from
Venturi-aerated tanks bad an increased
ammonia ni trogeri trarxsforrnatl on as the tenperature becaie
higher n tbe experim&its
Pails hatcheries.
t Roarin
River snd Vizard
Ammonia nitrogen increases averaged
1.96, 2.17, and 5.00 p.p.m. in loads whose respective
temperatures were 400, 470, end 55°F.
A 3?ise in smaunt
of metabolic wastes dfrectly reflected increased activity
of trout at hier tenperazres.
The closed tank and
type of aCitatlon of Venturiaorated syats nay have
some influence
i maintajnjn
the higher concentrations
at ammonia nitrogi.
otes in the previous two paragraphs are of ii ttle
importance in direct reiati
to the problem of delayed
mortality, since no loss of any consequence was eqeri
enced using a Vonturl.iaerated tank.
ments lead to a theory that th
These earlier state-
presence of iitroenous
compounds and their possible ionic radIcals could serve
as an aid
in
the raaintenance of an. acid
base relation.
ship whIch is favable to the welIbeing of trout ix
transporting waters, since the medium is in a state of
ci tinual change.
Delayed mortality could not be attributed to ammonia
nitrogei In the six ty"f our hauls of the five experiments,
since no correlation was found
Figure 3 and Tables
exis t, as shown in
, E, F, c, H, I, J, i, M, T, 0, P,
and ii in the Appendix.
Baltent portions of the tables
2
FIGURE 3
AMMONIA NITROGEN INCREASES
21
IN
OVERHEAD-SPRAY-AERATED TANKS
AND
VENTURI-AERATED TANKS
ROARING RIVER HATGHERY-SERIES I
WIZARD FALLS HATCHERY-SERIES 2
I-
0
0 RESULTS FROM OVERHEADSPRAYAERATED
TANKS-SERIES I
S RESULTS FROM OVERHEAD-SPRAYAERATED
TANKS-SERIES 2
I5
0
e RESULTS FROM VENTURI-AERATED TANKS-
412
SERIES
G
I
RESULTS FROM VENTURI-AERATED TANKS
SERIES 2
z
Lii
C.,
Lii
a-
S
.PêEL
0
9
5
4
3
2
AMMONIA NITROGEN CHANGE (PARTS PER MILLION)
Ô
TABLE 2: AiIA ITOGTN INCREASE I
TIWISPORTDIG
WATERS IN BELATIO1 TO ASCDG ORDER OP
DELAY2) MORTALITY PEOM TWELVE LOADS or RAIN
TROUT IN OVRREAD-8PRAY.AERATED TANKS; SERIES
I, ROARING RIVER KATC}IER!; SERIES II, WIZARD
ical
order
delayed
mortality
nitrogzi
increase
delayed
mortality
nitrogen
increase
p.p.n1.
1
2
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
U
12
0.07
0.18
0.29
0.30
0,58
0.82
0,87
1,61
1.41
2.83
3.99
1.46
3.81
2,67
3.40
2.52
5.01
2.62
2.52
.82
8.7$
8.83
15.58
23.32
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.24
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.70
1.00
1.26
2.18
2.42
1.94
2.72
3.64
2.67
3.69
2.67
3.64
4.57
2.43
WATERS IN RELATION TO ASCDI14G ORDER OP
DELAYED MORTALITY FROM SIX LO&DS OP RAINBOW
TROUT IN V11TURI*AERA TEl) TAN1S; SERIES I,
ROAR ING RIVER HATCHER!; SERIES II, WIZARD
FALLS HATCHERY
4
Numerical
order
erez
er cet
delayed
mortality
1
1
2
4
5
6
0.15
0.17
0,23
0.29
0.39
0.58
Ammc*i_a
nitrogen
increase
p.p.m
5.15
2.24
2,86
2.18
2.47
5.06
* er cen
delayed
niortali fiy
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.13
0,22*
0,23
_mmona
nitrogen
increase
2.04
0.97
1.59
2.18
4.96
4.81
*Delayed mortality estimate: pump motor stopped during
haul and 28 fish died within 44 hours, so delayed
loss is estimated.
28
TAfLE 4:
IA ITF(0
IN TRArs?OTINO
iAThRS I1 RELATION TO ASCEND G ORDER OF
3Ti,AYFfl
TALITY FROM EIGIfl' LOADS OF FAI3OW
TROUT IN O1RI1AD..SPRAYAERATED TIKS; SERIES
TV,
Yer cTèit
de1ayed
Nuiner-
ical
mortality
order
0.00
0.07
0.07
0.10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.3
0,51
0,57
0.59
TABLE
3.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
:
!TATCRFRY; SPIRIES 11, ROARING
IZAW) FATJ
ALiI A
r4troon
increase
1er cent
d1ad
mortality
iii trogen
3.35
3.01
3.45
1.56
2,76
1.56
1.85
1.12
2.51
2.82
6.55
8.24
8.99
16.32
17.56
27.51
4.23
3.15
5.05
4.96
3.30
5.70
5.60
4.42
Ainñiriia
XTEOG1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.20
0.34
0,57W
1.18
1.30
DCKEAS
increase
Ii THAN SPORTI G
.84
4.48
5.20
5.11
5.49
5.25
5,46
4.28
4.04
5.60
4.28
5.75
have beei included hero ir.. Tabl.e$ 2, 3, 4, and 5 to il1-
trate the lack of correlation tn Series I, II
IV, V, and
VI, which are described in Procedures and Methods.
Methyl Orange A1ka1inity
Very 1 it tie of the change in concentration of methyl
orange alkalinity (M.0.A.) in transporting waters was
directly attributed to fish, because these animals have
an insigiificent amount of L0.A. forming substances in
t1ir excretory and respiratory waste products.
Waters
used in experiments at Roaz'irig River Trout Hatchery had
initial readings of M.0.A. ranging trn 22.0 to 34.7
p.p.m.
Final contents varied fria 32.0 to 72.1 p.p.m.,
which resulted from increases between 9,9 to 44.0 p.p.m.
(Tables D,
, H, I, M, and 0 - Appendix).
A 245.0
p.p.m. conoentratia of M.0.A. was present in the well
water ice used for temperature control in Roaring River
experiments.
Most of the citriition to final M.0.A,
contents in tbe waters was made by the alkaline ice.
The fo U o. ng tab Is reveals an i nt eros ting co rr slat ion
between
iout of ice used, methyl orange alkalinity
chan, and delayed mortality from the eighteen loads
that comprised Series I at Roaring River.
The figures
cited are avoraes for six haals at each temperature.
water
temperature
Amount o
ice in
40
47
55
380
210
70
iettzyJ. orange
alkalinity change
Per cent
delayed
26.9
25.5
15.2
0.28
1.88
9.21
An apparent inverse ratio between delayed losses and
degree of alkalinity change demonstrated a direct re1a
tionship with the use of ice, and is further illustrated
in Figure 4.
As more ice was used to maintain a tempera.
but's of 40°F., a greater alkalinity change wag recorded
along with the lowest percentages of delayed mortalities.
Transporting water of 550F., in which the least amount of
ice was used, had a smaller range of alkalinity change,
and was associated with the highest delayed mortality
percentages.
Loads of 47°F. water fell between the two
The factor of M.O.A. could and probably was
extremes.
purely coincidental in showing a correlation to delayed
mortality.
The relationship is neither discussed nor
explored further because:
1.
It did not show up In any of the other four
experiments.
2.
No correlation was found between the re1atiaidp
and any of the other factors considered.
24t
/2
0
I
FIGURE 4
METHYL ORANGE ALKALINITY
INCREASES IN
OVERHEAD-SPRAY-AERATED TANKS
21
ROARING RIVER HATCHERYSERIES I
//
-J
0
4
0
41
WI
_j
I
'-I
ZI
0
0
wI
cr+
Q-
9
/0
I
T
Ol
I
I
p
20
25
0
METHYL ORANGE ALKALINITY CHANGE (PARTS PER MILLION)
5
10
15
3.
The relatively low concentrations of M.0.A. were
of insuffi.c tent magnitude to be of any great In-
fluence, since contents varied little from the
natural alkalinity in waters.
The exact end point was difficult to determine when
titrating for alkalinity in the presence of methyl orange
iridtcat, thus accoiintng for the small amounts of variations measured in transporting waters at other hatcheries.
Transporting waters of Series II and Series IV
at Wizard Falls showed M.0.A, range changes from a decrease of 3.3 to an increase of 7.7 p.p.m.
Begirming
concentrations were 51.2 to 57.0 p.p.m., and end values
were 48.0 to 62.0 p.p.m. (Tables E, G, H, J, L, and N
Appendix).
Transporting waters of Series VI at Leaburg Trout
Hatchery had increases ranging from 5.3 to 11.0 p.p.m.,
after initial readings between 23.8 to 26.0 p.p.m.
Ice
used for temperature control had an M.0.A. concentration
of approximately 40.0 p.p.m., which may have made a small
contribution to final water contents of 30.3 to 36.0
p.p.m. (Tables P and 11 - Appendix).
Although artif to ally induced alkalinity, if high
enough, can prove fatal to fishes, natural alkalinity of
waters in which fish were reared has not proven detrimental.
Alkalinity has little direct effect on trout in
33
a range between 45.0 to 200.0 p.p.m. carbonates or bicai'bonates (8). Little attention was focused on methyl
orange alkalinity for the previously mentioned two reasons. The highest final concentratii recorded was 72.1
p.p.m. Neither the final concentration nor the degree
of change seend sufficient enui to stimulate a need
for consider ati of M 0 A in a dir act relationship with
delayed mortality.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbai dioxide, a waste product of metabolism and
respiration of axtmal life, alwa increased in corentration in transporting waters. Waters in overhead-.
spray-aerated tanks never had final carbrn dioxide contents in excess of 12.0 p.p.rn., as iown in Tables D, E,
F, G, L, M, N, wd 0 in the Appendix. Carbon dioxide
initial contents were from 3.7 to 8.5 p.p.m., and concentrations in the waters increased between 0.5 and 6,4
p.p.m. Slight changes and low final concentrations
demonstrated the ease with which carbon dioxide could
escape from waters in overhead-spray-aerated
ina1 concentrations of carbci dioxide from waters
in Venturi-aerated tanks seldom was below 12.0 p.p.m.,
and never surpassed 18.0 p.p.m. (Tables H, I, 3, P, and
H
Appendix).
Transporting waters underwent a rise in
raitr
carbo:. dioxide conterit
I!iti1 coc
ti&tior
to 11.7 p.p.,
from 3.
O to 7.4 p.p..
vaxied between
does riot radi1y escape from the
the
c1oed Vsnturiasratd syst, a reersib1e reacts c with
atr takes piaee romii
Ln
carbziic acid.
The *econ7
Waters iS di5
decrease in. pH vslus of transportit
ssd more f11y i t* foUceing section.
oce did the delayed wrt&ltty or fish
in
The
V,ntart.aer*ted tank reach
t1sd
eater in.
crease in aubo dioxide corctratton may have actually
produced & ben*ttcial street.
ohanges wd tiial
!kscord
coneer:..tratious c er tel n3y ,xhth ited
o detrtent el erfeat.
Final concentations of carbon dioxide did :iot reach
eny of the ury reported critical concentrations for cold
or warm water fish.
*ta has
ether work reviewed by Uoudor'ott and
at shown carbon ulozide to be lethal to trout
at the ccncantrations erconter.d in ti
Ftal
study (8).
ntonte of cwbor dtozide ip to 18.0 p,p.m.,
sid recorded changes rangiflg b*twean O.b to U.? p.p.
were not Intl nenced
the experiments.
carbon diOxi&
found.
y wetr tenperaturee employed for
o direct relationship
ezcountwd end deiay9d
etween the
ortal1 ty was
Hydrogen Ion cc*icentrations (pH) In transporting
waters had the least proportionate variation of all faa-'
tors analyzed In the xty-f our hauls. The tendency for
pH to remain near the starting point, which was always
close to a neutral reading of 9.0, resulted from the
buffering action that took place in transporting waters,
Initial readings at Roaring River Hatchery were 6.8 to
7.1, at Wizard Falls Hatchery; 7.1 to 7.4, and at Leaburg
Hatchery, 6.8 to 7.0.
The pH in heavily iced overheadsprayaerated loads
at Roaring River rose 0.1 to 0.3 from the starting in-'
dexea of 6,8 to 7.1 to final readings between 6.8 to 7.2.
Ice used for temperature control of transporting waters
was made from well water that had a pH of 7.8. Little
or' no change In the pH index was noted in overhead-'spray'
aerated hauls at other hatcheries. The pH results mdi-'
cate buffering action of the water and its ability to
base relationships balanced.
Transporting waters in Venturi-aerated tanks die-'
keep acid
played a drop from 0.3 to 0.6 on the pH scale by the end
of the hauls. Starting points at Roaring River were be
tween 6.7 to 7.1, between 7.2 and 7,3 at Wizard Falls,
and between 6.8
to 7.0 at Leaburg Hatchery. Final read'.
ings ranged from pH 6.4 to 7.0.
36
Vertux,iaeration circulation (cisult Horton's
thesis tar a detailed description) is essentially a
closed system with greatly reduced opportunity for acidic
forming gases to e3cape. The sane gases which were lost
to the auosphere from waters in overhead-sprayaerated
tanks catise a decrease 1x pH readings of transporting
waters in Venbariaerated taiks. Other confirmatory evidenoe was presented under the discussion of carbon
dioxide.
The pH does not receive further csideration since
the factor showed such a small variation, and no direct
correlaticxi with delayed mortality. The slight noted
change is cxly of aeaden Lc thteest, and supplies suffi-
ciit basis to disregard the role of pH, directly or in
directly, as a detriment
factor in the probln of
or contributory detrimental
delayed mortality.
OTHER ANALYSE&
A nunber of other water samples analyzed for the
five chemical factors were:
1,
Water from the pond fran
ich experimental fish
were removed.
Date
Hatchery
6-29'.'54
Roaring
River
55
Water temperatie
Dissolved ogen
7-2-54
Roaring
River
7-9-54
Wizard
Falls
52
54
7,64
7.80
9.60
0.49
25.2
0.28
24.1
0.29
58.0
4.5
6.8
4.8
6.8
6.0
7.5
'.
-
p.p.m.
nmonia nitrogen p.p.rn.
Methyl orange
alkalinity Carbon dIoxide
p.p.m.
pH
2.
Water in the tub in which experimental fish were
weighed before they were placed Into transporting waters.
7-2-54
Roaring
River
Date
Hatchery
Watar temperature Op.
Dissolved
7-10-54
Wizard
Falls
8-17-54
Roaring
River
-
54
52
7.76
7.00
6.46
0.00
0.63
0.63
ygen -
p.p.m.
Annncziia nitrogen -
p.p.m.
Methyl orange alka-
unity - p.p.m.
Carbon dioxide p.p.m.
p1-I
27.0
56.5
--
6.0
6.9
6.?
6.3
8.8
7.2
3.
Vater in a bucket in which fish wore carried
prior to release into observation ponds after
the sIx hr hauling period.
7'2154
Date
Hatchery
Roaring River
Water teniperare OF.
47
Dissolved oygt - p.p.m.
pp.m.
Ammonia nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
pH
4.
6.08
4.62
12.0
7.0
p.p.an.
Water from melted ice used for temperate
control.
7-1.54
Roarirg
RIver
Date
Hatchery
8-27-54
Leaburg
34
35
Water tnperature °F.
Dissolved oxyg
7-8-54
Wizard
Falls
-
8.90
406
7.96
11.18
0.97
0.83
p.p.m.
Amonia nitroSen p.p.m.
Methyl orwge alkaUnity - p.p.m.
245.5
Carbon djoxiñe -
9.5
38.4
20.5
7.8
1.6
7.1
4.9
7.4
p.p.xn.
pH
5.
Water employed to rinse the glassware that was
used C cr chnioal teats.
6-30-54
Eoarxig
River
7-7-54
Wizard
Falls
57
51
cold
hot
2.40
8.80
8.08
3.23
p.pan.
0.29
42.6
Methyl orange
alkalinity (car.
0.44
84,0
0.00
35.5
0.49
39.7
Date
Hatchery
Water tnperaturo O,
8-25-54
Leaburg
Dissolved oxygen p.p.m.
Anmion I a ni trogei -
bonates) - p.p.in.
Wizard
Hatchery
River
Carbon dioxide
(bicarbonates)
54.1
- p.p.m.
pH
7.8
6.
iabirg
Falls
5.7
7.5
7.6
6.8
9.5
7.2
water into which experimental fish were released
after their a! x ho ur haul.
Each of the experimental hauls ended at the
hatchery of origination, so water into which
fish were ral eased had a similar concentration
chemical factcTs as the initial content
of f1v
in the transporting tank.
Starting conoentra-
tions have been discussed in the previous see.
tion and are included in Tables D, E, H, L, K,
and P
in
the appendix.
The first four listed sources of waters were analyzed
to see it trout were eosed to any violent chend.cal tao-.
tor fluctuations while in cent aot with waters under the
circumstances mentl,ncd.
The rinse waters, number 5,
were measured for the five chamical factors to make certain that they were not influencing any of the chemical
tests.
Samples of the release waters were checked to
ITleasure the coucentratiri ditferences between transport-.
ing waters azzi release waters, into which trout were
lib erated.
The Series VI experiment at Leaburg Trout Hatchery
was reversed in sequence of procedures and conducted with
the sane tanks and patterns of variable controls at the
Kiamath Trout Hatchery.
This experimental desi'p was
established so that Series VI at Leaburg and Series VII
at Kianiath would complement each other.
Complications
in the nature of inadequate control of variables arose
at the Klernath Hatchery and rendered the experiment wi
suitable Th:
.ts In tended ptrpos e.
Introduced variables
included the following items:
1.
Tho starvation periods varied from 60 to 108
hours, and was not standardized to 48 hours beau
tore the hauls as was the case in each of the
ti
2.
previous experimants.
The duration of the haul exceeded six hotra by
20 to 45 minutes on six out of twelve loads.
3,
ObservatIon holding ponds wore of three types
and location, rather than practically uniform
as at other stations.
Fish placed In large un
covered ponds outside had the higiest mortality
rate.
Trout released into covered outside
ponds had a lower mortality rate, while the
trout in small troughs inside the building had.
the lowest rate of mortality.
41
4.
The water temperature at Klamatb was 46?.,
which was increased to 47°?. teiperature as
specified in the design of the experiment.
In
all of the other experiments it was necessary
to decrease the water ten perature to 470?.
S.
Delayed mortality of transported trout had not
ceased on the seventh day, at which time the
fish had been taken from the observation ponds.
Pux'ther deliberation is not spent on t1
Iüamath
Hatchery results fox' reasons mentioned, though tables are
included in the Appendix føx' further consultation (Tables
Q arid S - Appendix).
The experiment at iciaruath Trout
Hatchery does exemplify one important fact, which is emphasized by H. i, Neweomb, fishery research biologist
working on tt
prcblem.
Different hatchery locations,
hatchery practices, and hatchery fish react iridependent3.y
of each other, and respond differently to the duress of
transportation.
CONTROL vIEAURES
$odium A7ta1
Sodium amytal was used in transporting waters in an
attempt to reduce or prevent dele?Jad morta1ity in eight
experimental hauls carried out at Roaring River Trout
hatchery in 1954.
Fishery agicies at the state of
California and the United States Fish and Wild].if. Ser-
vice reported some sxccess in using the drug to increase
the density at which fish are transported prior to plant'.
tugs (4).
Recommended dosage is onehalf grain per ga31
of rater, and is effective on fish in water with a tem'.
parature below 52°F.
When the water temperature is 52°F.,
or higher, the drug loses its effectiveness.
The Roaring River experiment was cducted as
follows:.
iJF'
Two vehicles with 150 geilcn capacity overhead'-spray-
aerated tanks were designated as Trucks A and B.
Fall
spawning rainbow trout were hauled at a density of 0.6
pound of fish per gallon of water for six hours.
The
43
same general c ondi ti otis and con aider ati one prevailed in
this design as in other axper.rnerits discussed previously
in Procedures an.d Methods.
Sodium aniytal was added to
the water at the rate of 0.5 grain per gallon just before
any experimital trout were loaded.
Water samples were
taken at the a tart and finish of the haul a and analyzed
for di as olved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, methyl orange
alkalinity, carbon dioxide and pH.
Results of water analysis are givi in Table K in
the Appendix, and Table 7.
OF FIVE CHEICAL FACTORS IN TRANS P0RTIG WATERS
TEAT C ON TA IN 2) S ODIUM AMYTAL, O1flRHEAD.iSPRAYii.
AERATED TANKS, SERIES UI, ROARING RIVER
Factor
-
Dissolved
oxygen
Ammonia
nitrogen
auge o
initial cone.
p.p.m.
-
9.70
6.74
9.30
1.30
0.49
0.73
2.91 -
4.86
2.3?
9.0
55.3 ll.7
35.0
39.4
5.7
7.7
10.9
+ 3.0
7.2
7.1
7.3
0.0
-
ge range
p.p.m.
8.00
Methyl orange 26.8
alkalinity
Carbon
4.0
dioxide
pH
us
ange o
cone.
p.p.m.
2.68
4.?
- + 23.9
-
6.7
4
0.2
Plus sign d eno téji
sign dauotea a decrease in concentration.
Variations in coneentraions of chemical factors in this
experiment showed no açreciab1e differice from the contents aud chaugea that were recorded for previously
44
discussed experiments at Roaring River Hatcher' (3eriee I
and Series V under Discussion, and Tables 1), F, M, and 0
Appendix).
Trout in the transporting waters appeared
as active and nervous at the firish of these hauls as
were the N sh in other experimental loads in which a drug
wu not utilized.
Failure of sodium aniytal to reduce delad mortaliti
470?. water temp eraturs
55r158 I
no drug in six loads
Series III
drug in four loads
Series V
:
1.88
2.79
: ::
3.30
: : : : : : : : :
550?. water tipsraire
Series I
no drug in six loads
Series III
drug in four loads
9.19
14.17
13.51
Series V
no drug in tour loads
17.16
average percontageot delayed
rta1ity is comm
puted for all rour teen Iads in the three experiments.
The sodium smytal did not show any effectiveness in reduc
ing or preventing delayed mortality under the caiditions
described,
Amberlite IRO
50
Since the previous workers (Saltzmsn and Siines) re
garded ammonia nitrogen as a probable cause of delayed
mortality, elimination of the stt stance from transporting
medium was attented. The coiuucn laboratory practice of
utilizing resins to remove undesirable ions or ionic
radios is frcn water was tx ught to provide a a ati at so tory
means of accomplisbixig that desired goal. Eleven expert-
mental hauls in the late suraner ard early fall of 1955
were undertaken to determine the feasibility of remong
ammonia frcn transporting waters tbroui the use of a
rosin cation exchanger, Amberlite IRC 50, produced by
Robin and Haas (14). Full details on the resin, its cOm
posi tiori and tune tion, can be obtained n the iterature
published by the company,
The biggest problem was to develop a filter, a coli
type it possible, to hold tI email beads of resin, and
yet insure complete caitact with the circulating water
in ta oxperiuisntal overhead-spray.aerated tank.
The first filter was a rectangular wooden box with
the parallel wide sides composed of nairow mesh screen.
The filter was set hori.ontafly over the outlet, which
was approximately two f et above the floor and on a
baffle in the middle of the tank.
with this arrangement.
Two difficulties arose
The resin packed down so tightly
that the water would either just pass over it, or the
barrier of packed resin interrupted the constant flow of
water in sucn a mauner that the aeration was erratic,
feeble, and slow.
A different sort of filter, mcre like a column type
and desied by Mr. H. F. Hort,, consisted of a long low
wide plywood box
The resin was held in. the filter by
screens and fiberglass at the long ends of the box.
This
column type filter was connected into the circulation
system by means of flexible tubing at each end of the long
axis of the box.
The resin rrad
good contact 4th the
water, and pumping was less disrupted than with the pr&vious filter.
On two baits the holding screens were
pulled loose by the pumping force, and the resin became
dispersed throuout the water in the tank.
Experiments were exploratory in nature, and there.
fcwe, not designed for a statistical analysis.
Amberlite
IRC a 50 was used in seven loads at concentrations of 7.0
to 13.0 pounds per 250 gallons of water, while tour other
loads served as c on trol haul a.
Expe rimen ta 1 fIsh were
fall spawning rainbow trout from Roaring River Trout
Hatchery.
The overhead-spray-aerated tank truck held 150
pounds of trt in 20 gallons of water or 0.6 pound of
fish per gallon of water. Starvation piod of the fish
o temperature control
Trout were re
exercised.
tamed In observation holding ponds at Roaring River for
extended from 24 to 120
of transporting waters was
seven days after a six
ur transportation period.
Water samples for chemical analysis were taken at
the start and end of each haul, except on October 7 and
8 when a starting water sample was riot secured. The
water was an a1ed for dissolved oxygen, annionia ni trogen, methyl orange alkalinity, carbon dioxide, and pH.
Results are shown in Tables 9 and 10.
Use of the resin at a recommended exchange capacity
at pH 7.0 of 3.6 to 3.8 milliequivalents of ammonia per
milliliter of Ainberlite IRC - 50, and bove, did not display any increased measurable cation exchange power.
The problem was new and procedures were not as preciss as they should have been. Two explanations and one
conclusion can be offered for the results obtained wider
the conditions previously described. The company's
literatu'e on resin states that there is a poor cation
exchange capacity f or the resin below a pH of 7.0. Th.
pH was never 7.0 or above in experimental loads. Succesatul extraction of ammonia from water depends on the
48
1ABLE
Factor
LNITIAL £D EAL CXCENThATI0
CS
:
-
Fi1tered
waters
Dissolved
gen
Ammonia
nitrogen
Kange or
initial cone.
PP.!'.
Range OX
conc.
tial
3,36 -
1,88
2.23
0.00
0.39
3.18 -
Methyl orsnge!?.O
alkalinity
Carbon
6.5
dioxide
pR
6.3
- - - - -
=
change range
P.PJ1t.
.80
& 1.4? - - 3.48
8,26
+ 3.30 - 4 7,9?
32.0
17.5
36.0
l4.0
13.5
7.8
- 18.5
+ 0.1
6.8
- -
6.3 - - - -
6.9
- .18.0
-
'7.0
- 0.3 - + 0.4
- - - - - -
Non-fil terod
waters
Dissolved
4.18 -
5.46
4.62
7.40
Axnmaiia
0.15
0.30
1.22
5.35
OXsn
4 0.65 - ' 1.00
1.07
5.05
nitrogen
Methy1orange2,6
alkalinity
Carbon
dioxide
pE
- 27.0
37.0
60,2
.12,0
- .33.2
'.0
7.0
7.0
8.1.
0.0
4.1
6.8
6.9
6.8
7.2
0.0
0.3
Plus sign denotes i increase in concentration; negative
si
denotes a decrease in concentration.
33LE 10:
DL1YiD Mc1TALrr
?.ND FiI:AL
AT
TEMPW.TURE
- - - - - - - - -
- -
-
Non-ft]te red
waters
Ai.gust 8
August 8
October 10
11.6
1.1
0.78
11.20
53
53
56
50
fozation of an amonium I NH4) radio a]. in the resin with
a hydrogen ion in a carboxylic acid group offered by the
resin combining with en emmonia (NH3) radical from tb
water.
Trsnsportlng waters may not have any ammonia
present in the trihydrogen form.
Either or both explana-
tions may account for the ineffectiveness of the catit
exchange resin, Amberlite IRC - 50.
Under experimental
circumstances explained, the resin did not prove successful as en aid in reducing the ammonia nitrogen content
of trinsport1ng waters.
SUMMARY AI) CONCLUSIONS
and seven experiments In 1954
gave a total of 95 test loads of fish, whi were studied
Cre experimsnt in 19
in an attempt to find a solution, and if possible, the
cause of delayed mortality of transported hatc1ry
reared rainbow trout. The sevan experiments in t
sumer of 1954 were
1. Controlled transporting water temperatures of
400, 470 and 55°F. alternated in a 150 gallon
4
capacity Venturi-aerated tank, a 150 gallon
capacity overhead-spray-aerated tank, and a 250
gallon capacity oveztead-spray-aerated tank
using trout from Roaring River Trout latchery
(Series I 18 loads).
2. Caitrolled transporting water temperatures of
4QO 47°, and 550?. alternated in a 150 gallon
capacity Venturi-aerated tank, a 150 gallon
capacity ovezthead-sprayaerated tank, and a 250
gallon capacity overhead-spray-aerated tank
using trout from Wizard Falls Trout Ratchery
(Series II - 18 loads).
3.
Use of sodium amytal in transporting waters in
an attempt to reduce or prevent delayed mortality of fish from Roaring River Hatchery at water
51
temperatures of 470 and 55°F. in 150 .gaflon
capacity overhead-spray-aerated tanks (Series
III
4.
$ loads).
Rough handling
of hatchery fish in 1o1ing and
unloading procedures that accompany the t.ransportati on of trout from Wizard Falls Hatchery
in 150 gs11xi overhesdspray-aerated tanks at
water temperatures of 470 and 550F. (Serlee IV
8 loads).
5. Gentle handling of hatchery fish in loading and
unloading procedures that accompany the trans.
portation of trout from Roaring River Hatchery
in 150 gallon overhead.iaprayau.aerated tsnks at
water temperatures of 4'Pand 550F. (Series V
$ loads),
6.
Determination of pump motor speed and density
of fish 1eat suited for trout in 150 or 175
gallon capacity Venturjaerated transporting
tanks at Leaburg trout Hatchery (Series VI
12 loads),
7.
Determination of pump motor speed and density
of fish best suited for trait in 150 or 175
gallon capacity Venturi "aerated transporting
tanks at IClanialh xout Hatchery (Series VII
12 loads).
52
8.
At the end of the 1953 suniner, an eleven load
experiment was conducted at Roaring River Trout
Ratchery to study the effects of the resin
cation exchanger, Amberlite lEO
50, as a pos"
sible aid in reducing the aiiionta nitrogen in
transporting waters.
Exp sri ment a were deal a ad and executed to control
end to account for as many physical and mechanical varli.
ables as possible, and yet, remain similar to actual
liberation procedures employed by the Oregon State Game
CoiTinission.
Experimental trout of the second year class
were starved for lbrty'eigIit hours before the six hour
duration of transportation.
Water temperatures were con
trolled by the use of Ice.
After the period of tranapor-
tatiori, fish were retux,ied to the hatchery of origination
where they were retained In hatchery ponds for seven days
of observation.
Water samples for chenioal analysis were taken imI
mediately after the trout were loaded, and just prior to
their rele ass from transporting waters.
Water samples
were analyzed for irtlal aid final concentrations of
dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, methyl orange alka'
linity1 carbon dioxide, arid hydrogen ion concentration.
Sti.idy of cbemioal factors was in conjunction with a study
concentration. in decrease a d&iotes sii
negative concentration; in increase an denotes
ai Plus
,9.9
.24.2
8.0
10.7 -
.0.7
-
6.4
6.8
7.2
0.0
-
0.3
.
5.70 . - .1.41
-
- 32.0
53.7
6.09
- 2.19
7.1
7.4
-
6.8
3.7
pH
dioxide
Carbon
alkalinity
34.7
22.1 Methylorange
nitrogen
1,30
0.24
4.02
.2.64 11.12
S.49
10.00
7.54
pp.m.
-p.p.m.
p.p.m.
cone. final
cone. initial
o EsAge
range
of 'ange
dhange
195 UAJCHRY1
ROARIGRIV uoirnS SIX 0R
HAULED TROUT RAINB( OF LOADS SPRAY-AERATED
OVERHEAD- TY TWI
FR WATERS TRANSPORTING
IN CHANGES CONCENTRATION FACIOR CHE}1ICAL
Aonia
oxygen
Dissolved
Factor
U:
TABLE
1954. in Oregon in experiments tality
mor- delayed VI and V, XV, II,
I, series the
from hauls
sixty-four of total a fran waters transporting n
sured
nsa- contanta factor chemical on results the contain 15,
and 14, 13, 12, 11, Tables tables, following The
tality.
mar- delayed and changes cczcentration the between tion
correla- any as well as waters, transporting in are trout
vhile
concentration in
hans
the is factors chemical
of studies these in ca]sidaratim important The
experiments, the
of siiificance and scope full the understand to order
in read be should theses Both
Trout". Rainbow reared
Hatchery- of Mortality Delayed Reducing in Important
Factors Mechanical and Physical "Some thesis, Horton's
F. H. Mr. of basis the is whith factors, physical of
54
;
W
Factor
t
*iI
P
nange or
initial cone.
- p.p.m.
7.00
9.36
5.2 -
dioxide
pH
7.1
-
cnange range
4.86
1.70 -
IS!J
l'i'
Range or
final cic.
p.p,m.
9.50
4.46
Dis8olved
oxygen
Ammonia
0.00 - 0,78
nitrogen
Methyla'ange5L2 - 56.0
alkalinity
Carbon
$, !
+1.64
3.82
.1.12 -
4.5?
51.8
- 60.5
-3.3
- + 7.?
8.5
6.2
12.1
+0.5
-
7.4
7.1
7.3
Q.2
-
Plus sign dtes an inczaae ireoncenra_
aii denotes a decrease in
4.9
- . 0.15
i; negat...ve
ccentra*i.
'.
iFiF.
sJ, øji
Factor
;p.:(oijf
:
snge or
initial cuie.
wange raUg
enge or
final cac,
p. p
Diàsolved
oxygen
8.48 - 10.44
6.48 - 10.66
0.29 -
2.67 -
1.93
P
0.42 - - 3.52
5.59 + 2.18 - + 5.15
nitrogen
MeLbylorange
22.0
- 32.6
40.3
- 72.1
'15.5
- 444.0
- 17.0
4 7.6
- *11.7
elk 11ni ty
Carbon
dioxide
4.0 -
5.6
11.6
pI
6.7
7.1
6.6
-
7.0
- 0.3 -
0.3
ussigüdenotea añ1ncrease ui concitrati; nega.ve
sign denotes a decrease in coritration.
55
TABLE 14:
CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCENTRATI
CLGES IN
TRANSPORT1t 0 WATE1
FROM SIX VTURI.AEBATED
LOADS OF RAINBOW TROUT HAULED FOR SIX RJRS,
Factor
Dissolved
oxygen
WIZARD FAIL S RAT CHER, 1954
enge o
ange o
initial
conc
p .p.m.
6.94
9.00
Linal cn C.
ange range
p.
5.10
p .p .rn.
8.88
.0.72
0.54 1.21 - 5.35 .0.97 - .4.96
3.3
.3.5
Methy1oriige 51.3
57.0 48.0
57.6
aka1iity
4.7
Carbon
7.4 10.7
.9.8
15.4 '3.3
dioxide
pH
7.2 - 7.3
O.4 - -0.5
8.8
P1ts sign denotes an increase in conoenraffón; nega.ve
Arnznciia
nitrogen
sign
0.24 -
denotes a decrease in concentration.
Factor
Dissolved
initial
cone,
p.p..
8.02
-
tinei conc.
-p.p.m.
p.p.ni.
9.90
7.01
8.79 -0.70
2,29
0.63
4.38
6.33
5.75
oxygen
Anmicmia
ni trogen
0.34
th1'ange 23.3
e)ka3i
Carbon
dioxide
5.0
'3.84
- 26.0
31.0
36.0
p5.3
1O,9
6.5
11.6
16.7
+5.7
.11.2
pH
6.8
O.4
7.0
0.6
6.4 - 6.5
Plus sign denctes é.ninciase iii cbncentrationiègative
sign denotes a decrease n concentration.
It Is ccaioluded that:
1. Some chemical factors In transporting waters
were infivenced by the type of aeration system
in a liberation tank.
and 1
.a
Tables Ii, 12, 13, 14,
reveal:
greater range of oxygen change in overhe-
spray-aerated tanks at Roaring River Hatchb.
a greater buildup of carbon dioxide in a
Venturi-aerated tank, which results in
higher change rai;
a. generally, a decrease in pH value in a
Venturi-aerated t &ik, while the pH Index
in an overhead-spray-aerated tank remains
fairly a ons tant,
2. Ice contributed to se changes o chwiical
factor concentrations in trarisportii waters,
especially In heavily iced loads at Roaring
Rivei' Hatcbery.
.
The final concentrattons of chiica1 factors in
traisporting waters did not display any direct
correlation with delayed mortality of trans-
ported hatchery-reared rainbow trout.
4. Since fish do not die immediately, chemical
factors of transporting waters, as measured in
57
experimental loads from t' ee hatcheries, did
not in themselves cause delayed mortality.
5.
A greater cons umption or dissolved oxygen from
the transporting waters was correlated with a
hiier delqed mortality then the experimental
Delayed
trout were from Roaring River Hatchery.
mortality, though not attributed to an inviediate
lowering of the oxg. supply, may be the end
result of a physiological or neurological condition instigated by a period of decreasingly
available oxygen.
The relationship was not
found to exist at any other hatchery.
Other
chemical factor concentration changes, which
occuz?ed in transporting waters during the six
ho
hauling period, were not of sufficient
magnitude to cause delayed mortality.
8.
Sodium amytal did not reduce or prevent delayed
mortality under the conditics used.
7.
The resin cation exchanger, Ainberlite IRC
80,
did not reduce the anmonia nitrogen content of
transporting waters under the ccndi ticzis of its
us..
BIBLI OGRA PIY
1.
American water works association.
Standard methods
9th
ed.
New York, American public health associa'
tion and American water works association, 1949.
286 p.
for the ex1nation of water aM sewage.
2.
Bz'o&way, P. fl.
MetabolIc products and their effects.
Progrossive fish culturist 12:127-129. July,
1950.
3.
California.
Stats water poflution control board.
Water quality criteria. Sacramento, 1962.
512 p.
4.
California. State department of fish arid game.
Use
of sodium amytal on fish in California. Cktdoor
California 144-5. July, 1953.
5.
Chipman, Walter A.
The role of pH in determining the
Ph.D. thesis.
Columbia, Mo., University of Missouri, 1934.
153 numb. leaves.
toxicity of sxatnanium compounds.
6.
Davison, Robert Chalmers. Some effects of low concentrations of dissolved oxygan upon juvenile
silver salmon.
thesis. Corvallis,
Oregon state college, 1954.
48 numb, leaves.
7.
Degering, E. F. at al.
gen oompoun.
An ontlirie of orgic nitro-
3d ad.
Swift Co. Inc., 1942.
Cincinnati, John S.
381 p.
a.
Doudoroff, Peter, and Max Katz. Critical review of
literature on the toxicity of industrial wastes
and their components to fish. I. Alkalies,
acids, and inorganic gases.
Sewage end industrial wastes 22:1432-1457. Noveu2ber, 1950.
9.
Doudoroff, Peter, arid Max Katz. Critical review of
literature on the toxicity of industrial wastes
and their components to fish. II. The metals
as salts. Sewage and industrial wastes 25:802839.
July, 1953.
10.
Doudoroff, Peter et al.
Bio.assay methods for the
evaluation orate toxicity of industrial
wastes to fish,
23:1380-139'?.
Sewage and industrial wastes
November, 1951.
U. Ellis, M. L, 5. A. Weatfall,
ar1on D. Ellis.
Determination or water quality. (U. S. Fish
and wildlife service. Research report number
9.)
12.
1948.
122 p.
Oregon.
Orepn state gane commission. Proceedings
of the fifth annual short corn se for hatchery
sup4wintandents of the Oregon state game com
mission held at Oren state college, Corvallis,
Oregon. December, 1941.
93 p.
13.
Phillips, Arthur M., Jr., nd Donald ft. Brockway.
Effect of starvation, water temperature, and
sodium aniytal on the metabolic rate of brook
trout.
Progressive fish culturist 16:65-68.
April, 1954.
14.
Robin and Iiaas Company.
15.
Saltzman1 William Ordway. A study of the chemical
factors involved in the delayed mortality of
rainbow trout following liberation. Master's
thesis.
Corvallis, Oregon state college, 1953.
59 numb, leaves.
16.
Theroux, Frank EL, Edward F. Eldridge, and IN. Leroy
Mailman. Laboratory manual for the chenical
and bacterial analysis of water and sewage.
3d ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1943.
274 p.
Resinous products division.
Printed literature and correspondence pertain."
ing to Ainberlite resins.
Philadelphia 5, Pa.
1952-1954.
61
TABLE A:
Water
mp.ratur
°F.
40
PER CD? DELAYED MORTALITY OF RAINBOW TRJT TRANSPORTED PR
ROARING
RIVER AND WIZARD FALLS RAT CHERIES IN THRER TANKS OF TWO TYPES A!1 THREE
CTROLLED TEMPERATURES, JULY 1954 (SERIES I AND II)
Trucks
150 gallon mtal
150 gallon ov.!Venturi-s atd tank bad p'ay tank
Roaring
Wizard Roaring Wizard
Pails
Rivr
Falls Riv.r
0.17
0.11
0.13
0.58
0.39
0.29
0.00
0.00
47
0.25
0.29
0.00
0.11
8.78
0.30
1.00
0.22
0.82
0.82
0.21
0.24
1.87
0.30
55
0.58
0.15
0.23 15.58
0.22* 6.82
0.44
0.70
23.32
8.83
0.45
0.47
9.21
0.42
0,30
0.12
0.41
5.67
0.26
Delayed
mortality
means
*
Delayed
250 gallon ovrmortality
means
tank
head u
Roaring Wizard Roaring
Wizard
Riv.r
Fall.
River
Pills
0.07
0.00
0.07
0.28
0.18
0.20
5.39
Delayed mortality .stimat. -- pp motor stopped during haul and 28 fish died
within 24 hours, so delayed loss ii estiaat.d.
TABLE B:
TROUT SUBJECTED TO RGR HANDLING
PER CDT DELAYED MORTALITY OF RAINB
DURING LOADING AND UNLOADING AT WIZARD FALLS HATCHERY; WATER TEMPERATURES,
47 AND 550p, JULY 1954 (SERIES IV)
Water
temperature
°F.
47
55
Delayed
mortality
means
Tanks - 150 gallon overhead spray
B
A
0.57
0.69
040
0.51
0.33
0.07
0.50
0.06
0.00
0.07-
Delayed mortality
means
0.32
0.25
(CEPTIONAL CARE
PER CENT DELAYED MORTALITY OF RAINBOW TR1T HANDLED WITH
DURING LOADING AND UNLOADING AT ROARING RIVER HATCHERY; WATER TEMPERA(SERIES V)
TURES, 47 AND 55 F., AUGUST 1964
Water
Delayed mortality
Tanks - 150 gallon overhead spy
temperature
means
Op
B
A
47
2.82
8.99
5.22
2.51
6.55
TABLE C:
55
Delayed
mortality
means
15.32
8.24
27.51
17.56
9.78
12.60
17.16
PER CT DELAYED MORTALITY OF RAINBOW TRJT IN RELATI3t. TO O.iEICAL PACTOR CONCTFATIO CHANGES IN
TRANSPORTING WATERS AT THREE CONTROLLED TEMPERATURES IN 150 AND 250 GALLOc OVERHEAL-SPRAY-AERATED
TANKS, ROARING RIVER HATCHERY, JULY 1954
(SERIES I)
Numbei RtI
Dissolved
MethyT
Ammonia
aron"
temp. Del.
of
oxen-p. .m.
nitrogen- ).p.m.
alkaiinity-p.p.m.
dioxide-p.m.
haul
'F. nort. start final change start final change start fthal
han
start riiii Ean
Tit
4Q0 0.07 8.34 9.08
2.8 6.9
0.2
0.74 0.58 2.19 4 1.61 31.0 53.3
4.7
7.5
7.1
22.3
C-2
7.2
0.7 7.1
7.2
0.1
2.64 1.21 2.67 1 1.46 34.0 52.0
6.5
40
0.58 8.48 11.12
18.0
8-3
2.83 34.7 53.7 4 19.0
7.2
1.4 7.1
7.2
0.1
2.34 1.30 4.13
5.8
0.29 8.52 10.86
40
B-4
4.1 7.0
7.O
0.0
9.6
5.5
0.08 1.02 2.43 4 1.41 29.0 53.2 e 24.2
0.18 8.20 8.28
40
C-6
mean
TABLE D:
-r
?Ii1an
0.28
8-1
C-S
C-5
8-6
470
47
47
47
8.78
0.82
0.82
0.30
9.42
7.54
9.20
9.80
9.44
0.02
7.92 o 0.38
7.46 - 1.74
8.24 - 1.56
0.39
0.49
0.49
0.63
2.91
3.16
4.40
4.62
2.52
2.67
3.91
3.99
25.4
25.8
25.4
30.8
47.0
42.1
48.4
53.7 +
21.6
16.3
23.0
22.9
6.2
6.0
4.0
5.3
8.4
7.1
8.4
10.6
2.2
' 1.1
4.4
5.3
6.9
6.8
6.8
7.1
7.1
7.0
7.l
7.1
0.2
4 0.2
0.3
0.0
-
0.39
0.54
0.34
0.24
2.52
2.91
2.62
3.16
5.35 + 5.01
3.64 4 3.40
25.0
24.7
22.1
24.3
36.2
11.2
41.1
16.4
32.0
9.9
38.5 # 14.2
7.4
3.7
4.3
4.8
8.7
6.0
8.3
6.7
1.3
4 2.3
4.0
6,8
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.9
7.1
6.8
7.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.3
me an
2.68
E-2
C-4
B-S
55°
55
55
55
3.32 9.04
15.58 9.76
8.83 9.92
6.82 .0.00
6.06
8.44
5.90
7.42
2.98
1.32
4.02
2.58
1.9
me an
13.64
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentraticr; negative sign denotes a decrease in concentration.
0)
TABLE E:
PER CENT DELAYED MORTALITY OF RAINBOW TROUT IN RELATION TO CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCENTRATIC CHANGES IN
TRANSPORTING WATERS AT THREE CON TROLL
TEMPERATURES IN 150 AND 250 GALLON OVERHEAD-SPRAY-AERATED
TANKS, WIZARD FALLS HATCHERY, JULY 1954 (SERIES II)
Nber
Dissolved
Ammonia
Methyl orange
Carbon
pH
of temp. Del.
ox gen-p.p.m.
nhtroen-.p.m.
alkalinity-p.p.m.
dioxide- .p.m.
Op
nort. start final change start final change start ?Iial change Ista
haul
na chaxi&e start final chan
400 0.00 8.06 8.86
C-2
0.80 0.44 1.70 , 1.26
55.0 51.8 - 3.2 5.3
, 1.7 7.4 7.2
7.0
- 0.2
B-3
40
0.11 7.86 9.50
1.64 0.49
2.91
2.42 56.0 52.8 - 3.2 5.4
6.8
1.4 7.3 7.3
0.0
B-4
40
0.00 8.20 9.36
1.16 0.49 2.67 + 2.18 55.3 52.8 - 3.3 5.7
6.2
0.5 7.2 7.2
0.0
C-6
40
0.20 7.90 7.20 - 0.70 0.49 2.43
1.94 53.0 54.0
1.0 5.2
8.5
3.3 7.2 7.2
0.0
me an
0.08
B-i
C-3
C-5
B-6
470
47
47
47
1.00
0.21
0.24
0.22
7.06
8.64
7.66
8.40
7.70
0.64
4.82 - 3.82
6.48 - 1.18
7.74 - 0.66
0.49
0.44
0.49
0.49
2.92
243
3.16 4 2.72
3.16
2.67
4.13 * 3.64
51.2
54.3
54.7
54.7
55.0
55.8
58.0
58.2
4 3.8
4 1.5
3.3
3.5
7.2
7.3
7.3
8.0
8.2
10.5
9.7
9.7
p 1.0
4 3.2
+ 2.4
1.7
7.2
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.0
- 0.1
0.0
- 0.1
7.00
8.26
7.70
8.20
4.88
5.80
4.46
6.44
-
0.49
0.44
0.00
0.29
3.16
2.67
4.13
3.69
3.64 + 3.64
4.86 + 4.57
55.0
51.3
55.3
55.7
60.0
59.0
60.5
62.0
+ 5.0
7.7
6.4
5.5
6.7
7.2
9.2
9.1
10.0
12.1
2.8
3.6
3.3
+ 4.9
7.2
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.2
-
me an
0.42
C-i
8-2
C-4
8-5
55°
55
55
55
0.45
0.44
0.47
0.70
2.12
2.46
3.24
1.76
5.2
+ 6.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
me an
0 52
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative sign denotes
a decrease In concentration.
0)
Ca
64
TABLE F:
CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCENTRATION CHANGES IN RELATION TO INCREASING DELAYED
MORTALITY FROM TWELVE LOADS OF RAINBC TROUT TRANSPORTED IN 150 AND 250
GALLON OVERHEAD-SPRAY-AERATED TAFYS AT THREE CONTROLlED TEMPERATURES
ROARING RIVER HATCHERY, JULY 1954 (SUPPLEMENT TO TABLE D -- SERIES
Nunter- Number Water Per cent
Dissolved Ammonia
Methyl orange Carbon
dioxide
pH
ical
of
temp.
delayed
alkalinity
oxygen
nitrogen
order
haul
OF.
p.p.m.
mortality
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
1
C-2
0.2
40°
2.8
0.07
.0.74
1.6].
22.3
2
C-6
0.0
40
4.1
0.18
0.08
24.2
1.41
0.1
8-4
1.4
3
40
0.29
2.34
2.83
19,0
0.O
B-S
' 22.9
4
.. 5.3
47
0.30
3.99
- 1.56
5
8-3
0.7
0.1
40
0.58
1.46
2.64
18.0
i
6
C-5
47
0.82
4.4
0.3
- 1.74
3.91
23.0
7
C-3
47
e 1.1
0.2
0.87
2.67
0.38
16.3
8
8-5
55
6.82
1.9
0.3
- 2.58
3.40
14.2
9
8-1
47
2.2
0.2
8.78
, 2.52
21.6
0.02
10
C-4
.4.0
0.0
55
8.83
5.01
- 4.02
9.9
1].
8-2
, 2.3
, 0.1
55
15.58
- 1.32
2.62
16.4
c-i
12
55
1.3
0.1
23.32
2.52
11.2
- 2.98
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease
in concentration.
TABLE G:
CHEMICAL FACTOR C0NCTHATION CHANGES IN RELATION TO INCREASING DELAYED
MORTALITY FROM TWELVE LOADS OF RAINBON TROUT TRANSPORTED IN 150 AND 250
GALLON 0VERHAD-SPRAYTANKS AT THREE CONTROLLED TEMPERATURES
WIZARD FALLS HATCHERY, JULY 1954 (SUPPLEMENT TO TABLE E -- SERIES I)
Numer- Number Water Per cent
Methyl orange Carbon
Dissolved Ammonia
pH
dioxide
alkalinity
ical
of
temp.
nitrogen
oxygen
delayed
p.p.Ifl.
order
haul
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
°F.
mortality
p.p.m.
0.2
1.7
1
C-2
- 3.2
40°
1.26
0.00
0.80
2
8-4
0.0
40
0.5
0.00
.2.18
-3.3
.1.16
3
8-3
40
0.11
0.0
2.42
1.64
- 3.2
1.4
C-6
4
40
4 3.3
0.20
- 0.70
0.0
1.94
1.0
5
C-3
47
0.21
- 3.82
2.72
3.2
1.5
- 0.1
6
8-6
47
0.22
- 0.66
3.64
1.7
- 0.1
3.5
7
C-5
47
0.24
2.67
2.4
- 1.18
3.3
0.0
8
8-2
55
0.44
- 2.46
3.69
7.7
3.6
- 0.1
9
C-1
4 2.67
55
0.45
- 2.12
2.8
- 0.1
5.0
43.64
10
C-4
5.2
3.3
-0.1
55
0.47
- 3.24
p 4,57
4.9
- 0.1
8-5
6.3
11
55
0.70
- 1.76
1.0
0.0
2.43
3.8
12
8-1
47
1.00
0.64
Plus sign denotes em increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease
in concentration.
TABLE H:
PER CENT DELAYED MORTALITY OF RAflBI TROUT IN RELATION TO CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCENTRATION CHANGES IN
TRANSPORTING WATERS AT THREE CONTROLLED TEMPERATURES IN A 150 GALLON VENTURI-AERATED TANK, ROARING
(SERIES I AND II)
RIVER AND WIZARD FALLS HATCHERIES. JULY 1954
Numbert
Dissolved
Axmncnia
Methyl oraige
Carbon
W
p if
ox gen-p.p.m.
nitrogen- .p.m. alkalinity-p.p.m.' dioxide-p.p.m.
of temp Del.
haul °F. nort. start final chmge start fliial chwige start final change start final change start final chanA.
0.3
7.6 6.7 7.0
38.2 4.0
11.6
A-i 40° ).17 9.58 9.10 - 0.48 0.44 2.68 2.24 28.3 6.5
O.44 10.86
A-2
A-4
A-3
A-6
40 0.39
470 0.23
47 0.29
550 0.58
55 0.15
8.48 8.48
9.74 7.86
9.06 7.48
0.00 6.48
A-i
400
0.13
0.00
470 0.00
47 0.11
550 0.23
9.00
7.60
7.80
8.90
8.44
A-S
A-S
A-2
A-4
A-3
A-6
40
55
8.88
8.32
7.96
7.06
5.10
O.22 5.94 5.66
-
-
-
-
-
0.42
0.00
1.88
1.58
3.52
1.93
0.54
0.49
0.29
0.44
0.12
0.72
0.16
1.84
3.34
1.28
0.49 2.67
0.24 1.21
0.39 2.43
0.34 1.93
0.54 5.35
0.39 5.35
4.40
3.40
2.67
5.35
5.59
e
e
2.47
2.86
2.18
5.06
5.15
32.6
25.0
22.0
24.8
26.6
72.1
69.0
47.0
40.3
50.5
2.18
0.97
2.04
1.59
4.81
4.96
51.3 48.0
53.5 57.0
52.0 49.3
54.0. 52.0
57.0 56.6
56.5 57.6
39.5 4.7
44.0 5.6
25.0 4.2
.15.5 4.3
23.9 5.3
3.3
3.5
2.7
2.0
0.4
1.1
-
-
4.7
7.0
7.4
6.7
5.6
5.5
7.6
12.3
7.7
13.3
13.0
8.8
13.8
9.5
17.0 .11.7
7.1
6.9
6.8
6.9
7.0
6.5
12.5 & 5.5
10.7 , 3.3
5.7
12.4
15.4 .. 9,8
14.4
8.9
7.2 6.8
7.2 6.8
7.3 6.8
7.3 6.8
7.3 6.8
7.2 6.8
11.2
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.7
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0,5
0.4
*
Delayed mortality estimate -- pump motor stopped during haul and 28 fish died wIthin 24 hours, so delayed
X
Roaring River
Wizard Fails
Z
loss Is estimated.
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative
-
sign
denotes a decrease in ooncentraticai.
01
TABLE I:
CHEMICAL FACTOR CONC1TRATION CHANGES IN RELATION TO INCREA;ING DELAYHD
ORTALITY FRO SIX LOADS OP RAIN BOW TROUT TRANSPOtTED IN A 150 GALLON
VENTURI-AERATED TANK AT THREE CONTROLLED TEMPERATURES, ROARING RIVER
HATCHERY, JULY 1954 (SUPPLEMENT TO TABLE H -- SERIES I)
Numer- Number
ical
of
order
haul
A-6
1
A-i
2
Water.
temp.
°F.
55°
40
?er cent
delayed
mortality
0.15
0.17
Dissolved
oxygen
p.p.m.
- 3.52
- 0.48
Ammonia
nitrogen
p.p.m.
5.15
Methyl orange
alkalinity
p.p.m.
23.9
Carbon
dioxide
p.p.m.
11.7
pH
- 0.3
2.24
38.2
7.6
0.3
7.7
0.0
3
A-2
47
0.23
0.00
2.86
44.0
4
A-4
47
0.29
- 1.88
2.18
25.0
8.8
0.0
5
A-S
40
0,38
+ 0.42
2.47
39.5
7.6
- 0.1
- 1.58
a 5.06
15.5
9.5
- 0.3
A-3
6
55
0.58
Plus sign denotes an increase In concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease
iri concentr*tjon.
CHEMICAL FACTOR CCENTRAT ION CHANGES IN RELATI(] TO INCREASING DELAYED
MORTALITY FROM SIX LOADS OF RAINBOW TROUT TRARSPORTD II A 150 GALLON
VENTURI -AERATED TA3 K AT THREE CONTROLLED TEMPERATURES, WIZARD FALLS
HATCHERY, JULY 1954
(SUPPLEMENT TO TABLE H -- SERIES II)
Methyl orange Carbon
Dissolved Ammonia
Jumer- Number Water Per cent
pH
dioxide
alkalinity
nitrogen
Ical
delayed
oxygen
of
temp.
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
mortality
order
°F.
haul
- 0.5
3.3
- 2.7
47
2.04
1
A-2
0.16
0.00
TABLE J:
P.E_ 2!____
3.5
' 5.5
-
0.4
- 1.84
0.97
1.59
- 2.0
5.7
-
0.5
0.72
3
A-4
47
0.00
0.11
4
A-i
40
0.13
- 0.12
2.18
- 3.3
, 6.5
-
0.4
A-S
55
0.22*
- 1.28
4.96
1.1
8.9
-
0.4
4.81
- 0.4
+ 9.9
-
0.5
2
0
O
*
A-S
A-3
40
55
0.23
- 3.34
Delayed mortality estimate -- pump motor stopped during haul and 28 fish died
within 24 hours, so delayed loss is estimated.
lus sign denotes sri increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease
in concentration.
TABLE K:
OF RAINBOW TROUT IN RELATION TO CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCETRATION CHAIGES Th
TRANSPORTING WATER CONTAINING SODIUM AMYTAL IN 150 GALLON OVERHEAD-SPRAY-AERATED TASKS; TEMPERATURES. 47 AND 550F.. ROARING RIVER HATCHERY. JULY 1954
(SERIES Iii)
PER CT DELAYED MORTALITY
NtnnberWater
of temp. Del.
haul
0F.
A-9
3-10
B-B
A-7
47'
47
47
47
Dissolved
Ammonia
nitrn-p.m.
start fIñiT change
nrt.
ox ge-i-p..m.
final chan
Eii
0.83
2.09
3.42
4.92
9.70
8.00
8,64
9.26
8.70 - 1.0
9.30
1.3
8.90
0.26
7.70 - 1.56
0.49
9.42
8.70
9.14
8.76
6.74
7.22
7.94
8.60
-
Methyl orange
Carbon
pH
a1ka1iait-p.p.in. dioxide-p.p.m.
start final chIánge start final change start !IiiiT oEiige
4.1
8.2
7.7
8.0
9.1
3.7
3.1
3.0
5.0
7.2
7.2
7.0
7.0
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
+ 0.2
4.6
4.2
4.0
5.7
8.2
10.9
10.2
9.4
3.6
6.7
+ 6.2
3.7
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
3.64
2.43
3.43
2.37
31.4
35.0
30.0
26.8
55.3
54.5
48.0
23.9
19.5
18.0
+ 21.8
4.5
4.6
0.54
4.13 +
3.16
4.16
2.91 e
0.58
0.49
0.53
0.73
3.64
4.86
3.16
3.16
3.06
4.37
2.63
2.43
27.7
28.3
27.2
33.5
39.4
11.7
46.0
17.7
50.0 + 22.8
52.8 £ 19.3
0.73
0.73
48.
50
mean
2.79
3_7
3-9
A-8
A-b
551
55
55
55
10.06
5.98
3.57
7.57
2.68
1.48
1.20
0.16
lean
9.30
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease in concentration.
0.1
TABLE L:
PER CENT DELAY
MORTALITY OF RAINBOW TROUT SUBJECTED TO ROUGH HANDLING DURING LOADING AND UNLOADING
IN HEIATCT TO CHE?ICAL FACTOR CONCENTRATI
CHANG
IN 47 AND 55°F. TRANSPORTING WATERS WITHIN 150
GALLON OVERHEAD-SPRAY-AERATED TA:KS, WIZARD FALLS HATCHERY, AUGUST 1954
(SERIES IV)
Nwibe .1exf %
temp. )el.
of
haul
4mort.
8-7
A-B
-s
A-iC
47° 0.10
47
0.57
47
0.00
47
0.59
Dissolved
oxygen-p p.m.
ait final
chang
4
Ammonia
Methy. orange
Carbon
alkaliriity-p.p.m.
dioxide-p.2.nl.
change start final change start final change
nitroen-p.rn.
start rinal
7.42
8.60
p.36
7.40
6.80
8.50
8.50
8.04
0.62
C.1O
0.86
0.64
0.63
0.58
0.78
0.58
2.19
2.43
4.13
1.70 4
7.40
8.10
6.50
6.60 - 0.80
7.36 - 0.74
6.84
0.34
7.00 - 0.40
0.63
0.68
0.54
0.68
54.4
55.6
55.0
60.5
- 0.6
4 1.6
0.0
' 6.2
7.4
6.2
7.0
5.8
9.2
7.2
8.0
6.9
1.8
- 1.0
3.35
1.12
55.0
54.0
55.0
54.3
2.19
1.56
3.69
3.01
3.30 4 2.76
4.13 ' 3.45
55.0
54.3
55.8
56.0
59.0
60.5
60.5
57.0
4.0
6.2
4.7
1.0
8.5
6.5
7.0
6.4
12.0
9.2
e.i
7.5
1.56
1.85,
p H
start final
change
+ 1.].
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.1
0.0
7.25 e 0.1
7.2
0.0
7.2
0.0
3.5
2.7
1.1
1.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.3
7.2
1.0
mean
0.32
A-7
8-6
A-9
B-1O
55°
55
55
55
0.51
0.07
0.33
0.07
74Q
.
'7.2
0.00
+ 0.15
0.00
0.00
mean
0.24
__j___ ____ ___ ____ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ________
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease in concentration.
TABLE
PER CT DELAED MORTALITY OF FAINPOW TROUT HANDLED WTE EXCEPTI:AL CARE DURThG LOADfl:G AND
UNLOADING IN RELATICE TO CHE?(ICAL FACTOR CONCTRATIOr CHA1GES IN 47 AD 550F. TRASPORTThG
.ATERS '%ITHIN 150 GALLON OVER EiL-SFRAY-AERATED TANFS, ROARING 9IVER HATCHERY, AU1ST 1954
1:
(SERIES v)
m1
er! Y
Dii61ved
to,
a
of tertp Del.1 oyen-.p.rn.
nitr2.n_D.E.m.
haul
F. mort. start Ea1 change Thrt fl.nal chance
A-li
47°
13-12
47
47
47
A-13
5-14
5.99 9.09
2.82 9.61
6.55 8.52
2.51 9.5
re thyl orange
a1kalinit-p.m.
start Tlnal hge
C8.r'bon
oxidp.p.
if
&Eart ?inal c!iange start r1na1cTiange
3.03
0.80
0.24
0.44
0.34
0.49
0.53
0.63
3.64 + 3.30
3.64
3.15
5.58
5.05
4.86
4.23
26.4
26.5
27.0
27.6
44.5 + 18.1
44.9
18.4
43.0
16.0
46.0
18.4
5.7
3.7
4.4
4.8
8.5
7.5
9.5
8.7
2.8
3.8
5.1
3.9
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.0
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
5.49 - 3.66
6.86 - 2.73
6.50 - 2.91
8.16 - 1.33
0.44
0.39
0.49
0.63
4.42
4.e6
6.09 + 5.70
6.09
5.60
5.59 , 4.96
25.0
24.ô
26.7
26.0
42.1
4.3
4.0
4.3
7.8
6.8
10.7
6.9
3.5
2.8
6.4
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.2
6.06
8.81
8.28
9.41
-
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
me ax
5.22
B-li
A-12
8-13
A-i4
55° 17.51
55 15.32
7.56
55
8.24
55
9.15
v.59
9.41
9.49
17.1
+ 14.9
47.4 e 20.7
38.6 , 12.6
3.5
4.1,
, 2.8
mean
17.16
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative
sign
denotes a decrease in concentration.
0,3
0.1
4 0.1
,
0.2
70
TABLE N: CRI CAL FACT
CHANGES IN RELATION TO IN CREASING DELAYED
CON CENTRATI
MORTALITY FROM EIGHT LOADS OF RAIN BOW TROUT SUBJECTED TO ROUGH HANDLING
DURING LOADING AND UNLOADING, 4D TRANSPORTED IN 47 AND 550F. ?iATERS
WITHIN 150 GALLON OVERHEAD -SPRAY-AERATED TANKS, WIZARD FALLS HATCHERY,
Liner-
ical
AUGUST 1954
Number Water
der
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
of
hau'
8-9
5-8
3-10
5-?
A-9
A-7
A-B
A-1O
(SUPPLERT TO TABLE L -- SERIES IV)
Per cent Dissolved Anncsia Methyl orange Carbon
dioxide
nitrogen alkalinity
temp.
oxygen
delayed
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
mortality p.p.m.
0F.
47°
55
55
47
55
55
47
47
0.00
0.07
0.07
0.10
0.33
0.51
0.57
0.59
-
-
0.86
0.74
-0.40
-
-
-
0.62
0.34
0.80
0.10
0.64
3.35
3.01
3.45
1.56
2.76
1.56
1.85
1.12
'
,
0.0
6.2
1.0
0.6
4.7
4.0
1.6
6.2
4
1.0
2.7
4
1.].
1.8
1.1
'
pH
0.0
0.15
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
3.5
1.0
+
1.].
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease
in concentratici.
CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCTRATION CHANGES IN RELATION TO INCREASING DELAYED
MORTALITY FROM EIGHT LOADS OF RAINBOW TROUT HANDLED 'ITH EXCEPTIO&AL CARE
DURING LOADING AND UNLOADING, AND TRANSPORTED IN 47 AND 55°?. WATERS
WIThIN 150 GALLON OVERHEAD-SPRAY-AERATED TANKS, ROARING RIVER HATCHERY,
AUGUST 1954 (SUPPLERT TO TABLE N -- SERIES V)
Dissorved Ammonia Methyl orange Carbon
Numer- Number Water Per cent
dioxide pH
nitrogen alkalinity
ical
of
delayed
oxygen
temp.
TABLE 0:
order
haul
°F.
1
5-14
470
2
47
4
B-12
A-13
A-14
5
A-li
6
A-l2
5-13
3
7
8
47
55
47
55
55
55
mortalitj
2.5].
2.82
6.55
8.24
8.99
15.32
17.56
27.51
p.p.m.
-0.44
-
0.80
0.24
- 1.33
-
-
3.03
2.73
2.91
3.66
p.p.m.
4.23
+ 3.15
5.05
4.96
3.30
5.70
5.60
p.p.m.
18.4
4 18.4
16.0
+
+
12.6
18.1
14.9
20.7
17.1
p.p.m.
3.9
4 3.9
+ 5.1
2.8
2.8
+ 2.8
4 6.4
3.5
+
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
#
.4.42
B-il
Pius sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease
in concentration.
TABLE }-:
of
haul
A-i
A- 2
A- 3
PEh C1NT DELAYEI)
D1TALIT'i OF RAINBOW IROUT I E±LATICL TO C1CAL FACTOR CC.CaTRATI0N CAYJE;,
DEC:C1TY OF FISF, A) D VELO0ITY CF OICrLATI C I). TRA:SFO:-TIN3 ;.ATLJtS AT 47°F. ITHTh 150 AD 175
JAL)0), VE2IUF1-kL-A2ED TASKS, LEARURG HATCHERY, AUJtJST 1054
(SERIES VI)
Combin
Dissolved
Arrunonia
Methylorari
Carbon
ation Del.
low-
low
1.30
0.14
0.16
-1
B-2
C-i
0-2
0-3
fl-i
D- 2
D-3
H
n-pp.m.
n1trc)en- p.n,. alkali ltl-2.j?.m. dioxido-p.p.xr.
final chan..e
chane start final chane start final ch
final chan
0.57 8.48 7.78 - 0.70 0.4)) 6.09
5.60 25.3 34.0
8.7 6.0 14.5
8.5 6.9 6.4 - 0.4
0.34 9.29 7.76 - 1.53 0.58 4.62 4.04 24.3 31.5
7.2 5.0 16.2 + 11.2 6.8 6.4 - 0.4
0.00 9.70 8.18 - 1.52 0.54 4.38
3.84 23.8 31.0
7.2 5.5 11.6
6.1 7.0 6.4 - 0.6
10-
)
8.02 7.01
9.60 7.31
8.48 7.07
8.99
9.74
9.84
high- 0.00 9.00
high 0.00 9.59
0.00 6.73
i,h
0.20
1.18
0.19
ara1
ox
-
1.01 0.58
2.22 0.34
1.41 0.44
5.75 25.1
6.33
5.83 s 5.49 24.8
5.25 23.9
5.66
35.0
33.8
32.0
8.79
8.69
8.28
-
0.20 0.58
1.05 0.34
1.56 0.63
4.86
4.62
6.09
32.3
33.0
34.2
8.69
8.50
7.02
-
1.21 0.63
1.06 0.49
1.8]. 0.58
5.11
5.69
5.69
4.28 24.4
4.28 25.0
5.46 23.3
4.48 25.0
5.20 25.0
5.11 26.0
-
+
+
+
30.3
32.3
36.0
+
9.9 5.5 16.3
9.0 6.5 14.0
8.2 6.0 16.1
7.9 5.2 12.0
8.0 5.3 13.6
10.9 6.5 12.2
5.3 5.1 13.0
7.3 5.0 13.7
10.0 6.0 10.7
10.8
8.1
10.1
+
6.8
8.3
5.7
7.0
8.7
10.7
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.9
7.0
6.8
7.0
7.0
6.4
6.4
6.4
-
6.4
6.4
-
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.4
-
-
-
-
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.6
Plus sign denotes an Increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease in concentratior.
Combination key: low-low -- 1.0 lb. fish/gallon water and low pump motor speed
low-high-- 1.0 lb. fish/gallon water and high pump motor speed
high-low-- 12 lb. fish,/gallon water and low pump motor speed
high-high- 1.2 lb. fish/gallon water and high pump motor speed
I-J
TABLE
.:
PER CT DELAYED IORTALITY OF RAlNBO' TROUT fl RELATION To CHEMICAL FACTOR COtCETRATION CHAN3ES,
DE2SITY OF FISH1 AN]) VELOCITY OF CIRCULATION IN TRANSPORTfl'G WATERS AT 47°F. WITHIN 150 AND 175
GALLON VTURI-AERATED TANKS, KLAMATH HATCHERY, SEPTEMBER 1954 (SERIES VII)
I'umber Combin
Dissolved
Axmttonia
%
Methyl orange
Carbon
pH
of
ation Del.
oxvgen-p.p.rn.
nitroen- .p,m. alkalinit-p.p.m.
dioxide- ..m.
haul
mort. Tit final Eange stafl final change start nai change
ciange start final chang
A-i
low3.85 6.28 6.64
0.36 0.63 5.84
5.21 38.2 35.4 2.8 9.0 17.0
8.0 6.7
6.4 - 0.3
tt
A-2
low
A-3
ll
B.2
8-3
C-i
C-2
highlow
low-
high
C.-3
D-1
D-2
D-3
highhigh
4.30
0.00
8.74
7.28
5.56 - 3.18 0.63
6.40 - 0.88 0.59
5.35
4.72 35.0
6.81 + 6.22 35.1
34.4
45.5
-
1.29
0.75
0.90
5.82
8.50
8.34
5.54 - 0.28 0.49
5.80 - 2.70 1.07
6.60 - 1.74 0.73
5.11
4.62 37.4
4.77 37.5
5.84
5.94 + 5.11 37.0
37.5
37.5
36.6
+
.82
7.80
7.60
9.56
7.20 - 0.60 0.63
7.56 - 0.04 0.73
8.10 - 1.46 0.03
5.34 , 5.21 35.5
6.09
5.36 37.0
5.59
4.76 35.4
40.4
41.5
35.2
+
7.43
7.96
8.24
6.70 - 0.78 0.83
6.46 - 1.50 0.73
6.76 - 1.48 0.53
8.51
6.32
6.09
6.01
0.95
I4.O
L.S4
.87
7.68 35.7
5.59 36.5
5.56 35.7
0.6
10.4
5.1
6.0
13.1
14.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
6.8
6.5
6.5
- 0.5
- 0.3
0.1
0.0
0.4
7.6
6.2
6.0
18.0 + 10.4
14.4
6.2
12.7
6.7
6.6
6.9
7.0
6.4
6.5
6.4
- 0.2
- 0.3
- 0.6
4.9
4.5
0.2
5.2
5.0
5.0
12.6
13.6
9.7
7.4
3.6
4.7
7.0
6.8
7.1
6.6
6.7
6.5
- 0.4
- 0.1
- 0.6
57.5 + 21.8
39.4
2.9
40.0 +
4.3
7.0
4.9
4.4
15.3
14.2
11.5
8.3
9.3
7.1
6.8
7.0
7.0
6.6
6.5
6.5
- 0.2
- 0.5
- 0.5
-
-
+
+
Plus sign denotes an increase in concentration; negative sign denotes a decrease In concentration.
Combination key:
low-low -low-high-high-low-hIgh-high-
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
fish/gallon
fish/gallon
fish/gallon
fish/gallon
water and
water and
water and,
water and
low pump motor speed
high pump motor speed
low pump motor speed
high pump motor speed
to
73
TABLE R:
CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCENTFtATION CMANGF, DSITY OF FISH, AND VELOCITY OF
TO INCREASING DELAYED MORTALITY FROM TELVE LOADS
CIRCtJLATI4 IN RELATI
OF RAINBOW TROUT TRA1SPORTED IN 47°F. WAERS WITHIN 150 AND 175 GALLON
VERTURI-AERATED TANKS, LEABURG HATCHErY, AUGUST 1954 (SUPPLEMENT TO
TABLE P -- SERIES VI)
Mumer-
Number
order
haul'
1
A-3
D-1
D-2
D-3
ical
2
3
4
of
5
8-2
6
7
C-3
8
9
10
11
12
Per cent
delayed
mortality
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.20
0.34
0.57
1.18
1.30
8-3
C-i
A-2
A-i
C-2
8-1
Dissolved
oxygen
p.p.m.
- 1.52
- 1.21
- 1.09
- 1.81
- 2.29
-1.41
-
1.56
0.20
1.53
0.70
1.05
1.01
Ania
nitrogen
p.p.m.
a 3.84
+
a
t
4.48
5.20
5.11
5.49
5.25
5.46
4.28
4.04
5.60
4.28
5.75
Thy1iiige
alkalinity
p.p.m.
7.2
5.3
7.3
10.0
9.0
8.2
e 10.9
7.9
,
7.2
8.7
8.0
9.9
dioxide
p.p.m.
a 6.1
7.9
8.7
10.7
8.1
10.1
5.7
,
4
6.8
11.2
.5
8.3
10.8
pH
-
-
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.4
-0.5
-
-
-
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
Plus sign denotes an increaae in concentration; negative si,n denotes, a decrease
in concentration.
* Key to haul letters:
A - 1.0 lb. fish/gallon water and low motor speed
C - 1.0 lb. fih/gal1on water and high motor speed
B - 1.2 lb. fish/gallon water and low motor speed
D - 1.2 lb. fish/gallon water and high motor speed
TABLE 5:
CHEMICAL FACTOR CONCTRATION CHANGES, DENSITY OF FISH, AND VELOCITY OF
CIRCULATI
IN RELATI: TO LNCREASIIG DELAYED 0RTALITY FROW TWELVE LOADS
OF RAINBOW TROUT TRANSPORTED IN 47F. WATERS WITHiN 150 AND 175 GALLON
(SUPPLEMENT TO
VENTURI-AERATED TANKS, KLANATH HATCHERY, SEFI'EMHER 1954
TABLE
-- SERIES VII)
Thmer-
ical
Number
of
order
haul'
1
2
A-3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Per cent
delayed
mortality
8-2
8-3
C-3
B-i
D-2
D-3
A-i
A-2
D-1
C-2
C-i
denotes
0.00
0.75
0.90
0.95
1.29
1.84
1.87
3.85
4.30
4.90
6.01
8.82
Dissolved
oxygen
p.p.m.
-
-
-
-
-
0.68
2.70
1.74
1.46
0.28
1.50
1.48
0.36
3.18
0.78
0.04
0.60
Ammonia
nitrogen
p.p.m,
4
4
4
4
,
6.22
4.77
5.11
4.76
4.62
5.59
5.56
5.21
4.72
7.68
5.36
5.21
Methyl orange
alkalinity
p.p.m.
4
4
a
-
-
10.4
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.1
2.9
4.3
2.8
0.6
21.8
4.5
4.9
Carbon
dioxide pH
p.p.m.
4
8.0 - 0.3
8.2 - 0.3
4
6.7 - 0.6
4.7 - 0.6
10.4 - 0.2
9.3 - 0.5
7.1 - 0.5
8.0 - 0.3
8.0 - 0.5
4
8.3 - 0.2
8.6 - 0.1
7.4 - 0.4
Pius si
en increase in concentration; negative sii denotes a decrease
in concentration.
* Key to haul letters:
A - 1.0 lb. fish/gallon water and low motor speed
C - 1.0 lb. fish/gallon water end high motor speed
B - 1.2 lb. fish/gallon water and low motor speed
D - 1.2 lb. fish/gallon water and high motor speed