Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ Volume 7, Issue 2, Article 70, 2006 A VARIANT OF JENSEN-STEFFENSEN’S INEQUALITY FOR CONVEX AND SUPERQUADRATIC FUNCTIONS S. ABRAMOVICH, M. KLARIČIĆ BAKULA, AND S. BANIĆ D EPARTMENT OF M ATHEMATICS U NIVERSITY OF H AIFA H AIFA , 31905, I SRAEL abramos@math.haifa.ac.il D EPARTMENT OF M ATHEMATICS FACULTY OF NATURAL S CIENCES , M ATHEMATICS AND E DUCATION U NIVERSITY OF S PLIT T ESLINA 12, 21000 S PLIT C ROATIA milica@pmfst.hr FACULTY OF C IVIL E NGINEERING AND A RCHITECTURE U NIVERSITY OF S PLIT M ATICE HRVATSKE 15, 21000 S PLIT C ROATIA Senka.Banic@gradst.hr Received 03 January, 2006; accepted 20 January, 2006 Communicated by C.P. Niculescu A BSTRACT. A variant of Jensen-Steffensen’s inequality is considered for convex and for superquadratic functions. Consequently, inequalities for power means involving not only positive weights have been established. Key words and phrases: Jensen-Steffensen’s inequality, Monotonicity, Superquadraticity, Power means. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 26D15, 26A51. 1. I NTRODUCTION . Let I be an interval in R and f : I → R a convex function on I. If ξ P = (ξ1 , . . . , ξm ) is any m-tuple in I m and p = (p1 , . . . , pm ) any nonnegative m-tuple such that m i=1 pi > 0, then the well known Jensen’s inequality (see for example [7, p. 43]) ! m m 1 X 1 X (1.1) f pi ξi ≤ pi f (ξi ) Pm i=1 Pm i=1 P holds, where Pm = m i=1 pi . ISSN (electronic): 1443-5756 c 2006 Victoria University. All rights reserved. 002-06 2 S. A BRAMOVICH , M. K LARI ČI Ć BAKULA , AND S. BANI Ć If f is strictly convex, then (1.1) is strict unless ξi = c for all i ∈ {j : pj > 0}. It is well known that the assumption “p is a nonnegative m-tuple” can be relaxed at the expense of more restrictions on the m-tuple ξ. If p is a real m-tuple such that 0 ≤ Pj ≤ Pm , j = 1, . . . , m, (1.2) where Pj = get Pj i=1 Pm > 0, pi , then for any monotonic m-tuple ξ (increasing or decreasing) in I m we m 1 X ξ= pi ξi ∈ I, Pm i=1 and for any function f convex on I (1.1) still holds. Inequality (1.1) considered under conditions (1.2) is known as the Jensen-Steffensen’s inequality [7, p. 57] for convex functions. In his paper [5] A. McD. Mercer considered some monotonicity properties of power means. He proved the following theorem: Theorem A. Suppose that 0 < a < b and a ≤ x1 ≤ x2 ≤ · · · ≤ xn ≤ b hold withPat least one of the xk satisfying a < xk < b. If w = (w1 , . . . , wn ) is a positive n-tuple with ni=1 wi = 1 and −∞ < r < s < +∞, then a < Qr (a, b; x) < Qs (a, b; x) < b , where Qt (a, b; x) ≡ at + b t − n X ! 1t wi xti i=1 for all real t 6= 0, and ab Q0 (a, b; x) ≡ , G G= n Y i xw i . i=1 In his next paper [6], Mercer gave a variant of Jensen’s inequality for which Witkowski presented in [8] a shorter proof. This is stated in the following theorem: Theorem B. If f is a convex function on an interval containing an n-tuple x = (xP 1 , . . . , xn ) such that 0 < x1 ≤ x2 ≤ · · · ≤ xn and w = (w1 , . . . , wn ) is a positive n-tuple with ni=1 wi = 1, then ! n n X X f x1 + xn − wi xi ≤ f (x1 ) + f (xn ) − wi f (xi ) . i=1 i=1 This theorem is a special case of the following theorem proved in [4] by Abramovich, Klaričić Bakula, Matić and Pečarić: Theorem C ([4, Th. 2]). Let f : I → R, where I is an interval in R and let [a, b] ⊆ I, a < b. Let x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) be a monotonic n-tuple in [a, b]n and v = (v1 , . . . , vn ) a real n−tuple P such that vi 6= 0, i = 1, . . . , n, and 0 ≤ Vj ≤ Vn , j = 1, . . . , n, Vn > 0, where Vj = ji=1 vi . If f is convex on I, then ! n n 1 X 1 X vi xi ≤ f (a) + f (b) − vi f (xi ) . (1.3) f a+b− Vn i=1 Vn i=1 In case f is strictly convex, the equality holds in (1.3) iff one of the following two cases occurs: (1) either x = a or x = b, J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ J ENSEN -S TEFFENSEN ’ S INEQUALITY - S UPERQUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 3 (2) there exists l ∈ {2, . . . , n − 1} such that x = x1 + xn − xl and x1 = a, xn = b or x1 = b, xn = a, (1.4) V j (xj−1 − xj ) = 0, j = 2, . . . , l, Vj (xj − xj+1 ) = 0, j = l, . . . , n − 1, Pn P where V j = i=j vi , j = 1, . . . , n and x = (1/Vn ) ni=1 vi xi . In the special case where v > 0 and f is strictly convex, the equality holds in (1.4) iff xi = a, i = 1, . . . , n, or xi = b, i = 1, . . . , n. Here, as in the rest of the paper, when we say that an n-tuple ξ is increasing (decreasing) we mean that ξ1 ≤ ξ2 ≤ · · · ≤ ξn (ξ1 ≥ ξ2 ≥ · · · ≥ ξn ). Similarly, when we say that a function f : I → R is increasing (decreasing) on I we mean that for all u, v ∈ I we have u < v ⇒ f (u) ≤ f (v) (u < v ⇒ f (u) ≥ f (v)). In Section 2 we refine Theorems A, B, and C. These refinements are achieved by superquadratic functions which were introduced in [1] and [2]. As Jensen’s inequality for convex functions is a generalization of Hölder’s inequality for f (x) = xp , p ≥ 1, so the inequalities satisfied by superquadratic functions are generalizations of the inequalities satisfied by the superquadratic functions f (x) = xp , p ≥ 2 (see [1], [2]). First we quote some definitions and state a list of basic properties of superquadratic functions. Definition 1.1. A function f : [0, ∞) → R is superquadratic provided that for all x ≥ 0 there exists a constant C(x) ∈ R such that (1.5) f (y) − f (x) − f (|y − x|) ≥ C (x) (y − x) for all y ≥ 0. Definition 1.2. A function f : [0, ∞) → R is said to be strictly superquadratic if (1.5) is strict for all x 6= y where xy 6= 0. LemmaP A ([2, Lemma 2.3]). Suppose that f is superquadratic. Let ξi ≥ 0, i = 1, . . . , m, and Pm let ξ = m p ξ , where p ≥ 0, i = 1, . . . , m, and p = 1. Then i i=1 i i=1 i i m m X X pi f (ξi ) − f ξ ≥ pi f ξi − ξ . i=1 i=1 Lemma B ([1, Lemma 2.2]). Let f be superquadratic function with C(x) as in Definition 1.1. Then: (i) f (0) ≤ 0, (ii) if f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0 then C(x) = f 0 (x) whenever f is differentiable at x > 0, (iii) if f ≥ 0, then f is convex and f (0) = f 0 (0) = 0. In [3] the following refinement of Jensen’s Steffensen’s type inequality for nonnegative superquadratic functions was proved: Theorem D ([3, Th. 1]). Let f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) be a differentiable and superquadratic function, let ξ be a nonnegative monotonic m-tuple in Rm and p a real m-tuple, m ≥ 3, satisfying 0 ≤ Pj ≤ Pm , j = 1, . . . , m, Pm > 0. Let ξ be defined as m 1 X ξ= pi ξi . Pm i=1 J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ 4 S. A BRAMOVICH , M. K LARI ČI Ć BAKULA , AND S. BANI Ć Then (1.6) m X pi f (ξi ) − Pm f ξ ≥ i=1 k−1 X Pi f (ξi+1 − ξi ) + Pk f ξ − ξk i=1 + P k+1 f ξk+1 − ξ + m X P i f (ξi − ξi−1 ) i=k+2 ! p ξ − ξ i i ≥ Pi + P i f Pk i=1 Pm i=1 Pi + i=k+1 P i i=1 i=k+1 ! Pm i=1 pi ξ − ξi ≥ (m − 1) Pm f , (m − 1) Pm " where P i = Pm j=i k X m X # Pm pj and k ∈ {1, . . . , m − 1} satisfies ξk ≤ ξ ≤ ξk+1 . In case f is also strictly superquadratic, inequality m X ! ξi − ξ p i i=1 (m − 1) Pm Pm pi f (ξi ) − Pm f ξ > (m − 1) Pm f i=1 holds for ξ > 0 unless one of the following two cases occurs: (1) either ξ = ξ1 or ξ = ξm , (2) there exists k ∈ {3, . . . , m − 2} such that ξ = ξk and ( Pj (ξj − ξj+1 ) = 0, j = 1, . . . , k − 1 (1.7) P j (ξj − ξj−1 ) = 0, j = k + 1, . . . , m. In these two cases m X pi f (ξi ) − Pm f ξ = 0. i=1 In Section 2 we refine Theorem B and Theorem C for functions which are superquadratic and positive. One of the refinements is derived easily from Theorem D. We use in Section 3 the following theorem [7, p. 323] to give an alternative proof of Theorem B. Theorem E. Let I be an interval in R, and ξ, η two decreasing m-tuples such that ξ, η ∈ I m . Let p be a real m-tuple such that k X (1.8) pi ξi ≤ i=1 k X p i ηi i=1 for k = 1, 2, . . . , m − 1, and m X (1.9) i=1 pi ξi = m X p i ηi . i=1 Then for every continuous convex function f : I → R we have m m X X (1.10) pi f (ξi ) ≤ pi f (ηi ) . i=1 J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 i=1 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ J ENSEN -S TEFFENSEN ’ S INEQUALITY - S UPERQUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 5 2. VARIANTS OF J ENSEN -S TEFFENSEN ’ S I NEQUALITY FOR P OSITIVE S UPERQUADRATIC F UNCTIONS In this section we refine in two ways Theorem C for functions which are superquadratic and positive. The refinement in Theorem 2.1 follows by showing that it is a special case of Theorem D for specific p. The refinement in Theorem 2.2 follows the steps in the proof of Theorem B given by Witkowski in [8]. Therefore the second refinement is confined only to the specific p given in Theorem B, which means that what we get is a variant of Jensen’s inequality and not of the more general Jensen-Steffensen’s inequality. Theorem 2.1. Let f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) and let [a, b] ⊆ [0, ∞) . Let x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) be a monotonic n−tuple in [a, b]n and v = (v1 , . . . , vn ) a real n-tuple such that vi 6= 0, i = 1, . . . , n, Pj 0 ≤ Vj ≤ Vn , j = 1, . . . , n, and Vn > 0, where Vj = i=1 vi . If f is differentiable and superquadratic, then ! n n 1 X 1 X (2.1) f (a) + f (b) − vi f (xi ) − f a + b − vi xi Vn i=1 Vn i=1 P P b − a − V1n ni=1 vi a + b − xi − V1n nj=1 vj xj . ≥ (n + 1) f n+1 In case f is also strictly superquadratic and a > 0, inequality (2.1) is strict unless one of the following two cases occurs: (1) either x = a or x = b, (2) there exists l ∈ {2, . . . , n − 1} such that x = x1 + xn − xl and x1 = a, xn = b or x1 = b, xn = a (2.2) V j (xj−1 − xj ) = 0 , j = 2, . . . , l, Vj (xj − xj+1 ) = 0 , j = l, . . . , n − 1, P P where V j = ni=j vi , j = 1, . . . , n, and x = V1n ni=1 vi xi . In these two cases we have n 1 X f (a) + f (b) − vi f (xi ) − f Vn i=1 n 1 X a+b− vi xi Vn i=1 ! = 0. In the special case where v > 0 and f is also strictly superquadratic, the equality holds in (2.1) iff xi = a, i = 1, . . . , n, or xi = b, i = 1, . . . , n. Proof. Suppose that x is an increasing n-tuple in [a, b]n . The proof of the theorem is an immediate result of Theorem D, by defining the (n + 2)-tuples ξ and p as ξ1 = a, ξi+1 = xi , i = 1, . . . , n, ξn+2 = b p1 = 1, pi+1 = −vi /Vn , i = 1, . . . , n, pn+2 = 1. Then we get (2.1) from the last inequality in (1.6) and from the fact that in our special case we have k n+2 X X Pi + P i ≤ n + 1, i=1 J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 i=k+1 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ 6 S. A BRAMOVICH , M. K LARI ČI Ć BAKULA , for Pi = Pi j=1 Pn+2 pj and P i = j=i AND S. BANI Ć pj , and m n 1 X 1 X pi ξi = a + b − vi xi = a + b − x. ξ= Pm i=1 Vn i=1 The proof of the equality case and the special case where v > 0 follows also from Theorem D. We have Vj , j = 1, . . . , n, Pn+1 = 0, Pn+2 = 1, Vn Vj−2 P 1 = 1, P 2 = 0, P j = , j = 3, . . . , n + 2. Vn Obviously, ξ = ξ1 is equivalent to x = b and ξ = ξn+2 is equivalent to x = a. Also, the existence of some k ∈ {3, . . . , m − 2} such that ξ = ξk and that (1.7) holds is equivalent to the existence of some l ∈ {2, . . . , n − 1} such that x = x1 + xn − xl = a + b − xl and that (2.2) holds. Therefore, applying Theorem D we get the desired conclusions. In the case e = (xn , . . . , x1 ) and v e = (vn , . . . , v1 ), when x is decreasing we simply replace x and v with x respectively, and then argue in the same manner. In the special case that v > 0 also, Vi > 0 and V j > 0, i = 1, . . . , n, and therefore according to (2.2) equality holds in (2.1) only when either x1 = · · · = xn = a or x1 = · · · = xn = b. Pj = In the following P theorem we will prove a refinement of Theorem B. Without loss of generality we assume that ni=1 vi = 1. Theorem 2.2. Let f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) and let [a, b] ⊆ [0, ∞) , a < b. Let x = P(x1 , . . . , xn ) be an n-tuple in [a, b]n and v = (v1 , . . . , vn ) a real n-tuple such that v ≥ 0 and ni=1 vi = 1. If f is superquadratic we have ! n n X X f (a) + f (b) − vi f (xi ) − f a + b − vi xi i=1 ≥ n X vi f i=1 (2.3) ≥ n X i=1 vi f n ! i=1 n X X xi − a b − xi vj xj − xi + 2 vi f (b − xi ) + f (xi − a) b − a b − a j=1 i=1 n ! n X X 2 (xi − a) (b − xi ) vj xj − xi + 2 vi f . b−a j=1 i=1 If f is strictly superquadratic and v > 0 equality holds in (2.3) iff xi = a, i = 1, . . . , n, or xi = b, i = 1, . . . , n. Proof. The proof follows the technique in [8] and refines the result to positive superquadratic functions. From Lemma A we know that for any λ ∈ [0, 1] the following holds: λf (a) + (1 − λ) f (b) − f (λa + (1 − λ) b) ≥ λf (|a − λa − (1 − λ) b|) + (1 − λ) f (|b − λa − (1 − λ) b|) = λf (|(1 − λ) (a − b)|) + (1 − λ) f (|λ (b − a)|) (2.4) = λf ((1 − λ) (b − a)) + (1 − λ) f (λ (b − a)) . Also, for any xi ∈ [a, b] there exists a unique λi ∈ [0, 1] such that xi = λi a + (1 − λi ) b. We have n n X X (2.5) f (a) + f (b) − vi f (xi ) = f (a) + f (b) − vi f (λi a + (1 − λi ) b) . i=1 J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 i=1 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ J ENSEN -S TEFFENSEN ’ S INEQUALITY - S UPERQUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 7 Applying (2.4) on every xi = λi a + (1 − λi ) b in (2.5) we obtain f (a) +f (b) − n X vi f (xi ) i=1 n X vi − λi f (a) − (1 − λi ) f (b) ≥ f (a) + f (b) + i=1 (2.6) + λi f ((1 − λi ) (b − a)) + (1 − λi ) f (λi (b − a)) n X = vi [(1 − λi ) f (a) + λi f (b)] i=1 + n X vi [λi f ((1 − λi ) (b − a)) + (1 − λi ) f (λi (b − a))] . i=1 Applying again (2.4) on (2.6) we get (2.7) f (a) + f (b) − n X vi f (xi ) ≥ n X i=1 vi f ((1 − λi ) a + λi b) i=1 +2 n X vi [λi f ((1 − λi ) (b − a)) + (1 − λi ) f (λi (b − a))] . i=1 Applying again Lemma A on (2.7) we obtain f (a) +f (b) − ≥f n X i=1 n X + vi f (xi ) ! vi [(1 − λi ) a + λi b] i=1 n X ! n X vj [(1 − λj ) a + λj b] (1 − λi ) a + λi b − vi f i=1 n X +2 j=1 vi [(1 − λi ) f (λi (b − a)) + λi f ((1 − λi ) (b − a))] i=1 ! n X =f a+b− vi xi + vi f vj xj − xi i=1 i=1 j=1 n X xi − a b − xi +2 vi f (b − xi ) + f (xi − a) , b − a b − a i=1 n X (2.8) ! n X and this is the first inequality in (2.3). Since f is a nonnegative superquadratic function, from Lemma B we know that it is also convex, so from (2.8) we have X n n X xi − a b − xi 2 (b − xi ) (xi − a) vi f (b − xi ) + f (xi − a) ≥ vi f , b−a b−a b−a i=1 i=1 hence, the second inequality in (2.3) is proved. J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ 8 S. A BRAMOVICH , M. K LARI ČI Ć BAKULA , AND S. BANI Ć For the case when f is strictly superquadratic and v > 0 we may deduce that inequalities (2.6) and (2.7) become equalities iff each of the λi , i = 1, . . . , n, is either equal to 1 or equal to 0, which means that xi ∈ {a, b} , i = 1, . . . , n. However, since we also have n X vj xj − xi = 0, i = 1, . . . , n, j=1 we deduce that xi = a, i = 1, . . . , n, or xi = b, i = 1, . . . , n. This completes the proof of the theorem. P Corollary 2.3. Let v = (v1 , . . . , vn )be a real n-tuple such that v ≥ 0, ni=1 vi = 1 and let x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) be an n-tuple in [a, b]n , 0 < a < b. Then for any real numbers r and s such that rs ≥ 2 we have s Qs (a, b; x) −1 Qr (a, b; x) n s n r X X 1 r r vi ≥ vj xj − xi Qr (a, b; x)s i=1 j=1 r # n r r X s s x i − ar r b − x i (2.9) +2 vi (b − xri ) r + r (xri − ar ) r r r r b −a b −a i=1 s rs n n n X r r r r r X X 2 (x − a ) (b − x ) 1 i i , ≥ vi vj xrj − xri + 2 vi s r r Qr (a, b; x) i=1 b − a j=1 i=1 1 P where Qp (a, b; x) = (ap + bp − ni=1 vi xi ) p , p ∈ R \ {0} . If rs > 2 and v > 0, the equalities hold in (2.9) iff xi = a, i = 1, . . . , n or xi = b, i = 1, . . . , n. s Proof. We define a function f : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞) as f (x) = x r . It can be easily checked that for any real numbers r and s such that rs ≥ 2 the function f is superquadratic. We define a new positive n-tuple ξ in [ar , br ] as ξi = xri , i = 1, . . . , n. From Theorem 2.2 we have ! rs n n X X as + b s − vi xsi − ar + br − vi xri i=1 (2.10) i=1 s r n n n X r X X s s br − xri r x i − ar r r r r r r r ≥ vi vj xj − xi + 2 vi r (b − xi ) + r (xi − a ) r r b − a b − a i=1 j=1 i=1 s s n n n X r X X 2 (xri − ar ) (br − xri ) r r r vi ≥ vi vj xj − xi + 2 ≥ 0. b r − ar i=1 i=1 j=1 We have as + b s − n X vi xsi − ar + b r − i=1 n X ! rs vi xri = Qs (a, b; x)s − Qr (a, b; x)s i=1 so from (2.10) the inequalities in (2.9) follow. s The equality case follows from the equality case in Theorem 2.2, as the function f (x) = x r is strictly superquadratic for rs > 2. J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ J ENSEN -S TEFFENSEN ’ S INEQUALITY - S UPERQUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 9 Remark 2.4. It is an immediate result of Corollary 2.3 that if rs > 2 and there is at least one j ∈ {1, . . . , n} such that vj xrj − ar br − xrj > 0, then for this j we have ! rs s 2 xrj − ar br − xrj Qs (a, b; x) 2vj > 0. −1> Qr (a, b; x) Qr (a, b; x)s b r − ar 3. A N A LTERNATIVE P ROOF OF T HEOREM B In this section we give an interesting alternative proof of Theorem B based on Theorem E. To carry out that proof we need the following technical lemma. Lemma 3.1. Let y = (y1 , . . P . , ym ) be a decreasing real m-tuple and p = (p1 , . . . , pm ) a nonnegative real m-tuple with m i=1 pi = 1 . We define m X y= pi yi i=1 and the m-tuple y = (y, y, . . . , y) . Then the m-tuples η = y, ξ = y and p satisfy conditions (1.8) and (1.9). Proof. Note that y is a convex combination of y1 , y2 , . . . , ym , so we know that ym ≤ y ≤ y1 . From the definitions of the m-tuples ξ and η we have m m m m X X X X pi = y = pi yi = p i ηi . pi ξi = y i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 Hence, condition (1.9) is satisfied. Furthermore, for k = 1, 2, . . . , m − 1 we have k X p i ηi − k X i=1 pi ξi = k X i=1 pi yi − y i=1 = Since k X i=1 i=1 pi i=1 k X pi yi − i=1 Pm k X m X p j yj j=1 k X pi . i=1 pi = 1 , we can write p i ηi − k X pi ξi = i=1 k X pj + j=1 = = m X pj k X j=k+1 k X m X i=1 pj pi yi − i=1 k X ! pi m X k X pi yi − pj yi − k X j=1 m X pi i=1 j=k+1 pi k X i=1 j=k+1 i=1 = m X pj yj + m X j=k+1 ! pj yj k X pi i=1 pj yj j=k+1 m X ! pj yj j=k+1 pj (yi − yj ) . j=k+1 J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ 10 S. A BRAMOVICH , M. K LARI ČI Ć BAKULA , AND S. BANI Ć Since p is nonnegative and y is decreasing, we obtain k X p i ηi − i=1 k X pi ξi ≥ 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , m − 1, i=1 which means that condition (1.8) is satisfied as well. Now we can give an alternative proof of Theorem B which is mainly based on Theorem E. P Proof of Theorem B. Since x = ni=1 wi xi is a convex combination of x1 , x2 , . . . , xn it is clear that there is an s ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n − 1} such that x1 ≤ · · · ≤ xs ≤ x ≤ xs+1 ≤ · · · ≤ xn , that is, −x1 ≥ · · · ≥ −xs ≥ −x ≥ −xs+1 ≥ · · · ≥ −xn . (3.1) Adding x1 + xn to all the inequalities in (3.1) we obtain xn ≥ · · · ≥ x1 + xn − xs ≥ x1 + xn − x ≥ x1 + xn − xs+1 ≥ · · · ≥ x1 , which gives us (3.2) x1 + xn − x = x1 + xn − n X wi xi ∈ [x1 , xn ] . i=1 We use (1.10) to prove the theorem. For this, we define the (n + 2)-tuples ξ, η and p as follows: η1 = xn , η2 = xn , η3 = xn−1 , . . . , ηn = x2 , ηn+1 = x1 , ηn+2 = x1 , p1 = 1, p2 = −wn , p3 = −wn−1 , . . . , pn = −w2 , pn+1 = −w1 , pn+2 = 1, ξ1 = ξ2 = · · · = ξn+2 = η, η= n+2 X p i ηi = x 1 + x n − i=1 wj xj . j=1 It is easily verified that ξ and η are decreasing and that η and p satisfy conditions (1.8) and (1.9). Condition (1.9) is trivially fulfilled since n+2 X n X pi ξi = η n+2 X pi = η = i=1 i=1 Pn+2 i=1 n+2 X pi = 1. It remains to see that ξ, p i ηi . i=1 Further, we have ξi = η, i = 1, 2, . . . , n + 2 . To prove (1.8) , we need to demonstrate that (3.3) η k X pi ≤ i=1 k X pi ηi , k = 1, 2, . . . , n + 1. i=1 For k = 1, (3.3) becomes η ≤ xn , and this holds because of (3.2) . On the other hand, for k = n + 1, (3.3) becomes ! n n X X η 1− wi ≤ xn − wi xi , i=1 i=1 that is, 0 ≤ xn − x, and this holds because of (3.2) . J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ J ENSEN -S TEFFENSEN ’ S INEQUALITY - S UPERQUADRATIC FUNCTIONS 11 If k ∈ {2, . . . , n} , (3.3) can be rewritten and in its stead we have to prove that ! n n X X wi xi . (3.4) η 1− wi ≤ xn − i=n+2−k i=n+2−k Let us consider the decreasing n-tuple y, where yi = x1 + xn − xi , i = 1, 2, . . . , n. We have y= n X wi yi i=1 = n X wi (x1 + xn − xi ) i=1 = x1 + xn − n X wi xi = x1 + xn − x = η. i=1 If we apply Lemma 3.1 to the n-tuple y and to the weights w, then m = n and for all l ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n − 1} the inequality l X y wi ≤ i=1 l X wi (x1 + xn − xi ) i=1 P P holds. Taking into consideration that y = η, li=1 wi = 1 − ni=l+1 wi and changing indices as l = n + 1 − k, we deduce that ! n+1−k n X X (3.5) η 1− wi ≤ wi (x1 + xn − xi ) , i=1 i=n+2−k for all k ∈ {2, . . . , n}. The difference between the right side of (3.4) and the right side of (3.5) is n n+1−k X X xn − wi xi − wi (x1 + xn − xi ) i=1 i=n+2−k n X = xn − wi xi − xn = xn 1 − ! wi = xn i=n+2−k n X = i=n+2−k wi − wi xi − wi xi − wi (x1 − xi ) n+1−k X wi (x1 − xi ) i=1 i=n+2−k wi (xn − xi ) + n+1−k X i=1 i=n+2−k n X wi (x1 − xi ) i=1 n X − i=1 n X wi − n+1−k X i=1 i=n+2−k n+1−k X n+1−k X n+1−k X wi (xi − x1 ) ≥ 0, i=1 since w is nonnegative and x is increasing. Therefore, the inequality (3.6) n+1−k X wi (x1 + xn − xi ) ≤ xn − i=1 J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 n X wi xi i=n+2−k http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ 12 S. A BRAMOVICH , M. K LARI ČI Ć BAKULA , AND S. BANI Ć holds for all k ∈ {2, . . . , n}. From (3.5) and (3.6) we obtain (3.4) . This completes the proof that the m-tuples ξ, η and p satisfy conditions (1.8) and (1.9) and we can apply Theorem E to obtain n n+2 X X wi f (xi ) + f (x1 ) . pi f (η) ≤ f (xn ) − i=1 i=1 Taking into consideration that f Pn+2 x1 + xn − i=1 n X pi = 1 and η = x1 + xn − ! wi xi ≤ f (x1 ) + f (xn ) − i=1 Pn j=1 n X wj xj we finally get wi f (xi ) . i=1 R EFERENCES [1] S. ABRAMOVICH, G. JAMESON AND G. SINNAMON, Refining Jensen’s inequality, Bull. Math. Soc. Math. Roum., 47 (2004), 3–14. [2] S. ABRAMOVICH, G. JAMESON AND G. SINNAMON, Inequalities for averages of convex and superquadratic functions, J. Inequal. in Pure and Appl. Math., 5(4) (2004), Art. 91. 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Math., 5(3) (2004), Art. 73. [ONLINE: http://jipam.vu.edu.au/article. php?sid=425]. J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 7(2) Art. 70, 2006 http://jipam.vu.edu.au/