UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
2217/01
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1
October/November 2004
1 hour 45 minutes
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Answer Booklet/Paper
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Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
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Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer three questions, one from each section.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
The insert contains Photograph A for Question 3 and Fig. 6 for Question 4.
This document consists of 12 printed pages, 4 blank pages and an insert.
SP (DR) S70174/3
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Section A
Answer one question from this section.
1
(a) What is meant by the term ‘natural increase of population’?
Explain how it is calculated.
[3]
(b) Fig. 1 shows the growth of population in world regions from 1950 to 2050.
World Population in billions
10
North America
Europe
North Africa / West Asia
Latin America
& the Caribbean
8
6
Sub-Saharan Africa
Population
(billions)
4
Asia and Oceania
2
0
1950 60 70 80
90 2000 10 20 30 40 50
Forecast
Year
Fig. 1
(i)
(ii)
© UCLES 2004
What does the diagram show about
A the rate of growth of the world’s total population from 1950 to 2000,
[2]
B the proportions of population in the world regions over the 100 year period?
[4]
Suggest reasons why the growth of population is
A large in some world regions,
[5]
B much less in other world regions.
[5]
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(c) Now study Fig. 2 which refers to Japan, a major developed country in Asia. It shows how the
population aged over 60 is likely to develop by 2050 both in percentage terms and
dependency ratio.
A
Population aged 60 years or over (%)
B
Dependency Ratio
50
50 1:1
40
40
30
30 1:2
20
20
10
10 1:5
0
1:1
1:2
1:5
0
1980
90
2000
10
20
30
40
Forecast
50
1980
90
2000
Year
10
20
30
40
Forecast
50
Year
Fig. 2
(i)
What is meant by the term ‘dependency ratio’?
(ii)
With reference to data from Fig. 2, explain why the expected developments shown will
create problems for the country now and in the future.
[4]
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[2]
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4
(a) Study Fig. 3 which shows a settlement hierarchy.
Number of functions (services) provided
2
capital/primate city
cities
X
(tourist resort)
large towns
small towns
villages
Y
(dormitory settlement - where people live
but most work in other towns and cities)
Population, size of settlements
Fig. 3
(i)
Explain what ‘settlement hierarchy’ means.
(ii)
What does Fig. 3 suggest about the relationship between the number of and the sizes of
settlements?
[1]
(iii)
Fig. 3 also shows that two types of settlement (X and Y) may not fit into the general
relationship shown.
Describe the position of each of these settlements on the graph and suggest a reason for
each position.
[2,2]
(iv)
State the type of functions (services) found in most villages and explain how they may
differ from those in towns.
[4]
(v)
Explain how the functions of a capital/primate city may differ from the functions
(services) found in other settlements within a country.
[3]
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[1]
5
(b) Now look at Fig. 4 which shows the percentages of land use in the CBD (Central Business
District) of a large city.
Give reasons for the pattern shown.
[5]
Percentage of land use in the CBD of a large city
transport
public buildings
residential
(including entertainment)
shops
offices
Fig. 4
(c) Explain why many towns and cities throughout the world are restricting the use of private
vehicles in central areas and are encouraging the use of public transport.
[7]
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
3
(a) Photograph A (Insert) shows a wave breaking along a coastline.
(i)
On the photograph, locate by means of an arrow and label ‘swash’, ‘backwash’ and
‘crest’.
[3]
(ii)
The wave shown is a destructive wave. What is meant by a destructive wave and how
does it differ from a constructive wave?
[4]
(b) (i)
State two factors which influence the energy of a wave.
[2]
(ii)
What is the difference between hydraulic action and corrasion (abrasion) by waves? [4]
(iii)
By means of a labelled diagram or sketch map only, describe the process of longshore
drift.
[4]
(c) Fig. 5 shows a stretch of coastline protected by the building of a sea wall and structures such
as X - Y.
Key:
accumulation of
beach material
cliff
X
sea wall
Y
sea
Fig.5
(i)
Suggest how the cliff was being eroded before the sea wall was built.
(ii)
Describe the structure X - Y and explain how it may reduce the longshore drift of beach
material.
[4]
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[4]
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4
(a) (i)
Fig. 6 (Insert) is a diagram of tropical rain (evergreen) forest.
With the aid of labels added to Fig. 6, describe five of the main features of this type of
natural vegetation.
[5]
(ii)
Explain three ways in which features of tropical rain forest are adapted to the climate. [3]
(b) Study Fig. 7 (opposite) showing the distribution of tropical rain forest in part of central Africa
and answer the following.
(i)
Which country named on the map has the largest percentage of its area covered by
tropical rain forest?
[1]
(ii)
Which one of the five named countries has the lowest percentage of its area covered
with tropical rain forest?
[1]
(iii)
Which part of the Central African Republic is lacking in tropical rain forest?
[1]
(c) Now read the newspaper extract below, Fig. 8, which was published in 2002 and relates to
the area of tropical rain forest shown in Fig. 7.
Big Five seek to
save Congo forests
The
world’s five richest
countries,
international
conservation groups and
giant logging companies,
will pump up to U.S. $100m
into trying to save the forests
of the Congo basin. This is
the largest stretch of
unbroken forest in the world
after the Amazon.
The Congo basin was until
a decade ago virtually
untouched forest. It has now
been invaded by Europeanbased logging companies.
The wood is exported
mainly to Europe and almost
all is known to have been
felled illegally, with little or
no monitoring of the
industry. The scale of
destruction in the Congo
basin is now thought to be so
serious and rapid that up to
20% of the forest could be
lost within 15 years. This
could result in climate
changes, more river flooding
and the loss of plant species.
Fig. 8
(i)
Even though there was an agreement in 2002, it will be difficult to conserve the
remaining tropical rain forest in the region shown in Fig. 7.
A Give your views on what should be done to conserve the forest.
[4]
B Explain why conservation will be difficult.
[4]
(ii)
How does the removal of tropical rain forest influence
A climate,
B rivers,
C plant species?
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N
CAMEROON
CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
GABON
CONGO
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
border of country
northern edge of original tropical rainforest
areas covered by tropical rainforest today
0
200
km
protected areas of rainforest,
such as Forest Reserves
Fig. 7 for Question 4(b) opposite
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Section C
Answer one question from this section.
5
(a) Fig. 9 shows two features of the climate of Montego Bay (a major tourist resort in Jamaica in
the Caribbean region of central America) and London in the United Kingdom.
Temperature and sunshine statistics for London and Montego Bay
30
Montego Bay
25
London
20
temperature
15
°C
10
5
0
J
F
M
Montego Bay
9.0
9.0
London
1.8
2.0
A
A
S
O
N
D months
9.0 10.0
9.5
9.0
9.0
8.5
8.5 Sunshine
7.6
6.3
5.0
3.5
2.0
1.6
M
J
9.5 10.0
9.0
4.0
6.4
5.6
J
7.2
hours
(average
per day)
Fig. 9
(i)
Use the data in Fig. 9 only to suggest why many people from the United Kingdom may
be attracted to visit Montego Bay.
[3]
(ii)
Name one other climate feature that might interest a tourist planning a visit to Montego
Bay from the United Kingdom.
[1]
(b) Give reasons for the increase in international tourism in recent years.
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(c) Fig. 10 shows some of the effects of tourists developments on the environment and on people
living in various parts of the world.
Paradise Lost
Cancun
The Balearics
The Mexican government
built two causeways to a reef
island. Now it has 19 000
hotel rooms, 1.5 million
visitors a year and 260 000
permanent residents. The
causeways reduced water
flow into the lagoon, which
along with waste from the
hotels drastically reduced
marine life.
More than 10 million people
now visit Majorca each year.
Ibiza, once a remote, rural
island, now has 2 million
visitors a year. The number of
cars on the island has risen
by 52% in 10 years; there are
now more cars than people.
Most of Ibiza’s natural springs
have run dry, and five of the
seven underground water
sources are contaminated.
The Gambia
Kenya
Goa
The country’s coastline has
eroded significantly as a
result of tourist developments.
In some areas beaches are
disappearing at a rate of 5
metres every year, and the
sea is now threatening a
major highway. Forests have
disappeared to make way for
tower blocks, and local
people say they have been
forced from their farmland
and banned from fishing
close to shore.
Water on the Shaba reserve
has been diverted from a
spring used by local Samburu
people for use by a luxury
hotel. Masai people were
evicted from their lands to
make way for safari tourism
in the 1980s.
Luxury hotels require up to
270000 litres of water a day,
often pumped from villages
which have been left with
only a standpipe. The water
table is now critically low, and
wells are running dry, even in
winter months.
Fig. 10
(i)
(ii)
© UCLES 2004
With reference to information in Fig. 10 and from studies you have made, explain how the
growth of tourism has
A changed the natural environment,
[4]
B caused problems for local people.
[4]
For a named tourist area, describe the benefits for local people from the growth of the
tourist industry.
[7]
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6
(a) (i)
Using the information in Fig. 11, explain how electricity may be generated and
transported from a hydro-electric power station.
[4]
inlet tower – controls water moving
from the reservoir into the penstock
dam – holding back
the reservoir
generator – connected to
turbines - produce electricity
power station
transmission lines –
carry electricity to
consumers
reservoir
transformer –
raises the voltage
of the electricity
penstock – tunnel
carrying water from
reservoir
turbines – blades in
turbines turned by
flowing water
water outflow –
downstream
Fig. 11
(ii)
What physical features, including climate, favour the siting of a hydro-electric power
station?
[4]
(iii)
Why are objections sometimes made when it is proposed to develop a reservoir and
hydro-electric power station in a rural location?
[3]
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1 of the world’s population) cannot obtain electricity. Instead many gather
(b) Two billion people (–
3
wood and animal dung for burning as a fuel. Study the newspaper extract (Fig. 12 below) and
suggest reasons why:
(i)
so much energy production depends on the burning of wood and animal dung in
developing countries;
[2]
(ii)
such large-scale burning of wood and animal dung may cause problems for people and
the environment.
[6]
billion people, or a
Two
third of the world’s
population, cannot get
electricity or any form of
modern
energy.
In
countries such as Sierra
Leone,
Uganda
and
Malawi, 95 per cent of the
people lack such power
resources. Instead they
have to gather wood and
dung, often walking for
hours every day carrying
backbreaking loads, and
robbing the land of tree
cover and fertility in the
process.
Smoke trapped inside
homes from burning wood
and dung kills 2.2 million
people a year - mainly
women and children - and
is responsible for 5 per
cent of the total burden of
disease worldwide, said
the
United
Nations
Environment Programme.
Burning the wood and
dung gives off smoke that
contains a cocktail of
poisonous
chemicals
likely to cause respiratory
and heart disease.
This pollution is one of
the leading causes of
childhood and infant
mortality.
Fig.12
(c) Alternative energy sources, including hydro-electricity, only provide 10% of the world’s
energy.
Suggest reasons for this.
[6]
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Copyright Acknowledgements:
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
© The Economist
© The Economist
© The Guardian. www.guardian.co.uk
EUSTON, BROWN AND WOODWARD. Geography. © Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press.
© The Independent
Every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders where the publishers (i.e. UCLES) are aware that third-party material has been reproduced.
The publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights they have unwittingly infringed.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.
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