Footsteps 96
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
January 2015 www.tearfund.org/tilz What is human
trafficking?
In this issue
3 Case study: a journey of hope turns
to despair
4 Born to Fly: from fear to freedom
6 Preventing trafficking in Cambodia
7 Resources
8 Lies traffickers tell
10 Mobilising cities to protect children
and young people
12 Bible study – Joseph: human
trafficking survivor
14 Bringing justice: influencing the
powerful
Ralph Hodgson Tearfund
16 The dream that became a
nightmare
An outreach worker from World Concern Laos running a workshop to raise awareness about human trafficking.
On 30 July 2014, the United Nations held the first World Day Against
Trafficking in Persons, to raise awareness of a crime which affects millions
of vulnerable communities across the world. Human trafficking is the
transporting or abduction of people for the purposes of exploitation, using
coercion, fraud or deception.
Trafficking happens in nearly every country
in the world. Most victims are trafficked
close to home, within their country or
region of origin, and their exploiters
are often fellow citizens. The types of
exploitation may vary but in general more
women are affected than men.
Victims of human trafficking do not agree
to being exploited, although at first they
may agree to go with traffickers based on
lies which they are told. However they
are then held against their will and are
exploited. Traffickers make money from
their victims through this exploitation. This
could be by forcing victims to work without
pay, making them work in prostitution or
selling their organs for profit.
Trafficking is related to other illegal
practices such as people smuggling, which
is when people who want to migrate
illegally to another country pay a smuggler
to transport them across international
borders. When they arrive they are not
held against their will but do remain in
the new country illegally, lacking legal
documents. As with trafficking this makes
them vulnerable to exploitation, but if
they have gone voluntarily and are free to
leave the smugglers when they arrive at
their destination, this is not considered to
be trafficking.
In 2005, the International Labour
Organization (ILO) estimated that the
human trafficking industry was worth
32 billion US dollars a year and it is likely
to have risen since then. This is the same
amount of money as the total Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of Tanzania.
Ninety per cent of countries have laws that
make human trafficking illegal. However,
often these laws are not put into practice.
The number of people who are convicted
is very low. Forty per cent of countries
surveyed by the UN in their recent report
on human trafficking had fewer than 10
convictions per year. Corruption, violence
and fear contribute to this injustice.
Poverty makes people vulnerable to
human trafficking. A lack of education and
understanding of safe migration makes it
harder for people to recognise the lies which
traffickers tell. A lack of stable income
Footsteps
Footsteps is a magazine linking health and
development workers worldwide. Tearfund,
publisher of Footsteps, hopes that it will provide
a stimulus for new ideas and enthusiasm. It is a
way of encouraging Christians of all nations as
they work together towards creating wholeness
in their communities.
Footsteps is free of charge to grassroots develop­
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free copies to those most in need.
Readers are invited to contribute views, articles,
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Footsteps is also available in French as Pas à Pas,
in Portuguese as Passo a Passo and in Spanish as
Paso a Paso.
Editors Helen Gaw, Alice Keen
Tearfund, 100 Church Road, Teddington,
TW11 8QE, UK
Tel: +44 20 8977 9144
Fax: +44 20 8943 3594
Email: publications@tearfund.org
Website: www.tearfund.org/tilz
causes people to seek opportunities
elsewhere, even if there are great risks
involved. Natural disasters and wars break
families and networks that would usually
protect people from traffickers.
Ending human trafficking will
need communities, churches, local
organisations and governments to work
together to address the poverty and
injustice issues which are at the root of
this growing global problem.
Human trafficking statistics
The United Nations Office of Drugs and
Crime (UNODC) publishes their Global
Report on Trafficking in Persons every
two years. The latest report, published in
November 2014, is full of useful statistics
and analysis and can be downloaded free of
charge from their website (www.unodc.org).
Data on human trafficking is challenging
to collect because victims are often hidden
from researchers. The statistics below are
from the UNODC 2014 Global Report
on Trafficking in Persons. They show us
that about half of all detected cases of
human trafficking are related to sexual
exploitation, nearly half of the victims
are women and that a third of cases are
trafficked within national borders. The
UNODC data is gathered from statistics
collected by national governments. Some
regions are not able to provide reliable data
and this affects the overall global statistics
presented in charts below.
Language Editor Helen Machin
Special thanks to Sudarshan Sathianathan,
Chloe Quanrud
Editorial Committee Barbara Almond,
Sally Best, Mike Clifford, Steve Collins, Paul Dean,
Martin Jennings, Ted Lankester, Melissa Lawson,
Liu Liu, Roland Lubett, Marcus de Matos,
David Scott, Naomi Sosa, Shannon Thomson
Forms of exploitation
among detected
trafficking victims,
2011
40% Forced labour
0.3% Organ removal
7% Others
Design Wingfinger Graphics, Leeds
53% Sexual exploitation
Illustrations Amy Levene
Printed on 100 per cent recycled FSC-accredited
paper, using environmentally friendly processes.
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Detected victims of
trafficking in persons,
by age and gender,
2011
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agency building a global network of local churches
to help eradicate poverty.
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2
FOOTSTEPS 96
21% Girls
12% Boys
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but we cannot accept responsibility should any
problems occur.
49% Women
18% Men
Breakdown of
trafficking flows by
geographical reach,
2010-2012
(or more recent)
37% Cross-border
within same subregion
3%
From nearby subregion
26% Transregional
34% Domestic
(within national borders)
Statistics source: UNODC elaboration on national data
trafficking
Case study: A journey of
hope turns to despair
Amran is a mother of eight from the
Horn of Africa. Two years ago, her son
embarked on a journey to Europe, trying
to find a better life. But he fell prey to
traffickers. Amran tells her story in her
own words.
gave you the money to travel?’ and he
replied, ‘My friend.’
I tried to convince him to come back home.
But he continued his travels.
When I heard that he was in Addis Ababa, I
was shocked and worried. I knew he didn’t
have money to pay for food. I made every
effort for his return but I didn’t succeed.
I met a lot of people whose children have
emigrated. Finally I realised that smugglers
take young people across borders without
payment and later force them to pay all
expenses and a ransom. I became anxious,
lost sleep and was afraid for his life. I didn’t
have one dollar to save him. His father died
seven years ago. There are no assets, except
a small yard next to my house. Most of the
youths migrating from my country have
been from poorer families.
Seven days later, he contacted me from
near the border between Ethiopia and
Sudan. ‘Dear mother, I emigrated to
Europe to find a better life for you and the
rest of the family,’ he said. ‘Don’t worry
and pray to keep me safe.’ I asked, ‘Who
Then, I received a phone call from a
stranger asking me to speak with my son.
The stranger told me to pay him US$4,000
in smuggling fees: otherwise, he said, ‘I
shall cut his legs then arms until he dies.’
I replied, ‘I will look for the money. Give
Sadiiq is my eldest son. He is 17 years old.
He was always a good and kind-hearted
boy. He used to be clever at school. He was
my heart.
me some time, please.’ He then passed the
phone back to my son, who started crying
and told me that he had been beaten.
Before I could question him further, the call
was ended abruptly.
To get the ransom money, I informed
my family, relatives abroad, friends and
members of the self-help group I am part
of, and pleaded for their help.
Fortunately, they collected and granted
me part of the money. To raise the
remaining sum, I sold my land. The
smugglers freed my son, who had suffered
several injuries, and he made his way to
Tripoli. I was now forced to raise more
money to fund his costs to cross the
Mediterranean Sea and get to Europe. I am
still paying back the money.
Finally, he arrived in Italy but was still not
happy. He called to tell me, ‘It is different
from what I expected; there is no place like
home. I have caused you stress and miss
you, Mum, and I can’t send you even one
dollar. I’m sorry, Mum.’
Amran’s son remains in Italy where he is awaiting
the outcome of an asylum application. Illegal
migration puts people at high risk of traffickers.
Editorial
We know that human
trafficking happens all
over the world. You may
live in a region where you
see its effects clearly every
Alice Keen – Editor day or it may be more of a
hidden problem. Perhaps
people from your village or town have been
trafficked to nearby cities. Maybe they have
gone in search of work but found themselves
in jobs where they are not treated or paid
fairly and are not free to leave. Or perhaps
you live in a large city and know of people
who are working without a wage or are being
exploited in the red-light district. Human
trafficking is never far away from us.
In this edition we have included a number of
stories from people who have experienced
human trafficking in different regions of the
world: Uganda (page 16) and in the Horn
of Africa (page 3). We hope this will help
Footsteps readers understand how it affects
ordinary people in communities like yours.
We have included case studies of
organisations in Cambodia (page 6) and
Brazil (page 10) who are taking action to
prevent trafficking happening in the first
place, as well as a tool that you can use
to tell others about the lies traffickers tell
(pages 8 and 9).
One person’s story touched me personally.
When I lived in Central Asia, I had a
wonderful teammate and friend called Katya.
She told me that some years before she
had been deeply in debt because her small
business had run into trouble. She needed
to pay off her debts and met a man who
said that, if she went to Turkey, he would
give her the money to clear them. All she
had to do was live as a wife in the home of a
rich Turkish man. My friend felt she had no
choice and agreed. She got a visa to leave
the country but in her heart she did not want
to go. An uncle of hers had recently joined a
local church and she poured out her troubles
to him. He called his pastor and together
they agreed that they would collect money
from their congregation and pay off her
debt themselves instead. What an incredible
gift! The church was not rich but it gave
everything it could to free my friend from
her debts and give her the choice to stay in
her own city. A year later, she heard from
others that what the trafficker had told her
had been a lie. She would in fact have been
working in the red-light district.
When I think about human trafficking,
I think about my friend who so nearly
became a victim of this terrible crime. But
I also think of the local church and how
it intervened to help her at her time of
greatest need. I hope that, after reading this
issue, you will be more aware of the dangers
of human trafficking and better equipped to
play your part in bringing it to an end.
May the blessings of freedom be yours,
FOOTSTEPS 96
3
children
Born to fly: from fear
to freedom
The Born to Fly Project is a child trafficking prevention programme that
educates children and their parents about the dangers of child trafficking.
A team of educators, writers, artists and child experts spent five years
developing materials which others can use to organise a six-week community
campaign designed to stop child trafficking. The aim is to educate children
and teenagers about the lies that traffickers use – and help them to make a
commitment not to be trafficked.
Born to Fly International
Born to Fly choose not to further exploit trafficked children by showing their faces. The children you see
here are not trafficked but many of them are at risk.
Children in Romania made their own butterfly wings as part of the Born to Fly programme.
Children of all ages are at risk of being
trafficked – young children as well as
teenagers. To reach both groups, the
programme suggests training teenagers to
be apprentice teachers, enabling them both
to engage with the materials and to help
run the programme.
Born to Fly’s curriculum for young children
features a story about a caterpillar
named Blossom who has a dream to fly.
Participants follow her through her quest
to find the ‘Moonbeam Tree’ (you can read
the full story in the box on the opposite
page), to help children explore issues
related to trafficking.
Born to Fly’s curriculum for teenagers is
called the Dream Big Campaign; it helps
teens follow their dreams in a safe way
while staying safe from traffickers. This
age-appropriate approach has had a great
impact in the communities where it has
been used. Rates of trafficking have fallen
where people’s awareness has been raised.
The materials are designed so that you can
adapt them to your context, for example
a school, a church or children’s club. You
can also choose individual sections so
that you can run a programme within a
shorter period (eg two weeks or one day).
They have been translated into multiple
languages and have been downloaded in
more than 65 countries worldwide.
The fine line between awareness and fear
As a teacher or facilitator, you want your students to be aware of the
dangers of human trafficking, but you do not want them to live in
fear. This is a fine line and as you teach you will have to watch and
listen to know what your students are thinking and feeling. Here are
suggestions to help you avoid frightening your children as you share
about trafficking:
n
n
4
buddy system (always going to places with someone else), always
letting an adult know where they are, not running off to play
without telling an adult, carrying safety whistles or mobile phones.
n
Separate the children by age groups and be particularly careful
with the youngest ones. Remember, you do not have to mention
trafficking specifically with younger children. Instead you can
talk about how they have choices and those choices have
consequences.
If children are afraid, talk with them about it. You can meet with
them privately or in a group – whatever makes them feel most
comfortable. Talk about what specific thoughts are making them
afraid. Write down each fear and tell them you want to work with
them to develop a plan they can use to make them feel safe. Look
at each fear and ask for their suggestions about what would help
them not be afraid. These might include going to places using a
FOOTSTEPS 96
n
When you have to identify or warn of a danger, also share
something positive such as, ‘I am so glad to be your mother [or
your teacher] to help you through this. You are becoming such a
brave person.’ This approach is sometimes called ‘reality therapy’.
The objects, people and circumstances that create fears are real,
not imaginary (even if some of the childish reactions seem extreme
to adults), so the answers you give must be real as well. This will
help create an environment of safety, health and freedom. That is
why the Born to Fly materials teach specific behaviours that can
keep children from being trafficked (making wise choices, knowing
how to tell if someone is a true friend, etc).
Follow up regularly with children and ask how they are doing and if
they are still afraid. Create a safe and regular place where they feel
comfortable talking with you about their fears.
Adapted from Born to Fly materials. Used with permission.
children
Storytime
Popi tells Blossom and Max the story of why there is only one
remaining Moonbeam Tree in the world – hidden far away in the
High Hills where no-one has ever gone before. Blossom dreams
of finding it, but Popi says she is not ready and must finish school
first. Against Popi’s wishes, Blossom secretly leaves her village to
pursue her dream. In this strange new world she must learn how
to tell real friends from the evil Dream Thieves who try to steal
everyone’s dreams.
Born to Fly International
Trafficking is a sensitive issue and may be difficult to talk
about directly, particularly with younger children. Born
to Fly uses a story about a caterpillar called Blossom who
has a dream to fly, which you can read below. It introduces
important issues to this young age group. You might want to
use it or even make up your own story.
Each child receives a certificate when they complete the programme.
At first she can tell the difference, but soon she trusts the Dream
Thieves, who quickly kidnap her. During her captivity, she realises
the mistakes she made. She realises:
Blossom escapes from the Dream Thieves but is horrified to see
wings sprouting from her back. Sadly she returns to her village in
shame without the Moonbeam seeds.
1 choices have consequences,
Popi tells her she can try to find the Moonbeam Tree again but
only after she finishes school. This time Blossom listens and after
she graduates she leaves on her second trip, well prepared. Once
again she encounters friends and enemies, but this time she is
ready. Using her new wings to fly, she conquers the evil Dream
Thieves, finds the Moonbeam Tree, and brings back seeds for
everyone in her village. Blossom’s dream has come true.
2 she must know who her true friends are,
3 she is unique, valuable and worth loving,
4 in following her dream she must be patient, work hard and
wait for the right time, and
5 she is born to fly and must not settle for less.
Exploring the story
Here is an outline of the sessions
which Born to Fly uses to explore
Blossom’s story.
Session 1: Choices have consequences.
n
n
n
How can knowing this keep you safe and
keep you from being trafficked?
How is waiting an important part of
making choices?
What bad choice did Blossom make?
Session 4: Be patient, work hard and wait
for the right time.
n
n
n
Session 2: Know who your true friends are.
n
‘Storytime’ and ‘Exploring the story’
taken directly from the Born to Fly
curriculum, © 2010 Born to Fly
International. Used with permission.
n
n
How can knowing this keep you safe and
keep you from being trafficked?
Can you think of someone you know who
may not be a true friend?
What is unconditional love? How do
friends show this?
Session 3: You are unique, valuable and
worth loving.
Article adapted from Born to Fly materials. With
thanks to Diana Scimone, President of Born to Fly.
n
What does it mean to be unique?
n
What does it mean to be valuable?
You can find out more about Born to Fly’s
resources on the Resources page (page 7).
n
You can contact the organisation by emailing
info@born2fly.org or by writing to Born to Fly,
PO Box 952949, Lake Mary FL 32795, USA.
n
What are you waiting for?
What dream do you want to work hard to
achieve?
Are you being patient enough whilst
waiting for your dream to become
reality?
Session 5: You were born to fly. Don’t
settle for less.
n
n
n
n
What does it mean ‘to fly’?
How did Blossom settle for less in the
story? How have you settled for less?
Blossom had a dream: to fly. What is your
dream?
What good choices can you make to
follow your dream?
What is more valuable: you or a rock? You
or a pair of shoes? You or a mobile phone?
How can knowing that you are valuable
keep you from being trafficked?
Website: http://born2fly.org
FOOTSTEPS 96
5
trafficking
Preventing trafficking
in Cambodia
n
n
by Tim Amstutz
For many years, Cambodia has been the focus of international attention as a place
where people are trafficked, both into and out of the country. Why is this so?
Cambodia’s problems are complex:
poverty, weak family and community
support systems, poor law enforcement,
corruption at every level of government
and society, and a fatalistic worldview
(a belief in destiny, which makes people
believe they have no power to change their
lives). When all of them combine, they
create a web of risk factors which are all
connected. Some problems are too large to
be dealt with at a community level. Some
need a response at an international level.
The best known form of trafficking is sex
related: girls (and now increasingly boys as
well) are taken either by force or deception
to work in brothels, beer gardens and
karaoke establishments and expected to
have sex with customers. Certain ethnic
groups in Cambodia are targeted for sex
trafficking because the women are ‘prized’
for their fairer skin.
However, in many cases human trafficking
is not sex related, but labour related.
For example, young men are tricked into
working on Thai fishing boats for no pay,
or young women are recruited to serve as
domestic workers in countries throughout
Asia where they often suffer serious
physical abuse and do not get paid.
Poverty is the main cause of human
trafficking in Cambodia. If a family is poor,
it is very vulnerable to trafficking, especially
Trafficking prevention
if family members have not had much
education. Children and adults are both more
vulnerable if they live close to a border with
another country and illegal border crossing
is common. They can easily find themselves
trafficked into the other country with no
rights and no legal system to protect them.
World Relief Cambodia has two key
priorities that help us to choose how we
respond to the challenge of trafficking and
exploitation. The first priority is to empower
and work with the local church. The second
is to focus on prevention rather than rescue.
We believe that it is better in the long term
to help churches and communities to stop
trafficking before it starts.
We help to prevent trafficking by raising
awareness about the dangers of trafficking
as part of all our existing programmes.
For example:
n
n
Our groups for children and young people
learn the ‘lies traffickers tell’ (see page 8
and 9) so that they know how to identify
and report suspicious activity in their
communities.
The church-run adult health education
groups spend time talking about the
importance of families having long-term
hopes and dreams, not just short-term
goals. They also discuss how to prepare
for that better future so that they are not
tempted to look for quick financial gain.
Response within existing trafficking context
Church leaders and members learn
how to be advocates for the protection
of their children and how to create
welcoming places of care for those who
have already been exploited.
Local community leaders learn how to
make their community more stable.
They receive training so they can teach
villagers about the risks of migrating
across borders and explain how to
migrate safely for work.
We have seen remarkable results as villagers
begin to understand the true dangers of
trafficking. Mothers have wept for their sons
whom they have not heard from for more
than two years and asked us to help to bring
their children home safely. We then linked
them to professional services to help them
locate their sons.
More children stay in education in villages
where we have run awareness-raising
workshops because parents have learnt
how to protect their children and prepare
a better future for them. Fewer people
migrate away from the communities where
we work, particularly ones where we have
started savings groups. As community
members start savings groups they can
grow their businesses by borrowing money
from the group. This makes them less
vulnerable to the traffickers and their lies,
and less likely to migrate to find work in
places where they might also be exploited.
We have learnt a lot from doing this work.
Here are some of the keys to success:
n
Use existing groups for awarenessraising and prevention education Always use existing community-based
groups, such as churches and regular
gatherings of community leaders,
to increase their awareness of, and
commitment to, stopping trafficking
before it starts.
Post-trafficking rehabilitation
Human trafficking continuum of care and response
Church- and community-based
awareness-raising
Protection and rights education
among trafficked people
Protection, care and counselling
of rescued survivors
Prevention and rights education
Advocacy with and training of police
and government officials
Vocational training and alternative
livelihoods development
Rescue of trafficked people
Integration back into communities
Child protection education
The ‘continuum of care’ shows the variety of ways to respond to trafficking, from prevention to rehabilitation.
6
FOOTSTEPS 96
trafficking
n
n
Use volunteers We give volunteers
from these church and community
groups the information and training
they need to spread awareness about
the risks of trafficking throughout the
community, and so help prevent it.
Make an impact that lasts Awarenessraising will not translate into real
prevention of trafficking unless all
Resources
members of the community understand
the dangers. Also, the whole community
must commit to protecting themselves
in ways that they themselves have
developed and chosen.
n
Keep it simple Most churches and
community groups are not equipped
to run programmes that need complex
skills or professional training, such as
TILZ website: www.tearfund.org/tilz Tearfund’s international publications can
be downloaded free of charge from our website. Search for any topic to help in your work.
Drishtikone
The Born to Fly wordless book is an
illustrated version of the story of a
caterpillar called Blossom and her journey
to find the Moonbeam Tree. Through the
characters she meets along the way and
the decisions she makes, the story helps
children and young people to explore the
issue of human trafficking.
This magazine is
produced in India
by Tearfund partner
EFICOR. It provides
a space in which
Christians can share
their perspectives and
points of view on holistic mission in India.
It includes articles written by development
practitioners, theologians, grassroots
workers and others who are seeking to
show God’s love in a practical way. The
third edition published in 2012 focuses on
human trafficking and includes stories,
statistics and biblical reflection. You can
find it by following the link on TILZ
www.tearfund.org/traffickingresources
or by typing the words ‘Drishtikone’ and
‘trafficking’ into an internet search engine.
For more information on how these
materials have been used across the
world see page 4. All the materials can
be downloaded free of charge but you
will need to register on the Born to Fly
website to receive a password to access
the documents: https://born2fly.org
You can print directly from the site or
download a PDF file. Unfortunately, the
materials are not currently available in a
printed format. You can also contact the
organisation by post:
Born to Fly International
PO Box 952949
Lake Mary, Florida 32795-2949, USA
Or by email: info@born2fly.org
Tim Amstutz is Country Director of World Relief
Cambodia. You can find out more about the work of
World Relief on their website: www.worldrelief.org or
by emailing TAmstutz@wr.org
Books n Websites n Training material
Born to Fly anti-trafficking course
The Born to Fly curriculum helps facilita­
tors to explore Blossom’s story as part of
a prevention programme. It has separate
material for young children and young
people. The Soaring Higher curriculum
provides additional material for churches
and Christian schools. Both are currently
available in English, Bisayan (Philippines),
Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Nepali,
Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Thai.
organising a rescue or trauma counselling
of survivors. Instead, they should focus
on prevention work such as awarenessraising and activities that strengthen
communities vulnerable to trafficking.
Advocacy toolkit
Tearfund’s Advocacy
toolkit (ROOTS 1 & 2)
is a comprehensive
guide to the theory and
practice of advocacy.
It provides practical
guidance about
advocacy, based on the key questions:
What? Where? Who? Why? and How?
The new second edition (published 2014)
includes 80 case studies sharing what
Tearfund partners have experienced and
learnt over the past 12 years. There is a new
section on the challenge of doing advocacy
in a difficult political context, an expanded
section on monitoring and evaluating
advocacy, and new material offering a
Christian perspective on human rights.
The new Advocacy toolkit is currently
available in English and Portuguese.
Spanish and French versions are planned
for 2015. You can download the book on
the TILZ website or by visiting:
www.tearfund.org/advocacytoolkit or
you can order a hard copy by emailing
publications@tearfund.org
Online resources
http://faastinternational.org
FAAST is a Christian alliance working
in collaboration to eradicate human
trafficking and restore survivors.
Its website has a wealth of useful
tools and information including
anti-trafficking posters, Bible study
and church resources, materials for
training workshops and more.
www.unodc.org/blueheart
The UN Blue Heart campaign raises
awareness about human trafficking
and its impact on society. Their
website contains information on how
to join as well as links to research
reports and national campaigns.
French, Spanish, Portuguese and
Russian versions of the website are
available.
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7
community development
community development
Lies
3
1
traffickers tell
2
Many communities who are at risk of trafficking
have low levels of literacy. Communicating
through pictures is an effective way to raise
awareness about the lies which traffickers use to
trick people. You could use these pictures as they
are or re-draw them to reflect your context.
Picture 1: Offer of marriage
A man seeks the hand in marriage of a couple’s
beautiful daughter. His real intention is very
different: to sell the young woman to a brothel.
5
Picture 2: Job offer
6
A woman offers a young girl a job in a clothes factory
so she can support her family. In fact, she plans to
make her work there without any pay.
Picture 3: Courtship
A man tells a young girl he loves her; she falls in love
with him. They go out for a romantic walk - which
leads to a brothel, where he sells her.
Picture 4: Trip to the city
4
A woman is persuaded to visit the city by a friend
and fellow worker in the paddy fields. In fact, the
friend plans to sell her to a brothel.
Picture 5: Exploitation
All trafficking leads to exploitation. This might be
through prostitution or other unpaid work (eg in
factories, agriculture or catering).
Picture 6: A wealthy employer
A woman tells a family she will take their daughter to
work for a rich man in the city. In fact she intends to
force her to work as a housemaid without pay.
9
Picture 7: Abduction
A trafficker approaches children who are playing in a
field away from their village. He tells them that their
parents say that they need to come with him. They
believe him and go. In fact, he plans to sell them into
child prostitution.
8
Picture 8: Work overseas
A man talks to young people about the good jobs
and high salaries they can gain abroad. The youths
listen excitedly. In fact, he intends to traffic them.
Picture 9: Adoption
A woman offers a mother money to adopt her child.
The mother wants a better life for her child than she
can provide. In fact, he will be sold and exploited.
7
This material has been adapted from an original anti-trafficking poster produced by World Relief, Cambodia. Website: www.worldrelief.org
8
FOOTSTEPS 96
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9
prevention
It started with small steps in 2011, when the Bola na Rede
(‘Ball in the Net’) campaign was dreamed up and planned.
Over a period of three years individuals, networks, churches
and organisations started joining together in the hope of
seeing children and young people freed from the threat of
abuse and sexual exploitation by tourists during the 2014
FIFA World Cup. The movement grew. By summer 2014,
the campaign involved more than 300 churches, dozens of
organisations and hundreds of individuals.
Involving children and young
people
Activities took place to prevent the abuse
of children and young people by:
n
n
welcoming and protecting children and
young people
training children and young people to
understand their value and the dangers
of abuse.
Welcoming spaces provided a safe
environment for children and young people
in 11 of the 12 host cities during the World
Cup. Altogether, there were 40 welcoming
spaces during the World Cup, including
25 World Cup Bible Schools. One project
aimed to boost children’s self-esteem and
prevent sexual exploitation by providing
kits that told the story of Jesus welcoming
children (Mark 10: 13-16) through a storyboard and colouring sheets. Churches and
organisations in the host cities distributed
the kits to vulnerable children.
To educate and raise awareness, an antiabuse workshop was held with children
and young people of the municipalities
of Anori, Beruri and Coari. The mayor of
Coari, suspected of being ringleader of a
sexual exploitation network in the city, was
sent to prison some months before the
World Cup, but it seemed that he still had
command over the city. Even the churches
were divided between those that supported
the mayor and those that opposed him.
10
FOOTSTEPS 96
Bola na Rede
Mobilising cities
to protect children
and young people
Campaigners invite people to ‘take to the field’ in action against the sexual
exploitation of children and young people by tourists.
In these circumstances, it was particularly
important to help protect children and
young people.
Targeting tourists
Teams of people who could speak another
language raised awareness among tourists
at airports, in metro stations, in city
squares, on beaches, at FIFA’s Fan Fest, at
tourist attractions and in areas known for
prostitution. More than 100 awarenessraising activities took place in 16 cities
across Brazil, including dramas, public
prayer vigils and distribution of leaflets
giving information.
Reporting incidents
In Rio de Janeiro, three tourists informed
the team that they had been offered sex
packages with children. The team reported
the cases to the Federal Police so that they
could go to the hotels, arrest the managers
and fine the establishments.
Partnership with the authorities
Being invited to partner with the public
authorities opened doors for the team to
occupy spaces visited by tourists, such as
the airport, event venues and even the Goal
Walk in Porto Alegre which ran from the city
centre through the public market and ended
up at the Beira Rio Stadium. Having access
to the Goal Walk was particularly effective
on match days.
Challenges
In several cities, such as Belo Horizonte,
São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, some
activities were hindered by FIFA guards
who prevented activities such as the
distribution of flyers, use of music and
loudspeakers, dancing and any mobilisation
that might ‘disturb’ the tourists. In Rio de
Janeiro, an activity with 100 adults and 60
young people that was to take place on
the Copacabana beachfront had its licence
refused by the municipal government.
However, other activities took place with
smaller groups that did not need a licence.
Churches united in action and
prayer
As well as the World Cup host cities,
which encouraged awareness-raising and
welcoming activities, several other cities
expressed support for Bola na Rede. In the
city of João Pessoa, the organisation LOVE
Brazil contacted the Bola na Rede team,
and they quickly started working together.
They adopted the campaign slogan: ‘Sexual
exploitation of children and young people
is not tourism. It’s a crime.’
Ediomare Nóbrega, one of the
coordinators, describes the activity that
took place on 28 June 2014: ‘Hundreds
of volunteers, from dozens of churches of
different denominations, spread out at
traffic lights throughout the city with a
single message: “We love ‘with attitude’
and we are uniting against the abuse and
sexual exploitation of our children.” All
together with one voice. How amazing!
How exciting!’
prevention
Bola na Rede held 16 prayer events and
vigils in houses and prayer rooms across
Brazil during the 30 days of the World Cup.
The cities of Fortaleza and Porto Alegre
provided a specific space for prayer, open
12 hours a day.
Promoting the campaign
Footballers support Bola na Rede
Extracts from the campaign
textbook
Two footballers who understand all about
Bola na Rede joined the campaign. Marcos
Venâncio de Albuquerque, better known
as Ceará, is right back of the Cruzeiro team
and pastor of the Gethsemane Baptist
Church in Belo Horizonte. Lucas Pierre dos
Santos Oliveira is also a Christian and plays
as midfielder of Atlético Mineiro.
Rivals only on the field, they are both
members of Athletes for Christ and
wear the same shirt for a higher cause:
the protection of our children and
young people.
This is also a victory for the Bola na Rede
movement which is working on mobilising
Christian athletes to join its team!
In a mass campaign with good funding, there
are opportunities to produce materials of
different kinds to support the campaign. Here
are some examples.
The campaign textbook explains about sexual
abuse, shares examples from survivors, uses
biblical verses and reflections to inspire Christians
to act, and describes how people can take part in
the Bola na Rede campaign.
Silence of the victim
What you can do
It is fear that causes victims to remain
silent.
n
This fear is associated with:
n
Personal safety The aggressor
n
Reproach from others says: ‘If you tell anyone, I’ll kill you’
The aggressor says: ‘If you tell, they’ll
be disgusted with you’
n
The game goes on until 2016!
We understand that sexual exploitation of
children and young people is still a problem
that needs to be tackled. The Brazilian
church has already come onto the pitch
to win this fight and we cannot waste this
force! Bola na Rede is preparing to continue
with some activities until 2016, when the
Olympics take place in Brazil.
n
Ending up away from their
family The aggressor says: ‘If you
tell, I’ll send you away from home’
n
n
n
Harming people they love The aggressor says: ‘If you tell, I’ll
abuse your sister’
No-one will believe the story of
abuse The aggressor says: ‘No-one’s
going to believe you’
n
Try to raise awareness about the existence
of the phenomenon by distributing leaflets,
giving talks, etc.
Write to your political representatives and
press for the creation of an international
agreement that provides for the
deportation, with no right of return to
Brazil, of foreigners who commit sexual
crimes involving vulnerable individuals in
our territory.
Encourage the tourism companies in
your city to post on their own websites
and include in their advertising materials
information that encourages a policy of
protection for children and young people.
Monitor and report any material broadcast
(via radio, television, newspapers and the
internet) that could encourage sexual
exploitation of children and young people.
Mass campaign and action
Campaign leaflet
Recipe for success…
We can learn a lot from the way that Bola na Rede
produced their publicity material. They used the
language of football to draw people in and connect
the issue of sexual exploitation to the World Cup. The
organisation’s title, Bola na Rede, meaning ‘Ball in the
Net’, is a good example. They often refer to ‘goals’
and say people are coming ‘onto the field’ or ‘onto the
pitch’ to describe when people choose to get publicly
involved in the campaign. The participating people,
organisations and churches used the same materials
with the same pictures and campaign phrases. The
emergency phone number to ‘dial human rights’
appears prominently on leaflets, banners and other
publicity material.
n
n
n
Plan activities and build networks a long
time in advance
Use many different types of approach to
target different groups
Coordinate individuals, churches and
Christian organisations
n
Get support from famous people
n
Promote activities through the media
n
Provide background resources for those
working on the campaign and publicity
resources for everyone.
Article by staff at RENAS (Rede Evangélica Nacional
de Ação Social – National Evangelical Network for
Social Action), edited by Helen Gaw.
Further resources and information can be found on the campaign website: www.bolanarede.org.br
(available in Portuguese and English only)
FOOTSTEPS 96
11
Bible study
Joseph: human trafficking survivor
by Roger Seth
The Bible was written thousands of years ago but it has much to say about
what we might see as a modern problem: human trafficking. We will look
specifically at the story of Joseph in the book of Genesis, chapters 37–50.
Make sure you are familiar with the story before reading this reflection or
discussing it with a group.
Sold by relatives
Like so many victims of trafficking today,
Joseph was sold by his own family. The
fact that the Midianite caravan was
ready to buy a slave to sell in Egypt
(Genesis 37:26–28) tells us that the
trade in people was already happening
in the region at that time. Today, we are
told, trafficking happens in every nation
on earth, with many men and women
involved in buying and selling fellow
members of the human family.
It is Judah who proposes that, rather
than kill Joseph, his brothers sell him.
Judah argues his point by saying, ‘Let’s
not lay our hands on him; after all, he is
our brother’ (Genesis 37:27), showing his
confused belief that the slave trade is more
acceptable than murder. Yet the shock, loss
of home, torture and abuse Joseph would
have suffered as a result of being sold still
caused him deep pain. Today, we often see
people selling their own family members,
just as Joseph’s brothers did. These relatives
may also explain their actions in ways
similar to Judah.
Vulnerable to abuse
When the Midianites reach Egypt, Joseph
is bought by a man called Potiphar and
his wife. This puts Joseph in the dangerous
situation of being at the mercy of his
master and mistress. Young men today
often look to the example of Joseph, who
resists the sexual advances of Potiphar’s
wife. How different might the situation
have been, however, if Joseph had been
a teenage girl and it had been Potiphar
making the advances? That is what
actually happens time and again in our
12
FOOTSTEPS 96
society today. We know of far too many
cases of young women enslaved as unpaid
maids, who are sexually and physically
abused by their employers.
Accused and criminalised
As a slave, Joseph has no rights and no way
to appeal when he is unjustly accused by
Potiphar’s wife. In fact, he is the one who
is accused and is jailed. This is similar to
the experience of many trafficking victims,
particularly sex trafficking survivors who
find society blaming them for abuses
done to them or in some countries, even
criminalising them.
Today, we often see
people selling their own
family members, just as
Joseph’s brothers did.
Sustained by God
Three times in Joseph’s story the phrase,
‘But God was with him’ (Genesis 39:2,
21, 23), is repeated, reminding us that
no matter how terribly we are treated by
others – sold, betrayed, falsely accused,
unjustly imprisoned, forgotten – God’s
presence can carry us through difficult
times. The remarkable thing about Joseph
is that, as a trafficking survivor, he does
not lose his faith, and ultimately speaks
forgiveness to his brothers repeatedly
(Genesis 45:5–7, 50:19–21).
This is a message of hope for survivors of
modern-day trafficking. There is always
a choice to trust in God and to forgive
those who have wronged us. Even secular
practitioners recognise the importance of
forgiveness in helping survivors to move
forward with their lives.
Bible study
Placed to influence
What is particularly redemptive about the
Joseph story is how God uses the difficult
experiences of Joseph‘s youth to position
him in just the right place at the right time
to make a difference. We watch, amazed, as
Joseph journeys from being ‘favoured son’
to ‘betrayed slave’, and on through several
promotions to arrive at being ‘Pharaoh’s
right-hand man’, occupying one of the
most powerful positions in the world. As
Joseph himself later acknowledges, God
allowed the tragedy of his trafficking
to lead to ‘the saving of many lives’
(Genesis 50:20).
We really need godly men and women in
positions of leadership around the world,
to employ their skills – developed through
personal challenge and trial – in good
governance on behalf of their people. They
can influence how laws are created and
implemented to help vulnerable people,
administering effective systems through
good times and bad. After all, experts tell us
that it is crises similar to the one in Egypt
in Joseph’s time that make people more
vulnerable to traffickers. This could be an
economic crisis, a natural disaster or a war.
God used Joseph not simply despite the
tragedy he experienced, but through the
very effects of the tragedy itself. This can
provide inspiration for modern trafficking
survivors. Though they may not reach
positions of such influence as Joseph did,
it reminds us that their life stories are
not just about the exploitation they have
suffered. Rather, they can grow beyond
that abuse, to bring blessing to others in
many ways.
Slavery’s legacy
Ironically, Joseph’s own descendants and
relatives end up exploited as slaves in the
very nation where he himself was sold by
his brothers. Their experience of bonded
labour, with its violence and exploitation,
has many parallels to our context today.
After all, bonded labourers in the Indian
subcontinent are still making bricks, and
other products, without pay.
In the book of Exodus, we see God’s heart
for the oppressed: ‘I have seen… I have
heard… I am concerned… so I have come
We really need godly men
and women in positions
of leadership around the
world, to employ their
skills – developed through
personal challenge and trial
– in good governance on
behalf of their people.
down to rescue’ (Exodus 3:7–8). God’s way
of rescuing was to send Moses to confront
Pharaoh, with the repeated words, ‘Let my
people go, so that they may worship me’
(Exodus 5:1, 9:1, 10:3).
Today he continues to call us to join in his
plan to set people free. Far beyond the
terrible situation or statistics, our primary
motivation for involvement is God’s deep
concern for enslaved humanity. This is very
different to Moses’ own reaction as a young
man when he killed the Egyptian whom he
saw oppressing a fellow Hebrew and then
ran away in fear.
Intervention in an enslaved world
The answer to all of this is found only in
Jesus the Messiah who, as he declares in
Luke 4:18–21, fulfils the description in
Isaiah 61:1–2, ‘The Spirit of the Sovereign
Lord is on me because the Lord has
anointed me to preach good news to the
poor… sent me to bind up the broken
hearted, to proclaim freedom for the
captives and release from darkness for
the prisoners, to proclaim the year of the
Lord’s favour and the day of vengeance of
our God.’ He is God’s Word incarnate, who
has experienced all the pain and trauma
borne by Joseph and the millions of other
trafficking survivors in history. Through the
sacrifice of his own body on the cross, he
has made a way for the sins which lie at the
root of trafficking – greed, lust, ambition –
to be dealt with in the hearts of men and
women who follow him.
CONCLUSION
With hearts like God’s heart, we can
respond to the realities of human
trafficking. We act because we share God’s
vision for how he can redeem a situation
like Joseph’s or transform an enslaved
nation as in the days of Moses.
We can follow God’s call to rescue and
rehabilitate victims of human trafficking, to
work to prevent others from being sold and
to bring the criminals involved to justice.
Then we will surely discover many more
‘Josephs’ through whom God can work,
despite their tragedies, to bring ‘the saving
of many lives’.
Discussion questions
n
What inspired you when reading the story of Joseph? What challenged you?
n
In Joseph’s story, who disobeys God? What is the result of this disobedience?
n
n
How does Joseph react to his experience of trafficking? How do you react when
you are faced with oppression or injustice?
Moses heard God’s voice and advocated on behalf of his people (Exodus chapters
3 to 13). Where could you speak up on behalf of those who are being oppressed?
What might prevent you from doing this?
Roger Seth and his wife, Hiroko, first became aware of the issue of trafficking in 2005. Since then, they
have responded by setting up Courage Homes, a shelter for girls rescued from sex trafficking in New Delhi,
India. A longer version of this article first appeared in Drishtikone magazine in 2012. For more information
on Drishtikone magazine, see the Resources section on page 7.
Email: roger@couragehomes.org Website: www.couragehomes.org
FOOTSTEPS 96
13
advocacy
Bringing justice,
influencing the
powerful
by Joanna Watson
Many of the problems we address in advocacy work arise because
of abuse of power. Usually, in trafficking situations, traffickers have
gained power because they have used force, violence, bribery or
coercion to get what they want. It is therefore very important that we
understand who holds the power, both formally (who officially has the
power) and informally (who actually has the power).
What is power?
Power is the ability to influence the
behaviour of people and the circumstances
they live in. It determines who makes
decisions, what decisions are made, when
they are made, and how. When we speak
out in advocacy, we interact with power
because we are holding decision-makers
to account for their use of power, trying to
change the way power is used, challenging
the abuse of power, and helping people to
identify and use the power they have to
influence change.
One way we can do this is through a
power analysis – see table below.
Power analysis table
WHO?
WHAT?
Consider the relevant people, groups,
organisations and institutions involved in
advocacy:
WHERE?
Consider the culture, context, political environment
and levels (international, regional, national, provincial,
district, community) at which advocacy is taking place:
• Who has power?
• Where does power exist?
• Who lacks power?
• Whose voices need to be heard?
• What is the culture where you are doing advocacy
and how does this affect power relations?
• Who needs to hear the advocacy message?
• Which levels are most powerful?
• Who is, directly and indirectly, helping those
whose voices need to be heard?
• At what levels do voices need to be heard?
Consider the types and forms of power that are
applicable to advocacy:
HOW?
Consider how appropriate different advocacy
approaches are:
• What power relations* exist?
• How does power operate?
• If there is a power imbalance, what is it like?
• How clear is our understanding of power relations?
• What types of power are there?
• What methods and approaches of advocacy are
likely to work best to address any power imbalance?
• What different forms of power are available,
and who can use them?
• What could a change in the balance of power
look like?
• How could we overcome obstacles to better power
relations?
* The phrase ‘power relations’ describes relationships between different types of power and relationships between different powerful people and organisations.
14
FOOTSTEPS 96
advocacy
Many governments have drafted legislation
to protect the victims of trafficking, but
these laws are frequently ignored and
abused. This means that our advocacy work
needs to involve all the groups who have
a stake in the issue of trafficking in our
context, so that we can involve them in
appropriate ways. For example, government
officials, the police and law enforcement
agencies should be encouraged to fulfil
their responsibilities to uphold the law,
while families and communities at risk
of trafficking need to be made aware of
the potential for trafficking, and their
entitlement to protection.
Case study: Thailand
Two million migrants from Myanmar live
and work in northern Thailand. Many
arrive with dreams of overcoming poverty,
while some are forced to migrate due
to conflict. All of them are easy prey for
exploitation and discrimination, and many
lack legal papers and are not aware of Thai
employment laws.
One of Tearfund’s partners, MMF (Mekong
Minority Foundation), integrated advocacy
into its programmes to respond to the
need, and decided to address all the main
issues simultaneously.
They built relationships with the companies
that were employing migrant workers, to
help them improve working conditions.
They worked with the local government
Lowering the risk
When we advocate on a topic like
trafficking, we should be aware of the risks
involved. People may experience different
fears, particularly because of the corruption
and entrenched interests which may be
involved. This is understandable, especially
in countries where law enforcement is weak,
where civil society organisations do not
have a strong voice and where government
shows limited respect for human rights.
Taking some simple steps can help to lower
the risks of advocating for change. For
example, you can:
n
Work with other organisations, locally,
nationally and internationally. This
helps provide support and is particularly
useful for smaller organisations.
International organisations can also
help to put external pressure on the
government which may be difficult
from within the country.
departments responsible for legal
paperwork to help the migrant workers
register officially so they could claim their
rights to basic services while in Thailand.
They trained church and community
leaders to identify people who may be at
risk of exploitation and discrimination.
They raised awareness among the migrant
communities about Thai employment laws,
and the requirements expected of migrant
workers. They also cared for migrant
children who were vulnerable to trafficking
while their parents were working, by
opening a day-care centre.
Originally published in Tearfund’s new Advocacy
toolkit (2nd edition, 2014) page 72
n
n
Build good relationships with decisionmakers. Respect those in power and
give them clear explanations about the
issues you are facing. Also, cultivate
relationships with a wide range of people
and organisations.
Illustration: Bill Crooks
MMF worked with
the local government
departments
responsible for legal
paperwork to help the
migrant workers.
n
n
Be aware of your rights and who to
contact if you face any harassment.
Make links with organisations that can
provide legal advice and support.
n
Case study: Cambodia
Trafficking children between Cambodia
and Thailand is big business, even though
there are laws in place to protect them.
One Tearfund partner, determined to see
the laws enforced, took some Cambodian
government officials across the border into
Thailand to witness the conditions in which
trafficked children were living. They worked
with communities and churches to raise
awareness of the laws against trafficking.
They also encouraged the government
Ensure that the community is engaged
in the advocacy work. This promotes
wider support and engagement on the
issue and therefore greater protection.
Work with the media. If this is
appropriate in your context, engaging
with the media will make your advocacy
work more visible and will enable the
media to help to hold people in power
to account.
Develop an organisational risk strategy.
This will help you to identify the
potential risks and develop specific
strategies, systems and safeguards.
officials, the border authorities and others
to fulfil their responsibilities for upholding
the law. Now, when children are at risk of
being trafficked, many people know how
to enforce the laws. Children themselves
know how to get help. Trust has been
built between the various officials who are
meant to uphold the law. Breaches of the
law are occurring less and less frequently.
More information on doing advocacy in
challenging environments can be found in
Tearfund’s new Advocacy toolkit (see Resources
page for more details). This article has been
adapted from Section B2, pages 30-33. The Power
Analysis table was originally adapted from material
in Oxfam’s ‘Quick Guide to Power Analysis’ and
appears on page 35 of the new Advocacy toolkit.
Originally published in Tearfund’s new Advocacy
toolkit (2nd edition, 2014), page 6
Joanna Watson is Advocacy Adviser at Tearfund and
is the author of the Advocacy toolkit (2nd edition).
FOOTSTEPS 96
15
trafficking
Rahab Uganda, an NGO based in
Kampala, supports vulnerable women
and children through its residential home
and a drop-in centre in the city’s red-light
district. It provides psychosocial support,
counselling and skills training, so that
girls are supported through their recovery
and rehabilitation and empowered to
make a living and keep safe in the future.
Rahab also runs advocacy campaigns to
help prevent children and women from
falling prey to trafficking gangs and other
forms of exploitation.
Footsteps had the privilege of interviewing
a woman who had been trafficked from
Kampala with false promises of work in
Asia. She agreed to share her story, in the
hope that others would be warned of the
dangers and be protected from the harm
she suffered.
What were your circumstances when you
were trafficked?
I was 24 years old, had just had my
second baby and I was working at a radio
station. I was living with my family in
Kampala but we are originally from the
east of the country.
What were you told about the work you
were going to do? Did it turn out to be
true?
I was told that I was going to work as a
waitress in Thailand and I would be earning
a good amount of money. I wanted to be
able to give my girls the very best in life.
But when I got to Thailand, the line of
work I did was totally different from what I
was told before I left.
Kieran Dodds Tearfund
The dream
that became
a nightmare
Can you tell us a bit about the conditions
you lived in overseas?
First, I was told to think of a name I could
use at the hotel because it wouldn’t be
good for everyone to know my real name.
The conditions were not so bad at the start
because I didn’t begin work immediately.
For that time, I was living in a fancy
apartment and had good food. But after a
while they broke the news to me: in order
for me to sleep in that house and eat that
food, I had to do certain things. I cried for
days and wished I had never met the friend
who told me about coming here. I cursed
life but I felt it was fate that I had ended up
that way. At that point, I really lost myself
and told myself I had to do it for my kids
back home.
How do you think churches or other
organisations can help to prevent other
people experiencing what you did?
Creating awareness and talking to these
girls on the streets will help because many
of them have been brain-washed, just as I
was. I got to the point where I thought that
it was OK to get money from anywhere to
give your family the best in life. But it is not
OK. What is the point of doing something
and then losing yourself?
What would you like to say to others who
may be vulnerable to being trafficked?
Trust no-one because even a friend who is
as close to you as family can help to send
you to the worst kind of place. They may
Published by: Tearfund
Editor: Alice Keen
100 Church Road, Teddington, TW11 8QE, UK
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say that they love you but they may lie to
get you to go with them.
Now you have returned from Thailand,
how has your life changed?
I am really cautious about anyone who
talks to me about leaving Uganda. And
I now appreciate my friends and family
more because I know I almost lost them
when I was in Thailand.
What are your plans for the future?
I really have not figured out much but
am taking one day at a time and trying
to make the most of it. But, above all, I
know I want to be as close to my family as
possible and search for a job so that I can
support my kids.
I had my eyebrow pierced as a reminder
of who I am and everything I have gone
through. Every morning I wake up and I
look in the mirror to remind myself where
I have come from and that I definitely
don’t want to go back there.
With thanks to Annette Kirabira, Executive Director
at Rahab Uganda, for arranging this interview
and to our interviewee who has chosen to remain
anonymous.
Email: rahabuganda@yahoo.com
Website: www.rahabuganda.org
Our interviewee was helped to leave prostitution
by NightLight, an international NGO working in
Thailand. You can read more about their work
here: www.nightlightinternational.com