Vehicle to Grid A Control Area Operators Perspective
David Hawkins
California Independent System Operator
December 13, 2001
British
Columbia
Figure 4
Existing System
Alberta
Total Capacity in MW as of 1/1/00
Generation = 158,889
Trans Path = 87,934
MidColumbia
WA
E. WA/
W. MT
MT
Colstrip
Snake
Oregon
ID
SE
ID
JB
WY
N.
NV
Northern
California
I
PDC
Utah
CHB
C
IPP D
Colorado
Central
CA
S.
NV
SP15
Coal
Hydro
Gas
Wind
Other
Southern
California
Marketplace
Nav
Glen
Palo
Verde
Four
Corners
AZ
NM
Mexico
Key ISO Roles
•
Frequency Monitoring & Time Error Control
•
Scheduling of Power Transfers
•
Grid Planning
•
Real-Time Dispatch
•
Financial Settlements
•
Ancillary Services Management
•
Transmission Congestion Management
•
Outage scheduling - Trans. & Generation
Match Generation Output to Loads
M
ISO
M
Energy
INFO: Schedules from Generators
Energy
M
1. Bilateral
INFO: Schedules from Loads
2. Markets (Day-ahead, Hourahead)
1. Consumption
3. Real-Time Instructions
Every 10 minutes
Stamped
Read Meter Every 30 days
A) Profile
B) Interval meters
Daily Load Curve - Dec. 12th
Control Area Operation - ACE
• ACE = Area Control Error = Zero (Ideal)
•
ACE = Change in Generation (DG) - Change in Load (DL)
Scheduled
Imports
Gen.
Load
changes
Control Area
Loads
Scheduled
Exports
Generation
changes
should
equal
How Balancing Energy Works
Balancing Energy Purchased in 10-minute increments
as needed in Real Time
Preferred
Operation Point
Hour Ending 07:00
Hour Ending 08:00
Hour Ending 09:00
= Typical morning energy ramp-up by hour
= Typical balancing energy needed to fill-in
energy needs during morning ramp-up
5 M in . In ter vals
287
276
265
254
243
232
221
210
199
188
177
60.00
166
60.02
155
144
133
122
111
100
89
78
67
56
45
34
289
281
273
265
257
249
241
233
225
217
209
201
193
185
177
169
161
153
145
137
129
121
113
105
97
89
81
73
65
57
49
41
33
25
17
9
1
Megawatts
0
23
12
1
Hz
AC E - D ec. 11th
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
-800
5 Min. Intervals
F r eq u en cy - D ec. 11th
60.06
60.04
60 Hz
59.98
59.96
59.94
59.92
59.90
Real Time Use of Ancillary Services and
Supplemental Energy
AGC Control
Regulation
Spinning
Non-Spinning
Replacement
Supplemental Energy*
Energy Bids
Imbalance Energy Merit Order Stack
$/MWh
Dec
Inc
Regulation via Load vs. Generators
• Advantages
– Fast response to AGC signals - improved freq. control
– Reduces wear & tear on generators
– Could also provide Freq. Response Service & Line
Overload Relief
• Disadvantages & ?
– Impact on Distribution systems
– Lack of visibility to EMS computer
system
– Lack of experience in dealing with
Distributed Resources
Grid Regulation with Electric Vehicles
Grid Operator
GPS
Power
Command
Internet
Aggregator
Wireless
Provider
Driver Usage
Profile and
Preferences
Power
Response
New Wind Generation
The State would like to encourage construction of new
wind generation facilities
• Primary objective is to encourage the
building of 2000-3000 MW of additional
Wind and Solar Generation
• State needs alternatives to gas fired plants
• Wind Generation tends to peak between
10PM and 2AM when the loads are low and
CA doesn’t need the power
• EV Load would be an ideal complement to
Wind Generation power production
0.0
Tim e
16:56
15:56
14:56
13:56
12:56
11:56
10:56
9:56
8:56
7:56
6:56
5:56
4:56
3:56
2:56
1:56
0:56
23:56
22:56
21:56
1200.0
20:56
1400.0
19:56
18:56
17:56
16:56
One Hour Ahead, MW
Wind Generation - Dec. 11-12
Wind Gen, M W
F orecast, M W
95% R ange
95% R ange
1000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
Future Directions
• Continue testing and validation of the concept of
sending dispatch notices to Electric Vehicles and
evolve the model for services provided by loads.
• Identify software / infrastructure requirements
• Investigate the potential for Frequency Response
Services
• Evaluate impact on Distribution Systems and
deployment limitations