Prevalence of Major Diseases of Sorghum
in Deccan Plateau of India
Shrishail S. Navi11- Dept of Pl. Path, ISU, Ames, IA
R. Bandyopadhyay22 - IITA, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
V. A. Tonapi, T. G. N. Rao, S. Indira
- NRCS, Hyderabad, A.P., India
R. K. Reddy - ICRISAT, Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India
P. W. Tooley - USDA-ARS, Fort Detrick, MD 21 702
D. Thomas - Tropical Agricultural Systems, NRMD, NRI,
Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
1 and 2 formerly with ICRISAT
The views expressed are of the authors not of the DFID/USDA
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Acknowledgements
© Navi SS
© Navi SS
Agricultural Universities
in A.P., KAR, MH and TN States
State Departments of Agriculture,
Government of India
Non-Governmental Organizations
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Stover: Sales of crop residues to peri-urban
producers account for >50% income from
cropping in India Source: Rama Devi et al 2000
© Navi SS
Stover: Improvement in
digestibility of only 1%,
could increase milk, meat,
and draught power
outputs from 3% to 11%
© Navi SS
© Navi SS
ICRISAT
Grain: Fermented and unfermented
bread, snack foods, alcoholic and
non- alcoholic beverages, poultry
feed etc…………
Navi et al/Aug 2, 05/APS
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/
Outline
9 Objectives
9 Methodology
9 Results
9 Future Plans
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Deccan
Plateau
States
Objectives
9 Survey diseases of sorghum in
farmers
farmers’’ fields.
9 Identify wide spreading diseases.
9 Experiment emerging diseases.
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Survey Methodology
Navi et al/Aug 2, 05/APS
Inventory of diseases of
sorghum in farmers’
farmers’ fields
Navi et al/Aug 2, 05/APS
m
a
S
e
l
p
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Survey Methodology
9 Farms were selected to obtain a good representation of
administrative zones & districts along the survey regions
9 Diseases were identified using keys described by:
Williams et al. (1978); Frederiksen & Odvody (2000);
Naidu et al. (1989); Peterschmitt et al. (1991)
9 Incidence & Severity were recorded in 3 stations (≈12
m2)/field. Incidence: % of plants infected
9 Severity scale 0–100% with 10% increments
(de Milliano et al., 1992 & Pande, et al., 1997)
9 Severity of MStV was measured on 1–5 scale.
1= Healthy,
2= 75–100% Panicle Exertion (PE) & <25% Stunting (St)
3= >25–75% PE & >25–50% St
4= <25% PE & >50–<75% St and
5= no PE & >75% St.
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
MH
A.P.
States
Surveyed
KAR
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
TN
Results
9 General observations
9 Percent fields with sorghum
diseases
9 Incidence and severity of diseases
© Navi SS
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
General Observations
Fields: sizes 2–25 ha
Cultivars: Land races dominated in post-rainy season and improved varieties and
hybrids in rainy season; planting dates and growth stages: varied across states
Fields surveyed in Deccan Plateau States 1999-2001
6
0
4
250
221
Number of fields
200
150
100
8
22 134
0
9
2
1999-00
2000-01
245
185
94
50
41
45
17
24
0
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Maharashtra
TamilNadu
Deccan Plateau States
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Percent Fields1 with Foliar Fungal Diseases
A.P. KAR MH TN
(228) (406) (290) (41)
Diseases
Mean
Leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum)
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola)
Rust (Puccinia purpurea)
Downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi)
Zonate leaf spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi)
Oval leaf spot (Ramulispora sorghicola)
Rough leaf spot (Ascochyta sorghina)
5.0
15.3
2.0a
0
1.0
9.9
6.9
14.3
5.2
9.4
3.7
0.5a
0.2a
1.0
11.0
2.4
6.2
0
6.9
0
1.4
26.8
-c
12.2a
9.8
4.9
2.4b
0
14.3
Sooty stripe (Ramulispora sorghi)
Gray leaf spot (Cercospora sorghi)
Leaf sugary (physiological disorder)
Tar spot (Phyllachora sorghi)
2.0a
0
0.5a
0
3.9
0.5
0.7b
0.2a
1.4
0
0
0
0
4.9a
0
0
1.8
1.4
0.3
0.1
11= mean across two years; aa = observed only during Aug ′99– Feb ′00
= mean across two years; = observed only during Aug ′99– Feb ′00
bb = observed only during Aug ′00– March ′01, cc = disease not observed.
= observed only during Aug ′00– March ′01, = disease not observed.
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
7.6
7.5
3.4
3.3
3.1
2.3
Percent Fields1 with Foliar Viral & Bacterial Diseases
A.P. KAR MH TN
Mean
(228) (406) (290) (41)
Diseases
MStV [a tenuivirus transmitted by
the delphacid plant hopper (P. maidis)]
44.5 31.7
28.4
8.9
28.3
MMV [a rhabdovirus transmitted by
(P. maidis)]
0
2.0
0
2.4a
1.1
Bacterial leaf streak
(Xanthomonas campestris pv. holcicola)
-c
1.7b
0
0
0.4
1= mean across two years;
aa = observed only during Aug '99– Feb ′00;
bb = observed only during Aug ′00– March ′01,
-c
-c = disease not observed.
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/ismn44-126-129.pdf
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/ismn02-43-61-63.pdf
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/smd431-439.pdf
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Interveinal
bands
Excessive
tillering
Stunting
Chlorotic
stripes
© Navi SS
MStV
© Navi SS
Panicle
exertion
© Navi SS
Navi et al/Aug 2, 05/APS
MStV transmission by plant hopper (Peregrinus maidis)
Eggs
Nymphs
Adult
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Percent Fields1 with Panicle & Parasitic Diseases
Diseases
A.P. KAR MH TN
Mean
(228) (406) (290) (41)
Ergot (Claviceps spp.)
30.7
9.6
11
2.4b
13.4
Grain mold (complex of fungi)
1a
3.4
4.1
0
2.1
Head smut - (Sporisorium reilianum)
0
2.0
4.1b
0
1.5
Grain smut - (Sporisorium sorghi)
1
1.7
1.7b
0
1.1
Striga (Striga asiatica and
S. hermonthica)
1
1.2
0.7b
0
0.7
Long smut (Sporisorium ehrenbergii)
0
0.5a
0.3b
0
0.2
14.9
9.9
4.1
2.4
7.8
Free from diseases
11= mean across two years; aa = observed only during Aug ′99– Feb ′00;
bb = observed only during Aug ′00– March ′01
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Ergot
Ergot
(Claviceps
spp.)
Whitish Yellow,
brown to pink
colored honeydew
Chaffy
grains
Sclerotia
formation
Superficial
white mat
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/ismn02-43-70-71.pdf
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Outbreak of Sorghum Ergot,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Oct 1999, 80-100% Inc with Sev up to 100%
Sept 2000, further spread into >130,000 ha
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/ismn02-43-70-71.pdf
•
•
•
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Percent Fields with Incidence (%)1 of Major Diseases
Diseases
Aug 1999 – Feb 2000
Aug 2000 – Mar 2001
1–5
6–10
11–25
>25
1–5
6–10
11–25
>25
Anthracnose
5.6
0.8
0.5
1.9
2.4
0.3
0.2
1.7
Ergot
8.0
5.0
1.3
4.8
2.4
1.7
1.4
5.4
Leaf blight
6.9
3.4
1.9
3.2
2.7
1.2
1.5
2.0
Mold
1.3
0.8
0.8
4.0
1.2
0
0.2
0.5
MStV
9.3
1.9
1.9
2.7
24
5.1
4.1
3.7
Rust
2.7
1.1
1.1
6.1
0.7
0.5
0.2
2.9
Rough
leaf spot
3.2
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
0
0.3
0.2
Zonate
leaf spot
0.8
0.5
0.3
1.1
0.7
0.3
0.3
1.4
1= 377 fields in 1st Year and 588 fields in 2nd Year.
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Percent Fields with Severity (%)1 of Major Diseases
Diseases
Aug 1999– Feb 2000
Aug 2000–Mar 2001
1–5
6–10
11–25
26–50
>50
1–5
6–10
11–25
26–50
>50
Anthracnose
3.7
2.4
1.9
0.5
0.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
3.4
0.2
Ergot
2.4
2.9
2.1
2.1
9.5
0.5
0
0.3
0.3
8.8
Leaf blight
5.3
5.8
4.0
0.3
0.0
1.7
3.1
2.4
0.3
0
Mold
0.8
1.1
3.4
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
MStV
<1
<1
0.5
1.9
13
0.2
0.2
0.9
3.1
32.5
Rust
2.7
1.9
1.9
1.6
2.9
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.5
1.7
Rough
leaf spot
2.4
0.8
1.1
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
Zonate
leaf spot
1.1
0.3
1.1
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.9
1.0
0.2
0.2
1= 377 fields in 1st Year and 588 fields in 2nd Year.
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Experiment Emerging Disease: MStV
ICRISAT, Post Rainy, 1999/2000
Planting:: M 35
35-1,
Planting
-1, ICSV 93046 and ICSV 745 planted in 88-rows
-rows of
4m length × 3 reps.
Inoculum:: Viruliferous adult plant hoppers of MStV were used.
Inoculum
Inoculation and Incubation
Incubation::
•
Plots were covered with nylon mesh nets 6m × 4m × 2m
•
Each plant was infested with 44–5
–5 viruliferous adults, twice in
T2 and once in T3
T1-- Control: No inoculation + Carbofuran
•
T1
•
T4 Natural: No inoculation + no Carbofuran
Evaluated for Incidence, Severity, Stover and Grain yields
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Effect of MStV on Mean Stover and Grain Yields,
ICRISAT, Post Rainy 1999/2000
Genotype
ICSV 745
ICSV 93046
M 35-1
Treatment
Control
Inoculated2
Control
Inoculated
Control
Inoculated
LSD(P<0.05)
Mean Yield1 (t ha-1)
Stover
Grain
5.9
4.6
11.7
8.1
8.8
8.3
1.49
5.5
4.7
4.2
2.5
3.6
3.2
0.73
11= based on 133,500 plants population /ha
22= artificially inoculated placing 4-5 viruliferous hoppers/plant
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/Pande-et-al.pdf
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Impact of MStV
Reduced....
9 Plant height
9 Stover yield
9 Grain yield
Estimated annual losses due to
MStV exceed ≈$86 m in grain
yields and ≈$91 m in fodder yields
(1997 price levels).
© Navi SS
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Experiment Emerging Disease: Ergot
Host range study:
Muthusubramanian et al. 2005 (Evaluated 20 graminaceous plant
species against 8 isolates of C. africana and 2 of C. sorghi)
Distribution and diversity of sugary disease pathogens in India:
Bandyopadhyay et al 2002 ((http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/smd75-78.pdf
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/smd75http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/xbyang/files/smd75-78.pdf )
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
Future Proposals: MStV
The MStV can best be understood by
© Navi SS
¾ making collections of isolates
from different ecological
zones, maintaining and
purifying them.
¾ developing diagnostic tools to
distinguish different isolates.
¾ developing screening
techniques and identifying
broad based resistance.
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
© Navi SS
Future Proposals: Ergot
© Navi SS
Understand…
¾ pathogenic fitness of ergot pathogen
based on recent confirmation of the
presence of C. africana and C. sorghi
in India.
¾ reproductive potential and spread in
deciding the relative predominance of
one species over the other.
¾ Environment × pollen × infection
interactions of secondary conidia,
alkaloid production and resistance
screening.
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas
© Navi SS
Thank You
APS Annual Meeting July 3030-Aug 3, 2005, Austin, Texas