V
\S.OF
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DEC 7 1967
IBRARIgS
I
TITLE
INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
JOHN JOSEPH SCOTT
B. ARCH., UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, 1966
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN
ARCHITECTURE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS,
22 FEBRUARY 1967.
SI
ATURE 0j AUTH6R
SIGNATURE OF THESIS ADVISOR
SIGNATURE OF HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
II
SUBMISSION LETTER
CAMBRIDGE 39, MASSACHUSETTS
22 FEBRUARY 1967
DEAN LAWRENCE B. ANDERSON
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
77 MASSACHUSETTS
AVENUE
CAMBRIDGE 39, MASSACHUSETTS
DEAR DEAN ANDERSON:
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE,
I HEREBY SUBMIT THIS THESIS ENTITLED
"INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN."
RESPECTFULLY,
JOHN JOSEPH SCOTT
IT IS MEANT TO BE ONLY A PART OF A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF LEARNING AND ATTEMPTS TO
EMPHASIZE THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,
BASED ON ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES WHICH
ALLOW FOR ALL OF THE SYSTEMS IN A BUILDING
TO WORK HARMONIOUSLY WITHIN THE TOTAL
SYSTEM SO THAT CHANGES CAN OCCUR IN ONE
SYSTEM WITHOUT AFFECTING THE OTHERS.
III ABSTRACT
INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
JOHN JOSEPH SCOTT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
ARCHITECTURE, 22 FEBRUARY 1967.
IN MY PAST EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE I HAVE
LEARNED, AS MOST STUDENTS, BASIC DESIGN
CONCEPTS PRESENTED AS ISOLATED PROJECTS
ON AN UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL, A MERE FOUNDA-TION FROM WHICH TO BUILD MORE COMPLICATED
STRUCTURES.
IT IS MY BELIEF THAT TODAY'S ARCHITECT
CAN ONLY BE EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT BY
BECOMING MORE INFORMED AND KEENLY AWARE
OF THE AVENUES OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
AFFORDED HIM BY TODAYS RAPIDLY CHANGING
AND EXPANDING WORLD.
MORE THAN BEFORE, HE
MUST BEPREPARED TO WORK WITH THE OTHER
FIELDS INVOLVED IN THE SCIENCE OF URBAN
ORGANIZATION AND CONSTRUCTION.
THIS STUDY IS AN INITIAL EXERCISE IN
FAMILIARIZING ITS AUTHOR WITH THE INTEGRA"
TION OF HIS PROFESSION AND THAT OF INDUSTRY
AND TECHNOLOGY.
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
THE AUTHOR WISHES TO THANK THE FOLLOWING
WHOSE ASSISTANCE AND ADVICE CONTRIBUTED TO
A YEAR OF INVALUABLE TECHNICAL BROADENING.
EDUARDO F. CATALANO
M. ARCH.
PROFESSOR OF ARCHITECTURE
MIT
WACLAW ZALEWSKI
D. TECH. SCI.
PROFESSOR OF STRUCTURES
MIT
ROBERT B. NEWMAN
SC.
ASSOC. PROFESSOR OF ARCHITECTURE
MIT
CHARLES CRAWLEY
MECH. ENG.
D
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE CLASS OF 1967 MIT
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A)
SECTION
I
WRITTEN
II
III
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
GRAPHIC
TITLE
SUBMISSION LETTER
ABSTRACT
IV
8)
CONTENT
XI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN CRITERIA
PROPOSAL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GRAPHICAL MATERIAL
PAGE
VI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
A)
ILLUSTRATIONS
B)
MODEL
C)
DRAWINGS
NO.
CONTENT
PAGE
VII
INTRODUCTION
ARCHITECTURE, IN ORDER TO MEET PRESENT DAY
NEEDS, MUST DEVELOP A VOCABULARY WHICH
MAKES USE OF ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY, PROVIDES FOR ORDERLY GROWTH OF STRUCTURES
AND FLEXIBILITY IN THE INTERNAL SPACES
OF BUILDINGS.
THESE OBJECTIVES CAN BE
FULFILLED BY SYSTEMATIC USE OF ELEMENTS
BASED ON CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE.
BUILDINGS CONCEIVED AS INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
OF STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL SERVICES CAN
SERVE A WIDE VARIETY OF USES WITHIN THE
LIFESPAN OF THE BUILDING.
PERMANENT
MATERIALS ARE USED IN CONSTRUCTION TODAY,
BUT THE BUILDING BECOMES OBSOLETE LONG
BEFORE THE LIFESPAN OF ITS PHYSICAL SHELL
IS REALIZED.
CONSEQUENTLY, A HIERARCHY
MUST BE RECOGNIZED BETWEEN PERMANENT
ELEMENTS IN BUILDINGS.
PERMANENT ELEMENTS
OF STRUCTURE AND SERVICE CORES SHOULD ALLOW
ACCESS TO DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICES WHICH
WILL CHANGE AS THE FUNCTIONS OF AREAS
WITHIN THE BUILDING CHANGE.
CREATIVE ENGINEERING IS NECESSARY TO CONCEIVE OF SYSTEMS WHICH CAN BE MANIPULATED
IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE VARIOUS SPACIAL CONFIGURATIONS IN STRUCTURES, PROVIDE LIFE IN
THE BUILDING, ESTABLISH A CLARITY OF ELEMENTS.
CREATIVE ENGINEERING IS ALSO
NEEDED TO MAKE GREATER USE OF MASS PRODUCED BUILDING COMPONENTS MADE IN FACTORIES UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.
THIS
WILL SERVE TO REDUCE THE COST OF BUILDINGS
AS WELL AS REDUCING THE ERECTION TIME.
THE BUILDING INDUSTRY CURRENTLY FORMS THE
LARGEST SINGLE ELEMENT OF OUR ECONOMY AND
YET IT LAGS FAR BEHIND OTHER INDUSTRIES
IN THE USE OF MASS PRODUCTION OF STANDARDIZED PARTS.
THE MAJORITY OF STRUCTURES
BUILT TODAY USE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
WHICH ARE AT THE MERCY OF THE CLIMATE.
IN CONCLUSION, THE ARCHITECT MUST MAKE
GREATER USE OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
AND SEEK UNIVERSAL STANDARD IN ARCHITECTURE WHICH WILL NOT LIMIT MAN'S INDIVIDUALITY IN CREATION BUT WILL STIMULATE
IT.
THIS SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION SHOULD
BE APPLIED TO CONSTRUCTION.
STRUCTURAL
LOGIC HAS UNIVERSAL VALUES WHICH CAN BE
RECOGNIZED.
THE RESULT WILL BE GREATER
ORDER TO OUR VISUAL ENVIRONMENT; AN ORDER
WHICH WILL NOT BE DESTROYED BY GROWTH BUT
ONE WHICH WILL GAIN IN RICHNESS AS A
RESULT OF GROWTH.
VIII
DESIGN CRITERIA
THE PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS WAS TO DESIGN A
STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL BUILDING SYSTEM
WHICH WOULD:
PROVIDE FOR THE ACCOMMODATION OF DIVERSE
USES AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR EDUCATIONAL
FACILITIES WHICH WOULD INCLUDE DIMENSIONS
FOR OFFICES, LECTURE ROOMS, SEMINAR ROOMS,
LOUNGES, EXHIBITION ROOMS, DRAFTING ROOMS,
WORK SHOPS, ENTRY SPACES AND AUDITORIUMS.
ALLOW FLEXIBILITY OF SPACE USE THROUGH
THE POSSIBILITY OF PLACING PARTITIONS
ON A MODULAR SYSTEM, AND BY COMBINING,
AND USING THE INHERENT FLEXIBILITY OF THE
SYSTEM IN VARIOUS WAYS EITHER BY ELIMINATING PORTIONS OF THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE
OR BY PROVIDING OPENINGS WITHOUT CRITI-
CALLY AFFECTING THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
OF THE SYSTEM.
PROVIDE FOR THE POSSIBILITY FOR GROWTH
AND ALTERATION OR CHANGE OF THE BUILDING
WITHOUT ALTERING THE BASIC SYSTEM.
INCLUDE THE DESIGN OF CORES FOR STAIRS,
PASSENGER ELEVATORS, FREIGHT ELEVATORS,
TOILETS, TELEPHONES, WITH THE POSSIBILITY
FOR THESE ELEMENTS TO OCCUR INDIVIDUALLY,
OR COLLECTIVELY AS NECESSARY, WITHIN BUT INDEPENDENT OF THE BUILDING SYSTEM.
ALLOW FOR FLEXIBLE CIRCULATION PATTERNS
TO OCCUR; THE POSSIBILITY FOR CORRIDORS
AND THE INTERCONNECTION OF CORES TO BE OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE AND TO BE CONSTRUCTED
WITH A HIERARCHY OF CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
CORRESPONDING TO THE BREAKDOWN OF TRADES
AND THE BREAKDOWN OF SPACES FROM THE OVER-
ALL TO THE SPECIFIC.
PROVIDE FOR THE NECESSARY ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL FOR FLEXIBLE SPACE USE REQUIREMENTS WITH AN EXPOSED MECHANICAL SYSTEM
LAYOUT WITH ACCESS FOR CHANGES AND FLEXIBILITY.
BE AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF STRUCTURE,
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT, PIPES AND LIGHTING
WITH A FLUSH CEILING FOR CONTINUITY OF
SPACES, THE SERVICES TO OCCUR WITHIN THE
STRUCTURE AND TO EXPOSE THE SERVICES AND
CONCRETE STRUCTURE TO THEIR BEST VISUAL
QUALITIES.
TO ACHIEVE A QUALITY OF ORDER IN THE DESIGN
OF THE PARTS AND IN THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO
EACH OTHER AND THE WHOLE.
IX
PROPOSAL
A.
CONCEPT
THE ONE WAY SYSTEM WAS ADOPTED BECAUSE OF
ITS EASE OF CONSTRUCTION AND INHERENT
SPACIAL FLEXIBILITY.
THIS SYSTEM CAN PR.OVIDE LONG UNINTERRUPTED
CHANNELS WHICH CAN ACCOMMODATE THE MECH-
ANICAL SERVICES WITHOUT NECESSITATING
EXCESSIVE CONNECTIONS AND COMPLEX INSTALLATION PROCEDURES.
THIS WAS THE MOST DIRECT AND EXTENSIVELY
USED SYSTEM OF THE PAST AND THROUGH ITS
INHERENT CLOSED FORM GOOD ACCOUSTICAL
CONTROL CAN BE EASILY ACHIEVED.
COSTLY
AND COMPLEX POSTENSIONING AND SCAFFOLDING
TECHNIQUES CAN BE REDUCED.
VARIATIONS IN SPACES, INCLUDING CORES,
COURTYARDS AND STAIRS, CAN BE ACHIEVED
THROUGH OPENINGS IN THE STRUCTURE CREATING
A MULTITUDE OF DIFFERENT SPACES SUFFCIENTLY
NEUTRAL TO ALLOW FOR SMALL AND LARGE SIZED
ACTIVITIES AS WELL AS TO PERMIT INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL GROWTH OR CHANGE.
THE RECTANGULAR GRID SYSTEM IS BASED ON
A UNIT WHICH CAN BE SELF SUFFICIENT IN
TERMS OF STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL
SERVICES PERMITTING GROWTH IN TWO
DIRECTIONS AS WELL AS LARGE AND SMALL
SCALE OPENING POSSIBILITIES.
B.
PLANNING MODULE
THE OVERALL MODULE OR "COLUMN GRID" WAS
DETERMINED BY TWO MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS.
FIRST, A LARGE ENOUGH SPAN WAS REQUIRED
TO ACCOMMODATE PARKING AND SECOND IT HAD
TO BE OF EFFICIENT DEPTH TO SPAN RATIO
AND SUFFICIENT DEPTH TO CARRY REQUIRED
SERVICES.
THE DIMENSION WAS DETERMINED
TO BE 43' x 60'.
THE SECONDARY MODULE OR "DOUBLE T CHANNEL
GRID" WAS ADOPTED TO FASCILITATE SMALLER
DIMENSIONS OF PRECAST UNITS MADE TO CARRY
THE INTEGRATED MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND
STILL PROVIDE FOR FLEXIBILITY OF ROOM
DIMENSIONS, CORRIDOR SIZES AND VOIDS.
THE
BASIC DOUBLE T UNIT IS 6' FORMING A DOUBLE
MODULE OF 4'4" x 10' AND 1'8" x 10' ON
CENTER.
C.
STRUCTURE
THE STRUCTURE IS AN ENTIRELY PRECAST,
PRESTRESSEDFLUSH SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND
POSTENSIONED SYSTEM USING THREE LARGE
SCALE COMPONENTS.
a) DUAL COLUMN
THE DUAL COLUMN PROVIDES THE SPACE FOR
VERTICAL MECHANICAL SERVICES.
VERTICAL CONTINUITY IS ACHIEVED BY CASTING
THE COLUMN TO THE DESIRED NUMBER OF FLOORS
WITH
REVEALS TO ACCEPT THE DOUBLE T
GIRDER ELEMENTS AT EVERY FLOOR LINE.
THE COLUMN DIMENSIONS ARE 1'6" WIDE x 4'10"
LONG TIMES THE DESIRED NUMBER OF STORIES
UP TO 85 FEET.
STEEL MATING PLADES TO ACCEPT THE DOUBLE T
GIRDERS ARE POSITIONED IN THE REVEALS AT
THE TIME OF PRECAST AS ARE THE STEEL TENDON
SHEATHS FOR POSTENSIONING.
b)
DOUBLE T GIRDER
THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF
THE SYSTEM AND GIVES THE SYSTEM ALL OF ITS
FLEXIBILITY.
THE BASIC ELEMENT IS A DOUBLE T FORM 6'
WIDE AND 27'6"LONG WITH TWO 6 INCH RIBS
SPACED 10" FROM THE CENTER LINE (SERVICE
CHANNEL) INTERSECTING WITH A TRANSVERSE
GIRDER AT A POINT TEN FEET FROM EACH END.
THE STRUCTURAL SECTION OF THE TWO RIBS
HAS AN INCREASED AREA FOR COMPRESSION
DUE TO THE DESIGNED NEGATIVE MOMENT WITHIN
THEM.
THE TWO RIBS UPON INTERSECTING WITH A
TRANSVERSE GIRDER BECOME ONE AND FORM A
COMPRESSION MEMBER 2'2" WIDE x 4'6" LONG
x 9" DEEP.
AT THIS POINT THE WEB IS
ELIMINATED (BECAUSE TENSION IS ON THE
TOP AND THE WEB IS NO LONGER STRUCTURALLY NEEDED) TO ALLOW FOR THE PASSAGE OF
MECHANICAL SERVICES.
THE GIRDER PORTION IS 1'6" WIDE x 6' LONG
x 3'4" DEEP WITH EIGHT POSTENSIONING
SHEATHS, A SERVICE CHANNEL OPENING AND
STEEL PLATE MATING NOTCHES INCORPORATED.
THE ENTIRE ELEMENT IS CAST AS ONE INTEGRAL
UNIT (SEE ILLUSTRATION).
VARIATIONS IN THE BASIC ELEMENT ARE POSSIBLE BY ADJUSTING THE LENGTH OF THE UNIT
IN THE LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION.
THE TRANSVERSE GIRDER PORTION IS ESSENTIAL
IN EVERY INSTANCE; FLEXIBILITY CAN BE
ACHIEVED BY ADDING OR SUBTRACTING ON
EITHER SIDE OF THE GIRDER IN COMBINATIONS
RANGING FROM 0 - 20 FEET (SEE ILLUSTRATION).
DECISION FOR THE PROPOSED DOUBLE T DIVISION WAS ARRIVED AT BECAUSE OF THE REQUIRED
AREA NEEDED WHEN POSTENSIONING OR GROUTING
TWO SUCH UNITS TOGETHER.
THE SYSTEM AS SUCH WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN
STRUCTURALLY POSSIBLE HAD THE DIVISION
OCCURRED AS IT USUALLY DOES IN A STANDARD
DOUBLE T GIRDER (SEE ILLUSTRATION).
c)
DOUBLE T INFILL
THE INFILL IS A DOUBLE T FORM OF PRESTRESSED PRECAST CONCRETE 6' WIDE x 40'4"
LONG WITH TWO SIX INCH RIBS SPACED 10"
FROM THE CENTER LI[NE USED AS A SERVICE
CHANNEL.
THIS MEMBER IS SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON THE
CORRESPONDING DOUBLE T GIRDER ELEMENTS.
ALIGNMENT IS ACHIEVED BY MEANS OF INTERLOCKING STEEL MATING PLATES WHICH WERE
SET IN THE MEMBER AT PRECASTING.
A 6" x 10" OPENING OCCURS IN THE UPPERMOST
PART OF THE WEBS EVERY 10' ON CENTER FOR
MECHANICAL PENETRATION ABOVE THE DIAPHRAGM.
ALSO OCCURING 10' ON CENTER ARE EXPOSED
RODS FOR THE POURING OF THE DIAPHRAGMS
(SEE ILLUSTRATION).
d)
DIAPHRAGM
THE DIAPHRAGM IS POURED IN PLACE CONCRETE
(SEE ILLUSTRATION AND ERECTION PROCEDURE).
ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO BRIDGE THE INFILL
MEMBERS TOGETHER THEREBY ASSURING A MORE
UNIFORM LOAD TRANSFER.
D.
CONSTRUCTION
a)
THE CONSTRUCTION USES PRESTRESSED PRECAST
GENERAL
CONCRETE MEMBERS WHICH ARE PREPARED IN A
PRECASTING PLANT AND TRANSPORTED TO THE
SITE FOR ASSEMBLY.
SCAFFOLDING IS NECESSARY ONLY BETWEEN
COLUMNS (IN 43 FT. TRANSVERSE DIRECTION)
FOR INITIAL SUPPORT OF DOUBLE T GIRDER
MEMBER UNTIL POSTENSIONING IS COMPLETED.
THEN IT IS REMOVED AND REUSED AS PROCEDURE IS REPEATED AT ANOTHER LOCATION.
b)
ERECTION PROCEDURE
FOOTINGS -
STEP #1
EXCAVATE AND POUR FOOTINGS INCLUDING THE
PLACEMENT OF ANCHORS TO RECEIVE VERTICAL
STEEL RODS AND LEVELING BLOCKS TO ALLOW
FOR GROUTING AFTER PRECAST CONCRETE COLUMNS
ARE LOWERED INTO PLACE.
COLUMNS - STEP #2
LEVELING BLOCKS ARE INTEGRAL WITH THE FOOT
OF THE COLUMN, THE CONTINUOUS COLUMN IS
LOWERED INTO PLACE, LEVELED, GROUTED AND
POSTENSIONED.
DOUBLE T GIRDERS - STEP #3
POSITION SCAFFOLDING IN A TRANSVERSE
DIRECTION IN LINE WITH THE DOUBLE COLUMNS.
PLACE DOUBLE T GIRDER MEMBERS INTO POSITION
RELATIVE TO REVEALS IN THE COLUMN; SHIM,
GROUT AND LEVEL.
PLACE REMAINING DOUBLE T GIRDER MEMBERS
INDIVIDUALLY ON SCAFFOLDING ALLIGNING EACH
BY MEANS OF MATING NOTCHES CAST IN THE
MEMBER AT THE FACTORY.
INSERT TENDONS THROUGH THE CONTINUOUS
SHEATHS CAST IN THE MEMBER.
GROUT ALL JOINTS BETWEEN DOUBLE T GIRDER
MEMBERS.
POSTENSION TO DESIGNED STRESS CONDITIONS
AND PRESSURE GROUT THE SHEATHS.
DOUBLE T INVILL
-
STEP #4
POSITION INFILL GIRDER ON THE SIMPLE SUPPORTS
OF DOUBLE T GIRDER MEMBERS.
ALIGN BY MEANS
OF INTERLOCKING STEEL MATING PLATES, WELD
AND GROUT.
DIAPHRAGM - STEP #5
ERECT STEEL FORM AT DIAPHRAGM POSITION
(EVERY 10' IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION).
PLACE STEEL REINFORCING RODS IN FORM AND
TIE WITH EXPOSED RODS OF DOUBLE T INFILL.
POSITION THE SIDE OF THE FORM WITH TIE RODS.
POUR CONCRETE.
WIRE MESH IS LAID AND TOPPING POURED ONLY
AFTER INSTALLATION OF ALL POWER AND COMMUN-
ICATION RUNS IN THE RECESSED TRACT.
E.
MECHANICAL SYSTEM
A HIGH VELOCITY SINGLE DUCT REHEAT SYSTEM
WAS SELECTED TO PERMIT OPTIMUM ROOM TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND ZONE FLEXIBILITY.
1)
AIR SYSTEM
THE HEATING AND VENTILATING SYSTEM WAS
DESIGNED TO PROVIDE FOR CONTROL ZONES VARYING FROM 120 SQ. FT. TO 2800 SQ. FT.
THIS
WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY USING A HIGH VELOCITY
SINGLE DUCT REHEAT SYSTEM WITH 4000 FPM IN
THE VERTICAL RISERS, 1500 FPM IN THE MAIN
BRANCHES, 720 FPM IN THE SECONDARY BRANCHES,
AND A DISCHARGE VELOCITY OF
THE
VELOCITY REDUCTION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY
AN ATTENUATION BOX INSTALLED VERTICALLY ON
EACH SIDE OF THE COLUMN SUPPLY NEXT TO THE
SHAFT AND ENCLOSED BY ACCESSIBLE MECHANICAL
COVER PLATES.
THE SINGLE DUCT HIGH VELOCITY REHEAT SYSTEM
PROVIDES RESULTS CLOSE TO IDEAL BY PERMITTING THE CHOICE OF PLACING THE REHEAT
COIL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SECONDARY
DUCT TO SERVICE A LARGE ZONE CONTROLLED
BY ONE THERMOSTAT, OR INSERTING THE
DESIRED NUMBER OF COILS IN THE SUPPLY
TAKE OFF TO EACH ROOM SUPPLIED, CONTROLLED
BY INDIVIDUAL THERMOSTATS (IN WHICH CASE
THE MAIN COIL IS DISCONNECTED).
RETURN AIR DIFFUSERS ARE LOCATING IN
ALTERNATING MODULES.
2)
PLUMBING
VERTICAL PIPE CHASES ARE LOCATED ON EITHER
SIDE OF THE RETURN AIR SHAFT.
HORIZONTAL FLOOR TAKE OFF MOVES WITHIN
THE DOUBLE GIRDER AND, AS DRAWN, HAS A
MAXIMUM RUN OF 18 FT. FROM THE COLUMN
WHICH PERMITS A MAXIMUM RISE OF 4.5 INCHES
THUS LEAVING AMPLE CLEARANCE FOR PIPES
TAPPING INTO THE SERVICE CHANNELS.
IN MOST CASES THE CORES CONTAIN TOILETS
AND JANITORS' CLOSETS.
3)
ELECTRICAL
POWER AND COMMUNICATION RACEWAYS ARE
LOCATED IN A RECESSED TRACT CAST IN THE
FLOOR COMPONENTS.
THIS OCCURS ABOVE THE 41'4" MODULE THUS
SERVING THE FLOOR ABOVE AND LIGHTING THE
COFFERS BELOW.
IN ADDITION, CONDUITS CAN
BE LOCATED WITHIN THE SERVICE CHANNELS.
F.
ACOUSTICS
ACOUSTICAL CONTROL IS ACHIEVED BY THE PLACEMENT OF ACOUSTICAL FIBER MATERIAL AT THE
TOP OF THE COFFER FOR SOUND ABSORPTION
PURPOSES:
PARTITIONS EVERYWHERE BUT UP TO THE CEILING
RIBS AND DIAPHRAGMS THEREBY STOPPING THE
MAJOR SOUND TRANSFER, EXCEPT IN THE SERVICE
CHANNEL WHERE A SEAL IS FORMED AROUND THE
MECHANICAL DUCTS TO PREVENT SUCH TRANSFER.
G.
LIGHTING
FLOURESCENT LIGHTING IS ATTACHED TO THE
UPPER SURFACE OF THE 41411 CEILING MODULE
COVERING THE CONSTRUCTION JOINTS OF TWO
DOUBLE T INFILL MEMBERS.
IT IS A 2' x 8" UNIT COMPOSED OF FOUR 40
WATT LAMPS PROVIDING DIRECT LIGHT BELOW EACH
MODUEE AND REFLECTED LIGHT LATERALLY FROM
THE SIDES OF THE EXPOSED CONCRETE CEILING
COMPONENT.
X
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE, A.C.I.. STANDARD
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE. (ACI 318-63), DETROIT, MICHIGAN,
1963.
"CONCRETE, WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE",
PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE, NEW YORK:
REINHOLD, OCTOBER 1964.
NERVI, P.L., AESTHETICS AND TECHNOLOGY IN
BUILDING.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.:
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1965.
PARKER, H., SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE. NEW YORK: WILEY, 1964.
SHIFFER, EDWARD T., "INDUSTRIALIZED
BUILDINGS, WESTERN EUROPE", PROGRESSIVE
ARCHITECTURE. NEW YORK: REINHOLD,
OCTOBER 1964.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, LIGHTING
HANDBOOK, BLOOMFIELD, N.J., 1963.
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MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE Of
SCOTT
JOSEPH
JOHN
o
4
8
12
24
FALL 1966
TECHNOLOGY
48
0
AN URBAN UNIVERSITY
JOHN JOSEPH SCOTT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
ARCHITECTURE, 7 JUNE 1967.
THE SITE OF THIS URBAN UNIVERSITY IS HYPOTHETICALLY LOCATED IN SOUTH BOSTON WITH A
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT TO THE EAST, A
HILL TO THE NORTH AND A TYPICAL BOSTONIAN
COMMERCIAL STREET COMPRISED OF TOWNHOUSES
WITH RESIDENCES ABOVE ONE AND TWO STORY
SHOPS TO THE SOUTH RUNNING EAST TO WEST.
THE CONCEPT IN SECTION IS TO PROVIDE A
BASE STRUCTURE OF THREE TO FOUR STORIES
WITH NO PERCEIVABLY STRONG ARCHITECTURAL
FORM TO COMPETE WITH THE EXISTING COMMUNITY
AND A CIRCULATION PATTERN TO WORK WITH THE
SURROUNDING AREA.
ALL OF THE COMMON ELEMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY ARE CONTAINED IN A SERIES OF ONE
STORY TERRACES PENETRATED FROM THE STREET
THROUGH COMMERCIAL FACILITIES.
1
THE COMMERCIAL AREAS, DESIGNED TO WORK WITH
IMPOSED LIMITATIONS, ARE CHIEFLY ONE OR TWO
STORY SHOPS OPENING FROM THE STREET AND
STEPPING UP TO THE CENTRAL PLAZA AND EVENTUALLY INTO THE ENCLOSED COMMON UNIVERSITY
FUNCTIONS.
LOCATED ABOVE THE BASE ARE THE LECTURE
HALLS, SEMINAR ROOMS AND LARGE CLASSROOMS,
THE COMMON TEACHING FACILITIES UTILIZED BY
ALL DEPARTMENTS.
THE UPPER MASSING WHICH SHOWS THE TOTAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND
GIVES THE UNIVERSITY ITS IDENTITY CONTAINS
THE ACADEMIC LEVEL COMPOSED OF MANY DEPARTMENTAL FACILITIES SUCH AS LABS, OFFICES AND
LIBRARIES.
THE CONCEPT IN PLAN IS TO INVITE COMMUNITY
LIFE INTO THE UNIVERSITY BY ENCOURAGING
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITY AND
COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS.
THE BASE IN FUNCTION IS USED AS A CONTINUATION OF THE CITY THROUGH THE SITE;
THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED IN TWO WAYS::
2
FIRST THROUGH LINKS EXTENDING OUT FROM
THE UPPER LEVELS OF THE BASE INTO THE
COMMUNITY IN ALL FOUR DIRECTIONS. TO
THE EAST A COMMERCIAL LINK TO MEET THE
COMMUNITY COMMERCIAL STREET; TO THE
WEST A COMMERCIAL-CIVIC LINK TO THE
GYMNASIUM; TO THE SOUTH A COVERED WALKWAY TO THE PARK AND UNIVERSITY HOUSING;
AND TO THE NORTH A WALKWAY INTO THE
RESIDENTIAL AREA.
SECOND THROUGH PENETRATION ON GRADE
LEVELS INTO THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LOWER
BASE.
IN EACH CASE THE COMMERCIAL AREAS ARE DESIGNED TO DRAW THE PEDESTRIAN INTO THE
SHOPS AND ALMOST UNKNOWINGLY TO LEAD HIM
THROUGH THE SECONDARY SPACES INTO THE CENTRAL SPACE CONTAINING THE COMMON UNIVERSITY
FUNCTIONS.
THE CENTRAL SPACE ENTERED ON TWO LEVELS IS
THE TERMINUS OF THE MANY LINKS; IT IS ALSO
THE POINT OF ORIENTATION AND IDENTITY.
IT
IS SURROUNDED BY THE LIBRARY, THEATER AND
AUDITORIUM WITH THE UNION FACILITIES TAKING
PLACE BENEATH ITS PLAZA.
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION TO ALL LEVELS IS
ACCOMPLISHED BY TWO MAJOR BANKS OF CORES
RUNNING IN THE LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
CONTAINING ELEVATORS, STAIRS, LAVATORIES,
3
ELECTRICAL CLOSETS, JANITORIAL CLOSETS,
TELEPHONES AND SERVICE ELEVATORS.
AUTOMOBILE ACCESS TO THE SITE OCCURS ON ALL
FOUR SIDES.
THE FIRST LEVEL FACILITATING
FACULTY-EMPLOYEE PARKING AND SERVICE IS
ACCESSIBLE ON GRADE FROM THE EAST OR THE
WEST AT WHICH POINT ENTRIES TO AND EXITS
FROM LOWER PARKING LEVELS ARE POSSIBLE.
ALSO ON THIS LEVEL ARE DROP-OFF AREAS FOR
THE AUDITORIUM ON THE EAST AND THE THEATER
AND GYMNASIUM ON THE WEST.
ENTRIES, EXITS
AND DROP-OFF AREAS ALSO OCCUR ON THE NORTH
AND SOUTH WITH ACCESS TO AND EXITS FROM
LOWER LEVEL PARKING POSSIBLE.
THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM IS A ONE WAY SYSTEM
WITH INHERENT SPACIAL FLEXIBILITY COMPOSED
OF PRECAST CONCRETE COLUMNS, A COMBINATION
DOUBLE T GIRDER ELEMENT AND A 40' INFILL
ELEMENT.
THE DOUBLE T GIRDER CAN BE CAST
WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF DIMENSIONS IN THE
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION BY ADDING OR SUBTRACTING ON EITHER SIDE OF THE GIRDER IN
COMBINATIONS RANGING FROM 0 - 20 FEET.
IN THE SYSTEM OF GROWTH, THE FIRST STAGE
OF EXPANSION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ELIMINATING
THE FIRST LEVEL PARKING BY BUILDING A RAMP
SOMEWHERE ON THE PERIPHERY OF THE SITE AND
UTILIZING THIS AVAILABLE SPACE FOR THE
NECESSARY FUNCTIONS.
IN THE FOLLOWING STAGES ACADEMIC EXPANSION
WILL PRESUMABLY TAKE PLACE ON THE EASTERN
LINK WITH THE SAME BASIC CONCEPT IN SECTION
AS THE EXISTING UNIVERSITY.
IT WILL ALSO
TAKE PLACE TO THE NORTH OF THE SITE AFTER
OLD CITY HOUSING IS REMOVED.
IN ANY CASE,
EXPANSIO;N WILL NOT ALTER THE CONCEPT OF
THE CENTRAL SPACE OR THE EXISTING UNIVERSITY.
EXPANSION FOR UNIVERSITY HOUSING FACILITIES
WILL BE A CONTINUATION OF THE EXISTING
UNIVERSITY HOUSING TO THE SOUTH.
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