Oregon
State
.
University
op Science Report
RESEARCH/ EXTENSION
CLUB WHEATS FOR OREGON
By Russ Karow and Chuck Rohde'
Club Wheats (Triticum compactum) have traditionionally been grown in the
lower rainfall areas of eastern Oregon. Wheat varieties grown in such areas
must often be taller than the semi-dwarf common wheats grown in areas of higher
yield potential. Semi-dwarfs have shorter coleoptile and internode lengths and
aren't able to emerge as quickly or from as great a depth as the taller clubs.
However, in recent years, cereal breeders have developed several common wheats
that do perform well under lower rainfall conditions. Improvements in common
wheats over the years have caused, and continue to cause, club wheat acreage to
decline.
Stripe rust has also dealt another blow to club wheats in recent years.
Most club wheat varieties have race specific forms of rust resistance and many
of these specific resistance genes have been overcome by new rust races. This
past growing season was particularly devastating in that Jacmar, Faro, Moro,
and Tyee were all heavily infected by rust in parts of the Columbia Basin.
Moro and Tyee have shown a slight level of resistance, in some areas, which
would suggest that each may contain one or several minor resistance genes which
confer resistance to some races of rust. However, both are susceptible to
other rust races and are likely to suffer yield reduction due to rust.
Crew and Tres, newer varieties out of Washington State University, are
still rated as intermediate to resistant in their stripe rust reactions. Crew
is a multiline variety composed of ten separate wheat lines. While several of
the ten lines carry effective resistance genes, others are susceptible to
current stripe rust races. Hence, a certain percentage of plants in a field of
Crew will be highly infected by rust.
Tres is a pure line with a single gene
for adult plant rust resistance and is expected to show a uniform reaction to
rust.
'Extension Cereals Specialist, Crop Science Department, Oregon State University; Columbia Basin Experiment Station Cereal Breeder, Pendleton,
respectively.
EXT/CRS 53
11/84
-2-
Fungicides for stripe rust control are available and have proven to be
very effective. The availability of fungicides allows club wheat growers in
rust infested areas to make a decision when choosing winter wheat varieties for
the 1984-85 growing season.
A grower may decide to grow and spray a rustsusceptible club wheat with a proven yield in his area, or to grow a rustresistant common or club variety with a lower yield potential or an unproven
yield record.
To assist in making this decision, agronomic, disease, and yield data on
the club wheats and the better dryland common wheats are provided in Tables 1,
2 and 3, respectively. Yield information is only available for selected varieties and is taken from variety trials conducted over several locations by Chuck
Crampton. In addition, brief variety descriptions of each club variety are
given below.
No attempt has been made to make a variety recommendation as growing
conditions vary considerably across the Columbia Basin; however, an effort has
been made to point out the strengths and weaknesses of each variety.
VARIETIES
Barbee
Barbee is a bearded, brown-chaffed, semi-dwarf wheat released in 1976 by
Washington State University. It equals Moro in test weight and winter hardiness.
Compared to Paha, Barbee is slower to emerge, about six inches shorter,
and very resistant to lodging. Barbee matures about two days later than Paha;
therefore, it may be too late for most of the club wheat-growing areas of
northeastern Oregon.
It is resistant to smut, but susceptible to stripe rust
and Cercosporella foot rot.
The baking quality of its flour is very good, but
milling quality is similar to that of Nugaines and not as good as that of Faro
or Moro.
Crew
Crew is a multiline variety of club wheat made up of a blend of 10 components which have resistant, intermediate, or susceptible reactions to the
prevalent races of stripe rust.
It is heterogenous for plant height, chaff
color, and heading date because of inherent differences among its components.
Crew equaled or exceeded Faro for stand establishment, cold hardiness, and
lodging resistance.
In tests at Moro and Pendleton, the yield and test weight
of Crew have been about equal to the yield and test weight of Faro. Most of
the components head about two days later than Faro.
The milling and baking
quality of Crew is similar to that of Faro. Crew was developed cooperatively
by Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Washington Agricultural Research Center, and the Oregon Agricultural Experiment
Station.
Crew was released in 1981.
Daws
Daws is a bearded, white-chaffed, semi-dwarf wheat released in 1976. Grain
test weight is about 2 lb/bu lower than that of Nugaines. Daws is more winterhardy than any other soft, white, winter wheat variety grown in the Pacific
-3-
Northwest.
Seedling emergence is poorer than that of Nugaines.
Daws is
resistant to lodging. Plant height and maturity date are similar to Nugaines.
Daws has adult resistance to stripe rust and is resistant to most races of
smut, but is susceptible to Cercosporella foot rot and to leaf rust. Milling
and baking quality is good (similar to Nugaines).
Faro
Faro is a soft white, beardless, brown-chaffed wheat released in 1976 by
Oregon State University. It is exceptionally well-adapted to the lower rainfall areas of eastern Oregon where club wheats commonly are grown and is
recommended as a replacment for Moro and Paha. Compared to Moro, it is equal
in test weight, superior in lodging resistance, and four to seven inches
shorter. Faro is slightly shorter than Paha which it resembles in growth
habit, winterhardiness, seedling emergence, and lodging resistance. Faro is
earlier maturing than Paha so that it often ripens before the heat of summer.
Faro is susceptible to stripe rust and moderately resistant to smut, but very
susceptible to leaf rust. It has good milling and baking quality.
Jacmar
Jacmar is a soft white, beardless, brown-chaffed wheat released in 1979.
It is very well-adapted to the lower rainfall areas of eastern Oregon where
club wheat commonly are grown. Compared to Faro, it is about 1 pound lower in
test weight, superior in lodging resistance, and one to three inches shorter.
Jacmar is susceptible to stripe rust. It appears to be similar to Faro in
winterhardiness and seedling emergence.
Jacmar matures about the same as Faro;
therefore, it often ripens before the heat of summer. It has good milling and
baking quality.
Moro
Moro is a beardless, brown-chaffed, medium-tall wheat released by Oregon
State University in 1965. It is best adapted for growing in the lower rainfall
areas of eastern Oregon where its taller straw may be desirable for erosion
control. Test weight is medium-low and maturity is medium-early. Although
seedling emergence is good, plants are somewhat susceptible to lodging.
Moro
which is resistant to smut, but is very susceptible to leaf rust has moderate
susceptibility to stripe rust. Milling and baking quality is good.
Paha
Paha is a short-strawed, beardless, brown-chaffed, club wheat released by
Washington State University in 1970. In comparison to Moro, its test weight is
heavier and lodging resistance superior. Paha has some resistance to Cercosporealla foot rot, but is susceptible to both stripe and leaf rusts and is very
susceptible to flag smut. Faro, due to its earlier maturity, has replaced Paha
in many club wheat growing areas in Oregon.
Stephens
Stephens is a bearded, white-chaffed, semi-dwarf wheat released in 1977.
Heads are distinctly coarse in appearance with beards which tend to flare.
-4-
Grain test weight is about 3 lb/bu less than Nugaines and equals that of Hyslop
and McDermid. Winterhardiness and seedling emergence of Stephens are similar
to those of Hyslop. Stephens is about one inch taller than Hyslop and is
resistant to lodging. It matures slightly earlier than McDermid.
Stephens has
adult plant resistance to stripe rust and above average resistance to leaf
rust. Stephens appears to have some tolerance to Cercosporella foot rot. It
has an outstanding yield record as evidenced by its yield superiority across
environmentally diverse locations for several years. Milling and baking quality is good.
Tres
Tres is a semi-dwarf, awnless, white-chaffed club wheat released by Washington State University in 1983.
Tres carries genes for moderate resistance to
the three main foliar diseases of club wheat
stripe rust, leaf rust and
powdery mildew
hence the name.
Tres is one of the 10 components of Crew.
Tres is slightly taller than Tyee and Crew and is similar to Crew and Faro in
lodging resistance. Winterhardiness is superior to that of Faro.
Stephens
emergence is similar to Faro or Tyee. Tres has good yield potential and does
particularly well under higher yielding conditions. It is the variety of
choice where leaf rust is a problem.
Tyee
Tyee is a beardless, white-chaffed wheat released in 1979. Grain test
weight is about 0.2 lb/bu lighter than Faro. It grows about two inches taller
than Faro and resists lodging. Tyee has satisfactory winterhardiness, but has
only average seedling vigor. It is resistant to common bunt, but is susceptible to flag smut, stripe rust, leaf rust, and mildew. Tyee has tolerance to
Cercosporalla foot rot.
It has good club wheat milling and baking quality.
Tyee has a yield potential exceeding that of Paha, Moro, and Barbee. Yields
are equivalent to Faro in most environments.
-5-
Table 1.
Agronomic data for several club
Released
and common wheat varieties.
Agronomic Characteristics
Emrgl
Wntr'
Hard
Head2 Hgt3
Date
Lodg4 Test'
5
5
M-L
SD
R
5
A
B
WA
6
6
M
SD
MR
5
ALS
W-B
1976
WA
4
8
M
SD
R
7
A
W
FARO
1976
OR
6
5
E-M
SD
R
5
ALS
B
JACMAR
1978
PR9
5
7
E-M
SD
R
5
ALD
B
MORO
1965
OR
8
5
E-M
MT-T
MS
5
ALS
B
PAHA
1970
WA
6
5
M
S
R
6
ALD
B
STEPHENS
1977
OR
5
3
E-M
SD
R
7
A
W
TRES
1984
WA
5
6
M
SD
R
7
ALS
W
TYEE
1979
WA
5
6
M
SD
R
5
ALS
W
Yr
St
BARBEE
1976
WA
CREW?
1981
DAWS
Awns5 Glume6
Wgt.
1 Scale of 1 to 10, 5 =adequate
E=early, M=midseason, L=late
3
SD=semi-dwarf, S=short, MT=midtall, T=tall
4
S=susceptible, R=resistant, T=tolerant, M=moderately
5
A=awned, ALD=awnletted, ALS=awnless
2
6
7
W= white, B=brown
Crew is a multiline variety containing ten components,
some of which are susceptible to the rust diseases.
-6-
Table 2.
Disease ratings for several club and common wheat
varieties.'
Rust
Strp Leaf
Bunt
Comn Dwrf
Flag
Smut
Ceph2 Sept- Foot Take
Strp Oria Rot All
S
R
MS
MS
MR
S
S
MR-S
MR
MR
S
MS
MS
T
S
DAWS
MR
MS
R
S
MS
MR
MS
T
S
FARO
S
S
R
S
MS
S
MS
MS
S
JACMAR
S
S
R
MS
MS
MT
T
S
MORO
S3
S
R
R
MR
MR
MS
S
PAHA
S
S
R
S
S
MR
T
S
STEPHENS
R
MR
R
S
MS
S
MR
S
TRES6
MR
MR
MR
S
S
MS
MT
S
TYEE
S3
S
R
S
S
MR
T
S
Variety
BARBEE
CREW4
S
5
MS
1 R=resistant, MR=moderately resistant,
MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible,
S=susceptible, T=tolerant, MT=moderately tolerant,
-- = reaction unknown
2
Resistance to cephalosporium seems to vary with environment.
Resistance may be due to morphological growth patterns
rather than true genetic resistance.
3
These two varieties have shown some resistance.
4
Crew is a multiline variety composed of ten separate
lines, some of which are rust susceptible.
5
Omar, the parent cultivar of Jacmar, was resistant
to dwarf bunt.
6
Resistant to powdery mildew; Tres = resistance to three
foliar diseases
-7-
Table 3.
Yield data of winter wheat varieties tested in the lower
yielding areas of eastern Oregon, 1978-1983.
Variety
Pilot
Moro Rock
Echo
Lxngtn
Hpnr
Aringtn
Condon
Average
(bushels per acre)
Crew
47.8
40.5
31.6
40.1
37.9
41.0
35.7
39.2
Daws
49.4
40.9
29.4
37.7
39.4
36.6
34.9
38.3
Faro
51.7
37.3
33.5
40.4
41.4
41.5
32.2
39.7
Jacmar
53.9
37.6
31.2
38.2
36.4
43.6
35.6
39.5
Stephens
55.5
43.0
32.4
43.5
43.1
40.9
32.9
41.6
Tyee
51.5
41.6
29.1
38.6
43.2
39.0
34.3
39.6