Design of an Underwater Mine
Countermeasure System
Reducing the asymmetry between laying and clearing mine fields
Siamak Khaledi
Hari Mann
James Perkovich
Samar Zayed
George Blaha –
Raytheon Integrated
Defense Systems
1
Agenda
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2
Context Analysis
Stakeholder Analysis
Problem/Need Statements
Concept of Operations
Simulation
Project Plan
Importance of Maritime Travel
•70% of Earth is covered in water
•80% of the human population lives
within 60 miles of coastal areas
•90% of global commerce is
conducted by sea
(Wired)
Inland waterways
•Link coastal cities to the open ocean
•Experience heavy commercial and military traffic
3
Example of Inland Waterway
 Mouth of the Chesapeake Bay
 3rd and 4th largest ports on East Coast
•
•
Hampton Roads
Baltimore
 Homeports to 69 Navy ships
(Google Maps)
4
(NOAA Nautical Chart 12222)
Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
(NOAA Nautical Chart 12222)
 2 spans of tunnel
 Each 1 mile wide
5
Importance of Naval Operations
•It is critical that waterways remain clear
of threats for the unimpeded conduct of
Coast Guard and Navy missions.
•Underwater mines can block
waterways and severely hinder the
progress of a naval fleet.
6
The mission of the Navy is
to maintain, train and
equip combat-ready naval
forces capable of winning
wars, deterring aggression
and maintaining freedom
of the seas.
Mines vs. U.S. Navy’s Mission
 1950: Mining of Wonsan Harbor during the Korean War delayed 250 ships
from approaching for invasion.
•
•
•
–
2 ships sunk
More than 200 sailors dead
Shore landing delayed by 5 days
“...when you can’t go where you want to, when you want to, you haven’t got command of the sea” -Admiral
Forrest P. Sherman, USN Chief of Naval Operations, October 1950
7
(U.S. Navy Museum)
Mine Attacks on the U.S. Navy
Attacks on U.S. Navy 1950 - 2000
•1991: USS Princeton struck a
moored mine during the Gulf
War causing $24M in damage
Mines
•1988: The USS Samuel B.
Roberts struck an Iranian M08/39 mine causing $89.5M in
damage
Missile
Torpedo
Small Boat
• M-08/39 mine costs an
estimated $1,500
Aircraft
(21st Century U.S. Navy Mine Warfare)
8
Underwater Mines
• According to U.S. Navy’s Mine
Countermeasures Squadron
Three:
• Up to 200 times longer to
clear a minefield than to lay
a minefield
(21st Century U.S. Navy Mine Warfare)
• Cost to lay a minefield can
be 0.5%-10% the cost of
clearing a minefield
•More than 30 countries
produce mines.
•20 countries export mines.
9
Current Neutralization Process
Sonar Operation Procedure
•
•
•
Sends sound waves
Receives sound wave echoes
Towed through the water
Underwater Mine Clearance Process
•
•
•
1st pass: Mine detection
2nd pass: Mine neutralization
3rd pass: Verification
Limitations
•
•
10
(Emerald Group)
Transportation and manning contains
majority of cost
Operating speed is limited by sonar
(Defense Industry Daily)
Factors Affecting Mine Detection
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Scope of Project
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Agenda
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Context Analysis
Stakeholder Analysis
Problem/Need Statements
Concept of Operations
Simulation
Project Plan
Stakeholder Analysis
Secondary
Primary
Class Title
Examples
Objectives
System Operators
e.g. sailors, pilots
•
Operational safety
Designers and
Manufacturers
e.g. Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems
•
Provide a cost effective solution to warfighters
•
Grow market share
System Enforcers
U.S. Navy
•
Clear underwater mines in a safe, timely and cost
effective manner
•
Maintain freedom of movement in waterways
Military Traffic
•
Conduct missions in a safe and timely manner
Commercial Traffic
•
Safe transportation through waterways
Enemies
•
Deny freedom of action to U.S. Navy forces
Terrorists
•
•
Cause chaos
Seek media attention and worldwide recognition
System Trainers
•
Adapt to new procedures
•
•
National security
Value of investment
•
Protection of environment
Department of Defense
Beneficiaries
Minelayers
Servicemen
Tertiary
System Maintainers
14
Taxpayers
Congress
People
Environmental Groups
e.g. EPA, NRDC
Stakeholder Interactions
Concern over environmental impact
Beneficiaries
Concern over new procedures
2. Need for action
System Enforcers
1. Mine laying
3. Need for system
Minelayers
Designers &
Manufacturers
System Operators
5. Countermeasure
SYSTEM
Environmental impact
New procedures
Cost
Environmental
Groups
4. Create system
Servicemen
Taxpayers
Concern over value of investment
Primary
Intended interaction
Secondary
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Tertiary
Indirect impact
Response to impact
Stakeholder Tensions
A. Internal tensions
I.
System Operators vs. System Enforcers:
-
II.
Safety concerns for operators
Servicemen vs. System Enforcers:
-
B.
System may add significant burden to maintenance procedures
External tensions
I.
Environmental Groups vs. System Enforcers:
-
II.
Taxpayers vs. System Enforcers:
-
16
Sound waves produced by sonar can be lethal to marine animals
System utility must justify the cost
Agenda
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Context Analysis
Stakeholder Analysis
Problem/Need Statements
Concept of Operations
Simulation
Project Plan
Gap Analysis
The threat of underwater mines is increasing because they are
easy to build and difficult to detect/neutralize.
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Problem Statement
Mines are a very effective method of blocking shipping
lanes, restricting Naval operations.
The placing of mines in waterways can have severe
negative economic and environmental impact.
The ability to clear waterways of mines is slow and costly.
•Up to 200 times longer to clear a minefield than to lay a minefield.
•Cost to lay a minefield can be 0.5%-10% the cost of clearing a minefield.
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Need Statement
 There is a need for the U.S Navy to improve the effectiveness of
mine clearance systems.
•Reduce operational cost
•Increase the rate of detection and neutralization of underwater
mines
•Remove health risk of personnel
Win-Win :
 National security through better defense by reducing time
 Value of investment through long term savings in cost
 Maximizing safety for system operators
 Minimizing impact on underwater environment
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Agenda
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Context Analysis
Stakeholder Analysis
Problem/Need Statements
Concept of Operations
Simulation
Project Plan
Mission Requirements
MR.1 System operators shall be protected from mine explosions.
MR.2 The system shall detect underwater moored mines.
MR.3 The system shall cover XX square miles in XX hours.
MR.4 The system shall be transportable on current Navy ships.
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Concept of Operations
Constraints:
Vehicle tows a sonar through the water.
Use existing sonar and vehicle systems.
 1) Vehicle Alternatives
Alternative
Useful in own
territory
Unmanned surface
craft
X
Unmanned helicopter
X
Unmanned
submersible
X
Useful in enemy
territory
X
X
 2) Sonar Alternatives
•
Pair 3 vehicle alternatives with 2 sonar alternatives
 3) Time and cost calculations
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Safe from striking
mines
Surface Alternatives
Meggitt Hammerhead
(Meggitt Training Systems)
Weight: 1,984 lbs.
Length: 17 ft.
Beam: 4.7 ft.
Endurance: 8 hours at 20 knots
Tow capacity: 500lbs. at 35 knots
24
Textron Fleet-Class Common
Unmanned Surface Vessel
(AAI Corp.)
Weight: 22,000 lbs.
Length: 39 ft.
Beam: 10.25 ft.
Draft: 2 ft., 2 in.
Range: 1,200 NM
Tow capacity: 5,000 lbs. at 10 knots
Underwater Alternative
Lockheed Martin Remote Multi-Mission Vehicle (RMMV)
Length: 23 ft.
Diameter: 4ft.
Weight: 14,500 lbs.
Speed: >16 knots
Operating Depth: 10-200 ft.
(Lockheed Martin)
25
Airborne Alternatives
U.S. Navy Fire Scout
U.S. Marine Corps K-Max
(AAI Corp.)
(Northrop Grumman)
Weight: 6,000 lbs.
Lift capacity: 2,650 lbs.
Flight endurance: 5-8 hours
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(Lockheed Martin)
Weight: 5,145 lbs.
Lift capacity: 6,000 lbs.
Flight endurance: 2 hours, 41 minutes
Sonar Alternatives
Thales T-SAS
Speed: up to 11 knots
Depth: 200m
Width: 300m
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Raytheon AN/AQS-20A
Speed: 10-12 knots
Weight: 975 lbs.
Length: 10.5 ft.
Width: 15.5 in.
Agenda
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Context Analysis
Stakeholder Analysis
Problem/Need Statements
Concept of Operations
Simulation
Project Plan
Simulation Inputs/Outputs
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Simulation Design
Inputs
Sonar
1
Alternatives
Raytheon
4
5
Airborne
7
9
10
Surface
Submersible
6
8
Vehicle
Airborne
2
3
Output
Thales
Surface
Submersible
Energy
Time
Kmax
Fire Scout
Meggit
Textron
RMMV
Kmax
Fire Scout
Meggit
Textron
RMMV
Assumptions:
 Acceleration forces are negligible
 Tow angle is same for all vehicle
alternatives
30

Simulate energy and time
needed to complete 1 square
mile
Submersible Alternative
(drag due to water resistance)
31
Surface Alternative
(drag due to air and water resistance)
32
Airborne Alternative
(drag due to air resistance)
33
Energy to Cost Calculation
*
Cost per Volume
Energy Density
.
Energy Density for:
34
• Diesel = 128,450 BTU/Gal.
• Gasoline = 116,090 BTU/Gal.
*
Value Hierarchy/Tradeoff
Utility
Utility
Process
Time (h)
Safety
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
35
0
Cost ($)
Agenda
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36
Context Analysis
Stakeholder Analysis
Problem/Need Statements
Concept of Operations
Simulation
Project Plan
Work Breakdown Structure
37
Project Timeline
38
Major milestones include the faculty presentation, final
proposal submission, IEEE conference paper abstract and
final report.
Budget
$140,000.00
$120,000.00
$100,000.00
ACWP
$80,000.00
BCWP
BCWS
$60,000.00
Worst Case
Best Case
$40,000.00
$20,000.00
$0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
 Based on $33/hr ($68,640/year) plus 2.0
mark up factor
39
Weeks
Project Risks and Mitigation
Risk
Mitigation
Simulation:

Critical task because many other tasks depend on it.

Failure to complete on time could delay the whole
project.



Start early and budget extra time for simulation.
Perform thorough research prior to simulation design.
Work through winter break.

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Work closely with sponsor for ways to access data.
Use open source data and sensible assumptions.
Background information:

Mines and countermeasure systems often contain
classified information.
Stakeholders:

Satisfying all objectives of a stakeholder may be
infeasible.
Communication with sponsor:

Sponsor is busy and sometimes difficult to reach.
40


Better achieve stakeholder’s feasible objectives.
Justify why solution is best available.


Allow ample time for response.
Perform extended research.
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Questions?