John Palumbo
Yuma Agricultural Center
Modern Chemical Era
Recent Innovations In
Insect Control
Modern Chemical Era
ORGANOCHLORINES
DDT, endosulfan
•
•
1940
ORGANOPHOSPHATES
phosdrin, dimethoate
Modern Chemical Era
1946
CARBAMATES
Sevin, Lannate
1956
FORMAMIDINES
Fundal, Galecron
CHLORNIOCTINYLS
Admire, Provado
TRANSGENIC COTTON
Bollguard
PYRROLES
Alert
DIACYLHYDRAZINE- IGR
Confirm, Intrepid
PYRIDINE IGR
Knack
1965
PYRETHROIDS
Ambush, Pounce
1940-1990, 6 major classes of chemistry
Since 1992:
1972
PYRIDINE AZOMETHIN
Fulfill
THIADIAZINE IGR
Applaud, Courier
MACROCYCLIC LACTONE
Proclaim
SPINOSYNS
Success
OXADIAZINE
Avaunt, Steward
Selectivity of Reduced-Risk Products
Worms
Success
Avaunt
Confirm
Intrepid
Routes of Activity
•
•
•
•
Soil systemic
Translaminar
Ingestion / Contact
Vapor/ Inhalation
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Knack
Courier
Assail
Fulfill
Pyrethroid
●●●
WF
LM
Beetles Aphids
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●●●
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●
●●● ●●● ●●●
Thrips
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1
Worm Management In Desert Head Lettuce
Pre- 1997
The Two Most Important Chemistries in Vegetables
Spinosyns
Chloronicotinyls
Stand
Establishment
Coty
2-4 lf
Post-thinning to
Pre-heading
4-8 lf
9-14 lf
Heading to
Harvest
Preheading
Early
Head
Head
2-4"
Head
>4"
Lannate
Larvin
Orthene
Endosulfan
Bt, Cryolite
Pyrethroids
•1995- BAW resistance to Lannate
was documented in Yuma
and La Paz counties.
Worm Management In Desert Head Lettuce-2003
Stand
Establishment
Coty
2-4 lf
Post-thinning to
Pre-heading
4-8 lf
Heading to
Harvest
Preheading
9-14 lf
Early
Head
Head
2-4"
Head
>4"
10 Years of Admire
in The Desert
Success
Proclaim
Avaunt
Intrepid
Confirm
Lannate
Larvin
Orthene
Endosulfan
Stand-alone application
Tank-mix application
Sustained Field Performance of Admire
in Commercial Head Lettuce
Nymphs / cm 2
Fall Broccoli
n n=5
=5
Admire
Untreated
25
Yuma, Gila, & Dome Valleys
20
Whitefly nymphs / cm
2
n = 5-8 fields
15
10
Field Standard (Admire - 16 oz)
50
5
Untreated Field Plots
0
40
98
99
00
01
02
Nymphs / cm 2
30
Fall Cantaloupes
20
n=4
Admire
Untreated
20
15
10
0
10
5
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
0
98
99
00
01
02
2
Whitefly Flight Activity - Yellow Sticky Trap Catches
Sustained Whitefly Management in the Desert
Mean / Sticky trap / Day
150
Alfalfa
Weeds
Vegetables
ADMIRE
ADMIRE
ADMIRE
ADMIRE
IGR, OP/ Carb
Pyrethroids
Cotton
1998
2002
100
50
75
50
25
25
0
140
0
140
120
Gila Valley
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
Mean / Sticky trap / Day
Relative Whitefly
Population Abundance
125
100
Admire-free
Window
75
Mean / Sticky trap / Day
Melons
150
Yuma Valley
125
0
60
Dome Valley / Welton
60
45
45
30
30
15
15
0
0
25
Aug
8
Sep
Admire and Aphids in the Desert
22
Sep
6
Oct
20
Oct
3
Nov
17
Nov
1
Dec
15
Dec
29
Dec
13
Jan
27
Jan
10
Feb
24
Feb
9
Mar
23
Mar
Admire and Aphids in the Desert
Green Peach / Potato / A. lactucae Complex – Harvest Infestations
Total Aphid Complex
Harvest Densities
600
800
Untreated
Admire 12- 16 oz
500
(% reduction compared with
untreated check)
800
Untreated
Mean Aphids / Plant
Mean Aphids / Plant
Admire 12-16 oz
400
300
200
100
(91) (95)
(96) (96)
(94)
(97)
(98)
95
96
97
(97) (98)
600
600
400
400
200
200
(96)
(99)
(96)
(94) (97)
(98)
(97)
(91) (95)
(99)
(98)
(92)
0
0
93
94
98
99
00
01
02
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
What happened in 2003 ?
• Mild Winter – one of the warmest
Januarys on record in Yuma.
• An increase winter / spring lettuce
acreage not treated with Admire
Foxglove Aphid
• Emergence of the Foxglove aphid as a
pest of lettuce
3
Lettuce Aphid
Green Peach
Aphid
4
Acyrthosiphon
lactucae
Sticky Trap Monitoring for Aphids 2002-2003
•
Jul 1998
- Found infesting head lettuce in Salinas.
Jan 1999
- Lettuce aphid found on lettuce in desert.
40
35
30
25
Mar 2001 – Found an unidentifid aphid in untreated
lettuce plots at YAC.
Feb 2002 – Identified Foxglove in Yuma on untreated
lettuce plots at YAC.
40
40
35
15
10
5
0
30
15
Oct
11
Nov
2
Dec
4
Jan
7
Feb
12
Mar
20
40
35
30
25
Ave
Ave
Ave
Ave
Ave
181/2 E and Co. 51/2 St.
201/2 E and Co. 71/2 St.
25E and Co. 11th st
1/2
32 E and Co. 9th St
1/2
39 E and Co. 6 St
Dome Valley / Wellton
No Foxglove
Aphid
20
15
10
5
0
Sep
23
Oct
11
Nov
2
Dec
4
Jan
7
Feb
12
Mar
20
•
Nov 2002: First Foxglove aphids found colonizing
untreated head lettuce in Yuma Valley .
•
Jan 2003: Light infestations on numerous untreated
fields in Yuma Valley.
•
Feb 2003: Found on organic lettuce in Bard, CA
and Algodones, Mexico .
•
Feb 2003: Found colonizing mature head lettuce
and Romaine treated with Admire in Yuma Valley.
•
Winter 2004:
25
20
Sep
23
Foxglove Aphid in Desert Lettuce
Yuma Valley - Colorado River
River and Co. 18th St.
River and Co. 141/2 St.
River and Co. 91/2 St.
No Foxglove
Aphid
20
Aug
30
Sticky Trap Monitoring for Aphids 2002-2003
Gila Valley
Ave 5E and Co. 81/2 St.
Laguna Dam Rd and Gila River
1/2
Ave 8E and Co. 7 St.
Ave 10 E and Co 8th St
Ave 111/2 E and Co. 5th St.
Aug
30
Mean Winged Aphid / trap / day
•
•
•
Has a wide host ranges, but primarily a pest of
potatoes and ornamentals in greenhouse production.
Mean Winged Aphid / trap / day
•
Native to Europe, has been recorded on crops in
Western US since 1940’s, including CA.
Mean Winged Aphid / trap / day
•
Mean Winged Aphid / trap / day
Foxglove Aphid in Desert Lettuce
10
5
0
Aug
30
35
30
25
Sep
23
Oct
11
Nov
2
Ave I and Co. 21th St.
Ave G and C o. 2 0th St,
Ave F and Co. 14 th St.
Som erton Ave and 8th St
Dec
4
Jan
7
Feb
12
Mar
20
Yuma Valley - Field
20
15
10
5
?
0
Aug
30
Sep
23
Oct
11
Nov
2
Dec
4
Jan
7
Feb
12
Mar
20
5
Will Foxglove Aphid Continue to be a Desert Pest?
Celery
Beans
Brassicas
Peas
Citrus
Potato
Melons
Pecans
Ragweed
Purslane
Pigweed
Ground cherry
Shepards purse
Silverleaf nightshade
Lambsquarter
Dandelion
Green Aphid Complex
20
2000-2001
16
16
12
12
Temperature ( F)
20
o
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
Wet date
Oct 11
Nov 1
Nov 15
Dec 1
Dec 15
45
30
30
15
0
0
75
20
2001-2002
12
12
8
8
4
4
Oct 10
Oct 28
Nov 15
Dec 3
Dec 13
0
2002-2003
300
300
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
0
20
Nov
3
Dec
17
Dec
1
Jan
14
Jan
28
Jan
11
Feb
25
Feb
11
Mar
0
75
45
30
30
15
15
0
0
75
75
2001-2002
60
60
45
45
30
30
15
15
Oct 10
Oct 28
Nov 15
Dec 3
Dec 13
0
500
2001-2002
2002-2003
2002-2003
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
25
Mar
Oct 11
Nov 1
Nov 15
Dec 1
Dec 15
60
45
500
Oct 11
Nov 1
Nov 15
Dec 1
Dec 15
15
2000-2001
2000-2001
60
0
Oct 10
Oct 29
Nov 14
Dec 3
Dec 12
W et dates
60
45
4
16
75
1999-2000
60
0
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
65
60
55
50
75
Acyrthosiphon lactucae
4
16
75
70
65
60
55
50
8
20
Average Daily Temperature
75
70
8
0
Avg. Aphids / Plants
(Green Peach / Potato / A. lactucae)
75
70
65
60
55
50
Average Daily Temperature
Avg. Aphids / Plant
Avg. Aphids / Plants
o
Avg. Aphids / Plants Temperature ( F)
Foxglove Aphid in Head Lettuce
75
70
65
60
55
50
Oct 10
WetOct
date29
Nov 14
Dec 3
Dec 12
0
20
Nov
3
Dec
17
Dec
1
Jan
14
Jan
28
Jan
11
Feb
25
Feb
11
Mar
25
Mar
Foxglove Control in Head Lettuce
With Nicotinoids
Comparison of Soil-applied Insecticides
For Aphid Control in Head Lettuce
Mean Aphids / Head
90
106 DAP;
66 DAT SD;
14 DAT #3
Nov 14 wet date
80
70
90
80
Foxglove aphid
A. lactucae / Potato aphid
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
73%
20
10
30
80%
82%
20
90%
10
0
0
Admire
16 oz
Platinum
8 oz
Platinum
side-dress
8 oz
Assail
1.7 oz
Untreated
6
Interactions between Aphid and Thrips
Control in Head Lettuce
Interactions between Aphid and Thrips
Control in Head Lettuce
88 DAP;
11 DAT # 2
Dec 1 wet date
Mean aphids / plant
25
25
Foxglove aphid
Green aphid complex
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
91 %
0
0
Admire 16 oz
Lannate
Mustang
Admire
16 oz
Interactions between Aphid and Thrips
Control in Head Lettuce
80
70
109 DAP;
20 DAT # 3
Dec 1 wet date
90
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
85%
85%
10
95%
0
0
Admire
16 oz
Admire 16 oz
Lannate 0.7 lb
Mustang 4 oz
Admire 16 oz
Success 6 oz
98 DAP;
10 DAT # 3
Dec 12 wet date
50
80
Foxglove aphid
Green aphid complex
Untreated
Interactions between Aphid and Thrips
Control in Head Lettuce
Mean aphids / head
Mean aphids / head
90
Admire 16 oz
Success 6 oz
Foxglove aphid
Green aphid complex
40
50
40
30
30
40%
20
10
20
10
80%
82%
0
0
Untreated
Admire
16 oz
Admire 16 oz
Lannate 0.7 lb
Mustang 4 oz
Admire 16 oz
Success 6 oz
Mustang 4 oz
Untreated
Foxglove Aphid Seasonal Contamination
in Head Lettuce
Considerations for Foxglove Control
in Desert Lettuce
160 Infested Heads at Harvest in untreated lettuce
• Begin scouting for aphids in October; be
140
aware of fields adjacent to citrus / houses.
160
2001/2002
2002/2003
140
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
October / early November plantings.
40
40
• Increase rates of Admire to 20 oz or >
20
20
• Consider closing the Admire-free window
earlier :
late October in Yuma Valley.
• Apply a minimum of 16 oz of Admire in
in mid November – December plantings
Mean Aphids / Head
120
0
Oct
10
Nov
2
Nov
14
Wet Date
0
Dec
3
Dec
12
7
•
Considerations for Foxglove Control
in Desert Lettuce
Begin scouting for aphids in November; be
Foliar Efficacy Against Foxglove Aphid
in Desert Lettuce
YAC, Spring 2003
aware of fields adjacent to citrus / houses.
• Consider closing the Admire-free window
late October in Yuma Valley.
• Apply a minimum of 16 oz of Admire in
October / early November plantings.
• Increase rates of Admire to 20 oz or > in late
plantings:
mid November – December.
• Incorporate foliar aphicides into your thrips
Mean aphids / plant
earlier :
10- DAT #2
21
21
18
18
15
15
12
12
9
9
6
6
95%
3
3
0
0
Provado
Endosulfan
Orthene
1 lb
Dimethoate
12 oz
Endosulfan
30 oz
Untreated
program – Orthene, dimethoate, endosulfan
Thrips Control in Head Lettuce
100
7 - 10 DAT
% Control (Range)
Larvae
ag.arizona.edu/crops/
80
60
40
20
0
Adults
80
60
40
20
0
Lannate
0.7 lb
+
Mustang
4 oz
Orthene
1 lb
+
Mustang
4 oz
Dimethoate
12 oz
Dimethoate
12 oz
+
Mustang
4 oz
Endosulfan
32 oz
Sweetpotato whitefly
Bemisia tabaci
A –biotype
B – biotype
Silverleaf whitefly
B. argentifolii
Sweetpotato whitefly
Q –biotype
Sweetpotato Whitefly
‘ V’ biotype
8