John C. Palumbo
Yuma Agricultural Center
10 Years of Admire
In the Desert
•
Use Patterns
•
The Past 10 years
•
Looking Ahead
Admire® (imidacloprid)
• Soil-applied, systemic compound
that effectively controls sucking
insects
• Novel mode of action –acts
as a agonist by binding to
post- synaptic Nicotinic
receptors
• Flexible use patterns
• Selective activity
Admire
Most effective when:
* Applied at planting
with label rates (12-20 oz)
* Placed below the seed
during shaping/ planting
* Injected through drip
after stand establishment
Soil Applications
• Chemical does not
readily move in soil
• Placement is important
V
Key to performance:
*
Place Admire where it will stay in an aqueous
solution within the root zone of the plant.
Chemigation via
drip irrigation may
be the most optimal
application method
Seasonal WF * Leafy Vegetables Dynamics
85
Average Temp (oF)
75
65
Relative Pest Abundance
55
Whitefly
At planting
Planting
Sep
Oct
Harvest
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Admire
How does it work ?
Immatures
Eggs–
Little
to notoxicity
effect
Adults
- Direct
- Repellency
Crawlers --feed
upon hatching
Anti-feedant
and are highly susceptible
1
Eggs
Admire
Efficacy
Adult
Crawler
1st Instar
2nd Instar
4th Instar
REN
3rd Instar
Whiteflies and Aphids in desert vegetable
producing areas have not affected
Yield or Quality since Admire has been
used on an areawide basis for the past
10 years.
10 Years of Admire in The Desert
Whitefly outbreaks
from 1991-1993
caused $$ millions
worth of damage
to vegetables and
melons in AZ/CA.
Production of winter
Admire
vegetables
and melons
Sec 18 : 1993-1995
in 3:
the desert
Sec
1995 was in
jeopardy
Whiteflies in the 90’s
• Reduced Yields
- leaf necrosis
- fruit size
- plant vigor
• Reduced Quality
- Low sugars
- sooty mold
Admire Untreated
Untreated
Untreated
Admire
Admire
Performance of Admire in Commercial Lettuce
Yuma, Gila, & Dome Valleys
2
Whitefly nymphs / cm
n = 5-8 fields
Field Standard (Admire - 16 oz)
Untreated Field Plots
50
40
30
20
10
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
Admire vs. Untreated (1993-2002)
Application methods
Admire Rates
Insect Evaluations
}
Same Each Year
10 Years of Admire in the Desert
Fall and Spring Melons
Mean SWF Nymphs / cm2 / leaf
500
Silverleaf Whitefly Adult Activity (Seasonal Avg)
Eggs
Untreated
Admire 16 oz
400
300
200
100
0
S
F
1993
S
F
1994
S
F
1995
S
F
1996
S
F
1997
S
F
1998
S
F
1999
S
F
2000
S
F
2001
S
2002
10 Years of Admire in the Desert
Fall and Spring Melons
Mean SWF Nymphs / cm2 / leaf
Silverleaf Whitefly Nymph Control (Seasonal Avg)
Nymphs
160
Untreated
Admire 16 oz
120
80
40
0
S
F
1993
S
F
1994
S
F
1995
S
1996
F
S
1997
F
S
1998
F
S
1999
F
S
2000
F
S
2001
F
2002
S
Whitefly Egg Densties on Fall Melons
(% reduction compared to untreated check)
Mean SWF Eggs / cm2 / leaf
500
Untreated
Admire 16 oz
400
300
200
(70)
100
(74)
(93)
(72)
(89)
0
94
95
96
97
98
(83)
(77)
99
00
(83)
01
Whitefly Nymph Densties on Fall Melons
(% reduction compared to untreated check)
200
Untreated
Admire 16 oz
Mean SWF Nymphs / cm2 / leaf
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
(82)
(76)
20
0
94
(90)
(85)
(97)
(95)
95
96
97
98
99
(82)
(90)
00
01
Fall Melons 2001
Pre-harvest (60 DAP)
Admire
Untreated
check
Seasonal Whitefly Densities - Spring Melons
60
Eggs
Untreated
Admire 16 oz
40
2
Mean eggs / cm / leaf
50
30
(38)
20
(33)
(43)
(61)
(78)
(81)
(72)
10
(57)
(96)
0
93
Admire
24 oz
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
Seasonal Whitefly Densities - Spring Melons
40
Nymphs
2
Mean nymphs / cm / leaf
35
Untreated
Admire 16 oz
30
25
20
15
10
(57)
(95)
(53)
(75)
(29)
(75) (50)
(66)
(84)
(84)
5
0
93
Admire
24 oz
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
Mosaic Viruses
ZYMV, WMV2, PRSV
* very low incidence in
AZ / CA melons since 1993
Cucurbit Leaf Curl Virus
* Geminivirus first reported
in 1998
* no economic damage
reported in commercial
fields
Admire
• Conservation of natural enemies
•
Easy on pollinators
®
The removal of Phosdrin from the market
in 1993-1994 caused serious concern
for the future of aphid control in lettuce
Season-long Control of Green Peach Aphid
In Head Lettuce at Low Rates
Yuma Ag Center, 1994
100
Mean Aphids Per Plant
Untreated
80
60
Standard Foliar
Admire 20 oz
Admire 16 oz
Admire 12 oz
40
20
0
60
70
80
90
Days After Planting
100
110
Head Lettuce
Systemic translocation of Admire
in frame leaves in first 60 days
prevents GPA from significantly
colonizing lettuce plants
10 Years of Admire in the Desert
500
Green Peach / Potato Aphid Complex - Harvest Densities
Untreated
Admire 12-16 oz
Mean Aphids / Plant
400
300
200
100
(91) (95)
(96)
(96)
(94)
93
94
95
(97)
(98)
(97)
(98)
96
97
98
99
(99)
0
00
01
02
Rainfall (inches)
6
Annual Seasonal Rainfall (Sep-Apr)
5
4
3
2
1
0
Untreated
Admire 12-16 oz
Mean Aphids / Plant
400
300
200
100
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
Sustained Admire Efficacy In
Desert Crops - 10 Years
• Large, untreated host crop acreages
• Diverse seasonal crops with alternating
insecticide use patterns
• Population Dynamics
• Inherent Toxicity of soil-applied Imidacloprid
So what’s to be concerned about ?
Neonicotinoid Chemistry
N
N
NH
Cl
Cl
N
O2N
N
N
NC
Thiacloprid
S
N
CALYPSO
Imidacloprid
N
ADMIRE
PROVADO
Cl
O
Cl
S
N
Thiamethoxam
NC
N
ASSAIL
H
N
N
O 2N
PLATINUM
ACTARA
Acetamiprid
N
N
N
O
NH
N
O2N
Dinotefuran
So what’s to be concerned about ?
1) Expanded registrations of neonicotinoids:
• Actara/Platinum/Centric: cotton, melons
• Assail/Intruder: cotton, leafy vegetables
• Calypso: (labels pending)
• Dinotefuron (labels submitted to EPA)
2) Multiple applications allowed by labels.
3) Lack of Alternative Chemistries in the Pipeline
4) A Real Risk of Resistance
Sustaining Neonicotinoid Efficacy in
Multi-crop Communities
Winter Vegetables
Spring Melons
Cotton
Fall Melons
Draft Proposal
Cross-commodity Guidelines for Neonicotinoids
1) Multi-crop Communities
Cotton: Do not apply
neonicotinoids in cotton.
Centric, Leverage, Intruder.
Melons /Vegetables :
•A
single neonicotinoid
use (soil or foliar) per crop
• Do not apply a foliar
neonicotinoid spray after
the use of a soil application
of Admire or Platinum.
Draft Proposal
Cross-commodity Guidelines for Neonicotinoids
1) Multi-crop Communities (YUMA)
Melons /Vegetables :
•
Consider foliar alternatives for vegetables that are
planted after WF movement subsides and harvested
before aphids typically become abundant.
(e.g., October in Yuma Valley)
Resistance Risks Associated with Shared
Neonicotinoid Uses in a Multi-Crop Community
(eg., Yuma – current usage)
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
Melons
Neonicotinoid
Resistance Risks Associated with Shared
Neonicotinoid Uses in a Multi-Crop Community
(eg., Yuma – current usage)
Melons
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
Vegetables
Neonicotinoid
Resistance Risks Associated with Shared
Neonicotinoid Uses in a Multi-Crop Community
(eg., Yuma – potential usage)
Melons
Neonicotinoid
Vegetables
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
Cotton
Not Sustainable
Preserve a Neonicotinoid-free Period in
Multi-Crop Communities
(e.g., Yuma-Recommended)
Melons
Neonicotinoid
Vegetables
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
Cotton
IGRs and
Conventional
Draft Proposal
Cross-commodity Guidelines for Neonicotinoids
2) Cotton–intensive community
•
No more than 2 neonicotinoid
uses per cotton crop
•
Sprays should only be used
following an initial IGR spray
(Stage II of IRM Program)
•
Sprays should not to be
applied consecutively, but
rotated with conventional
chemistries (Stage II or III)
Resistance Risks Associated with Neonicotinoid
Uses in a Cotton-intensive Community
(e.g., Buckeye-label max)
Neonicotinoid
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
Cotton
F5
Leafy
Vegetables
F3
F6
F7
F8
F4
F2
F9
F1
J
F
M
F10
F12
F11
A
M
J
Ju
A
S
O
N
D
“ Remember the Pyrethroids ”
Resistance Risks Associated with Neonicotinoid
Uses in a Cotton-intensive Community
(e.g., Buckeye-recommended use )
AZ Whitefly
IPM Program
I
II
III
Cotton
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
IGRs Neo Pyr
F5
Leafy
Vegetables
F3
F6
F7
F8
F4
F2
F9
F1
J
F
M
F10
F12
F11
A
M
J
Ju
A
S
O
N
D
Whiteflies and Aphids in desert vegetable
producing areas have not affected
Yield or Quality since Admire has been
used on an areawide basis for the past
10 years.