Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Races & Traits Identified
from GEM and ideas for
future utilization
M. Blanco, C. Gardner, W. Salhuana, M. Shen
USDA-ARS NCRPIS GEM
- August 17, 2006 -
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Objectives
Review GEM germplasm for target traits, and
development
Ames & Raleigh (released lines)
Private and Public Coop germplasm information
Document status of tested/untested accessions
Discuss ideas for future utilization of GEM
germplasm
Prioritization of GEM accessions and breeding crosses
Other applications, info needed, etc.
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
GEM Trait Targets
Agronomic adaptability - yield, lodging, grain
moisture, and Y/M
Abiotic stress tolerance: drought and heat
Ear mold and mycotoxin resistance: aflatoxin and
fumonisin
Disease resistance: stalk and leaf diseases
Insect resistance (CRW, CEW, ECB)
Value-added traits (VAT’s)
Grain (protein>13%, oil>6%, and starch>75%)
Protein quality
Starch functional properties and Bio-energy traits
Silage yield & quality
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Summary of GEM trials (year 1998 – 2005)
No. of accessions used
No. of hybrids used
No. of lines used
No. of Populations used
No. of races
No. of breeding crosses tested
No. of breeding crosses untested
No. of release lines
No. of new breeding crosses
% GEM entries above check means
66
7
13
3
21
220
260
1117
63
5.9%
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
GEM Accessions by Races and Countries
Country
# Races
# Accessions
Antigua, BR. Virg., Cuba
1
5
Argentina
3
10
Bolivia, Peru
1
4
Br Virg., Guatemala
1
2
Brasil
2
7
Brasil, Mexico
1
3
Chile
2
3
Cuba
1
2
Dominica. Rep.
1
1
Mexico
1
2
Peru
1
1
St. Croix
1
1
Uruguay
3
10
US
2
7
Total (14 Countries)
21
58
Mixed
8
Barbados, Cuba, Guadalupe, Pro. Rico, St. Croix, Venezuela
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
GERMPLASM RELEASES (2001-2006)
135 Released Lines from Ames, Raleigh*,
and SCA’s**
Data from 1999-2005
Emphasis on 2-3 year data, across 2-3
testers
Focus on target traits
* A few additional lines were distributed by Raleigh directly
** SCA releases from DE, TX, OH, and WI
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
GEM germplasm releases
Yr Planted
# Lines
Institution
Germplasm Attributes
2001
1
USDA-ARS Ames
Resistance to 1st brood ECB (non-DIMBOA)
2002
2*
Univ. of Delaware
Yield, resist. to anthracnose and GLS
2002
30**
NC State Univ.
Yield, earlier flowering, GLS, Fusarium
2002
1*
Ohio State Univ.
Yield, fusarium resist.
2003
28
USDA-ARS Ames
Temperate adaptation, GLS, VAT
2003
9*
NC State Univ.
Yield, VAT, GLS
2004
16
USDA-ARS Ames
Temperate adaptation, yield, VAT
2004
2
Texas A&M
Stress tolerance, yield, CEW, grain mold resist.
2004
1
Univ. of Wisconsin
Superior nutritional quality/yield
2004
19
NC State Univ.
Yield, earlier flowering, VAT
2005
9
USDA-ARS Ames
Temperate adaptation, yield, VAT
2005
1
Univ. of Delaware
High protein
2006
13
USDA-ARS Ames
Yield, VAT
2006
3
NC State Univ.
Yield, earlier flowering
Total
135
* Crop Science registered. ** 20 of these 30 lines were Crop Science registered.
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
GEM releases by country & race
(temperate accessions)
Country
Race
IA
NC
Other
Total
Argentina
Cristalino Colorado
4
1 (WI)
5
Argentina
Dentado Blanco
4
Argentina
Dent. Blanco Rugoso
Chile
Camelia
4
4
Uruguay
Cateto Sulino
2
2
Uruguay
Dente Branco
3
3
Uruguay
Semidentado
Riograndense
2
2
USA
"FS8 group"
8
Totals
27
4
2 (TX)
0
2
1 (OH)
9
4
31
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
GEM releases by country & race
(tropical accessions)
Country
Race
IA
NC
Other
Total
Barbados
Tusón
1
Brazil
Hybrid-tropical
5
Brazil
Cateto
Brazil
Dente Amarelo
4
Cuba
Criollo (mixed)
5
5
Cuba
Argentino
1
1
Dom. Rep.
mixed
1
1
Guatemala
Tusón
1
1
Mexico
Hybrid-tropical
3
1
4
Mexico
Tuxpeño
2
6
8
Mexico
Tuxpeño/Olotillo
1
1
Peru
Alazan
1
1
Peru
Cuban yellow
3
3
St. Croix
Tusón
Thailand
Hybrid/inbred-tropical
Totals
1
18
3 (DE)
26
9
9
1
5
1
1
4
33
37
32
69
3
104
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Accessions with greater than 5% entries
above check means (Yr: 1999-2005, Midwest)
Access
Country
Race
# beat all cks in 1 expt
# releases
BR51403
Brazil
Cateto
0
0
BR51675
Brazil
Dente Amarelo
2
2
BR51721
Brazil
Dente Amarelo
1
0
CASH
US
Corn belt dent
0
0
CHIS740
Mexico
Tuxpeño/Olotillo
1
1
CHIS775
Mexico
Tuxpeño
1
2
CUBA117
Cuba
Argentino
0
1
CUBA164
Cuba
Mixed Creole
7
5
DK888
Thailand
Hybrid-tropical
0
0
DKB844
Mexico
Hybrid-tropical
3
3
DKXL370
Brazil
Hybrid-tropical
8
4
GUAT209
Guat.
Tusón
1
1
MDI022
Peru
Cuban yellow
3
2
NEI9004
Thailand
Inbred-tropical
0
3
NEI9008
Thailand
Inbred-tropical
3
0
UR05017
Uruguay
Semidentado Riograndense
1
2
UR10001
Uruguay
Dente Branco
1
1
UR11003
Uruguay
Dente Branco
0
2
32
29
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Accessions with <5% entries tested
above check means (Yr: 1999-2005, Midwest)
Country
Race
# releases
Antigua
Criollo
0
Argentina
Cristalino Colorado
4
Argentina
Dentado Blanco
4
Argentina
Dent. Blanco Rugoso
0
Barbados
Tusón
1
Brazil
Dente Amarelo
2
Brazil
Hybrid-tropical
0
Brazil
Unclassified
0
British Virgin Islands
Tusón
0
Chile
Camelia
4
Domin Rep
Mixed
1
Mexico
Hybrid-tropical
1
Peru
Cuban Yellow
1
Thailand
Hybrid-tropical
1
Uruguay
Cateto Sulino
1
Uruguay
Dente Branco
0
US
Mixed
8
US
Southern Dent
0
28
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Low Aflatoxin GEM Lines 2003 - 2004
Aflatoxin (ng g-1)
Pedigree
2003
2004
Resistant Mp313E
9
13
Resistant Mp715
.
42
2250-01_XL370A_S11_F2S4 (GEMS-0027)
24
163
2283-01_XL380_S11_F2S4 (GEMS-0032)
24
217
2258-03_XL380_S11_F2S4 (GEMS-0030)
48
239
2250-02_XL370A_S11_F2S4 (GEMS-0028)
25
392
Resistant Tuxpan
Mod Resistant NC300
20
442
80
530
Susceptible NC258
672
1774
556
1309
Minimum
9
13
Maximum
2147
2400
Grand mean
M. Clements, USDA-ARS, MS (2005)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses with low
aflatoxin content
Pedigree
Aflatoxin (ng g-1) - 2 yr avg
CUBA164:D27
70
Mo18WxMp313E
83
BVIR103:S0411a
112
DKB830:S11a18
124
BR51675:N0620
136
MP715xMp717
146
BR51403:N16
159
ANTIG01:N16
178
Mod Resist
MP716xMp717
359
Susceptible
Mp305xMp714
446
Susceptible
Mp339xSC212M
464
Resistant
Resistant
LSR / LSDα=0.05
5
Grand mean
472
Minimum
70
Maximum
1544
M. Clements, USDA-ARS, MS (2005)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin
content
2005
2004
2005
Pedigree
Race
% ear
rot
Fumonisin
(ppm)
% ear
rot
Fumonisin
(ppm)
visual
CA
GEMS-0002
Mixed
1.6
2.1
NT
NT
8
GEMS-0003
Dente
Amarelo
2.8
3.2
3.3
3.9
7
GEMS-0061
Cristalino
Colorado
2.6
1.8
NT
NT
8
GE440 (Resis.)
1.9
1.1
1.1
2.6
NT
NC300 (Resis.)
3.5
3
4
7.6
9
Mean
(50 entries)
6.3
11
16.4
29.5
Jim Holland, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC (2003 - 5) & Bill Dolezal, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Woodland, CA (2005)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Fusarium/Fumonisin Resistant
Pedigrees
Race
Country
GEMS-0002:
FS8A(S):S09-43-2
Mixed
USA
GEMS-0003:
2011-01_SE32_S17_F2S4
Dente Amarelo
Brazil
GEMS-0061:
AR16026:S17-10-1-B-B
Cristalino Colorado
Argentina
SE32 = BR52060
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Fusarium Ear Rot
Susceptible Line
Resistant Line
MDI022:N2120-399-001-B
GEMS-0002 Public Release
Bill Dolezal, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, Woodland, CA (2005)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Gray leafspot resistant GEM
germplasm
Germplasm line
Derivation
Country/Race
GEMS-0003
2011-01_SE32_S17_F2S4
Brazil/Dente Amarelo
GEMS-0016
2132-03_DK888_S11_F2S4
Thailand/Hybrid tropical
GEMS-0019
2146-01_DK888_S11_F2S4
Thailand/Hybrid tropical
GEMS-0024
2201-01_DKB830_S11_F2S4
Mexico/Hybrid tropical
GEMS-0028
2250-02_DKXL370A_S11_F2S4
Brazil/Hybrid tropical
GEMS-0030
2258-03_DKXL380_S11_F2S4
Brazil/Hybrid tropical
GEMS-0033
PE001n16F2S2-44
Brazil/Cateto
GEMS-0035
PE001n16F2S2-172
Brazil/Cateto
GEMS-0037
PE001n16F2S2-181
Brazil/Cateto
DE 4
DKXL212:N11a
Brazil/Hybrid tropical
SE32 = BR52060 and PE001 = BR51403
Balint-Kurti, et al., (2006), Carson, et al., (2006), and Hawk et al. (2005)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Protein Quality Index (Met + Lys +
Trp) – 3 Year
Pedigree
Protein quality index
Significant level
GEMS-0010
GEMS-0017
Normal Check
Normal Check
Normal Check
GEMS-0029
GEMS-0004
GEMS-0031
GEMS-0026
GEMS-0030
Met Check
Lys+Trp Check
AA Concentration
P. Scott & M. Blanco, USDA-ARS, Ames (2005)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Amylose and resistant starch content
derived from GUAT209:S13
Sample Pedigree
Resist
Starch
%Amylose
1
GUAT209:S13ae 4-4-2-1-1
43.2
69.8
2
GUAT209:S13ae 4-4-2-1-2
39.4
72.0
3
H99ae
19.1
63.1
4
OH43ae
14.0
57.8
5
B89ae
14.9
56.7
6
B84ae
11.5
58.9
mean
23.6
63.0
s.e.
0.72
2.5
J.L. Jane, ISU & M. Campbell, Truman State U., (2005)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines – Cuba
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
CUBA117:S15
Argentino
Drought; aflatoxin;
CUBA117:S1520
Argentino
Silage; CRW
CUBA164:D27
Mixed Creole
Aflatoxin
CUBA164:S1511b
Mixed Creole
>15% protein
CUBA164:S2012
Mixed Creole
Leaf disease, drought, yield; silage;
>15% protein
CUBA164:S1517
Mixed Creole
Silage
CUBA164:S15
Mixed Creole
Starch prop
CUBA164:S2008a
Mixed Creole
Starch prop
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines – Brazil
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
BR51675:N0620
Dente Amarelo
Y/M
BR52060:S0210
Dente Amarelo
~5% oil; Y/M
BR52051:N04
Dente Amarelo
Drought; silage
PE001n16F2S2
Cateto
GLS; yield South; starch prop
2011-01_SE32_S17
Dente Amarelo
Fumonisin, GLS, NLB; 13% protein, 4.9% oil
DKXL212:N11a
Hybrid-tropical
>15% prot; AA index; GLS (DE3, DE4, DE6)
DKXL212:N11a01
Hybrid-tropical
CRW
DKXL370A:N11a20
Hybrid-tripical
Starch prop; Y/M
DKXL370AN11F2S3
Hybrid-tropical
13-14% protein
DKXL370A_S11_F2S4
Hybrid-tropical
Aflatoxin; GLS
DKXL380_S11_F2S5
Hybrid-tropical
Aflatoxin; GLS; AA index
DKXL380N11F2S3
Hybrid-tropical
Yield south/adapt
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines – Mexico
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
CHIS 775 N19 F1S7
Tuxpeño
Yield south/adapt
CHIS775:N1912
Tuxpeño
CRW
CHIS775:S1911b
Tuxpeño
Starch prop; silage
CHIS740:S1411a
Tuxpeño/Olotillo
AA index
DKB830_S11_F2S4
Hybrid-tropical
Yield south/adapt
DKB844:N11b
Hybrid-tropical
Yield south/adapt
DKB844:S1601
Hybrid-tropical
Starch prop; 14% protein
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines – Guatemala and Peru
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
GUAT209:N1925
Tusón
Yld adapt; AA index
GUAT209:S13
Tusón
Amylose modifiers; resist starch
MDI022:N2120
Cuban Yellow
AA index
PASCO14:S0105
Cuban Yellow
Yld adapt
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived lines
– Barbados, Dom. Repub., and St. Croix
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
BARBGP2:N08a18
Tusón
Yld; NLB
DREP150:N2011d
Mixed
Yld/adapt
SCRO1:N1411a
St. Croix
Drought stress
SCROGP3:N1310
Tusón
Silage
SCRGp3N14F2S3
Tusón
Yld south/adapt
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines – Thailand
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
DK212T:N11a12
Hybrid-tropical
Yld; Silage
DK212T_N11_F2S4
Hybrid-tropical
Yld south/adapt
DK212T_S11_F2S4
Hybrid-tropical
Yld south; Fusarium
DK888_N11_F2S4
Hybrid-tropical
Yld south; Fusarium
DK888_S11_F2S4
Hybrid-tropical
Yld south
NEI9004:S2818
Inbred-tropical
>13% protein
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines - Argentina
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
AR03056:N09
Dentado Blanco
MDR resistance; Y/M
AR01150:N0406
Dente. Blanco
Rugoso
Drought/stress (Tx204, Tx205);
anthracnose
AR16026:S17
Cristalino Colorado
Fusarium/fumonisin; oil; silage
AR16026:S1704
Cristalino Colorado
Yield/adapt
AR16035:S02
Cristalino Colorado
Starch prop; carotenoid
AR16035:S19
Cristalino Colorado
Yield/adapt
AR17026:N1019
Cristalino Colorado
Silage (W605S)
AR17056:N2025
Cristalino Colorado
CRW; starch digest; protein
AR17056:N2035
Cristalino Colorado
Yield/adapt
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines – Chile and Uruguay
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
CH04030:S0906
Camelia
Anthracnose
CH05015:N1204
Camelia
14% protein, 4.7% oil; AA index
CH05015:N12
Camelia
Yield adapt Y/M; drought
CH05015:N1502
Camelia
Yield adapt Y/M
CH05015:N15
Camelia
Yield adapt Y/M; silage; starch
UR01089:S0525
Cateto Sulino
Yield adapt
UR13085:N0204
Cateto Sulino
CRW
UR13085:N0215
Cateto Sulino
Yield/adapt
UR10001:S1813
Dente Branco
Yield/adapt
UR11003:S0302
Dente Branco
Y/M
UR05017:S0415
Semident. Riograndense
>13% protein
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Breeding crosses & traits from derived
lines – USA
Breeding cross
Race
Traits of selected lines
FS8A(S):S09
Mixed
Yld/adapt
FS8A(T):N1801
Mixed
Fatty acid quality
FS8B(S):S0316
Mixed
Yld/adapt
FS8B(T):N11a
Mixed
Y/M; Silage
FS8B(T):N1802
Mixed
Anthracnose
GOQUEEN:N1603
Corn Belt Dent
Anthracnose
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
LAMP Accessions not (yet) tested
(but in the pipeline)
Classification
Country
Populations
RACE
Temperate
US
Golden Queen (Ohio)
Corn Belt Dent
Tropical
Guadelupe
Guadelupe 5
Early Caribbean
Tropical
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico Gp3
Mixed
Tropical
Brazil
BR105
Composite
Tropical
Brazil
BRA 051039 (BA 38)
Dente Amarelo
Tropical
Brit Virg Is
Brit. Virg. Is. 103
Criollo
Tropical
Cuba
Cuba 110
Argentino
Tropical
Cuba
Cuba 173
Mixed
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
LAMP Accessions not (yet) in Pipeline
Classification
Country
Populations
RACE
Temperate
Argentina
ARZM 16042
Cristalino Colorado
Tropical
Venezuela
BG002
Unclassified
Tropical
Venezuela
BG070404
Unclassified
Tropical
Bolivia
BO80082
Cuban yellow
Tropical
Brazil
BR106
Composite
Tropical
Mexico
CHIS 462
Hybrido Blanco
Temperate
Chile
CHZM 05027
Camelia
Tropical
Cuba
Cuba 84
Criollo
Tropical
Dom Repub
Dom. Rep. 269
Canila
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Summary
GEM is making progress in identifying target trait phenotypes from
~20 races that can be useful for breeding and genomic applications
Raleigh’s strength: developm’t for southern adapt, leaf disease and
aflatox./fumon. resistance, and VAT’s (AA index, starch properties)
Ames strength: Midwest adapt, anthracnose, CRW, and abiotic
stress germplasm; fumonisin resist.; VAT’s (AA, starch properties)
Overall, tropical accessions have had better combination of target
traits than temperate (so far)
Most promising tropical accessions from Cuba, Brazil, Mexico,
Thailand
Most promising temperate include FS8’s, and earlier material from
AR, UR, and Chile with good Y/M, and earliness for Midwest
Feedback from cooperators is positive for material released from
Raleigh and Ames (CUBA164, FS8’s, DK888’s, and Brazilian
derived material)
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Issues/Suggested Ideas
GEM has 589 breeding crosses with 123 tested-suggest to prioritize:
A. Continue working the remaining untested LAMP’s
B. Determine appropriate focus on breeding crosses we have released
accessions from
C. Utilize successful breeding crosses for specific traits (CUBA164, etc.)
D. Implement SSD to reduce rows required for planting ETR S1 familieswe can work 3X more pops
Lack of information on relatedness of accessions
A. Characterize accessions using SSRs or SNPs to assess degree of
relationship between races or among accessions within a race
B. Develop genomic information on an important accession like CUBA164
with extensive phenotypic information to enhance likelihood of identifying
trait associations with specific genotypes. Could be interesting model for
future gene discovery
Marker assisted selection (MAS)
A. GEM lines are heterogenous-need to create homozygous lines for
future mapping pops (to be done by partners?)
GEM Cooperators Acknowledgements
Name
Institute
Target
Years
P. Balint-Kurti
USDA-ARS, NC
SLB
2003 - 2006
M. Bohn
U. Of IL
Fumonisin, CRW, ECB
2003 - 2006
M. Campbell
Truman S.U., MO
Amylomaize VII
2000 - 2006
M. Clements
USDA-ARS, MS
Aflatoxin
2004 - 2005
J. Coors
U. WI
Silage quality & milk potential
1995 - 2006
J. Dodd
PSR, IL
NLB, SLB, GLS, etc.
1998 - 2006
W. Dolezal
Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l, IA
Fusarium, NLB, Diplodia, S. Rust, MDR, CRW
2000 - 2006
S. Duvick
USDA-ARS, IA
Protein, oil, starch, NIR and DSC
2002 - 2006
J. Edwards, S. Duvick,
L. Pollak, M. Blanco
USDA-ARS, IA
Starch thermal properties
2002 - 2006
M. Goodman
NCSU, NC
S. Adapt. GLS, southern rust
1994 - 2006
J. Hawk
U. DE
Anthrac, GLS, protein, AA; breeding methods
1996 - 2006
B. Hibbard
USDA-ARS, MO
CRW
1995 - 2006
J. Holland
USDA-ARS, NC
Fumonisin
2003 - 2005
J. Jane
ISU, IA
Resistant & Digestible Starch
2004 - 2006
P. Scott & M. Blanco
USDA-ARS, IA
AA analysis
1997 – 2006
M. Smith
Cornell, NY
Anthracnose stalk rot
1995 - 2006
W. Xu
Texas A&M
Drought, heat, grain mold, aflatoxin, CEW
1999 - 2006
Germplasm Enhancement of Maize
Acknowledgements
GEM private and public cooperators
USDA-ARS Collaborators
GEM staff
Andy Smelser, Res. Tech
Fred Engstrom, Res. Tech
Sue Duvick, Lab Manager