UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
*8592437575*
2217/02
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 2
October/November 2009
2 hours 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials:
Calculator
Ruler
Protractor
Plain paper
1:50 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this Question Paper.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Section B
Answer one question.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an
answer.
The Insert contains Fig. 9 and Tables 4 and 5 for Question 7, and Table 7 for
Question 8.
The Survey Map Extract and the Insert are not required by the Examiner.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
Section B
Q7
Q8
Total
This document consists of 27 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.
DC (NF/CGW) 10960/10
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2
Section A
For
Examiner’s
Use
Answer all questions in this section.
1
Study the 1:50 000 map of Glendale, Zimbabwe.
(a) (i)
Identify the transport route that crosses the railway at 961797.
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(ii)
Which compass direction does the railway take from Glendale towards Concession?
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(b) State the general direction of drainage in square 9776.
From ............................... to ......................................... .
(c) (i)
(ii)
[1]
Calculate the average gradient of the road between the spot height in 9478 and the
spot height in 0081.
Height difference ............................................... metres
[1]
Road distance ..................................................... metres
[1]
Gradient = 1 in ...............................................
[1]
Why do the actual gradients over this stretch of road differ from the average
gradient?
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(d) Fig. 1 shows a cross-section from 930820 to 930880. This is marked as line A–B on the
map extract.
A
B
1160
1160
road-other
height
(metres)
1140
1140
1120
1120
1100
930820
height
(metres)
1100
930880
Fig. 1
(i)
© UCLES 2009
On Fig. 1 use labelled arrows with the correct letter to show the positions of:
•
the narrow tarred road (R)
•
the island in the Murowodzi River (I)
•
the Mwenje River (M)
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3
(ii)
State four types of land use along the A–B line.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
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(e) Study the area of Glendale within the part of the extract shown on Fig. 2.
92
93
94
95
96
97
83
83
82
82
81
81
80
80
79
79
92
93
94
95
96
97
Fig. 2
(i)
(ii)
Identify one example of each of the following services in Glendale;
•
Transport ..........................................
•
Leisure ..............................................
•
Health ...............................................
[3]
On Fig. 2, draw the course of the Mazowe River and show with an arrow its direction
of flow.
[3]
[Total: 20 marks]
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2
(a) Study Table 1 and Fig. 3, which show climate data for Jakarta, Indonesia.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Table 1
months
J
F
M
A
average temperature (°C)
26
26
26
27
rainfall (mm)
340 300 210 140
30
20
rainfall (mm)
300
200
10
average temperature (°C)
400
100
0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
0
months
Fig. 3
(i)
Use the data from Table 1 to complete the graph in Fig. 3.
(ii)
Calculate the annual temperature range for Jakarta.
[2]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii)
From the graph, state the temperature and rainfall for September.
Temperature ....................................
Rainfall ............................................
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5
(b) Indonesia has many active volcanoes. Eruptions often eject large quantities of dust into
the atmosphere. This can have the effect of reducing the temperature.
Suggest one reason for this.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(c) Following the tsunami of December 2004, when many thousands lost their homes,
temporary aid camps were established in Indonesia.
Using Fig. 3, suggest how the climate may have affected the conditions in the aid
camps.
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[Total: 8 marks]
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3
Study Fig. 4, which shows the use of chemical fertilisers in Africa.
For
Examiner’s
Use
N
no data
Algeria
Democratic
Republic
of
Congo
Key
chemical fertiliser use kg/hectare
less than 1
1–9.99
10–99.99
100–1000
over 1000
Fig. 4
(a) Complete Fig. 4 using the information below and the correct shading.
Country
kg/hectare
Algeria
130
Democratic Republic of Congo
16
[2]
(b) Circle the correct underlined words to complete the statements.
“A high use of fertiliser per hectare indicates an extensive / intensive farming system.
The country with the highest use of fertiliser per hectare is in the north-east / south
of Africa.”
[2]
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(c) Suggest advantages and disadvantages of using chemicals in food production on
farms.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Advantages
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Disadvantages
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[Total: 8 marks]
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4
Study Fig. 5, which is a sketch of a stretch of coast.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 5
(a) Use arrows, labelled with the given letters, to locate the following on Fig. 5:
•
•
•
(b) (i)
the place where two rock types meet B
evidence of recent cliff collapse / rockfall C
the wave-cut platform P
[3]
Identify two differences between the cliff to the left and the cliff to the right of the
sign.
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(ii)
Suggest reasons for these differences.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
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[Total: 8 marks]
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5
Study Table 2, which shows the GDP per person of eight countries. GDP per person gives an
indication of level of development.
Table 2
Country
GDP per person
(US$)
Canada
31 263
Georgia
2 844
Haiti
1 844
Honduras
2 876
Indonesia
3 609
Italy
28 180
New Zealand
23 413
Norway
38 454
(a) Use the information in Table 2 to rank the countries in order of their GDP per person.
Norway
High GDP per person .......................................
.......................................
.......................................
.......................................
.......................................
.......................................
.......................................
Low GDP per person
Haiti
.......................................
[1]
(b) Study Fig. 6, opposite, which shows the employment structure for the same countries.
(i)
Use the data in Table 3 to complete the graph, by marking and labelling the positions
of Honduras and Canada on Fig. 6.
Table 3
Honduras (LEDC)
Canada (MEDC)
% primary
% secondary
% tertiary
50
4
20
33
30
63
[2]
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Examiner’s
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11
0
10
Key
90
20
MEDC
80
ind
ry
50
i nd
Italy
ry
60
tia
da
50
40
us
ter
n
co
se
60
tr y
Norway
70
%
%
70
40
us
try
30
LEDC
For
Examiner’s
Use
100
30
80
New
Zealand
Indonesia
20
90
10
Georgia
Haiti
10
0
10
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0
% primary industry
Fig. 6
(ii)
Use Fig. 6 to find the percentage employed in primary industry and tertiary industry
in Indonesia and New Zealand.
% Primary
% Tertiary
Indonesia
.........................
.........................
New Zealand
.........................
.........................
[2]
(c) Describe the differences in employment structure between MEDCs and LEDCs shown
in Fig. 6.
Differences
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[Total: 8 marks]
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6
Study Fig. 7, which shows the origin of the foreign-born population of the USA as a
percentage.
Origin of the foreign-born population of the USA
0%
Central
America
Europe
Asia
50%
Fig. 7
(a) Complete Fig. 7 using the information below:
Caribbean
South America
Other regions
10%
6%
8%
[2]
(b) Which area has had the highest percentage of migrants to the USA?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
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13
(c) Study Fig. 8, which shows world regions.
Canada
Europe
USA
Central
America
For
Examiner’s
Use
Asia
Caribbean
Africa
South
America
Oceania
Fig. 8
Identify one region of the world labelled on Fig. 8 which would be included in ‘Other
regions’ on Fig. 7.
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(d) Use Fig. 8 to help you to suggest reasons for the pattern of foreign-born population
shown in Fig. 7.
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[Total: 8 marks]
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Section B
For
Examiner’s
Use
Answer one question in this section.
7
A major impact of many people visiting countryside areas is the increase in footpath erosion.
A lot of people walking over open ground presses down the soil and wears it away.
Evidence used to indicate the amount of footpath erosion may involve factors such as:
•
the percentage of bare ground
•
the height of vegetation
•
infiltration time (how long it takes water to soak into the soil)
Students who wanted to investigate the impact of this erosion decided to test the following
hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1: Footpath erosion decreases away from the centre of the footpath.
Hypothesis 2: Footpath erosion affects the rate at which water soaks into the soil.
The students carried out their investigation on a path that was very popular for walkers. They
chose three sites at varying distances from the car park.
These sites are shown on Fig. 9 (Insert).
At each site, the students carried out their investigation across a 10 metre transect. This is
shown in Fig. 10.
Investigation site and equipment used
quadrat
ruler
9
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
tape measure
1
0
Fig. 10
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15
(a) (i)
First the students investigated vegetation and bare ground across each transect.
The results of this investigation at Site A are shown in Table 4 (Insert).
For
Examiner’s
Use
How were the results shown in Table 4 obtained?
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(ii)
Use the results in Table 4 (Insert) to complete the ‘kite’ diagram, Fig. 11, to show
the percentage of bare ground at sample points 10 and 11 across the transect at
Site A. Complete the shading to show the amount of bare ground.
[3]
bare ground (%)
Percentage of bare ground across
the transect at Site A
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
100
11
sample point
Fig. 11
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(iii)
Use the results in Table 4 (Insert) to complete Fig. 12, to show the average height
of vegetation at points 8, 9, 10 and 11 across the transect at Site A.
[2]
Average height of vegetation at Site A
18
average height of vegetation (cm)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
sample point
Fig. 12
(iv)
What conclusion could the students make about Hypothesis 1,
Footpath erosion decreases away from the centre of the footpath?
What evidence supports this conclusion?
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Examiner’s
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17
(b) (i)
Next, the students investigated infiltration of water into the soil across the transect.
Study Fig. 13, which shows the equipment used by the students to measure
infiltration. Their results are shown in Table 5 (Insert).
For
Examiner’s
Use
Equipment used to measure infiltration
piece of
drainpipe
hammer or
mallet
water
measuring jug
30
28
58
26
56
24 54
22 52
50
20
48
18
2
32
15
3
12
9
4
34
6
6
36
38 8
40
1/10
46
16
44
42
10
12
14
stopwatch
Fig. 13
Explain how they carried out this investigation.
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(ii)
Use the results shown in Table 5 (Insert) to complete Fig. 14, to show the infiltration
times at points 9, 10 and 11 across the transect.
[2]
Infiltration times at Site A
80
infiltration time (seconds)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
sample point
Fig. 14
(iii)
Look again at Table 4 (Insert) and Fig. 14. What is the relationship between the
percentage of bare ground and the infiltration time at the sample points at Site A?
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(iv)
Suggest why the infiltration time increases towards the centre of the path.
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Examiner’s
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19
(c) The students did the same investigations at Sites B and C, shown on Fig. 9 (Insert).
How and why might these results differ from those at Site A?
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(d) In this investigation into footpath erosion, the students studied the amount of vegetation
cover and the rate at which water soaks into the soil. How might the following suggestions
have improved their investigation?
A pedestrian count
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A questionnaire
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Repeating the study at different times of the year
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(e) What techniques can be used to protect the natural environment in parts of the
countryside which are popular with tourists?
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[Total: 30 marks]
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8
Students wanted to investigate the quality of the urban landscape in different parts of their
town. To do this they decided to carry out an environmental survey, to find out if the quality of
the environment varies between streets.
They decided to focus their investigation on the following hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1: The quality of the environment is affected by the type of land use.
Hypothesis 2: The quality of the environment varies with distance from the town
centre.
The students selected 20 streets to survey. Their selection criteria were:
•
the street must have one main land use
•
the streets must be at different distances from the town centre
They decided to have four land use categories:
•
residential
•
industrial
•
shopping
•
open space
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Examiner’s
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21
(a) The positions of the survey sites are shown on Fig. 15.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Positions of survey sites
North
km 6
5
S3
F4
4
O3
O1
3
2
F1
R1
O2
West
6
km
1
R3
S2
5
4
3
2
1
S4
R4
1
S1
O4 1
2
3
4
5
km
6
East
S5
F5
2
F2
F3
3
4
5
R2
6 km
South
Key
town centre
position of
survey point
Land uses:
R residential
F industrial
S shopping
O open space
Fig. 15
Complete Fig. 15 by marking on the position of the final two streets, using the information
below.
Reference number
Distance from town
centre (km)
Direction from town
centre
residential
R5
2.0
north east
open space
O5
4.5
south west
Land use
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(b) The students produced an environmental quality reference sheet to use at each site.
This is shown in Table 6.
Table 6
Environmental quality reference sheet
Category
Description
Litter
No litter
3
Small amount of litter
2
A lot of litter
1
All kinds of litter scattered widely
0
Well maintained
3
Slightly uneven
2
Uneven
1
Very poor condition
0
Well kept
3
Badly kept or poor quality
2
Damaged trees and shrubs, grass not cut
1
Derelict and unplanted areas
0
Well designed and in good condition
3
Adequate provision, satisfactory condition
2
Missing or inadequate
1
Badly cared for or vandalised
0
Well placed and visible
3
Badly placed
2
Confusing and cluttered
1
Inadequate information
0
Roads and pavements
Trees, shrubs and grass
Street furniture (lamp
posts, telephone boxes,
street lights, bins)
Road signs
Score
Traffic
3
2
1
0
Noise
Low level noise
3
2
Frequent disturbing and distracting noise
1
0
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23
(i)
Complete the ‘Traffic’ section by inserting the following descriptions in the correct
order in Table 6:
For
Examiner’s
Use
Traffic moving freely, heavy parking
Traffic congested, not moving freely
Clear road with light parking
Traffic moving freely, light parking
[1]
(ii)
Complete the ‘Noise’ section of Table 6 by inserting appropriate descriptions.
[2]
(iii)
What decisions would the students have to make in organising and carrying out the
environmental quality survey?
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(c)
The students needed to record the results of their environmental quality survey. In
Fig. 16, design a sheet which could be used to record their results for one street.
[3]
Environmental quality survey
Name of street …………………………………………
Fig. 16
(d) The results of the environmental quality survey are shown in Table 7 (Insert).
(i)
© UCLES 2009
Use these results to complete the dispersion graph, Fig. 17. Plot the environmental
quality scores of the residential streets R1 and R4 and circle the median (middle)
value for residential land use.
[3]
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25
environmental quality score
Results of environmental quality survey
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
For
Examiner’s
Use
Key
median (middle)
value
residential industrial
shopping open space
land use categories
Fig. 17
(ii)
In the space below, rank the four land use categories in order of their median
(middle) score.
Rank
Land use category
High
Low
[1]
(iii)
The students accepted Hypothesis 1, that
‘The quality of the environment is affected by the type of land use’.
Do you agree with them? Support your decision with evidence from Fig. 17.
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(iv)
Suggest reasons for the difference in results between the industrial areas and the
shopping areas.
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(e) (i)
Look again at the results’ sheet, Table 7 (Insert). Use these results to complete the
scatter graph, Fig. 18, by plotting the environmental quality scores of the residential
streets R1, R4 and R5.
[3]
How environmental quality varies with distance
from town centre
environmental quality
score
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
distance from town centre (km)
Fig. 18
(ii)
Looking at the results shown in Fig. 18, do you accept or reject Hypothesis 2, that
‘The quality of the environment varies with distance from the town centre’?
Give evidence for your answer.
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Examiner’s
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27
(f)
Having completed the survey, the students were discussing the methods they had used
with their teacher. They identified the following two things that they felt could have been
improved:
•
•
The environmental quality reference sheet Table 6
The four land use categories they had identified (residential, industrial, shopping, open
space)
What problems do you think the students might have identified about the environmental
quality reference sheet and the four land use categories?
The environmental quality reference sheet
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The four land use categories
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[Total: 30 marks]
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28
BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 6 Fig. 7
© Luke J Larson; The Foreign-Born Population in the United States; US Census Bureau; 2003
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