URBAN CASE STUDIES:
BAGHDAD,
(1)
IRAQ'
Low Income Dwelling Surveys and a Site and Services Proposal
BY
MUHAMMAD HUSSEIN AWNI
B. Arch. University of Baghdad
(1972)
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ADVANCED STUDIES
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
1979
Signature of Author.
...............
.....
.... .
..................
Department of Architecture, May 1979
Certified by .........
..........................................
Horacio Caminos, Professor of Architecture
Thesis Supervisor
ft .....
09
a.0.....a ......
Accepted by..
Julian Bei nart, Professor of Architecture
•1iraduate Studies
Chairman, Departmental kLo
Copyright
©
MUHAMMAD H . AWNI
1979
JUL 5
1979
LIBRARIES
(2)
(3)
URBAN CASE STUDIES:
BAGHDAD, IRAQI,
Low Income Dwelling Surveys and a Site and Services Proposal
BY
MUHAMMAD HUSSEIN AWNI
Submitted to the Department of Architecture
on May 11,1979, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies
ABSTRACT
This study presents a comparison of different typical low-income
housing systems in the city of Baghdad, Iraq.
It provides data to formulate, evaluate and implement housing policies
especially in the physical planning aspects.
At the end, a
proposed outline for a site and services project is also presented.
Thesis Supervisor:....................
Horacio Caminos
Title:
Professor of Architecture
(4i)
URBANOwLLING
VION)EWrS
CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................
5
INTODUCTION ......................................
7
URBAN CONTEXT ......................................8
CASE STUDIES .....................
1. Kadhemiyah ....................
2. Salam City ...................
*14
.................
................. 14
3. Thawra City .................
.0................22
30
.............
0...
4. Officers' City .... ...........
........
0.0......38
EVALUATION ........................................ 44
Time/Process Perspective .......................... 44
Land Utilization Diagrams ......--................ 46
PROPOSED MODEL ................... e.................50
**000000....................00000....0.......00000000000......50
Background
Basic Site Data ...................................52
54
o....o
Planning Policies/Goals .....................
Layout
.....
oo....o..*.o.....o................56
Existing
o...........57
Revised Layout .........................
GLOSSARY .
.....................................58
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................62
EXPLANATORY NOTES ..,,......
.............
..62
PREFACE
(5)
PREFACE
PURPOSE:
The main purpose of this study is the
identification, evaluation, analysis and comparison
of existing physical housing systems in Baghdad, in
reference to prevailing social, economical and cultural conditions.
APPLICATION:
The study provides a two fold application being: a reference for understanding existing
housing systems and formulating housing policies and
strategies.
DATA:
The study is derived from field surveys carried
carried out by the author during the summer of 1978,
materials identified in "Locality Sources" sections,
and interviews with public and private agencies. The
case study analysis is based on a methodology developed
in the Urban Settlement Design Program under the
direction of Professor Horacio Caminos.
MODEL:
The proposed model serves as an alternative
physical design, focusing on basic issues of land
subdivision, land utilization and land use allocation.
The model incorporates the physical, socio-economic
and cultural aspects to produce an optimum, compatible
housing system.
(6)
uww"
WR.LUNG
EVIMoMUaTS
INTRODUCTION
Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq represents not only
the country's largest city, but the center for cultural, economical and political activities.
Past, beaurocratic decisions resulted in the Baghdad
region receiving the lions' share of the country's
resources. Subsequently, Baghdad became the industrial and commercial employment centers of the country.
During the 1950's and 1960's Baghdad witnessed an influx of migrants from the improvished rural areas,
particularly the southern Iraq region. The steady
stream of migrants, concommitant to the city's high
population growth, accelerated the existing acute
urban problems of Baghdad. Being:
- inadequate transportation
- shortage of urban facilities and services
- scarcity and speculation of urban land
- shortage of construction materials
When these urban problems are integrated and meshed
with the needs of low income sectors, a critical situation arises; for housing represents a package of ser
services that includes:
- utilization of a high percentage of urban land
- provision of utility networks and urban services
- access to employment
- provision of the housing units.
Baghdad's housing agency viewed the situation solely
in terms of a 'deficit of housing units'. Thus the
solution to the housing problem was through a policy
geared to the provision of structures (shelter).
This policy was executed in the provision of public
housing units, being walk ups and or pre-fabricated
units, such that the cost of these dwelling units was
and is beyond the reach of lower income groups and
portions of middle income groups.
ITRODUCTIroN
The standard of public housing projects should be
adjusted to be consistent with the prevailing income
levels. The government's housing policies and strategies should encourage self help construction, popular participation, initiative and responsibilities
necessary to alleviate the housing problems in
Baghdad.
This study identifies the existing housing systems in
Baghdad. It represents a cross section of housing
patterns in use and compares the basic issues of land
utilization, efficiency of settlement patterns and
relates these issues to socio-economic aspects of the
inhabitants. Therefore, the study recognizes, defines
and evaluates the limitations and potential of these
systems in terms of their physical structure. These
systems are identified as:
1.
TRADITIONAL HOUSING: located in the city center
within a 5 kilometer radius of Baghdad (inner ring).
These dwelling structures have developed and evoled
through 5,000 years of Mesopotamia history. Approximately 5% of the total population resides in such
structures, current socio-economic pressures are
rendering this housing system obsolete. Low to very
low income sectors reside in these housing systems.
2. TRANSITIONAL HOUSING: located within a radius
of 5 kilometers from the city center, and along the
city's periphery. Generally, there are two types of
transitional housing: (1) traditional to urban, and
(2) rural to urban. The first system developed during
the early 1930's to adapt to the irregular traditional
developments in place, to the urban grid iron layout
system, which allows for efficient provision of
utilities. The second, rural to urban system, is the
adoption if the rural life style to a semi-urban one.
3.
DETACHED AND SEMI DETACHED HOUSING: located in
Baghdad's periphery and intermediate locations from
the city center. This system represents the adoption
(7)
of the Western culture where the layout is vehicular
oriented. Middle and upper income groups utilize
this system, which represents 40% of the urban population. The purchasing power of these income groups
overrides the dependence on the government for provision of dwelling units and the corresponding services.
4.
WALK-UP APARTMENT HOUSING: located in the
periphery of the city. They represent the current
policy of public housing introduced to alleviate the
existing deficit and statiates the existing demand,
The public housing agency is selling the units as
condominiums to private individuals and government
employees. The units can be afforded by the middle
and high income groups.
CONTENTS
This study has been divided into four sections:
1.
URBAN CONTEXT: identification of Baghdad's topography, circulation, growth patterns, land use
patterns and income patterns,
2.
CASE STUtDIES: presentation of four representative case studies, analyzed at four levels being:
locality, selected segment, selected block and typical
dwelling unit.
3.
EVALUATION; includes the time process perspective and the land ulitization comparison of the case
studies and the proposed project.
4.
PROPOSED PROJECT: incorporates the recommended
policies of this study and proposes an approach to
the design of low-income housing systems. The proposed model is a revision of a public housing project
which is now under construction.
(8)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENT
BAGHDAD, IRAQ
and One Nights was the outgrowth of AlMansur's city. It apparently lay on the west
side of the Tigris, south of the present
Kadhemiyah district.
URBAN
CONTEXT
3.000.000
NORTH
By the end of the
During the period from the 14th century to
the middle of the 19th century, Baghdad
consisted primarily of this east bank city,
known as Rusafah, and Karkh, a subsidiary
settlement on the west bank. In 1534,
Baghdad was occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
In 1853 the population of Baghdad reached
60,000 people. Rusafah and Karkh were
walled and connected to each other by a
single bridge (laid on boats which were
chained together.) Host of the buildings
were new for the city had been devastated
by a flood in 1832. In 1900, Baghdad,
though less isolated than before, was still
a maze of alley-tunnels. Its walls had been
0
100
300 Km
demolished by order of the Turkish governor
in 1869, but the walls of Rusafah had been
replaced in situ by a flood protection dyke
so that the city was still physically enclosed.
1.
PRIMARY INFORMATION: Baghdad Metropolitan area is located in the northern part of
lower Mesopotamia. It lies in the Flood
plain of the Tigris River, with minimal slope
descending into the southeast from 37 to 32
meters above sea level, averaging 33.5 m. in
Baghdad city. The Metropolitan area lies on
By 1908, the population had
doubled, though little had changed since
1853. At the end of World War I (1917), the
British forces occupied Baghdad, and by 1921
the first Iraqi government was established.
Independence was formally declared in 1932.
Because of flooding problems and due to the
existence of the bund, Baghdad grew out from
the old town in two directions: northeast
and southeast. Bounded by the river and the
latitude 33.30 North, longitude 45.50 East,
with an average temperature of 44*C in summer
and 10*C in winter. The rainy season extends
from November to April, averaging a precipitation of 17-25 mm/month and a total of 150
bund, the city developed a very narrow
linear shape. Although there were extensive
squatter settlements beyond the bund, not
mmu/year.
bund obsolete, was there any substantial
Baghdad's history is short in
comparison to that of Mesopotamia. Babylon
had long been nothing but buried ruins when
Baghdad, 80 Km. to the north, was founded in
development outside of it. By July 1958,
the Ilashimite monarchy was deposed and replaced by a revolutionary republic with
2.
4.000.111
330 3' N
2=0000
Mongol invasions in the 14th century A.D.,
the original Baghdad had disappeared, and
a new settlement was developing on the east
bank centered around earlier palaces.
IRAO
Baghdad,
HISTORY:
762 A.D. by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur.
He had Baghdad laid out in the form of two
concentric rings of walls, encircled by a
moat, and pierced by four gates at the cardinal points. At the center of the round city,
Al-Mansur located his great palace-mosque
compound. The original city's area was 537.7
la., having a radius of 1308 m. The Baghdad
which is referred to so often in The Thousand
WIND
1.000.000
TEMPERATURE
45C
SUMMER
FALL
WINTER
SPRING
31C
LLLK4~
1500
21C
oC
100
1700
1970
18C
plans were prepared for Baghdad by three
different Consultants; being, Monoprio &
2000
HUMIDITY
100%
00
go
30
16...
25.
70
go
50
RAIN
400m
30011
200..
40
30
1001.
0er
20
18
SNOW
400no
30Dm
200mm
100...
O0,,
0
5
15 15 20 25%
0
MF
URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
horizontal:
percentages verticalsages
females: F
smales M
1977,Baghdad
SourcerAnnualAbstract of Statistics,
25% 20
15
10
5
25000
10000
i
iliimmii
5000
1000
INo
socialist leanings. The major aim of many
projects was squatter re-settlement. Among
the largest was Thawra City which was
planned by Doxiads Associates of Athens,
then the Master planner of Baghdad.
250.000
URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
horizontal:
dates
vertical:population
Source:Annual Abstract of Statistics,
1977,Baghdad
until the mid 1950's when a flood control
project, further up the Tigris, made the
The instability of the political system
(1958-1968) had a profound impact on the
city's development. Three different master
00.000
500
250
NORTH
I
40
AN
I
1
20
1i
URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION
vertical, dollars
horizontalpercentages
Sources A Survey an the Iraqi Household Bud•qet, 1976,
URBAN
CONTEXT(9)
O
RADVaMITYA
SSALAM
CITY (WESTEmRNBAGHDAD)
AL-THAWRA
R
OFFICE S'
ZAIUNAH
Assoc.,
However,
of any.
CITY
CITT
COMPLEX (APARTMZENTB)
Doxiadis Assoc.,
very little
and Polservice.
has been implemented
The city, after overcoming the flood problems, and due to the creation of the Army
Canal (working as a spine for development),
started growing rapidly in an eastward
direction, developing a circular form. The
nationalization of oil and the increase of
prices in 1973 had a great impact on urban
growth. Baghdad today represents a typical
case of rapid urban growth where utilities
and services are in great shortage. It is
projected that Baghdad city, in the year
2000 will have an approximate area of 530
2
Km .
3. ECONOHY: Unemployment is not a critical
problem in Baghdad. It is estimated that in
1971 males constituted 89%, females 11% of
the total labor force, which amounted to
440,000 persons representing 16-18% of the
total population. The distribution of employment in 1971 according to sectors of
KEY
A
economy is as follows: administration 15%,
commerce and business 38.9%, building and
construction 6.4%, industry 15.3%, transportation 11.7%, social facilities 9.2%, water
Airport
Primary Road
-- --.............
S
fRailroad
and electricity 1.6%, and agriculture 1.9%.
The supply of job opportunities exceeds the
demand for jobs by about 50,000, thus
opening the job market for commuters to the
city. A special emphasis has been put on
Rapid Transi
: Built-up Arc
developing the "Building and Construction"
sector of the economy, which is considered
to be the best sector to absorb unskilled
workers and at the same time, successfully
ISKM
URBAN
TOPOGRAPHY AND
CIRCULATION
1:250000
improve the housing situation. Employment
by occupational groups as a percent of the
gainfully employed in 1971 was: Blue
(10)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
Collars 45%, White Collars 40%, business
and tradesmen 13%, and professions 2%. It
is well known that Baghdad will undoubtedly
be an increasing "urban" city and the educational level of its population will be
much higher than it is now. Thus leading to
a distinctive increase in the percentage of
potential labour force. It is estimated
that 25% of the total population will form
the potential labour force.
4. GOVERNIENT: Baghdad, the capital, is
one of 18 Governorates constituting Iraq.
Baghdad Governorate lies in the center of
the country, having an average area of 5,023
2
Km representing 1.1% of the total area of
Iraq. Total population in 1977 was
3,036,000, resulting in a gross density of
2
604.0/Km . Baghdad Governorate is divided
into 7 units called "Qadhas" (county).
Those in turn, are also sub-divided into 15
smaller units called "Nahias" (city). This
hierarchy of divisions is presumably maintained for administrative reasons, though
the system is still central in its nature.
All governors are appointed by the president.
Metropolitan Baghdad, being the capital, is
in a unique situation; for there are two
conflicting (overlapping) administration
authorities.
One is the municipality of
Baghdad, which has authority over Metropolitan (urban) Baghdad, and the second is
the Governorate of Baghdad, headed by the
Governor. Those two bodies have almost the
same duties and/or responsibilities.
5. DEMOGRAPHY: The population of Baghdad
Metropolitan area was 2.2, 2.3, 3.0 millions
in the years 1970, 1973, 1977 respectively.
Recent population projections estimates
that the population will be 3.6, 4.3 million
in the years 1982, 2000, respectively. In
1975, the annual rate of natural increase
was approximately 3.9%, and has decreased
AREAS
RESIDENTIAL
to 3.0-3.2% at present. It is expected to
further decline to about 2.2-2.5% annually
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
in the year 2000. The migration rate will
decrease from 21 to 1.2-1.5% annually. The
1971 statistics review of family size shows
the families of up to 3 persons constitute
30.4% of the total number of families; 4-5
persons, 23.6%, 6-7 persons, 20.7%; 8-9
persons, 16.4%; and 10 or more persons, 8.9%.
URBAN
15K=
LAND USE PATTERN
1:250000
URBAN
CONTEXT
(11)
6. SOCJO-CULTURAL: Baghdad is very diverse
socio-culturally. This diversity is reflected to some extent in the residential clustering of certain socio ethnic groups of the
population in specific sectors of the city.
In 1918, the population was about 185,000
constituting 35,000 Jews and 15,000
Christians. The Jews and Christians were
concentrated in their ethnic neighborhoods
in Rusafa along with a Muslim majority consisting mostly of Sunnis. Sunnis predominated also in Karkh and in the small settlement of Azimiyah, until Shiites were concentrated in Kazimiyah. There was a large
British "Colony" in Baghdad in the 1920's
which, among other things, built a country
club in Alwiah and many Britishers
resided in proximity to it. The population
increased by 4% (from 223,000 in 1947 to
233,000 in 1957). Among the new comers to
the old city were more Christians from
northern Iraq; Kurds, also from the north,
who are Sunnis Muslims but speak a language
related to Persian; and porverty-stricken
peasants (mostly Shiites) from southern
Iraq, many of whom were outright squatter
living in mat-covered huts (Sarifa) on
vacant lots.
Km
The residential pattern and its changes thus
reflect the cohesion of the rural reliqious
groups, which constitute the city. As needs
for increased living space become pressing,
residents move out to new, hopefully homogenous communities - which partially
explains the multi-nucleated appearance of
the presently developed area. This reflects
genuine cultural differences between some of
of the groups implied by different languages, life styles, and forms of sociability. In some cases the religious groups
can be identified by different socio-economic levels and occupational specializations.
INCOMES
LOW
7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC: The nationalization of
oil production industry and the consequent
increase of oil prices in 1973, had a great
impact on the stratification of socio-eco-
MEDIUM
_
_
HIGH
nomic groups and the economy in general.
Per capita income doubled in 1974 to reach
$948.26, and in 1976, it was $1,316.48.
According to surveys conducted in 1976: 18%
of the population had an annual income of
5Km
URBAN
INCOME PATTERN
1:250000
$0-2,022; 49.61 had $2,062-4,448; 23.8% had
$4,489-8,088; and 8.5% had $8,128-or above.
One of the major low income areas in Baghdad
(12)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
is Thawra City. The population is estimated
at 750,000 persons, which is approximately
1/4 of the total Baghdadi population. Average
2
lot area is 150 m 2 . Generally, low income
areas are located either on the periphery of
the city or in the center. While middle and
upper income groups occupy areas rclatively
close to the center with average lot area of
2
600 m .
8.
Housing:
Single family dwelling units
constitute the most prevailing form of
housing in most residential areas. It is
assumed that in the future, single family
units will accommodate approximately 80% of
the city's inhabitants.
While the multiple
family housing is not, as yet, very popular
in the city: less than 1% of the inhabitants
are housed there.
7% of the population in
Baghdad is housed in the so-called "Old
Quarters' (like Kadhemiyah), which represent
the traditional type of housing. "Old
Quarters" generally are areas of high density
yet not sufficiently provided with the technical infrastructure/utilities/and social
facilities needed. It is the government
policy nowadays to encourage multi-storey
Km
walk-ups. Most public housing projects
throughout Iraq are in the form of walk-ups
(Zaiunah Project).
The socio-demographic
survey of 1976 showed that in the towns of
Iraq 67.76% of the population lived in their
own houses, 20.24% in rented houses and 3.0%
in other houses. The great majority of
Iraqis own their living quarters. Thus the
problem of rent concerns only about 1/3 of
the population.
In 1956 the Tharthar Dam
9. URBAN GROWTH:
was constructed and the floodng of the Tigris
River was finally controlled.
At this time,
the Eastern Bund became obsolete,
and the
city broke that physical barrier. Development grew eastward rapidly, encouraged by
the creation of the Army Canal in 1960 which
was planned by Doxiads Associates and constructed by the Army Engineers Corps.
All the
DATES
1918
S1958
___
1972
squatter settlements that existed at that
time were resettled in Thawra City in 1963.
Baghdad at the preset, retains a circular
form. The city is now experiencing rapid
urban growth in all directions, due to population growth and migration. The major
constrain on growth today is the failure of
services and utilities to catch up with the
increased demand.
URBAN
GROWTH
iSKa
PATTERN
1:250000
URI"
coN
G3)
PNO2OGRAP•
Bird's eve view of Baghdad city showing the Tigris
River in the background.
URBANCONTEXT SOURCES
TOPOGRAPHY
AND CIRCULATIONs
(accurate) Polservice
Consulting Engineers,
Warsaw, Poland:
"Comprehensive Development Plan for Baghdad
2000", Baghdad, 1973
IBID
LAND USE PATTERN: (accurate)
INCOME PATTERN: (approximate) Polservice
Consulting Engineers,
Warsaw, Poland: "The
Comprehensive Civic and
Land Use Survey", Baghdad
1972
GROWTH PATTERNs (accurate) Javad, Mustafa,
et. al, BAGHDAD, Iraqi
Engineers Union, Baghdad
1969 (Arabic)
(accurate) Shabaan & AlCLIMATE:
Jawadit "Sunlight Control
in Buildings", Building
Research Center, Baghdad
1973
RAL INFORMATION: John Gulik: "Baghdad,
GENE)
Portrait of a City in
Physical and Cultural
Change", AlP Journal,
July 1967
Central Statistical
Organization, "Annual
Abstract of Statistics',
1977
Central Statistical
Organization, "Family
Budget Survey". Ministry
of Planning, Baghdad,
Iraq 1976 (Arabic)
Dept. of State, "Background
Notes, Ir.:q",U.S. Governwent Printing Office', Aug.
1976
Kahtan A.J. Al-Madfai:
"Baghdad" in Morroe
Berger (ed.), THE NEW
METROPOLIS IN THE ARAB
WORLD,(New Delhi, Allied
Publishers) 1963.
Polservice & Dar Al-Imara:
"Housing in Iraq", a
report prepared for the
General Housing Establishment, Baghdad, 1970
(14)
1
tu•N •LzLxNG
NVmiRwOmas
KADHEMIYAH
Private, Low Income,
Urban Traditional
Settlement.
LOCATION:
The old traditional Kadhemiyah
locality is about 5 Km. north of Baghdad's
City center. It covers an area of 59 Ha.
ORIGINS:
Kadhemiya developed as a separate
community, beginning as a cemetery on the
edge of the original city of Baghdad. Among
those buried there were two of the Twelve
Imamas of Shia Islam.
The tombs became
shrines, to which pilgrims were attracted,
and from this attraction developed a town
which outlived the original city. Kadhemiya
is still regarded by many of its inhabitants
as a separate community despite the fact that
most of the area between it and Baghdad is now
solidly built up.
O
LAYOUTs
Kadhemiyah represents a typical
Arab Nuslim city in its layout, where the
main mosque is located in the center(focus)
and the winding pedestrian routes connect
the mosque with the periphery of the site.
Off the pedestrian routes, branch minor
cul-de-sac walkway alleys leading to
individual houses and forming clusters of
residontial neighborhoods very strong in
their social ties.
LOCALTY PLAN
I
1:10000
in
CASE STUDY:
Pk Parking
P
Police
F
Fire Department
S
School
Mq Mosque
ADHEMKIYAH
VEHICULAR
o*
PEDLSTRIAN
R
L
U
H
P0
SS
58
M
C
AREAS
I.IIIII.I.III
LOCALITY LAND
LOCALITY CIRCULATION
USE PATTERN
LAND USE: Three elements determine the
character of the area: the Mosque, commercial and business concentrations and residential area.
The Mosque located in the very center of the
area remains its most important functional
and visual feature. Together with its courtyard surrounded by a high wall, it covers
about 2 Ha.
Commercial and business concentrations spread
along all paths leading towards the Mosque,
particularly from the south and south east.
They cater to both the visitors of the Mosque
and the local population, and consists of numerous shops and workshops occupying ground
floors, and of clinics, offices and hotels.
They represent a wide range of standards depending on the functional and structural
values of buildings they occupy.
Residential uses cover about 70% of the
area. They are of a traditional type: Courtyard-oriented houses covering the whole plot,
accessible from narrow lanes.
Many original plots have been subdivided
gradually into two or more smaller plots.
This, in particular, concerns the outer cir-
PATTERN
cumferential blocks. A very small size of
plots have been brought about by these secondary subdivisions.
There are no organized green spaces within
the area, since there are no public green
squares or private gardens.
Easy movement is limited to
few main streets. Most streets are overloaded with vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
There is a lack of parking facilities and
the squares next to the mosque are overCIRCULATION:
crowded with visitors and pilgrims cars and
buses. There is one taxi stand in the area.
Traditional lanes cannot carry any vehicular
traffic and only few wider ones give access
to emergency cars. In general, transportation within the old quarters relies on carts
and small carriages.
(16)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
The boundaries of the locality can easily be
defined by major roads surrounding it, and
by the change of pattern. The pattern of the
locality is characterized by its compact/
development, lack of open space and winding
pedestrian alleys.
The traditional house has an average area of
2
73 m . It has the typical in-ward looking
spaces where the court is the center of activities. It is now serving as a low/very
low income development.
300ne
Total population in the locality
is 28,200 approximately. Socio economic
survey shows that most people living in the
POPULATION:
locality are of low income. It is estimated
that 971 has an income of no more than
$2,022/year. While 31 has an income range
of $2,022-4,044/year.
The gainfully employed inhabitants of the
area are about 8,000 persons. Of them, 53.81
20m-
are blue collars, 191, white collars, 26.9%
commerce and business, and 0.3% in professions.
58.8% of the inhabitants live in their own
houses, while 40.5% live in rented dwellings.
The average monthly rent for those who rent
their dwellings amounts to about $40.44.
The total number of lots in the locality is
around 3,008. Thus the average households
size is 9.375 p/household.
100mI
0
LOCALrrY SE•OMENT
AIR PHOTOGRAPH
1:2500
so50
100
SO
BLOCK
CASE STUDY:s
(17)
ADHEMIYAHI
LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES
_
_
0100
_
_
SHACK
MUD/WaTTLE
WOOD
-3
.00a
MASONRY
STEEL
min______
COM_
_us
00IERETE
The chart showvs (1) approximate percentage of each
construction type within the total number of dwellings
and (2) building group that generally produces each
type.
Quality of informations
LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES
WTER SUPPLY
SANITARY SEWERAGE
-
STORMDPAINGE
200M
GAS
RE•USE COLLECTION
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PAVED ROADS,
.LE.AYS
STREET LIGHTIw
LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES
POLICE
FIRE PROTECTION
HEALTR
SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS
RECREATION, OPEN SPACES
The chart illustrates the approximate availability of
utilities, services, and community facilities at
three levels: NONE,LIMITED, ADEQUATE.
Quality of information: Approximate
::: SELECTED
Nu
LOCALITY SOMENT
PLAN
1:2500
.::::X
(18)
URBAN
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Total
DENSITIES
Number
LOTS
67
DWELLING UNITS
67
PEOPLE
628
Area
tares
H•ec
0 .601
Density
N/Ha
111
0
.601
0 .601
111
1045
tares Percentages
Hoec
AREAS
PUBLIC (streets, walkways,
open spaces)
0.060
10%
SEMI-PUBLIC
(open spaces,
schools, community centers)
0.000
0%
PRIVATE (&d•uellings,
factories, lots)
0.496
SEMI-PRIVATE
shops,
83%
(cluster courts)
0.045
7%
TOTAL
0.601
100%
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length (streets, walkways) = 251
Areas served (total area)
LOTS
2
Average area, dimensions - 77 M , 11/7
LOCALITY BLOCK
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
1 Hectare
es.....-
PATTERN
Public:
streets/wAlkways
Semi-Public:
playground
Semi-Private: cluster c
Private:
dwelloint
s
dwellings
,tt
PERCENTAGES
streets/Iblkwys 10%
Playgrounds 00%
Cluster Courts
7%
Dwellinqs/Lots 83%
DENSITY
Persons/Nectare
20Persons
1045
CIRCULATION
Meter/Hectare
251
CASS STUDY: KACUNYAR
(19)
PHOTOVGRAPHS:
KADHEMIYAHSHRINE: surronded by traditional
development.
(bottom Jeft) One of the main pedestrian shopping
streets in the locality. Some of the traditional
houses were modified to accomodate shops on the
ground level.
(bottom right) Another shopping street, the richness
and variety of forms adds excitment to the urban
scene.
(20)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
Pi PIA • W
•ll
ocesson
KYT
VELE
ATION
LR
D
BR
BR
%
T
L
C
S
R
i-----Living Room
Bedroom
S•----•J----Area
Dining/Eating
h--L---Bedroom
•z
Atchen/Cooking Area
Toilet/Bathroom
Laundry
Closet
Storage
Room (multi-use)
4----t
U
W
TYPICAL DWELLING
FIRST FL. PLAN
I---------
I
WALKWAY
GROUND
FL. PLAN
BASEMENT
PLAN
0
_
I
1:200
10N
CASE STUDY:
PHYSICAL DATA
(related to dwelling and land)
DWELLINGUNIT
type: HOUSE
area (sq m): 112
tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP
LAND/LOT
utilization: PRIVATE
area (sq nm): 116
tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP
DWELLING
location:
type:
number of floors:
utilization:
physical state:
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
mode:
developer:
builder:
construction type:
year of construction:
PERIPHERY
ROW-GROUPED
2
SINGLE FAMILY
FAIR
PROGRESSIVE
PRIVATE
ARTISAN
BRICK
1920
MATERIALS
foundation: RUBBLE/BRICK
floors: FLAT BRICK
walls: BRICK
roof: BRICK, I BEAMS, CLAY&STRAW
DWELLING FACILITIES
wc:
shower:
kitchen:
rooms:
other:
2
1
1
6
COURT, BASEMENT
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA
(related to user)
GENERAL: SOCIAL
user's ethnic origin: BAGHDAD
place of birth: BAGHDAD
education level: PRIMARY SCHOOL
NUMBER OF USERS
married:
mingle:
children:
total:
PHOTOGRAPMS:
(left)
An alley within the residential area.
Garbage collection is accomplished manually using
push
carts.
maell
(middle) Represents a pedestrian alley. The shallow
ditch centered in the alley provides for storm drainage and sewerage disposal, which leads and connects
to the main system in the streetway. Note the richness of traditional forms.
(right) Many streets in the locality are pedestrian
dominated.
However, in some cases animals are the
mode of transportation!
PLAN:
LOW
GOVERNMENT
6 Km,
BUS
COSTS
dwelling unit: land - market value: DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS
financing:
rent/mortgage:
0/.income for rent/mortgage:
(21)
CASE STUDY SOURCES
MIGRATION PATTERN
number of moves:
rural - urban:
urban - urban:
urban - rural:
why came to urban area:
GENERAL: ECONOMIC
user's income group:
employment:
distance to work:
mode of travel:
KADHEIYAH
SELF FINANCED
-
(accurate) Polservice
Consulting Engineers, Warsaw,
Poland, "Kadhemiyah Old
Quarters Detailed Plan 1:500"
a report published by
Polservice, Baghdad, Aug. 1974
IB1D
ND USE PATTERN: (accurate)
CIRCU
LATION PATTERN:
(accurate)
181D
laBiD and
SEGAFNT PLAN: (accurate)
aerial photographs
BLOCK PLAN: (accurate)
and
aerial photographs
Field survey
TY PICAL DWEZLLING: (approximate)
by the author 1978
Field survey
PHYSZCAL DATA: (accurate)
by the author, 1978
PHOTOGRAPHS: Directorate General of
Surveying (Aerial), the author,
1978, Ministry of Information,
Baghdad
GENERAL INFORMATION: John Gulik, "Baghdad: Portrait
of a City in Physical and
Cultural Change', Alp Journal,
July 1967
Polservice: "Kadhemiyah Old
Quarters Detailed Plan 1:500",
a report published by Polservice,
Baghdad, Aug. 1974
ZBID
(22)
DWELLING
ENVIRONMENTS
URBAN
2 SALAM
CITY
(Western Baghdad)
Instant low income public housing
LAYOUT: The whole development is centered
around a major street that forms the spine
of the locality
(Fahmi Said St.) . The
major highway leading to the north of Iraq
(14th of July St.) forms the northern
boundary of the development. While Khirr
River forms the southern boundary. East
and west boundaries are defined by minor
streets separating Salam city from other
similar neighboring localities. Fahmi
Said Street is considered the spine and
the main access to the locality.
However,
it ends abruptly in the south. Salam city
has a standard small grid iron layout which,
by responding to the need of providing
small lots incurrs an excessive network
length per unit area, thus substantially
increasing costs.
Two kinds of lot sizes
2
were provided: 8 x 13 m. (105 m ) and
2
9 x 15 m. (135 m ).
LAND USE:
The predominant use in the
development is residential. Schools serving Salam city as well as other neighboring localities are located in the southern corner of the site.
At the northern
part lies the Juvenile Prison together with
LOCATION: Salam city is located west of
Baghdad, south of Kadhemiyah, about 6 km.
It covers an area
from the downtown area.
of 38.4 Ha. approximately.
the Social Reform Center.
Commercial uses
are located on Fahmi Said St. in the form
of local popular market place. A public
bath is located next to the market place.
Health services are provided in
clinic along Fahmi Said St.
a public
In August 1955 the Development
ORIGIN:
Board commissioned Doxiadis Associates to
study the housing situation/problem in
Iraq. Emphasis was placed in Baghdad to
CIRCULATION:
prepare a five year housing development
plan. During that year Doxiadis developed
the north.
the scheme for a major development called
"Western Baghdad". The project comprised
have to walk to the intersection of Fahmi
Said St. and the 14th of July Street to
multi-income sectors, one of which was
commute downtown by public transportation.
Most streets are predominantly pedestrian
in nature, except for Fahmi Said St.,
where pedestrian and vehicle uses are
Salam city. However, Salam city did not
follow the exact sector plan outlined by
Doxiadis. The Ministry of Social Affairs
took charge of the project as part of a
The major access to the
locality is via Fahmi Said Street which
forms the spine of the locality connecting
to the major highway (14th of July St.) in
Public transportation is not
available within the locality.
Residents
mixed.
TC31ýý UUnt
master socio-economic plan aiming to uplift
the standard of low income groups in
The project was built instantly
Baghdad.
in
N
1956 by a major contractor at a total
cost of $6,190,716.00.
I
LOCALITY PLAN
1:10000
le
5
CASE STUDY:
SALAM
CITY
(23)
14th* of Jul..
/
4;
0(
AREAS
RESIDENTIAL
COM•4ERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
OPEN SPACES
KEY
•k
P
F
S
Mq
R
Parking
Police
Fire Departa
School
Mosque
Recreation
L
Library
U
H
P0
8s
M
C
University
Health
Post Office
Social Services
Market
Cemetery
Bus
~dA~
V/A'W~r
KEY
VEHICULAR
. .*.***** PEDESTRIAN
0
LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN
LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN
1:10000
100
5
(24)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
POPULATION:
The inhabitants are predominantly low income. Total number of dwelling
units is approximately 1388. Assuming an
average household size of 12, it can be
4MM-
estimated that the total population is
16,656. Extended families numbering 18
persons living in one dwelling unit, is not
at all uncommon. In the house surveyed by
the author, four families of 19 persons
were living together. A very high percentage
of the population work in govenment jobs of
clerical and/or low skilled nature.
38"
-
1000 -
S. -
'me.
LOCALITY SEGMENT AIR PHOTOGRAPH
1:2500
+
I'13
II II
I
)(
U
ahmi Said St.
I
F
A
I-
on
in
a Ion
I'm
is
CD
ad
go
on
Man
In
ul
13
,
Cq
rm 1A,
F-am
goIN in
PON 104Go
INpo
wo"a'
I
IN
I
I
IF
I
N
LE
IN
ON
lr
0
I..,. &,"
F
+
0
,-UR-
Er-
Z
o
0
Ia
0r
-4
-r
0
I
iI
l
.4
ARTISAN
m
(26)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Total
Number
DENSITIES
LOTS
Area
Hectares
Density
N/Ha
62
16
0.2584
DWELLING UNITS
16
0.2584
PEOPLE
160
0.2584
62
620
Hectares Percentages
AREAS
walkways,
0.092
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces.
schools, community centers)
0 000
PUBLIC (streets,
open spaces)
shops,
PRIVATE (dwellings,
factories, lots)
SEMI-PRIVATE
00%
mum ems mum. mum ems me mime mum em .me mum, mime
4%
64
0.1664
(cluster cousrts-)
TOTAL
35.6%
i
i
i
i
i
100%
0.2584
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length (streets, walkways) = 426
Areas served
(total area)
2
LOTS
2
Average area, dimensions - 104 M
ji
Ji
Ii
I
00%
0
, 13/8
I
I
U
bums mama mmmcm. mum. mmmcm. mama mmmcm em. mem .me e
a
LoCALrrY BLOCK/LAND U-TIZzIo
FLAN
1
10
S1:1000
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
1 Hectare
1 Hectare
1 Hectare
16 Nectaree
----
U'
S
III
-
PATTERN
Public:
Semi-Public:
streets,w
-
----
- m
-
m-
-
-lkways
playgrounds
Semi-Private: cluster c,.t,
Private:
nm
lots
dwellings
~~1
L___J
PERCENTAGES Streets/Wblkways
Playgrounds
Cluster Courts
ODellings/Lots
35.61
00.0%
00.0%
64.4%
DENSITY
20 Persons
Persons/Hectare
CIRCULATION
Meter/Hectare
426
CASS STUD
SALAN CM
(27)
PHOTOGRAPHS:
(topleft)A typicalstreetsettingin the locality,
The shallow ditch in the middle provides storm drainage.
Streets are the playing grounds for the children.
(top right) X majority of the residents of Sales City
(publichousing) have constructed an additional floor
to theirunits,providing for increased familysize.
(bottom left) A popularshoppingarea In the locality.
Simplewooden structures were constructed to provide
shelterfrom the summer's sun.
(bottom right)The childrenprovidea transporting
service,for womanshoppingin the market. Using
pushcarts the childrentransportthe m/rchandise home,
charginga nominal fee.
(28)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
SY171
Living Room
Dining/Eating Area
Bedroom
Kitchen/Cooking Area
Toilet/Bathroom
Laundry
Closet
Storage
Room (multi-use)
SECTION
ELEVATION
ORIGINAL PLAN
MODIFIED PLAN
STREET
SECOND FL. PLAN
FIRST FL. PLAN
0
1
TYPICAL DWELLING
1:200
10.
CASE STUDY:
PHYSICAL DATA
(relatedto dwellinqand land)
DWELLING UNIT
type:
(sq m):
area tenure:
HOUSE
127.5
LEGAL OWNERSHIP
SOCIO-ECONONIC DATA
(related to user)
GENERAL:
SOCIAL
user's ethnic origin:
place of birth:
education level:
SOUTH IRAQ
PRIMARY
P.o2•oX.AWss
(left) Children constitute a high percentage
of the household. Pigeon breeding on rooftops
Is a common hobby.
(right) In rural to urban transitional developments, Jlke Salon City, man y households activities take place in the backyard. The mass at
the left was added by the owner. It houses the
kitchen and the bathroom.
LAND/LOT
utilization:
area (sq m):
tenure:
DWELLING
location:
type:
number of floors:
utilization:
physical state:
PRIVATE
135
LEGAL OWNERSHIP
INNER RING
ROW HOUSE
2
MULTIPLE
FAIR
DWELLINGDEVELOPMENT
mode: INCREMENTAL
developer: PUBLIC SECTOR
builder: LARGE CONTRACTOR
construction type: BRICK
year of construction: 1956
MATERIALS
foundation:
floors:
walls:
roof:
DWELLING FACILITIES
wc:
shower:
kitchen:
rooms:
other:
BRICK/CONCRETE
POURED CONCRETE/TILES
BRICK
BRICK, I BEAMS, CLAY&STRAW
1
1
1
6
NUMBER OF USERS
married:
single:
children:
total:
MIGRATION PATTERN
number of moves:
rural - urban:
urban - urban:
urban - rural:
why came to urban area:
8
4
7
19
1
X
EMPLOYMENT
GENERAL: ECONOMIC
user's income group:
employment:
distance to work:
mode of travel:
LOW
GOVERNMENT
4.5 Km.
BUS
COSTS
dwelling unit:
land - market value:
$ 15,000
$ 5,000
DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS
financing: SELF FINANCED
rent/mortgage: %/ income for rent/mortgage: -
SALAN CITY
(29)
CASE STUDY SOURCES
PLAN, (accurate) Aerial photograph
1978, Field survey by the
author, 1970
Field survey by
LANDUSE PATTERN: (accurate)
the author 1975, Naps of the
Directorate General of Surveying, saghdad-Iraq, 1972
PATTERaN (accurate) ZBZD
CZRCULATZro
SEGPTA PLAN: (accurate) Aerial photograph
1978, Maps of the Directorate
General of Surveying, Baghdad,
Zraq 1972.
BsCK
PLANi
(accurate) IBZD
(accurate) Field survey by the
TYPZCALWrELLINGJ
author 1978
PNrsZCAL DATA, (accurate) Fieldsurvey by the
author 1978
PIOTOGRAPHSt Directorate General of Surveying (Aerial), the author 1975
INFORMATION: Field survey by the author
GENERAL
1978, "Housing in Iraq", a
reportpreparedby the State
General Establishment for
Housing, Baghdad, Iraq.,
"A Comparative Study for Pow
and Multi-storey Houses for
Low-Zncome Groups-, a thesis
by Neckie Nashis Witwit,
Baghdad, 1975, *Report on the
Development of Baghdad" by
Baghdad
Doxiads Associates,
1955
(30)
3
URBAN DWELLING ~VIRONXENTS
THAWRA
CITY
Progressive, low income popular housing
public utilities, and they offered serious
competition for low-paying jobs. Consequently, they were feared and resented. As'of
1957, squatters constituted 57% of the industrial workers in Baghdad, and a few had even
become prosperous. In 1963, after the overthrow or Premier Qussim, most of the squatters were rounded up, their huts wbre destroyed, and they were relocated in Thawra
City. One serious difficulty with these new
depend on an overburdened system of buses and
jitneys for transportation.
I
B
locations is that most of the people are
farther removed from their jobs and must
I
Thawra City was originally planned
LAYOUT:
by Doxiadis Associates of Athens in 1956. The
project was called "Eastern Baghdad Development" and was considered as a "Slum Clearance
f
Project". The development has a standard
grid-iron layout with extravagant street
widths (45-60 meters) and network length per
unit area. The total area is around 2000 Ha.
subdivided into approximately 80 equal size
sectors of 500 x 330 meters. Each sector is
a semi-independent unit as to the provision
of services and facilities required. The
E
original layout designated specific areas
within each sector for schools, health, comLOCATION:
Thawra City is located on the
periphery of Baghdad City, about 7 km. east
of the center. It covers an approximate
area of 2000 Ha.
ORIGINS:
The squatter problem in Baghdad
began in 1930's, but did not gather momentum
until about 1950. By 1960, when at least a
quarter of the city's population consisted
of squatters, it had reached crisis proportions.
The people were mostly Shiite Muslims
from southern Iraq where agricultural conditions were very bad, and their aim was to
find more remuneration wage labor in the
city. Many of them settled in any available
space in built-up parts of the city, close
to their places of work and to sources of
water and electricity. However, there were
also two great concentrations of them in
one south of
vacant areas on the outskirts:
the old airport and the other immediately
outside the bund. In these locations they
established their own clusters based on large
kinship groups, whose leaders continued to
adjudicate disputes, maintain guest houses,
and serve other functions as they had before
their move to the city. The squatters posed
a health problem, their presence strained
I---
not keep pace. Consequently, most of the
streets were not paved, no sewerage system
was provided and areas designated for public
buildings, were, in most cases, vacant land.
Z
0
Al-Kudus St. M
i
LAND USE: The total area of Thawra City is
approximately 2000 Ha., out of which 51% is
devoted to residential use, 1% to commercial,
3% to light industries, 5% to institutional,
ct
and about 40% to open space, vacant land, and
streets. In most cases, institutional facil-
[---'4k------
-
I Imas Ali St.
U
F'
ýý
Al-Umal St. Mg
ities and employment opportunities are lacking within the development. For that reason,
residents have to commute to neighboring localities and/or to Baghdad City center. A
parcel of land on the northern corner of the
bors Thawra.
'F~t~F~f~
77 U
mercial, and institutional facilities. However, due to the rapid growth of Thawra
City, the provision of infrastructures could
development was reserved for future industrial
development which never came through. However, most light industries of Baghdad City
are concentrated in Jamila City which neigh-
I ý__ -wW"M
r:ý_
0MI
W
I
I
3K.
DISTRICT
PLAN
1:
1: 50000
J
CASE STUDY:
mg~ =aan-amai
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o
PLAN
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Iser
age~ i
MI 0 aa
5I
MMM
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5
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USE PATTERN
*
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LOCAkLITY
:000
'1
(31)
THANRA CITY
: . .
0
0
00a
0 o 0 o 0 0 9*
....
. ...r'
:..o.....,l'....
•" .....
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LOCALITY
eooeo
......
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:......
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,••"•oi
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•
0P
CIRCULATION
PATTERN
KEY
AREAS
RESIDENTIAL
500s
1:10000
COMM4ERCIAL S
H
INDUSTRIAL
PO
SS
OPEN SPACES
Eq Mosque
School
P Police
Health
Post Office
--Bus
Social Services
KEY
mmmm
VEHICULAR
.oo*.
(32)
URBan DWZLLxNGsvzROm TS
CIRCULATION: The main access to Thawra City
is via Thawra Street, which forms a spine
linking the development with Baghdad City
center.
Buses and jitneys run along this
route connecting Thawra with other parts of
the city. Most of the streets in Thawra
City are not paved, which causes serious problems to transportation in rainy winters.
Excessive right of way (45-60 meters) and
circulation length per unit area are obvious
negative characteristics of the network.
POPULATION:
It is estimated that the population of 'rhiawraCity in 1965 was 353,188
persons, 535,019 in 1970/71, and around
750,000-800,000 at the present time. The inhabitants of Thawra City are largely of low
income levels.
In general terms, the people
of the settlement are among the least socially mobile.
They work as unskilled and/or low
skilled labors and in low grades government
jobs (i.e., soldiers, policemen).
Average
family size is found to be 8.5 persons, while
average household size is 10-11 persons. It
is estimated that 63% of the population is
illiterate.
Is
10hi
I
LOCALUTY
MOfT
•
AIX PWAM APN
1:2500
|
.t.
Is"
L
A
CASE STUDYs
irL
I
I
TAWRA CITY
(33)
LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES
Cc
0
-IMF
8
100
sacx
X&MY
ým46S
3ftm
--
Um
The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each
construction type vithin the total namber of dwellings
and (2) building group that generally produces each
type.
Quality of informiations
..................
Elg u;Eiii~
iiiiiiii
LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES
TER SUPPLY
SaNrTARYSEMRAGE
..............
nr
19
*to *--Zt
..............
STORNDEA•DGE
:.
... .... ...... .............................
-O-.........
__A
::ý
msa ncms
REUSER
COLLE.TION
IONIC TRWOSORTATON
PAVXDWADS, ISLUaTs
STRn T LIGUTIM1
LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES
POLICE
FIRE PxnTIO
IWnLTH
SCHIDLS.PI•AYGROUNtS
REMRMTIMt4,OPEN SPACES
X
The chart illustrates the approximte availability of
utilities, services, and coamunity facilities at
three levels: NONE,LINITa, ADEQUATE.
Quality of information: Accurate
-
Lr K~ ri
UI
~Tr~JL~
L11 ý fimd
150o
LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN
1:2500
imz
-3. S9
BLOCK
(34)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Total
DENSITIES
nmber
LOTS
DWELLING UNITS
PEOPLE
Area
28
0.6384
28
308
0.6384
0.6384
sectares
AREAS
ity
Dens
/
Hectares
'HA
44
44
4 82
Percentanes
0.2154
34%
gnmelmemeameamemumma....me
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, commity centers)
0.0000
00%
i
PRIVATE
0 4230
66%
PUBLIC
(streets, walkways.
m.emommamammm .em....mma.ma.mem
emm
me
meamammamm
open spaces)
(&dellings, shops,
factories, lots)
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) 000
TOTAL
0.6384
00%
100%
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length (street, valkways)
Areas served (total area)
LOTS
Average area,
m
U
i
i
i
I
. 302
i
.0%
I
dimensions -
144 M
2,
8/18
.
*1.%
#04
%
-40
Io
4/
I
I
o
i
lamamemam amamamamam cmi mama mama.. mama mama.. mama mama.. ma mama...... mime.....
ama..
i
I
I~
nR
Fl~1
"1"'
+
LOCaLrrT
BIexac/0VMW
UTrrfasTEoM
PLA2
IS.
1:1000
1:1000
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
1 Hectare
1 Hectare
1
Hectare
16 Nectaret
000000
PATTERN
Public:
Semi-Publici
PERCENTAGES
streets/Wlkways
playground
Semi-Private: cluster c'urts
Private:
lots
dwellings
:::::::::
Streets/ailkuays
Playgrounds
Cluster Courts
Dwellings/Lots
34%
00%
00%
66%
DENSITY
O20 Persons
Persons/Nactare
482
CIRCULATION
Neter/Hectare
302
.%
caMs SUD:, TMa
JWOIVGRAPKSa
CITY
(35)
(top) The excessive street widthe picthred, has tesulted in waste and non-utilisationof urban Jand,
Inability to pave and/or maintain the streets, and
higher costs for both the public and the private
sectors.
(bottom left) Open ditches provide the eeerage and
storm drainage disposal. Most of the streets are not
paved, resulting in serious transportationproblems
In the winter.
(bottoa right) Most dweeling units were built by selfhelp and/or artisan, using brick and Jack archiap
for the roof structure.
(36)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
I
I
rr
m
SECTION
m
LH~a
ELEVATION
B
IU
-J
PLAN
4
STREET
0
1
TYPICAL DWELLING
1:200
La
D
Ba
E
T
L
C
*
R
Living Room
Dining/Eating Area
Bedroom
Kitchen/Cooking Area
Toilet/Bathroom
Laundry
Closet
Storage
Room (multi-use)
CASE STUDYs THAWRACITY
(37)
j
PHYSICAL DATA
(related to dwelling and land)
DWELLING UNIT
type:
area (sq m):
tenure:
HOUSE
74
LEGAL OWNERSHIP
LAND/LOT
utilization:
area (sq m):
tenure:
PRIVATE
144
LEGAL OWNERSHIP
SOCIO-ECONONIC DATA
(related to user)
GENERAL: SOCIAL
user's ethnic origin: SOUTH IRAQ
place of birth: education level: PRIMARY
PERIPHERY
ROW HOISE
1
SINGLE FAMILY
GOOD
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
mode: INCREMENTAL
developer: PRIVATE
builder: ARTISAN/SELF-HELP
construction type: BRICK
year of construction: 1963/65
MATERIALS
foundation: BRICK/CONCRETE
floors: CONCRETE/TILES
walls: BRICK
roof: BRICK, I BEAMS, CLAY&STRAW
DWELLING FACILITIES
wc:
shower:
kitchen:
rooms:
other:
otherpictures you can noticea TV antenna and the
air cooler, reflecting the transitional mode (rural
to urban) in which this development is going through.
NUMBER OF USERS
married: 2
single: 3
children: 6
total: 11
DWELLING
location:
type:
number of floors:
utilization:
physical state:
PHOTOGRAPHS
a continuous view of the
The photographs illustrates
The far right photograph shows
front Ward of a home.
the clay oven in which bread is baked daily. In the
1
1
3
MIGRATION PATTERN
number of moves: 1
rural - urban: X
urban - urban: -
urban - rural: why cam to urban area: EMPLOYMENT
GENERAL: ECONOMIC
user's income group: LOWM
employment: GOVERNMENT
distance to work: 5.5 Mi.
mode of travel: BUS
COSTS
dwelling unit: $ 10,000
land - market value: $ 3,500
DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS
financing: SELF FINANCED
rent/mortgage:
% income for rent/mortgage:
-
CASE STUDY SOURCES
(accurate) Baghdad Municipality
(the Planning Commision), Aerial
Photographs.
LAND USE PATTERN: (accurate) IBID, Field survey
by the author and Tarik Nubarkah.
1978-79.
(accurate) rBID
CIRCULATION PATTERN:
(approximate) Aerial Photographs
SEGNENT PLAN:
(approximte) Aerial Photographs
BLOCK PLAN:
TYPICAL DWELLING, (accurate) Field survey by the
author, 1978.
PNYSICAL DATA: (accurate) IBID
PHOTOGRAPHS: Directorate General of Surveying
(Aerial), the author, 1978
GENERAL INFORMATIrON: John Gulick, "Baghdad: Portrait
of a City in Physical and Cultural Change. AlP Journal,
PLAN,
July 67.
"Ecological Approach for the
Study of Blighted Areas in
Baghdad, Case Study-Thawra
District', Thesis by Ali Mustafa
mazen, Baghdad, 1977.
Doxiadis Associatcs: 'Eastern
Baghdad Development, First
Baghdad Slum Clearance Project",
Baghdad 1957
(38)
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
URBAN
4 OFFICERS' CITY
Instant, upper middle income, public housing.
clusters, in an attempt to segregate pedestrians and vehicular traffic. However, the
cul-de-sacs were, later on, connected with
each other for easy car movement and increased accessibility, which interrupted the
continuity of the green strips.
Two types of dwelling units were provided.
2
Both had a lot area of 594 m2 . However, in
few cases it was left to the individual to
design and construct his own dwelling unit.
Institutional uses/facilities were
grouped in a central strip running along the
locality.
LAND USE: The primary use of Officers' City
is residential. It accounts for 68% of the
168 hectares of the overall area. While
open areas, street/walkways, and institutional
uses account for 32%. The settlement has
complete community facilities that include
playgrounds, primary schools, secondary
schools, mosque, library, social club, postoffice, bank, etc. They are all located in
the central strip that runs along the locality
creating its spine. Commercial facilities are
located west of the locality in the form of a
central shopping center. However, most residents depend on shopping areas beyond the
locality, to which they commute by their
private cars.
LOCATION: Officer's City is located south
east of Baghdad City, about 4 Km. from the
center. The locality covers an area of
about 168 hectares.
ORIGINS: On the 14th of July 1958, the
Hashimite Monarchy was deposed by General
Qassim, who being an army officer, and the
Premier, attempted to gain the support of
the army by providing numerous priviledges
to them. Among many, were the army cooperative housing projects in Baghdad City. In
1960, this particular one was constructed
instantly by contracting it to a large contractor. The houses were distributed to army
officers according to rank and/or by lottery.
CIRCULATION: The main access to Officers'
City is through Muthana Bin Haritha AlShaibani Street to which the locality is connected in two points: North and West.
Palestine St., on the other hand, forms the
north-western boundary, and provide rapid/
easy access to other parts of the city.
The original layout of the locality attempted
to segregate vehicular and pedestrian traffic
by introducing cul-de-sac streets and the
green strips in between clusters working as
pedestrian access. However, most cul-de-sac
streets were, later on, connected, thus interrupting the pedestrian movement and making
the clusters' streets public areas open to
through traffic.
IL J ýL.
IL J
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_1L A :L IL J
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LAYOUT:
Officers' City has a grid iron layout, which caters to vehicular movement
rather than pedestrian. It represents the
adoption of the Western suburban approach to
physical planning. Twenty semi-detached
houses were grouped to form a cluster around
a cul-de-sac access street. Green strips,
18m. wide, were intended as playgrounds, recreational, and pedestrian access between
1
WCAUTY PLAN
1:10000
Io0
M
560
PEDLSTRIAN
CASE STUDY: OFFICERS'
CITY
4;
to
>1
M
A
0J
'4
LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN
oUiAUWaL.
AREAS
I0L
A
nAZL1£ULn
riii
£zznu
KEY
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
OPEN SPACES
P
Police
- Bus
B School
PO Post Off
L
Mq
H
as
Library
Mosque
Health
Social
+
'Io
SVEHICULAR
1:10000
.*******
(40)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
POPULATION: The approximate population of
Officers' City is 13,750 persons. Average
family size is 6-7 persons. Most of the family heads are army officers of middle to upper middle income groups. Clearly, Officers'
City has the highest income levels among the
localities surveyed, as well as the most
evenly upwardly mobile social group. There
was a lot of criticism to the appropriateness
of having cooperative housing societies based
or, the profession of the family head, especially from the social point of view. However,
such trends still persist.
29"m
Om-
1NN
LOCALITY SmGMENT AI
PeO
naM
1:2500
(l1)
CASE STUDYs OFFICERS' CITY
4"
~ i~I-mi li~mr
~J
:fzLL~
LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES
100
0
suRcx
MUD/hrTLE
WOD
NALSONRY
STEEL
I300
The chart shows
(1) approximate percentage of each
construction type within the total number of dwellings
and (2)
type.
buildinq group that generally produces each
Quality of information:
LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES
XTER SUPPLY
WMJ
SANITARY SEmAGE
STORM DRAINAGE
ELzTRICIT
GAS
WMI
WM
REFUSE COLLECTION
PULIC TRANSPORTATION
PAVZ) ROADS, WBMMYS
WN
WM
TELEPHONE
WM
21m
STREET LUGHTI53
LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES
_
POLICE
FIRE PROTECTION
MLTII
SCHOOLS, PIAYGROULS
RRJEATION,
...
....
OPEN SPACES
The chart illustrates the approximate availability
utilities, services, and coumunity facilities at
three levelst NONE,LIMNITED,
ADEQUATE.
F-
WA
WM
PLAN
Quality of information: Accurate
0%
im
;t 13q
SEGM3ENT
LOCALITY
LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN
SO150M(
1:2500
of
(42)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMFNTS
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
DENSITIES
LOTS
DWELLING UNITS
PEOPLE
Total
Number
14
14
98
AREAS
Area
Hectares
1.2
11.7
1.2
1.2
11.7
82
Hectares
Percentages
PUBLIC (streets, walkways,
open spaces)
0.38
32%
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, community centers)
0.00
00%
PRIVATE (dwellings, shops,
factories, lots)
0.82
68%
SEMI-PRIVATE
(cluster courts) 00
TOTAL
1.20
emmemeo
mDeml
Density
w/lft
dimensions -
594
!I
;llmsmOiimsmiomomomom~~mineoomsmsmsmsmiomomoooSm~l
omlomOeO
I
i
i
i
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S33/18
S---
-----
5
i
I
00%
100%
1
f
U
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length (streets, valkways)) . 188
Areas servei
(total area)
LOTS
Average area,
momm me
•
EIf
I
U
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
-I
I
s
emomomomsmomslememo.s%
~smem..ems.e.smemsmememOelmemememo.memememomlemOmomemsme
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
LOCALITY BIA)CK/LAND
UTIIOATI
no.
S1:11
PLAN
1:1000
1 Hectare
1 Hectare
[
1 Hectare
0
I
PATTERN
Public:
Semi-Public:
streets/wa lkways
playgrounds
Semi-Private; cluster coý:rts
Private:
lots
dwellings
16 Hectares
I
0
0
I.I
PERCENTAGES streets/Wlkmways 32%
Playgrounds 00%
Cluster Courts 00%
Dwellings/Lotse 68
DENSITY
Person/MHectare
CIRCULATION
Meter/Iectare
020 Persons
FMOrOGRAPffs
OFFICERSM
' Cars (opposite po) Public housing,
catering to the middle to pper middle incom
groups. Although two typM of dwellijaV units
-e designed, mM•ftmy and reginatation
prewvails.
CUB STUDvS ornazmn
w
w
-
_
a
4c.'
i.
4AW4
'Si
pma
: Alt"~:
LZ.
a .
I
CIw
(43)
(44)
URBAN
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
SECTION
KEY
LZ
D
BR
x
T
L
C
S
R
0
1
1:200
Living Room
Dining/Eating Area
Bedroom
Kitchen/Cooking Area
Toilet/Bathroom
Laundry
Closet
Storage
Room (multi-use)
5
10
CASE STUDYs
PHYSICAL DATA
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA
(related to dwelling and land)
(related to user)
user's ethnic origin:
DWELLING UNIT
type:
area (sq m):
tenure:
HOUSE
594
LEGAL OWNERSHIP
user's ethnic origin:
place of birth:
education level:
LAND/LOT
utilization:
area (sq m):
tenure:
PRIVATE
594
LEGAL OWNERSHIP
NUMBER OF USERS
married:
single:
children:
total:
DWELLING
location:
type:
number of floors:
utilization:
physical state:
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
mode:
developer:
builder:
construction type:
year of construction:
MATERIALS
foundation:
floors:
walls:
roof:
INNER RING
DETACHED
2
SINGLE FAMILY
GOOD
MIGRATION PATTERN
number of moves:
rural - urban:
urban - urban:
urban - rural:
why came to urban area:
COSTS
dwelling unit:
land - market value:
BRICK/CONCRETE
CONCRETE/TILES
BRICK
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DWELLING FACILITIES
wc:
shower:
kitchen:
rooms:
other: STORE,
%
BACK&FRONT YARDS
(45)
PHOTOGRAPS:
GENERAL: SOCIAL
BAGHDADAL
BAGHDAD
BAGHDAD
MILITARY ACADEMY
-
GENERAL: ECONOMIC
user's income group: UPPER MIDDLE
employment: RETIRED OFFICER
distance to work: 4.5 Km.
mode of travel: PRIVATE CAR
INSTANT
ARMY COOPERATIVE
LARGE CONTRACTOR
BRICK/CONCRETE
1960/61
OFFICERS' CITY
$ 44,000
$ 20,000
DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS
financing: SELF FINANCED
rent/mortgage: income for rent/mortgage: -
OFFrCERS'CITY: (left) clearly layed out for vehicular
use.
(right) Detached dwelling units represent an imported
dwelling system, and non-compatability with
the environment.
URBAN CONTEXT SOURCES
PLAN:
LAND USE PATTERN:
CIRCULATION PATTERN:
SEGMENT PLAN:
BLOCK PLAN:
TYPICAL DWELLING:
PNYSICAL DATA:
PHOTOGRAPHS:
GENERAL INFORMATION:
(accurate) Baghdad Municipality (the Planning Commnision),
Aerial Photographs.
(accurate) IBID, Field survey
by the author, 1978
(accurate) IBID
(accurate) General State
Department of Surveying
(accurate) Directorate Gconeral
of Surveying, Aerial Photographs.
(accurate) Field Survey by
the author, 1978
(accurate) IBID
Directorate General of Surveying (aerial), the author,
1978.
The author
(4)
URBA DWELLING ENVIROMETS
EVALUATIONS
Each of the four case studies described previously represent a basic dwelling type of the
low to middle income urban environments of
Baghdad. A comparative overview of the dwelling systems is presented in the Evaluations,
analyzing each case from a different angle.
The following sections are included in the
Evaluation :
TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE :
A chart relating the case studies to their
originating models. In this evaluation, the
dwelling types are arranged horizontally
according to their historical development,
and related vertically to their past, present,
and future conditions in order to see them in
a broader time/process perspective. The chart
permits the observation of user, utilization,
density, ans trend as they change over time.
TIME/PROCESS
PERSPECTIVE
Existing housing models are the most valuable
source of information or reference in formulating urban land policies and housing programs. The models provide a guide to general,
yet basic questions of land use (for what),
land distribution (to whom), land subdivision (how to). The models also provide a
guide to more specific questions i How do
they relate to different cultures and values?
What range of population do they permit ?
To what income groups are they accessible ?
How effecient is the land utilization which
SECTION
they provide 7
LAND UTILISATION :
Patterns, percentages, densities, and circulation. A graphic comparison and evaluation
of urban land utilization of different layouts.
Dwelling system
Dwelling
Configuration
Land
Lot
Stories
Layout
Location
Block layout
utilization
Origin
Localities
Urban population served
V)
z
U
U3
0.
u
3Dwelling
U_
TRADITIONAL
M/GRUPED
TRANSITIONAL ROW HOUSES
(TRADITIONAL TO URBAN)
Irregular/small
2-3 includingbasement
Compact arrangement of rooms around a courtyard.
Small rectangular
2-3 including basement
Compact geometric arrangement of rooms around a courtyard.
Center
Center
Irregular/grouped
Acceptable
Developed out of the traditional system in the 1930's
9'
1 4
Moderate/high
User income groups
Dwelling utilization
Population density
Trend
Very low/low
Cultural acceptance
Income group feasibility
Model
Acceptable
Old Mesopotamia
Kadhemiyah, central Baghdad
User income groups
Dwelling utilization
Population density
Trend
User income groups
utilization
Population density
Trend
Gridiron
Beta-Wayeen
High
Single/multiple
Single/multiple
Medium/high
Medium/high
Continuing
Stationary
Very low/low
Multiple
Single/multiple
High
High
Disappearing
Very low
Disappearing
Very low
Multiple
Multiple
High
High
Disapperaing
Disappearing
Yes
Yes
Poor inhabitants, having as main priority security of
land tenure.
The model is consistent with the Iraqi/Baghdadi cul-
Unskilled newcomers,
bility to jobs.
ture and should be developed/improved for economic
provision of utilities
and services.
having as main priority accessi-
The model should be encouraged, it has cultural consistency, permits the gradual upgrading of the
dwelling, and has the advantage of economic provision
of utilities and services.
EVALUATION: TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE
(47)
SECTION
J
PLAN
TRANSITIONAL
ROWHOUSES
(RURAL
TO URBAN)
Small rectangular
1-2
Roomsgroupedarounda centralcorridor,
a multipurpose backyard (rural remniscenses)
Periphery (cheaper land)
Gridiron
Bad
SEKI-DETACHED/DETACHaED
HOUSES
WALK-UPS
Dwelling system
Big, rectangular
1-2
Rooms together without focus of activity (dormitory),
big back and front yards.
Periphery/innerring
Gridiron
Bad
Big, rectangular
3-4
2 apartments grouped around a commonstaircase
Lot
Stories
Layout
Periphery
Bad
Location
Blocklayout
Land utilization
Universal
Thawra, Salam City, Hurriah.
50 5
British, imported and used after WW1i
Officers' City, Police City, Mansur, Waziriah
40 %
Universal
Zaiunah, Saydiah, Alwiya
5'
Origin
Localities
Urbanpopulation served
Very low/low
Moderate/high
Moderate/high
Single/multiple
Low
Single/multiple
High
Proliferating
Single
Low/medium
Continuing
Moderate/high
Low
Single/multiple
High
Continuing
Moderate/high
Single
Single
Low
Continuing
Low
Low/medium
Proliferating
Moderate
Single/multiple
Medium/high
Single
Low/mediaum
Continuing
Nedium
Proliferating
User incomegroups
Dwelling utilization
Populationdensity
Trend
User incomegroups
Dwelling utilization
Populationdensity
Proliferating Trend
Moderate/high
Single
Dwelling
Configuration
Proliferating
User inCome groups
Dwellingutilization
Population density
Trend
Yes,
Yes (imported pattern, automobile oriented)
No (due to privacy, individuality)
Culturalacceptance
Unskilled newcomers,havingas main priorityaccessibility to jobs.
Layoutwould be efficientif circulation
length,semipublic, and publicareaswere controlledand minimized.
Land speculation
shouldbe limited.
Upper income
Salaried/bureacrats employees, upper income groups
Income group feasibility
A revised model should avoid present tendency to encourageurbansprawl,and includetraditional
values
in dwelling design.
A revisedmodel shouldprovidebetter land utilization Model
in terms of percentage of ýrivate and semi private
land, higher densities and efficient circulation layout. Also,providea variety of units,possibility of
expansion and flexibility of spaces.
C4
(48)
URBAN
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
LAND
UTILIZATION : PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, DENSITIES & CIRCULATION
DATE
HOUSE
TYPE
INCOME
LAND UTILIZATION SUMMARY
The different case studies, together with the
the proposed model, are represented here in
terms of land utilization (patterns, percentages, densities, and network efficiency)
in a format that allows the comparison and
evaluation of the urban layout of each dwelling system. The criteria used in the
evaluation of the efficiency of the urban
layouts are explained in the next column.
It should be noted that none of the following
criteria can be used alone or out of context
without incurring in possible distortions.
They are meant to be comprehensively employed
and require the reader's judgment.
LAYOUT
PATTERNs
Lot configuration, blocks
and circulation, they determine infrstructure
network length; i.e.,
certain layouts have
excessive network lengths or are very complicated, resulting in
person.
higher costs per
LAND UTILIZATION PERCENTAGES:
Proportion of
public and private areas: they determine
maintenance responsibility, user control
functional efficiency of a layout; e.g.,
large percentage of land for circulation
sults in high costs of installation per
person and extensive maintenance for the
public sector, indicating an inefficient
the
and
re-
lay-
out.
PERCENTAGES Stzeets/Nalkways
Playgrounds
Cluster Courts
Dwellings/Lots
POPULATION DENSITY:
Number of persons per
hectare (gross); related to the number and
type of dwellings per hectare. This
determines the intensity of land use; e.g.,
low densities mean higher costs of development per person.
LOCATION OF CASE STUDIES
DENSITY
Persons/sectare
20 Persons
CIRCULATION LENGTHS :
A relation between
public circulation length and area served
indicates the network efficiency; a high
ratio means a less efficient network in terms
KEY
PATTERN
of direct costs and maintenance costs.
PublicA
streets/WelkVays
Seek-Publics
playgrounds
Semi-Privates cluster courts
Privates
lotse
dwellings
.............°..
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length steats valkways)
Areas served (totel area)
EVALUATION, LAND UTILIZATION
I KADHEMIYAH
2 SALAM CITY
8 THAWRA CITY
4 OFFICERS' CITY
8
1800
Old traditional
Very low/low
1956
Row public housing
Low
1963
Popular row housing
Low
1960
Detached public housing
Middle/high
1978
Walk-up public housing
Middle/high
I
Ii
I
O
6 PROPOSED
1979
Proposed
Low
1
I
*LEiJ
[II
I
N
10%
00%
7%
83%
ZAIUNAR
-
35.6%
00.0%
00.0%
64.4%
34%
00%
00%
66%
63%
21%
00%
16%
14%
278
400
575
152
19%
13%
53%
1 Hectare
*
********
0*@O
1045-'"
000
*
0.0
000
0
00000I
000000
000•00
10000000
000000
1045
620
482
426
302
I
0
I
16 Hectares
251
188
(49)
(50)
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
PROPOSED MODEL
ZAIUNAH
BACKGROUND
The national pressures existent in the early 1970's
resulted in the nationalization of the oil production industry in 1972 and the sharp increase of oil
prices in 1973-1974. The net impact of these pressures on Iraq's economy was a doubling of per capita
income in 1974 to $950, reaching $1316 in 1976. Concommitantly the purchasing power of the population escalated increasing the demand and prices for goods
and sevices, including housing.
The pragmatic administration cognizant of the need to
improve the well being and standard of living for the
population, actively pursued a housing construction
policy.
The policy was implemented in the form of walk-up
units constructed at sites throughout Baghdad being
Zaiunah, Saidiah, and Alwiya.
In application the housing strategies of governmental
agencies should realize, apply and encompass the following:
first, approaching housing problems in terms of
deficit of dwelling units or provision of structures
(shelter) is a limited, short sighted policy.
HOUSING IS A PACKAGE OF SERVICES being: land utilization, access to public services and job opportunities
as well as the housing structures.
second, housing policies and programs have to be
tailored to the country's income level and the households' capacity to pay, in essence, housing standards
have to be consistent with the prevailing income
levels of the population. However, the public sector
has adopted standards of public housing that exclude
not only the poor, but also sectors of the middle income population. The existing physical design of
publi'c housing, has a minimum cost of $20,000 per
unit, excluding 60% of the urban population of Iraq.
Refer to table 1 and table 2.
Due to the limitations and shortcomings. of the public
sector policies, dealing
with the problems posed by
the housing needs of low income groups, the concept
of site and services was implemented in a proposed
model that offers a wide variety of opportunities and
possibilities.
In this regard, the proposed model is concerned with
reducing the cost of urban development by optimizing
the physical design elements of the settlement. It
should be realized that the initial optimization of
the design of unconsolidated sprawl settlement can
afford important economies in the long run. A policy
based on these premises would allow the public sector
to rationalize the development of low income settlements while reducing the cost of their urbanization.
POPOSED NOMO
Table 1
Table 2
INCOME GROUPS, IRAQ, Oct. 76
SOURCE:
(51)
COST OF PUBLIC HOUSING (WALK UPS)
"Survey on the Iraqi Household Budget"
Central Statistical Organization
Ministry of Planning
SOURCE:
BAGHDAD - IRAQ
THAWRA NEWSPAPER, SEPT.14,78
oo
00
H 4
Z
o
zco
Household
Expenditure
Total
US$/year
Population
0-2022
411,000
Rent,Fuel,
and Energy
% US$/year
13.7
212
19.96
1,401,000
46.7
533
16.53
4489-8088
804,000
26.8
985
15.97
Total
384,000
12.8
2019
3,000,000
100
-
I.D.1 = US$ 3.37
02
4o
2 Bedroom +
% of
Expenditure
2062-4448
8128-above
4
Hw
15.90
88
19,883
2,982
1,022
25
60
2 Bedroom +
living room
(Zaiunah)
88
21,905
3,286
1,126
25
60
3 Bedroom +
living room
(Saidiah)
100
23,421
3,513
1,204
20
60
3 Bedroom +
living room
(Zaiunah)
100
32,186
6,437
1,795
20
87
living room
(Saydiah)
I.D. 1 = US$ 3.37
(52)
DWZDIG~
unmaA
EIOWrS
qm".
ill
Master plan green area
---
EXISTING
CIRCULATION
-- -------____- ---------
PLAN
BASIC SITE DATA
LOCATION
The site, Zaiunah is located approximately 6 kilometers
from downtown Baghdad, on the eastern side of the metropolitan area. The site boarders the Army Canal.
BOUNDARIES
Bounded by Umar Bin Al-Katab Street and the Army
Canal on the east, Musa Bin Nasseer Street on the
south, an existing residential development on the
west, and a proposed major street on the north. The
site is buffered by 50 meters wide green areas, as
recommended by the Baghdad Master Plan.
ACCESSES
The main access to the site is via two principal
Streets Umar Bin Al-Khatab (east) and Musa Bin Nasseer
(south). Jitneys service these streets and public
buses service Musa Bin Nasseer Street.
TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of Zaiunah is flat, and lacking vegetation.
EXISTING STRUCTURES
1976, when the governThe site lacked structures till
ment began constructing public housing.
UTILITIES
The site is serviced with electricity and water supply.
The sewerage system serving the adjacent residential
neighborhood has facilities and capacity to hook up to
the site. Storm drainage is not available for the
site, at present.
1PRPOSZD MODZL (53)
0-*
WE
REVISED
CIRCULATION
PLAN
CIRCULATION
U
IN
5..
ITT
STREETS TYPE III: Vehicle dominate. Local and
through traffic for all kind of vehicles and pedestrians. Controls are established for protection of
pedestrians: Crosswalks,traffic lights, rails, overpasses and underpasses. May delineate the neighbor-
hood.
STREETS TYPE II: Vehicles and pedestrians. Vehicles
dominate but do not control circulation. Local traffic and limited through traffic for vehicles and pedestrians. Control of traffic frequency.
Give access to commercial areas, and locality center.
Locality transportation route.
STREETS TYPE I:
Pedestrians dominate over vehicles.
Character and speed are controlled by the street layout. Give access to residential property.
1:10000
KEY
Residential
.i.iI..
Institutional
......
Boundary Line
aStreet
Type III
Street Type II
-
Street Type I
NETWORK EFFECIENCY
Network length (street, walkways)
Area served (total area)
-
152 m/Ha.
a.
(54)
URBANDWELLING
ENVIRONMrS
PLANNING
POLICIES/ GOALS
LAND SUBDIVISION
HOUSING
The proposed models' land subdivision is based on the
following policies:
The housing proposal for the Zaiunah project have the
following characteristics:
minimization of public land for circulation and
lengths of infrastructure per area served, being:
electricity, water, sewerage, networks, street lights,
police protection, and garbage collection. Resulting
in savings for the government in construction, maintenance and operation.
- two basic types of dwelling units: walk-up apartments (instant), and serviced land (progressive)
- the ground floor of the buildings facing public
streets can be alternatively used as dwelling or
shops (commercial uses).
- the majority of the apartment units are basic shells
that can be internally completed and expanded, according to owners needs and requirements. The advantage of this system is that it provides flexibility and minimizes the initial investments by the
users as well as the total investment by the government.
- the apartment units have a maximun of 8 familites
sharing the same services (stairs, terrace) to
facilitate control and responsibility in the use and
maintenance.
- the several dwelling options available to different
income groups are: apartments, expandable apartments,
and plots of different areas.
- the type of tenure is condominium ownership in all
dwellings.
maximization of the private users responsibility,
initiative, and participation. Resulting in increased
social and economic benefits for the locality. The
policies lead to the condominium or "cluster" type of
land subdivision. Therefore, dwellings are grouped
around a common court serving as an access space as
well as a semi-private open space. The court is collectively owned by the dwellers, which control and
share in the use and maintenance of the court.
Condominium is a system of direct ownership of a
single unit in a multi-unit structure. The individual
owns and operated the units in much the same manner
as if it were a single family dwelling, the owner
holds direct legal title to the unit and a proportionate share of the common areas and the underlying
ground.
PROPOSED
MODEL
(55)
PROGRAM COMPARISON BETWWEN THE GOVERNMENT PROJECT AND THE REVISED PROJECT
GOVERNMENT PROJECT
POPULATION
NET DENSITY (p/Ha.)
GROSS DENSITY (p/Ha.)
11,826
17,000
1,739
755
278
400
SITE AREA
AREAS OF LAND UTILIZATION
Public
Semi-Public
Semi-Private
Private
TARGET INCOME GROUP
Number of Units:
Apartments
Lots
Total
AVERAGE LOT DIMENSION
42.5
AREA Ha.
%
64.8
20.6
15.5
27.15
8.75
6.6
14
19
13
53
MEDIUM HIGH
1977
1977
INSTANT
LEVEL OF SERVICE
STANDARD
Secondary Schools
PUBLIC
COMMERCIAL
42.5
%
DEVELOPMENT MODE
Semi Public Areas:
Primary Schools
REVISED PROJECT
6 @ 360 students
12 classrooms
single shift
2
0.51 Ha.
AREA Ha.
6.2
8.25
5.5
22.6
LOW MEDIUM
1984
683
2667
21x7 = 147m
INSTANT/PROGRESSIVE
STANDARD
4 @ 425 Students
12 classrooms
double shift
2 males, females
max. of 8.6 Ha.
(ground floor of walk-ups)
(56)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
Army Canal.,
B2nSt.
Uar
A2.-Khatab
Umar Sin Al-Khatab St.
I
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
1 Hectare
i[
1
-I---1
Hectare
16 flectarsa
U
Hectare
Eu......
11
mummum
EEUEE
*
U
mum
EummEm..
0@@
0000
*
U
U
U
I
U
U
I
U
U
U
*
U
U
U
I
U
U
I
U
U
U
*
U
U
U
I
U
U
I
U
U
U
*
U
U
U
I
U
U
I
U
U
U
*
U
U
U
U
U
I
U
U
U
*
mum...
*
U
mu..
U
Eu.....
PATTERN
Public:
streets/walkways-
seam-Public:
playgrourKI;
Semrti-Private: cluster co .rrt
Private:
lots
dwellings
mU
EEEUEEU
630
PERCENTAGESStreets/walkways
Schools/Commrcial 21l
OOt
Cluster Courts
D~llings/1o"
16FA
DENSITY
O20 Persons
Prsoas/Uectare
278
CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION
EuUEUEU
I..
Neter/U.ctsre
mter/setare
PROPOSED MODEL
.....
A...
my Canal
Umar Bin Al Khatab St.
i
ii
·i·i.....I.......I.....
· ..
II
I•••
.....
.I.1
I
LI
Master plan green area
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
1 Hectare
1 Hectare
I
1 Hectare
16 Hectares
e
I
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
..
*
U
PATTERN
PERCENTAGES StZreets/Ilkvays
14%
Scbools/Cmmercial 19%
ClusterCourts
13%
KEY
Primary School
Intermediate School
Secondary School
Recreation
Mosque
Social Facilities
Conmercial
0@@
Dwellings/Lrts
53%
*.@@
DENSITY
O20 Persons
Persons/Bectare
CIRCULATION
Meter/Hlectar
152
(57)
(58)
URAN DWMUENG Z•IWz•NMENs
GLOSSARY
The criteriafor the preparation of the defini tionshave been as follows,
-rFRST PRErrREM9CE definitionsfrom "Webster's Third
NewInternational Dictionary', Nerriam-webster,1971.
-SECOND PREFERENCE: definitions from
technical dic-
tionaries, text books, or reference manuals.
-TN•IZ•D PREFERENCE: definitions from the Urban
SettlementDesignProgram(U.S.D.P.) Files. They are
used when existingsourceswere not quite appropriate/
satisfactory.
Mords included for specificity and to focus on
a particularcontext are indicated in parenthesis.
Sources of definitions
are indicated in parenthesis. (See also. RFERrECES).
BACKFILL. Earth or other material used to replace
material removed during construction, such as in
culvert,sever,and pipeline trenches and behind
bridgeabutments
and retainingwallsor betweenan
old structure
and a new lining. (DePina, 1972)
BARRIER. (A boundary) as a topographic feature or a
physicalor psychological
qualitythat tendsto separate or restrict the free movement(to and fromthe
site). (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
BETTERMENT
(TAX). A tax on the increment in value
accruing to an owner because of development and improvement work carried out by local authorities.
(U.S.D.P.)
BINDERCOURSE. A transitional layer of bituminous
paving between the crushed stonebase and the surface course (to increase bond between base and surface course). (DePina,1972)
BITUMINOUS.A coating of or containing bituins as
asphalt or tar. (DePina, 1972)
BLOCK. A block is a portion of land bounded and
served by lines of public streets. (U.S.D.P.)
ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular
linkagesfrom/to
the site to/from existing or planned approaches (urban streets, limited access highways, public transportation systems, and other systems such as: waterways, airlines, etc.) (U.S.D.P.)
ACTUAL
LANDCOST. "(The cost of land is)...set
solely by the level of demand. The price of land is
not a function of any cost conditions, it is set by
the usersthemselvesin competition.-(Turner,
1971)
ADVALOREM
(TAX). A tax based on a property's values
the value taxed by local governments is not always
or even usuallythe market value, but only a valuation for tax purposes.(U.S.D.P.)
AIRPORTDISTURBANCE.
The act or process of destroying the rest,tranquility,
or settledstateof (the
site by the annoyanceof airportnoise,vibration,
hazards, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
AIRPORTZONING RESTRICTIONS.The regulation
of the
heightor type of structuresin the path of moving
aircraft.(Abrams,1971)
ALTERNATINC
CURRENT(A.C.)(anelectric)current
that reverses its direction of flow at regular intervals. (ROTC ST 45-7,1953)
AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or material comfort or convenience, or which contributes
satisfaction
ratherthanmoney incometo its owner.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
AMPERES.Amperes (amp) are a measure of the rate of
flowof electricity. It is somewhat comparable to
the rate of flow of water (quantity/time). A steady
current produced by one volt applied across a resistance of one ohm. (MROTC
ST 45-7,1953)
APPRAISAL. An estimate and opinion of value, especially by one fitted to judge.
(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
APPROACHES.
The main routes external to the site
(pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site can be
reached from other parts of the urban context.
(U.S.D.P.)
ASSESSED VALUE. A valuation placed upon propertyby
a public officer or boardas a basis for taxation.
(Keyes,1971)
ASSESSMENT. The valuation of property for the purpose of levying a tax or the amount of the tax
levied. (Keyes, 1971)
BOUNDARY.
Scmething (a line or area) that fixes or
indicates a limit or extent (of the site). (MerriamWebster,1971)
BUILDING
COWDE. "A body of legislative regulations or
by-lawsthatprovideminimum standards to safeguard
life or limb, health, property, and public welfare by
regulating
and controlling
the design, construction,
quality of materials, use and occupancy, locationand
maintenance of all buildings and structures within
the city,and certain equipment specifically regulated
therein." (BOCA,1967)
BUILDINGDRAIN. Lowest horizontal piping of
buildingdrainage system receiving discharge
soil, waste, and otherdrainagepipes. It is
nected to the building sever. (ROTCST 45-7,
the
from
con1953)
BUILDINGMAIN. Water-supply pipe and fittings from
the water main or other source of sepply to the first
branch of the water-distribution system of a building.
(R•TC ST 45-7, 1953)
CESSPOOL. An underground catch basin that is used
where there is no sewer and into which household
sewage or other liquid waste is drained to permit
leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
CIRCULATION.System(s) of movement/passage of people,
goods fromplace to places streets, walkways, parking
areas.
(U.S.D.P.)
CLAY. A lusterless colloidal substance, plastic when
moist (crystalline grains less than 0.002mm in diametar). (U.S.D.P.)
A plug or similar fitting to permit access
CLE•ANOUT.
to traps or sever lines. Cleanouts are usually used
at turns and other points of collection. (ROTCST
45-7,1953)
CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at a
particular place over a period of years as exhibited
by temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy,
humidity,etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
COLLECTION
SYSTEN. The system of pipes in a sewage
network, comprised
of house service, collection lines,
manholes,laterals,
mains. (U.S.D.P.)
COMBINED SEWER. A severthatcarriesboth storm
water and sanitaryor industrial
wastes. (DePina,
1972)
COMMUNITT.The people living in a particular place
or regionand usually linked by cnmon interestas the
region itself; any population
cluster. (U.S.D.P.)
DETACHED WEILLING'.Individual dwelling unit, separated from others. (U.S.D.P.)
COMseNITYFACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/services
used in commonby a number of people. It may include:
schools, health, recreation, police, fire, public
ommunity center,etc. (U.S.D.P.)
transportation,
DEVELOPMENT.Gradualadvanceor growth throughprogressive changes,a developed tractof land (U.S.D.P.)
COSIUNITY
RECREATION
FACILITIES. Facilities for activities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun,.
relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or release
from boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.)
DEVELOPMENT
SIZE. Thereare two generalrangesof
size, LARGE:may be independent
comunities requiring
theirown utilities, services, and comunity facilities, SMAL: generally
are part of an adjacenturbanizationand can use its supporting
utilities,services,and comunity facilities.(U.S.D.P.)
part of the utilitynetwork.
COMPCNENT.A constituent
(U.S.D.P.)
is a system of directownCONDOMINIUN.
Condominiu,
ership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole. The
individual owns the unit in much the same manner as
if it were a singlefamilydwellingshe holdsdirect
interest
legal title to the unit and a proportionate
in the comon land and areas. Two types of condominiums are recognized:
OR0IZ0onTAL:
detached, semidetached, row/grouped dwelling types, VERTZCAL: walkup, high-use dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.)
Materials which allow current to flow
CONDUCTORS.
such as aluminum,copper,iron.(NOTCST 45-7,1953)
CONDUIT.A pipe or other opening, buried or above
ground, for conveying hydraulic traffic, pipelines,
cables,or otherutilities. (DePina,1972)
CONSERVATION
EASEMENT.An easement acquired by the
public and designed to open privately owned landsfor
recreational purposes or to restrict the use of private land in order to preserve open space and protect
certain natural resources.
(U.S.D.P.)
CONUROMION.
Area of large urban communities where
towns,etc. have spreadand became joinedbeyond
their administrative boundaries. (A.S. Hornby, A.P.
Cowie, J. Windsor Lewis, 1975)
An aggregation or continuous network
CONUMRBATION.
of urbancomunities. (Merriam-Webster,
1963)
CORPORATION
COCK/CORPORATION
STOP. A vater or gas
cock by means of which utility-cmpany employees
connect or disconnect servicelines to a consumer.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
Include the following: CAPZCOSTSOF URBANIZATION.
TAL2 cost of land and infrastructure; OPERArZNG: cost
of administration, maintenance, etc.8 DIRECT:include
capitaland operatingcostssINDIRECT:includeenvirormental and personaleffects. (U.S.D.P.)
CURRENT,DIRECT
CURRENT).
CURRENT(Sees ALTERNATING
An electric current is a movement of positive or negative electric particles (as electrons) accompanied
by such observable effects as the production of heat,
of a magnetic field, or of chemical transformation.
(Merrianm-Webster, 1971)
of a vibration,
CYCLE. One complete performance
electric oscillation, current alternation, or other
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
periodic process.
DAM. A barrier preventing the flow of waters a barrier built across a water course to confine and keep
back flowing water. (Merriam-Webeter, 1971)
ACCEIERATION
(TAX). A tax incentive
DEPRECIATION
designed to encourage new construction by allowing a
faster write-off during the early life of a building.
(U.S.D.P.)
DESIGN. 1) The arrangement of elements that make up
a work of art, a machine or other man-made object.
2) The process of selecting the means and contriving
the elements, steps, and procedures for producing
what will adequately satisfy some need. (MerriamWebster, 1971)
DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.) (An electriccurrentthat)
flowscontinuously
in one direction.(ROTCST 45-7,
1953)
DISCHARGE
(Q). Flow froma culvert,sewer, channel,
etc. (DePina,1972)
DISTANCE.The degreeor amount of separation between
two points (the siteand each otherelementof the
urbancontext)measuredalongthe shortest path adjoining them (pathsof travel). (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
DISTRIBUTION (STATION). The part of an electric supply system between bulk powersources(as generating
stationsor transformation
stationtapped from transmissionlines)and the consumers'
serviceswitches.
(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
DISTURBED SOIL. Soilsthathave been disturbed by
artificial
process,such as excavation,
transportation,and compaction
in fill. (U.S.D.P.)
DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground water
or surface water, by artificial or natural means.
(De Pina, 1972)
DUST/DIRT. Fine dry pulverized particles of earth,
grit, refuse, waste, litter, etc. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
WELLING. The general, global designation of a building/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains
one or more •iwelling unitsal (U.S.D.P.)
BUILDER.Four groups are considereds
DWELLING
SELF-
HELP BUIZLTwhere the dwelling unit is directly built
by the user or occupant; ARTISAN BUILT: where the
dwelling unit is totally or partially built by a
skilled craftsman hired by the user or occupants payments can be monetary or an exchange of services,
SMALL CONTRACTOR WIZLT: where the dwellingunit is
hired by the
totallybuilt by a smallorganization
user,occupant, or developers
'small' contractor is
definedby the scaleof operations, financially and
materially; the scalebeing limitedto the constructionof singledwellingunitsor singlecomplexes;
LARGECONTRAC20R
WILT: where the dwellingunit is
hired by a
totallybuilt by a largeorganization
developer; 'large' contractor is defined by the scale
of operations,
financially
and materially, the scale
reflects a more comprehensive and larger size of operations encompassing the building of large quantities
of similar units, or a singularly large complex.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING
DeNSITm. The number of dwellings, dwelling
units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross
density is the density of an overall area (ex. including lots, streets). Net density is the density
of selected, discrete portions of an area (ex. including only lots).
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING
DEVELoPER.Three sectors are considered in
the supply of dwellings: POPULARSECTOR,the marginal
sector with limited or no access to the formal financial, administrative, legal, technical institutions
involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing
process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Popular Sector generally
for 'self use' and sometimes for profit. PUBLICSIC-
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occupiedby a railroad, the land used brya public
utility. Rights-of-way may be shared (as streets;
pedestrians and automobiles) or exclusive (as rapid
transit routes; subways,
railroads,etc.) (Merriam-
Webster,1971:U.S.D.P.)
R•)ADWAY
(HIGHWAY).Portionof the highwayincluded
betweenthe outsidelinesof gutteror sideditches,.
including
all slopes,ditches,channels,and appurtenances necessary to proper drainage, protection, and
use. (DePina., 1972)
SITE ANDSERVICES. The subdivision of urban land and
the provision of servicesfor residential
use and complementary come.rcial use. Site and services projects
are aimed to improve the housing conditions for the
low income groups of the population by providing:
a) SITE: the access to a piece of land where people
can buildtheirown dwellings;b) SERVICES: the
opportunity
of accessto employment,
utilities,
servicesand communityfacilities,
financing
and communications. (U.S.D.P.)
ADOW/iGROUPED
HOUSING.Dwelling units grouped together
linearlyor in clusters. (U.S.D.P.)
SIZE. Physicalmagnitudeor extent (of the site),
relativeor proportionate
dimensions(of the site).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
RUNOFF. That part of precipitation carried off from
the area uponwhich it falls. (DePina,1972)
SLOPE. Degreeor extentof deviation(of the land
surface)from the horizontal.(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
RUNOFF-RAINFALL
RATIO. The percentage (ratio) of
stormeater runoff that is not reduced by evaporation,
depressionstorage,surfacewetting, and percolations
with increasedrainfallduration,runoff-rainfall
ratiosrise increasing
runoffflow. (U.S.D.P.)
SHOKE. The gaseous products of burning carbonaceous
materialsmade visibleby the presenceof carbonparticles. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
SAND. Loose, distinguishable grains of quarts/feldspar, mica (ranging from 2m= to 0.02m in diameter).
SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil particles in various aggregates differring in shape, size,
stability,
and degreeof adhesion to one another.
(Merriam-Webster,
19711
(U.S.D.P.)
SANITARYSEWERAGE.The system of artificial usually
subterranean conduits to carry off sewage composed of:
excretea waste matter eliminated from the human body;
doImestic wastes: used water from a home/ccmmunity
containing0.1% totalsolidstand some industrial
wastes, but not water from ground, surface, or storm.
(U.S.D.P.)
SEMI-DETACHED DiELLING.
commonwall (duplex).
Two dwellingunits sharing a
(U.S.D.P.)
SEPTICTANK. A tank in which the organic solid matter of continuously flowing sewage is deposited and
retained until it has been disintegrated by anaerobic
bacteria.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SERIES CIRCUIT. Fixtures connected in a circuit by a
single wire. When one fixture is out, the circuit is
broken. Fixtures with different asperages cannot be
used efficiently in the same circuit. (ROTCST 45-7,
1953)
SETTILEMENT.
Occupation by settlers to establish
a
residence or colony. (U.S.D.P.)
SEWAGEZ.
The effluent in a severnetwork.
(U.S.D.P.)
SEWER. The conduit in a subterranean network used to
carry off water and waste matter. (U.S.D.P.)
SEWERBUILDINGCONNECTION.The pipe connecting the
dwelling with the sever network.
(U.S.D.P.)
SEWERAGE.Sewerage system: the system of sewersin a
city, town or locality. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SHAPE. Form/configuration of the sits surfaceas
definedby its perimeter/boundaries.
(U.S.D.P.)
SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, inspecting,
or buying available goods or services.
(U.S.D.P.)
SILT. Loose, unconsolidated
sedimentary rock partim
cles (ranging from 0.02 to 0.002m in diameter).
(U.S.D.P.)
SITE. Land (that could be) made suitable for building
purposes by dividing into lots, laying out streets and
providing facilities. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
SITE AREAS. Two types are considered: GROSS AREA: includes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground.
USABLEAREA: includes only the portion of the site
that can be fully utilized for buildings, streets,
playgrounds, recreation facilities, gardens, or other
structures. (U.S.D.P.)
SOIL INVESTIGATION.
It is the process to find the
soilstructureand other characteristics.
It may
include the following stages: initial soil survey,
exploratory
boring,construction
boring. (U.S.D.P.)
SOIL PIPE. The pipe in a dwelling which carries the
pipe discharge from water closets. (U.S.D.P.)
SOIL SURVEY(INITIAL).
An on-site examination of
surface soil conditions and reference to a GENERAL
SOIL MAP. It is used to revealobviouslimitations/
restrictions/hazards for early planning consideration.(U.S.D.P.)
STACK. The vertical pipe in a dwellingof the soil-,
waste-, or vent-pipe systems.
(HOTC
ST 45-7, 1953)
STANDARD.1) Something that is established
by authority, custom or general consent as a modelor example
to be followed. 2) Something that is set up and established by authority as a rule for the measureof
quantity, weight, extent, value or quality. (MerriamNebster, 1971)
STANDPIPE. A pipe riserwith tap used as a source of
water for domestic purposes. (HUD/AID,minimum Standards, 1966)
S•0TRM
DRAINAGE.Storm sever: a sewer (system)designed to carry water wastes except sewage (exclusively storm water, surface runoff, or streetwash).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
STREETLIGHTING. Illusination to improve vision at
nightfor security and for the extensionof activities.
(U.S.D.P.)
SUBDIVISION
REGULATIONS.Regulations governing the
development of raw land for residential or other purposes. (Abrams, 1972)
SUBGRADE.The layer of natural soil or fill (compacted soil) upon which the pavement structure includingcurbsis constructed. (DePina, 1972)
SUMAINor BRANCH
SEVER. A collector pipe receiving
sewagefrom lateralsewer only. (U.S.D.P.)
SUBSISTENCE
INCOME. The minimz amount of money required for the purchaseof foodand fuel for an average familyto survive. (U.S.D.P.)
SULLAGE.Drainageor refuse especially from a house,
farmyard, or street. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
TAP (also FAUCET).A fixture for drawing a liquid from
a pipe, cask, orother vessel.
(Marriam-Webster, 1971)
(61)
TAX EXEMPTION.A grant by a government of immunity
from taxes;(a ten-yeartax exemptionon new housing
in New York stimulatednew construction
in the 1920's;
to ease its housingshortage,
Turkeygranteda tenyear tax exemption
on new buildings).(Abrams,1966)
group that can afford housing without subsidy, by
cash purchase, through mortgage payments, or by rent;
VERY ZIGH
(10 r subsistence
level),the incomegroup
that represents the most economically mobile sector
of the population. (U.S.D.P.)
TAX INCENTIVE.Favorabletax treatmentto inducethe
beneficiary
to do something
he wouldnot otherwisebe
likelyto do. (U.S.D.P.)
USUFRUCT.The right to profit from a parcel of land
or control of a parcel of land without becoming the
owner or formal leasee; legal possession by decree
without charge.
(U.S.D.P.)
TAXSTRUCTURE
- TAXATION. The methodby which a
nation (state,
municipality)
implements
decisionsto
transferresourcesfrom the privatesectorto the
publicsector. (U.S.D.P.)
TELEPHONE.An electricalvoicecommunication
network
interconnecting
all subscribing
individuals
and
transmitting
over wires. (U.S.D.P.)
UTILITIES. Includes water supply, sanitary sewerage,
stormdrainage,electricity,
streetlighting,
gas,
(U.S.D.P.)
telephone.
The organization and/or infrastrucUTILITr/SERVICE.
ture for meeting the general need (as for water supply, vastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in the
publicinterest.(U.S.D.P.)
TENURE. Two situations
of tenureof the dwelling
unitsand/orthe lot/landare considered:
LEGAL,
component
which
VALVE. A water supplydistribution
havingformalstatusderivedfrom law; EXTRALEGALs
interrupts the supply for maintenancepurposes.
not regulated
or sanctionedby law. Four typesof
(U.S.D.P.)
tenureare considered:
RENTALtwherethe users pay a
fee (daily,
weekly, monthly)for the use of the dwell- VENT. A pipe opening to the atmosphere, whichproing unit and/orthe lot/landsLEASE:where the users
vides ventilation for a drainage system and prevents
use (generally
for a year)
pay a fee for long-term
trap siphonage or back pressure. (ROTCST 45-7,1953)
for a dwellingunit and/orthe lot/landfrom the owner
(an individual,
a publicagency,or a privateorganiVIBRATION. A quivering or trembling motion (such as
zation): OWNERSHZP:
wherethe usershold in freehold
that produced by: heavy traffic, industry, aircraft.
the dwellingunit and/orthe lot/landwhich the unit
etc. (Merrism-Webster, 1971)
occupies: ENPWOYElR-PROVIDED: where the usersare
provideda dwellingunitby an employerin exchange
VIEMS. That which is revealed to the vision or can be
for services,
i.e. domestic live-inservant.(U.S.D.P.) seen (from the site).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
TITLE. The instrumsent
(as a deed) thatconstitutes
a
legallyjust causeof exclusive
possession (of land,
dwellings,or both). (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
WALK-UP.Dwelling units grouped in two to five storieswith stairsfor verticalcirculation.
(U.S.D.P.)
TOILET. A fixturefor defecation
and urination,
esp.
water closet. (7thCollegiate
Webster,1963)
PIPE. A pipe (in a dwelling) which carries
WASTE
water from wash basins, sinks, and similar fixtures.
(IOTCST 45-7, 1953)
TOPOGRAPHY.The configuration
of a (land)surface
includingits reliefand the positionof its natural
and man-madefeatures. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
TRANSPORTATION.
Meansof conveyance
or travel from
one place (thesite)to another(otherpartsof the
urbancontext). (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
TRAP. A fittingthatprovidesa water seal to prevent severgasesand odorsbeingdischarged through
fixtures. (HOTCST 45-7,1953)
TREATINENT
MORKS.
Filtration plant, reservoirs, and
all otherconstruction
requiredfor the treatmentof
a water supply. (NITCST 45-7,1953)
UaIT. A determinate quantity adopted as a standard
of measurement
for otherquantities
of the same kind.
(Merriam-Webster,
1971)
URBANTRANSPORTATION.
Means of conveyance
of passengers or goodsfrom one placeto anotheralongways,
routesof circulation
in a metropolitan context.
(U.S.D.P.)
WATER
SUPPLY. Source, means, or process of supplying
water, (as for a comunity) usually involvingreservoirs, pipelines, and often the watershed from which
the water is ultimately drawn. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
WATERSHED.
The catchment area or drainage basin from
which the waters of a stream or stream system are
drawn. (Merrim-W•ebster, 1971)
WATEIsORTS.The whole system of reservoirs, channels,
mains, and pmping and purifying equipment by which
a water supply is obtained and distributed to consomers.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
WATT. Watts (w) measure the power of the flow of
energy througha circuit. Wattage is the product of
voltstimes amperes. Both wavettsand hosepower denote
the rate of work being done. 746w - lhp. (FOYCST
45-7, 1953)
ZONING
ORDINANCE.The demarcation of a city by ordinance Into zones (areas/districts) and the establishment of regulations to govern the use of land and the
location, bulk, height, shape, use, population denURBANIZATION.
The quality or state of being or besity, and coverage of structures within each zone.
comingurbanized;
to causeto takeon urban character- (U.S.D.P.)
istics. (U.S.D.P.)
USE TAX. The tax on land aimedprimarily at enforcing
its use or improvement. (U.S.D.P.)
USER INCOUEGrOUPS. Based upon the subsistence (sinimm wage) incomeper year. five income groups are
distinguished:VERYLIw (below subsistence level):
the incaomegroup with no household income available
for housing, services,or transportation:
LOW(1 x
subsistence
level)sthe incomegroup that can afford
no or very limiated subsidized housings MODERATE
(3
x subsistence
level),the incomegroupthat can
affordlimitedhousingand rent onlywith government
assistance ETZGCH
(S x subsistence
level):the income
(62)
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EXPLANATORY
NOTES
"Housing in Iraq', Polservice & Dar AlImara for the General Housing Establishment,
Baghdad, 1978.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR ROW AND MULTISTOREY
HOUSES FOR LOWINCOME GROUPS, Thesis by
Mackie Hashim Witwit, U. of Baghdad, 1975.
HOUSING - SECTOR POLICY PAPER, I.B.R.D.,
Washington, D. C., 1975.
"Annual Abstract of Statistics", Central
Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning, Baghdad, 1977.
"Kadhemiya Old Quaters Detailed Plan-1:500"'
from a report by Polservice, Baghdad, Aug.
1974.
AREA HANDBOOK
FOR IRAQ, Harvey H. Smith et.
al. Foreign Area Studies, The American
University, Washington, D.C., 1970.
MAN'S STRUGGLE FOR SHELTER IN AN URBANIZING
WORLD,Abrams, C., M.I.T. Press, Cambridge,
1970.
"Background Notes, Iraq', Dept. of State,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1976.
"Report on the Development of Baghdad',
Doxiadis Associates, Baghdad, 1958.
"Baghdad", Kahtan A. J. Al-Madfai in THE
NEWMETROPOLIS IN THE WORLD, ed. Morroe
Berger (New Delhi, Allied Publishers), 1963.
URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS.
Survey of Settlements for the
Determinants.
H. Caminos, J.
Steffian. M.I.T., Cambridge,
QUALITY OF INFORMATION
The quality of information given in drawings,
charts and descriptions has been qualified in
the following manner:
Approximates when deducted from different
and/or not completely reliable
source 8.
Accurates when taken from reliable or actual
sources.
Tantatives when based upon rough estimations
of limited sources.
QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIES
None:
Limited:
"Baghdad, Portrait of a City in Physical and
Cultural Change", John Gulik, AIP Journal,
July 1967.
"Comprehensive Development Plan for Baghdad2000" by Polservice for Municipality of
Baghdad, 1973.
"Eastern Baghdad Development, First Baghdad
Slum Clearance Project', Doxiadis Associates
Baghdad, 1957.
Adequatet
An Elementary
Study of Design
Turner, J.
1969.
URBAN
DNELLING ENVIRONMENTs BEIRUT, LEBANON
Thesis by Omar Take, U.S.D.P., M.I.T.,
Cambridge, MA, 1974.
Linear Measures
URBANIZATION PRIMER, H. Caminos, R. Goethert,
U.S.D.P., M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1978.
1 square meter
"Family Budget Survey", Central Statistical
Organization, Ministry of Planning, Baghdad,
1976 (Arabic).
"The Comprehensive Civic and Land Use Survey"
Polservice Consulting Engineers, Warsaw,
Poland 1972
GUIDE FOR SURVEY-EVALUATION OF URBAN
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS, Thesis by John M.
Baldwin, U.S.D.P., M.I.T., Cambridge, 1974.
"Sunlight Control in Buildings", Shabaan A
Al-Jawadi, Building Research Center, Baghdad
Iraq 1973.
Addendum:
S0.3937 inches
1 centimeter
.1 mater - 100 centimeters
or
1 kilometer - 1,000 meters
or
1 inch
1 foot
1 mile
BAGHDAD,
Mustafa Jawed, Iraqi Engineers Union,
Baghdad, Iraq 1969.
"Housing in Iraq', A report prepared by
State General Establishment for Housing,
Baghdad.
METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: CUERNAVACA,
URBAN
MEXICO, Thesis by L. Roberto & M. Isabel
Verger, U.S.D.P., M.I.T., Cambridge, 1976.
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE STUDY OF BLIGHTED
AREASIN BAGHDAD,
CASE STUDY - THAWRA
DISTRICT, Thesis by Ali Mustafa, U. of Bagdad
1977.
HOUSING FOR I4W INCOME URBANFAMILIES, O.
Grimes. John Hopkins University Press
when the existence of services,
facilities and utilities are unavailable to a locality.
when the existence of services,
facilities and utilities are
available to a locality in a.
limited manner due to proximity.
when the existence of services,
facilities and utilities are
available to a locality.
S0.3937 inches
S39.37
3.28
inches
feet
S3,280.83 feet
0.62137 miles
2.54 centimeters
0.3048 meters
1.60935 kilo,meters
Square Measures
or
1 hectare - 10,000 sq.meters
1 square foot
1 acre
- 1,550 square
inches
10.7639 square
feet
- 2.4711 acres
= 0.0929 square
meters
= 0.4087 hectares
DOLLAR EQUIVALENTS
All income, cost and rent/mortgate data have
been expressed in terns of the U.S. equivalentl
1 U.S.dollar - 0.3 IRAQI DINAR (May 1979)