Operative Boundary
A series of exaggerated studies along the US-MEX Border
by Jorge Moe Amaya
Bachelorof EnvironmentalDesign,2009
Arizona State University
INS
MASSACHUSEUS
OF TECHNOLOGY
Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment
EUT-
MAR 262013
of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture at the
LIBRAR
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2013
@ Jorge Moe Amaya. All rights reserved.
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to
distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in
while or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.
-7
.........................................
Signature of the Author
.. . .
Dep
... .......
....- -..
-.
ment of Architecture
January 15,2014
Certified by
illia O'Brien Jr.
Assistant Pr fessor of Architecture
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by
Takeh o Naga
Graduate Students
on
Committee
Department
Chair of the
1
Thesis committee
Thesis Supervisor
Thesis Readers
William O'Brien Jr.
Brandon Clifford
Assistant Professor of Architecture
Bellushci Lecturer
Skylar Tibbits
Lecturer
2
Operative Boundary
A series of exaggerated studies along the US-MEX Border
by Jorge Moe Amaya
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 16,2014 in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture
Abstract
Operating somewhere between the earnest public servant and the activist
architect: the subversive project configures specifications as informatively
objective. Architecture and technology bound to a physical wall where
policy operates as an architectural intervention and the immediacy of
information transforms the social-techno sphere. More specifically, the
method employed for this thesis will more closely examine national policy
for Nogales, AZ and describe the elements which make up the current
wall while understanding its lineage. Through that lens, the project
of documenting and ultimately creating a series of case studies will
exaggerate and insult the condition of border.
Thesis Supervisor
William O'Brien Jr.
Title
Assistant Professor of Architecture
3
Acknowledgments
To Liam O'Brien for taking the chance on a controversial project and your
guidance on this architectural adventure.
To Brandon Clifford for your vast historical references and spot on
critiques.
To Skylar for bookending my time at MIT: your energy, alternative
architectural interests, and investment in all things future!
4
To all my MIT friends, thanks for crazy late night studio dance parties and
coffee time.
To my father Jorge, the inspiration for my thesis, making me realize the
potential of people when given an opportunity. Thank you for working so
hard to allow me to come to MIT.
To my mother Lisa, my rock and motivator. I know your always there
rooting for me even when I'm ready to give up.
Finally thank you to Inkyung my thesis monkey, psychiatrist, critic, and
best friend.
5
6
7
OperativeBoundary
Table of Contents
8
12
Position
24
Research
Thesis Statement
Existing Border Conditions
Critical Stance
Critical border projects and types
Design Methodology
44
Context
55
Proposal
Choosing Nogales
Case Study Strategy
Nogales historical context
Fiber Optic Network Node
The specific vs the prototypical
International Boulevard
Soccer Stadium
9
This thesis seeks to charge symbol
through a series of economically
incentivized projects along the USMexico border and challenge the
perceptions of the wall as a construct.
The case studies act as proxiesfor both
Thesis Statement
prototypicaland site specific instantiations.
Prototypicalin the sense that these belong to a
range of project types and can be abstractedto
work in other environments.
10
Power relationships represented by an embodied wall magnify and
confirm imperial systems at play. The wall's vitality maintains a
consistent imposition on the natural which equates the physical
gesture with an abstract sense of entitlement that is less about
protecting a state but more so a way to build symbolic capital. But
through this symbolism the physicality becomes imbued with a cultural
responsibility at multiple registers; imagism that presents itself as both
a mark on the landscape and an anachronistic artifact.
An unceasing quest to identify a nation geographically, socially and
economically mounts itself most evidently at the border. As a state
of exception, the economies and political platform which the wall
generates then furthers the notion of an alternate state. On the ground,
this domain presses up both metaphorically and physically from the
south, while the north retreats to the comfort of its protected suburbs.
As Teddy Cruz evidenced, this transborder region is the site of a series
of collisions, critical junctures, and conflicts between natural and
artificial ecologies. The border cities condense several issues plaguing
contemporary architecture and urbanism and become a ripe platform
to research and invent.
11
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12
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13
The borderwall distortingto match varied
Position
landscapein Nogales. Homes are built up directly
to the wall able to overlook through elevated
section. Source: en.wikipedia.org
The setting for this project lies in the temporal
wall does not exist in any form other than on
nature of the US-Mexico border. In the past
paper. Some borders are natural, tracing the Rio
30 years the border fence has remained a
Grande south of Texas. And in other areas the
physical constant only upgrading its secure
border becomes a juxtapositional imposition
nature through nominal changes. At a national
on the landscape, warping and shaping as
and political scale, it represents a linear,
an unrelenting demarcation of two distinct
persistent condition to seemingly appear as
nations. The wall is not stable nor is it singularly
a natural extension of border policy. It is this
expressed. Even with its apparent permanence,
apathy or ready acceptance that requires a
there exist conditions of exacted execution and
transformative agenda, one where the border as
some that are merely improvisational.
a location and destination becomes desirable.
The border wall between the US and Mexico
As subterfuge, the project will deploy through
emerges dialectically from fortification and
rational measures maintaining or enhancing
transgression. International walls by design
security, becoming an economic engine for
intensify conflict encouraging two expressly
local economies on both sides, and appearing
divergent attitudes in reaction to its simplistic
to improve relations across the border. Yet its
physicality. In its shameless imposition, as
agency is to normalize political hierarchy and
Koolhaas points out is most manifest at urban
insult the very concept of a wall.
centers where the wall divides a nucleic core
formed by a single culture. In one regard,
Beyond the changes over time, the contemporary
the wall engenders political inventiveness
border varies widely across its 2000 mile
summoning a creative vitality exuded through
length. In most remote, arid areas the border
the medium of wall art expressiveness. At this
14
I
15
16
Anomalous edges
Clockwisefrom top-left: nearElPaso entrance,
borderedge nearGulf ofMexico, Nogales
pedestrianpassage,Rio Grande.Source: NYT
17
moment of reappropriation, the wall relinquishes its symbolic capital
and instead becomes the platform for which politic inverses its position.
Unfortunately, wall art is handcuffed by sidedness, a mono directional
projection back toward the vocal minority.
As a methodology, the project will inject a series of case study geometric
manipulations directly on the wall itself. In order to maintain a secure
border, these manipulations must adhere to given specifications and
work within the given constraints. To sustain this critique, the thesis
will deconstruct the quantitative metrics by which the border swells as
an inherited manifestation of an evolutionary border policy and then use
18
This disruption is "political
territory,"where the subversive
loophole emerges as an
architecturally productive artifact.
-
Keller Easterling,EnduringInnocence
Image Source:theatlantic.com
19
those same extractions as a means to extend the
capacities, constraints and spatial exchanges
through and adjacent to the border. Using
historical lineage, the project will expand on
its temporality to project further policy and
physicality.
At this moment is when the project begins,
where each iteration and update to the wall past
this project engenders an agitation to the system
that permits a disruption. This disruption is
as Easterling mentions, "political territory,"
where the subversive loophole emerges as an
architecturally productive artifact.
Image Source: NYT
20
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Cl
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N
1924
US Border Patrol
1954
Operation Wetback
Border Demaracated
Chain link at Major Ports
Impact Deflection
I
N
+
24
1970
Immigration "Out of Control"
Reinforced concrete base - Corrugated Metal
±
7 7
77>
7'
77
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______________________
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25
The modernized specifications for the wall are
CurrentWall
most apparent at the most highly crossed areas
The specifications for new construction
except for Nogales. These new borders create
double layer walls with up to 200 feet of no man's
land filled with in ground sensors, and also have
drone units flying overhead.
A series of drawingswhich depict the changing
condition ofthe borderboth physically and
politically.
26
1990
War on Drugs
18' Concrete Bollards
-'N
--------------------------------------
----
_
-
---
---------------------
-
--------------
-----
- -- - --
27
0
1990 - Clinton / Bush
War on Drugs
18FT / CONCRETE METAL BOLLARD / CAP
28
2005 - Bush
9/11 Secure Border Initiative
Camera Tracking / Drones / Mobile Patrol Vehicles
1970 - Carter
Recession/ Dangerous Immigrants
1OFT / CORRUGATED METAL / CONCRETE BASE
29
San Ysidiro
225'
Calexico
DeConcini
Bridge of the
Americas
Gateway
I
30
M,
Showing the manifestationfrom the changing
Prototypical Condition
specifications,how security varies in technique
and locality
SITE No.
03
XJI
DeCon cini
URBAN
STREET
URBAN EDGE
31
EDGE
32
33
Rafael Rael
San Diego - TijuanaBorder
Using the border as an infrastructural armature, Rael exposes the
potentialities inherit in a set of simple primitive walls with interior space.
Using the double-wall as a given, he proposes a more productive use case
for the wall, beyond symbolic security. With a simplified implementation,
the linear array is able to resolve all geometric imbalances with spanning
beams.
34
I
Ilk-
Lc~
Teddy Cruz
San Diego - Tijuana Border
Border infrastructure housing. Each iteration represents a change
in form, usage, and time. The project itself proposes a simplified
primitive framework in which inhabitants modify the ultimate
design. As a reverse engineering exercise, L-systems help to provide
an intelligent standardization with projective potential.
36
U
k
11
II
37
Office
Texas border
Belgian firm Office's competition entry created a pedestrian oasis as an
antithetical response to border crossing. The structured maze confronts
visitors who get lost and engulfed in the space. The Dijkstra shortest
path algorithm represents an idealized journey through this space that is
impossible to achieve and further agitates the desirability of the north.
38
...........
54nnon
Exodus
Berlin wall inLondon
Rem Koolhaas
"Even with its lack of apparent program, the wall sustained an incredible
number of events, behaviors, and effects." The project represents both
the power of architecture and semantic meaning, where policy on a
national level becomes implicated at this precise physicality. Its serial
pervasiveness and geometric primitiveness are shaped through rhetorical
dialect yet its abrupt formality participates in that discourse.
40
Berlin Underground
Berlinwall
Lebbeus Woods
Woods repaired and reconstructed a subterranean underground below
the city of Berlin. This new city spanning across the border wall spawned
a new society with inventive intellectual, artistic, and cultural outlets.
This subculture operated without exchange with the world "proper" only
exposing itself as a means to maintain a critical presence.
'
41
M/
42
Her(
43
US-MEXICO border
Choosing Nogales
44
Mapping the 2000-mile long border become
an exercise in parsing a variety of information.
This diagram shows at one level the top five most
crossed border cities with the thin white line.
The coasts, El Paso Texas and the sleepy town of
Nogales are represented here.
The second layer introduces the types of
physical borders that are constructed, where the
darkness implies more security. Interestingly,
there are vast areas with no security whatsoever.
Finally there are more concrete numbers which
reveal some details about each border crossing.
The most interesting fact and the piece of
information which drove my project is the fact
that Grand Ave's cities are named the same on
both sides of the border. This eventually led to
my discovery about its historical battle with binationality
45
History
Nogales, AZ - Nogales, SON
In Nogales, you notice on the mapping diagram to the right that the border
was constantly evolving in the 1800s. The rancho Nogales was bifurcated
by the Gadsden Purchase but never formally had a physical border until the
1940s. Because of the fact Nogales had existed as a community for over a
century, the construction of the wall become a potent demarcation.
RANCHO LOS NOGALES
NOGALES TOWNSHIP
1841
1884
After the fall of the Missions, the land
is claimed by lis and he surveys and
builds a large agricultural ranch
gives
Elias (owner
of Rancho Los Nogales)
away a partof land which
become
Nogale, SON
GADSEN PURCHASE
MEXICAN REVOLU'
1854
1915
Southern Arizona sold to build a
trans-aationsal railroad through the
fat lands.
built
The border becomes hl
and the end result is th
1197
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up.
-
1841
1841
1890
1854
Gud.&.Pvreham
ancLqsnl..
Ro--rbig the Border
Bre
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BRACERO
P
PROGRAM
1942
wPg-
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RONAF
1942
1961
Parts of the wall are taken down as
Mexican labors sesaat on farms during
The policy that attempts to infuse
ci lture Into the border cities, the first
aoem, (only) museum built in
ogales region.
N
9
OPERATION
NAPTA INDUSTRIALIZATION
WETBA
1954
...........
1994
..
New trade policy enables the
manufacturingIndustry toutilize
cheap labor and facilities in Nogales
Soldiersreturninghome and farmers
send the immigrants back home. The
wall is built up again.
47
2004
Ndft uuthato
Three
Design
Proposals
The introductionseries
48
1 - Network Node
2 - International Boulevard
3 - Soccer Stadium
Image Source: Google Earth
49
Site Plan
Nogales Border
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Case Studies
Each project responds to a simple geometric
manipulation of the fence to reveal how the
physicality plays such a large role in the political
manifestation.
Clockwise top-left: N.Korea border meeting room,
bi-nationalfan at soccergame, and Edward
Snowden with fiber optic map ofMexico. Sources:
NY', flickr - kay stevens, cnn.com.
52
Thickened Border
Soccer Stadium
Haha Border
rI
4
International Blvd
Horizontal Border
I
Soccer Stadium
53
t
Case Study 1
Fiber Network Node
The first project in the series investigates the
The architectural intervention seeks to unearth
many layers of borders. The project is situated
the flows through the border by inserting a
along the recently built commercial highway
digital divide within the physical boundary.
where trucks traffic in goods from the factories
All types of traffic, from commercial trucks to
a few miles south. Through NAFTA, companies
digital packets, pass through this border crossing
were incentivized to build factories in Mexican
initiating the ability to suppress other types of
border towns for cheap labor and proximity to
border crossing.
the US. These goods are purchased digitally in
the US, built in Mexico, shipped back across.
54
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59
Fiber Network Node
The manipulation happens in two dimensions as
revealed in the section. Beginning from a vertical
plane, the plane is split both in plan and section
to reveal a triangulated space within. The facade
of the thickened zone rotates 90 to reveal an
interior of servers and network monitoring
devices.
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Case Study 2
International Boulevard
Since Nogales existed as a community for over
Over time the wall got taller and more imposing
a 100 years before a border existed, the new
creating a dead zone parking lot to a once highly
boundary mandated a carving out of the densely
active communal space. The project attempts to
populated downtown area. This carving created
mend back that communicative space and also
a street called International Boulevard where
create a platform from which the two sides can
the two sides met for yearly celebrations and
speak on topics that affect the area regionally.
as a daily space to meet with friends. In 1940,
a physical divide was added and this quickly
changed the atmosphere of the street.
62
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International Boulevard
The geometric manipulation is seen as a simple
dip and the ground is pulled away from the wall.
This creates a natural amphitheater and levels
the ground plane between the two sides.
---------
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Case Study 3
Soccer Stadium
When attempting to imagine a case where
This type ofhyper-nationalism is brought
nationality and architecture play out in a public
directly to the border and uses the mid-line of
sphere I was immediately drawn to sports.
a soccer pitch as the demarcation of countries.
During the World Cup, national contingents
The fence becomes a container for a neutral
travel to neutral territories to root on their
interiority but surrounds itself with an elevated
fellow countrymen and do so in prideful, serious
level of raw tension.
matter.
70
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Soccer Stadium
The soccer stadium challenges the notion of
security by using a ruled surface transformation
and turning the fence horizontal. Through this
manipulation the vertical surface becomes both
shelter for program below and also inhabitable
surface.
-
76
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Appendix
78
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V-DIRECTION
U-DIRECTION
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80
Inflection point at 0
Primitive variations
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constant transformation
multiple orientations
Shear
maintainasingle axis, shear the other
Joints
Extrude
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Ruled 2
Pull edges axially
Invert edges through a ruled surface
Match curvature through a ruled surface
Ruled
interpolate curve
Transverve
Remove surface along generating lines
Flow curve along surface curvature
Cut through surface exposing a condition
Trim
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