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2010 Desert Ag Conference
What is IPM?
…3 basic keys.
Cotton Insect
Management
Peter C. Ellsworth
Arizona Pest Management Center /
Department of Entomology
University of Arizona
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
I would like to explore the diversity of chemistry we
rely on in cotton insect management and provide a
rationale for you as to why Cotton IPM depends so
heavily on the wise professional choices made by our
pest management industry.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
After seeing me present this model for IPM many
times before, it may seem odd for me to pose the
question “What is IPM?” But I think perspective is
important when addressing this question. To me, it
can be represented this way, shown as a stable
structure rooted in avoidance and prevention
practices but very much dependent on effective
remedial actions being taken using our chemistry
wisely and always guide by eyes on the field and
formal sampling programs.
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What is Resistance
Management?
What is IPM?
…depends on perspective,
said a wise PCA!
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
But recently I heard something on this question that
stopped and made me think, and conclude that it
really is a matter of perspective. And in this
perspective, one of a well-respected and experienced
Pest Control Advisor (PCA), IPM is “resistance
management”.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
In my model for IPM, “resistance management” is but
one building block in the Effective Chemical Use layer
of management. Important, to be sure, but still a
building block of IPM.
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Only 3 things a PCA can do…
Only 3 things a PCA can do…
Limit
Diversify
Partition
Limit
Diversify
Partition
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Short of new technology bailing us all out in the nick
of time, a practitioner, a PCA, can only manage
resistance in one or more of three ways:
So let’s focus on the first one, Limit chemistry. How
does one do that? I would say you do that by
practicing good IPM! If you are, you are already
employing a suite of avoidance and prevention tactics
and observing action thresholds that help limit the
number of sprays made.
Limit his/her use of the chemistry to the lowest
practical level,
Diversify the modes of action used, and
Thus, it is quite clear, when considering this
perspective, why a PCA might see that IPM =
Resistance Management.
Partition chemistry through space or time so as to
provide relief from resistance selection in certain
crops or at certain times.
I would suggest that we are saying the same thing
here.
That’s it. Practically speaking, these are the only
tactics of resistance management available.
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A Partnership
IPM
3
Grower = G
PCA = P
2
IRM
1
Escher
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Borrowing from a famous Escher drawing, we can ask
“Which hand is making the drawing?” Much like the
IPM / IRM conundrum, the two are inextricably
linked and each could be considered nested within
the other. Both perspectives are right!
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
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Returning to my formal model, this IPM system is an
explicit partnership between grower and PCA. Some
elements are clearly under the control of the PCA, while
others the grower, and still others may be shared
responsibilities of the PCA and grower. The difficulty
therefore is making sure both parties have a clear
understanding of their role in the efficient management
of this pest. Sampling, timing, choice, and management
of chemistry tend to be activities the PCA is engage in.
Growers, on the other hand, make strategic decisions
about crop placement, variety, and on a wide array of
crop management inputs. Furthermore, and in the end,
growers control the purse strings and can veto virtually
any other decision made by the PCA or others in this
system. So it is important that the grower wield this
power carefully as he/she can undermine the system if
they are not prepared to make the investments that need
to
be made in management
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Unstable
Unstable
Missing elements in crop
management, biological
&/or cultural controls
Missing elements in crop
management, biological
&/or cultural controls
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
We should also acknowledge the structure
of this management system. It is based in
crop management, biological and cultural
control as well as other prevention
practices.
As such, if we are missing key elements in
crop management, biological and/or
cultural control, the system is inherently
unstable and unsustainable.
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All Insecticide MOAs
All Insecticide MOAs
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Furthermore, no matter how replete our chemical
aresenal is, efficient management of our target pest
can be threatened by resistance.
…if we were to limit this just to whiteflies, the list
gets much shorter, perhaps just 10 MOA, and not all
of these are equally effective or useful. One is not
registered in the U.S. and never will be (difenthiuron)
and another will be lost in the next few years
(endosulfan). That leaves 8 MOAs. O.P.’s and
carbamates, as well as pyrethroids, are no longer
effective against whiteflies when used alone. They
need to be mixed. So that reduces this to a single
MOA, for a total of just 7 MOAs. And we’re lucky to
have them! 20 years ago, we had just the one!
Worldwide, here are all known Modes of Action for
insecticides. Each box contains a different mode of
action and insecticidal structures within. While we
may have hundreds of products, there are just 26 or
so different modes of action to combat all insects
worldwide.
This may seem to be a rich diversity, but bear in mind
this includes some rather old MOAs like O.P.’s and
pyrethroids for example, plus…
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Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
We started with just synergized pyrethroids. That is
mixtures of O.P.’s, carbamates or endosulfan with
pyrethroids.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
IGRs
In 1996, we brought on two more MOAs to cotton
with the two IGRs, Knack and Applaud (now Courier).
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Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Neonicotinoids
Ketoenols
The neonicotinoid era began in 1993. But we did not
get our first effective cotton product until 2002 with
Intruder. This has been a rich and effective class of
chemistry.
More recently in 2005, we got the ketoenols with
Oberon.
So right now, we depend on just 4 MOAs. But there is
more to come. We are very fortunate to have an
active industry that has developed novel MOA with
great safety and selectivity.
But we also need to recognize that these chemistries
are being registered widely with access given to all
crops including melons, vegetables and cotton.
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Whitefly X-IPM…
…depends on cooperation
among grower’s of
cotton, spring &
fall melons, &
vegetables.
IPM & IRM guidelines
forged in partnership
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Singular attempts to deploy recommendations in one
crop especially for a mobile, polyphagous pest seems
futile, when registrations of key chemistries are
broad across multiple crops. Thus, our crosscommodity effort concentrates on elements where we
can integrate our practices across multiple crops.
Resistance management is a shared responsibility
that extends across commodity borders. Crosscommodity cooperation can be key to the
sustainability of a resistance management plan, and
in Arizona, we achieved some remarkable agreements
among growers of several key whitefly crop hosts,
2000–2005.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
These neonicotinoid guidelines, which were published
and disseminated in 2003, were the result of a yearlong, stakeholder-engaged process spear-headed and
led by Dr. John Palumbo. And while we did not and
never do have perfect data or information, by
engaging clientele directly in the development of
these guidelines, we were able to forge a very simple
set of rules for neonicotinoid usage. Yet through
understanding of our system spatially, we also have
ecologically-relevant guidelines as a result.
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!"#$%&'()*#$+,-*.(*"%/&!/+0(""-*&#%'+1*(&&('#
Resistance: Theory & Practice
A problem of rhetoric
Reduced
Reduced
Susceptibility Performance
2%*3-+45")6+7-/8#9-8
Reduction from Check (%)
100
90
80
30
20
10
0
Change in
Management
Compound X
Reduced
Reduced
Yes
pyriproxyfen
Reduced
No Change
No Change
Reduced
Yes?
Cooperator
oversprays
70
60
50
40
18
Y = -4.95x + 1.03
2
R = 0.92
'98
'99
'00
imidacloprid No Change?
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
'06
'07
'08
Genetic Basis
:(;*&-<++!"#$%&'()$*+$&#,
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Did they work? The answer to this is complicated, but
today (2010), neonicotinoids are still used heavily in
this state against whiteflies.
Resistance would seem to be a rather cut and dried
subject. Reduced susceptibilities can be measured on
field collected insects brought into the lab. A
concomitant reduction of performance is also
measured in the field (think careful tracking as John
Palumbo has done). And all this leads to the
inevitable and simultaneous changes in management
by growers. If only it was this well-behaved, things
would be simple to understand.
However, John Palumbo has been doing systematic
examinations of imidacloprid efficacy (soil uses) in
broccoli for the past 10 seasons. Charting efficacy
relative to a control shows rather marked reductions
in efficacy in these studies. While users don’t widely
report problems with this use pattern and soil uses,
especially in fall crops, are still almost universally
practiced, this is a warning sign that we must reconsider our management program and decide
whether further steps are needed to stabilize the
control system. A dialog is currently underway with
clientele through our Cross-Commodity Research and
Outreach Program working group.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
!"
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IPM Today
Resistance: Theory & Practice
A problem of rhetoric
Reduced
Reduced
Susceptibility Performance
Change in
Management
Compound X
Reduced
Reduced
Yes
pyriproxyfen
Reduced
No Change
No Change
Reduced
Yes?
imidacloprid No Change?
Genetic Basis
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
However, things are rarely this simple. With Knack, there
have been reduced susceptibilities measured in lab
assays for years. Yet precise measurements of field
performance have showed no reductions in performance
and furthermore growers have not changed their
management practices as a result. In contrast, through
much of this period, statewide resistance monitoring data
showed no appreciable change in susceptibility of our
whiteflies to imidacloprid. Yet, the detailed field
performance data from John Palumbo’s studies are
unequivocal and dramatically document a progressive
decline in performance of imidacloprid especially in the
longest control intervals. At first, this change did not
result in changes in practitioner practice. However, in the
last 2–3 years, some PCAs have in fact changed practices
by overspraying with foliar and doing so sooner, or
substituting a foliar control program for the soil
imidacloprid altogether.
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Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
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So here we are today with our IPM plan for cotton. It
is a well-developed management plan firmly rooted in
a broad foundation of avoidance tactics. I would like
to focus on some of these avoidance tactics especially
in how this relates to resistance management and the
use of selective chemistry.
Chemical Control & Natural Enemies
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Community of 20 Natural Enemies
0.2
0.1
0.0
U
BCourier
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
*
*
*
PKnack
*
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
8-Aug
Ellsworth/UA
Naranjo, Ellsworth, Hagler, Bio. Control 2004
Central to remedial tactics is an effective chemical
arsenal. In AZ, we have shown that when selective
options are available and effective, huge gains in both
target and collateral control can be achieved due to
much better natural enemy conservation and other
natural mortalities. This ecosystem service is a
foundational element of “Avoidance,” and one made
compatible with the these specific and selective
chemical controls in our system.
22-Aug
5-Sep
*
CBroad
Ellsworth/UA
Without dwelling on the data for each year, let me
say that we can show convincingly that sparing usage
of IGRs (often just one spray) provided equivalent
control as multiple sprays of broad spectrum
insecticides, but also conserved a whole suite of
natural enemies important in the control of whiteflies
and other pests. Conventional chemistry, the purple
line, significantly lowered densities of all predators.
Because we are working in a very dynamic system, in
some years 1 set of species may drive the control
dynamic, while in other years another set of species
drives the relationship.
These are our opportunities with selective Stage I
chemistry for whitefly control to gain additional
benefit from natural enemies!
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Technology Use Plan
Food Web in Cotton*
Clubionids
Sinea spp.
Zelus spp.
Salticids
Bt Cotton
Eradication
Broad Spectrum Insecticides
Stage I: Fully Selective
Thomisids
Stage II: Partially Selective
Stage III: Broad Spectrum
Chrysoperla spp.
Collops spp.
Blooms per Area
Coccinellids
Nabis spp.
Geocoris spp.
Drapetis sp.
Encarsia spp.
Orius tristicolor
Bemisia
Fully Selective: Carbine
Partially Selective: Belay*
Broad: Orthene, Vydate
Secondary pests held
under natural control
“…failure to recognize that
control of arthropod populations
is a complex ecological
problemDiscontinue
…. leads to the error of
imposing insecticides on the
Lygus sprays
Primaryecosystem
, rather than fitting
them into it.”
Fruiting
Cycle
Stern et al. 1959
Eretmocerus spp.
Gossypium hirsutum
cutout
0
The idea that different species dominate the control
dynamic in different years or locations in AZ cotton is
a remarkable testament to the complexity of the food
web. Certain conditions may favor certain pathways
in certain years and other pathways in other years.
Yet the same, generally, level of natural mortality is
expressed.
Note parasitoids (in black boxes) in general, while
present, rarely contributed major sources of
irreplaceable mortality in this system, despite rather
large shifts in parasitoid diversity favoring exotic
species.
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‘Top’
crop
3000 HUAP
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Whitefly
Pink bollworm
Lygus bugs
Cotton IPM Saves Millions $
Other
Whitefly
14
Foliar Spray Intensity
Foliar Spray Intensity
2000
Our system breaks down to 3 key pests and a large array
of secondary pests that never become significant, IF
disruptions of natural controls do not occur. For PBW, Bt
cotton is the ultimate biorational, and now with
eradication, broad spectrum insecticides for its control
are fading completely from our system. For whitefly, we
have organized our insecticides into 3-stages based on
selectivity, deferring all broad-spectrum inputs until the
end of the season, if needed at all. For Lygus, we have
one selective insecticide, flonicamid, and perhaps one
partially selective compound, Belay, that was registered
in 2010. Cotton IPM in AZ has become an exceptionally
well-developed and selective system where conservation
biological control is firmly established as a key element.
All other pests are held under natural control most, if not,
all the time. This is the way technology should be
deployed. Stern way back in 1959 made this important
statement
and
one we
heedUse
each day.
Ellsworth,
IPM, IRM
& Selective
Insecticide
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Statewide Cotton Sprays
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1000
Heat Units After Planting (86° / 55°F)
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09
The need was great; the situation dire. Cotton
growers were spraying 5-15 times to control an array
of pests. Whitefly, Pink Bollworm, and Lygus bugs are
our 3 key pests of cotton in AZ.
Lygus bugs
Other
$212,000,000 saved costs & yield loss
12
10
IGRs, Bt cotton & AZ IPM plan
8
Zero grower sprays for PBW
6
4
2
0
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09
Ellsworth et al. 2009
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
The results have been striking. A watershed of
change occurred in 1996 with the introduction of very
safe and selective Insect Growth Regulators for
whitefly control, and transgenic Bt cotton, along with
an IPM plan for whitefly management.
There was a critical need for an IPM strategy,
especially after the whitefly outbreak of 1995
precipitated in part by a resistance episode.
More recently, state agencies began PBW eradication
in 2006. For the first time since the mid-1960’s, AZ
growers statewide did not spray at all for PBW! Bt
cotton is grown on 98.25% of the acreage. And
whiteflies have faded from memory as a severe and
unmanageable pest.
Statewide average cotton foliar insecticide spray
intensity by year and insect pest (Ellsworth et al.,
2008).
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Pink bollworm
14
[Carbine for Lygus control first adopted in 2006.]
The credit we take for any part of this is shared with
many, many others, but the result has been over
$200M saved cumulatively since 1996.
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selective
insecticides
Cotton Lygus Insecticides
Acephate
Acephate
Endosulfan
rapid
sampling
91
57
Endosulfan
Flonicamid
66%
Flonicamid
81%
economic
thresholds
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
So how does this work for Lygus management. IPM
optimizes this 3-way interaction. Carbine has been
the selective insecticide we have used since 2006. We
have rapid sampling plans using a sweepnet and very
well researched and robust economic thresholds for
Lygus.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
In a random survey of central Arizona cotton fields in
2008 and 2009, we can see this pattern of cotton
insecticide use.
Two thirds of the sprays targeting Lygus were
Carbine in 2008 and grew to 81% in 2009! This has
been at the expense of the cheaper, but much more
broad spectrum insecticides, Orthene and Endosulfan.
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Lygus Control Technologies
Cotton Lygus Insecticides
1st Use
Acephate
Acephate
Endosulfan
Endosulfan
45
Flonicamid
87%
35
Flonicamid
91%
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Our guidelines specifically suggest using Carbine first
against Lygus as a way of deferring the use of any
broad spectrum insecticides.
I run annual assessments of insect control chemistry
in my small plot evaluations. Plots are 12 rows x 40
ft, typically.
Your industry has embraced this approach with 87%
of Lygus 1st sprays being Carbine in 2008 and 91% in
2009!
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System Compatibility
Whitefly
IPM
Lygus
IPM
Historical
Dependence
Endosulfan, 1954
Dimethoate, 1962
Bidrin, 1964
Temik, 1970
Monitor, 1972
Orthene, 1973
Vydate, 1974
Pyrethroids, 1979
Ellsworth/UA
In 1996, many quickly pointed out that IGRs were
great but what gains we make in NE conservation
through their use could be wiped out by broad
spectrum insecticides needed for Lygus control.
However, since then we have made major progress in
achieving compatibility between these two pest
management systems.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Ellsworth/UA
For many years now, we have depended on a set of
broad spectrum options. That is, compounds that are
effective but are rather broad spectrum in their
impact on the arthropods present in the system.
These include acephate, methamidophos (which sees
little use today), oxamyl, endosulfan, all in AZ, but
also dimethoate, Temik, and Bidrin, throughout the
South, and pyrethroids in other parts of the West.
Until only very recently — nearly 30 years! — there
have been no new chemistries developed with
consistent control of the Lygus bug complex.
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Product Comparisons
Historical
Dependence
Endosulfan, 1954
Dimethoate, 1962
Bidrin, 1964
Temik, 1970
Monitor, 1972
Orthene, 1973
Vydate, 1974
Pyrethroids, 1979
Potentially
Selective Options
Carbine
Metaflumizone
UTC
Carbine, 2006
Metaflumizone, 2008
Belay, 2010*
Sulfoxaflor, 2012
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
More recently, we have had exciting new advances
with potentially selective options: flonicamid was
recently registered as Carbine and is very effective
against Lygus, and metaflumizone was on track for
being quite selective, too. But alas, development of
this product has ceased for the U.S. and we may
never enjoy its benefits. However, Belay has been
recently registered and may provide some selectivity
benefits to us in the future. A more exciting prospect
is sulfoxaflor which we hope to see commercialized in
2012. These compounds bring us new chemistry that
may in fact be more selective than our traditional,
broad spectrum options.
05F2L-T18 Carbine WG (2.8 oz) in NE, Orthene (1.0 lb
ai/A) in NW, 320WVI (0.25 lbs ai/A) in SW, UTC in
SE; 5-fold yield increase over the Untreated Check.
While flonicamid and metaflumizone have performed
admirably against Lygus and helped to preserve the
yield component in dramatic fashion, a major
potential attribute of their use in our system will be
to drive more and more to a selective system that
helps preserve our natural enemy complex.
The way we know this is from trials we routinely
perform for independent product testing. This was
from 2005, before flonicamid registration. We told
you this would be an important technology, a Lygus
feeding inhibitor, through talks like this. But there are
other powerful ways to learn about these things.
This not only gives us new “effective” options, but
provides new opportunities to exploit the benefits of
natural enemy conservation in our system.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Acephate
05F2L
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Cotton Pest Management
Field Tour
2009 Cotton Efficacy Trials
Note Height Differences
Whitefly Test
Lygus Test
(2 Carbine cover sprays)
(2 IGR cover sprays)
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Last year, we decided to try something different. We
held a small field day and prepared an old cotton
trailer so that it could be pulled through the field.
This way we could carry nearly 40 people right
through and over the top of our cotton plots. The
ability to see the impact of mites, whiteflies and of
course Lygus bugs was dramatic. I hope to see you
this coming year when we do this once again
sometime in September.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Here are some photos showing how the tour
proceeded.
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DP161B2F
27 May
Ellsworth/UA
Harvested
We are able to look at so many different products at
once, scientifically replicated, and independently. It’s
as if we were growing and watching 100 different
fields. We can accomplish contrasts and comparisons
that would take you years to see in normal
observation of commercial fields. Plus, we see
compounds very early on in the developmental
process and this helps us steward the process of
product development with the collaborating
companies. As growers, you get the first glimpses of
these technologies well before they are
commercialized, plus you get to see all the current
products and other approaches to pest management,
all without risking a dime of your own on these
approaches.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
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Ellsworth/UA
Harvested
Here’s a shot of one border in this trial. Pretty easy to
pick out the untreated check where Lygus bugs
reduced yields over 5-fold. And right next to the
foreground plot where we used three products in
rotation, Carbine (feeding inhibitor) followed by
Vydate followed by Orthene.
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Carbine r1
r2
rot. r2
acephate
Belay +r1
r2
r3
Leverage r1
r2
Endigo
Hero
Diamond +r1
r1
r2
r3
sulfoxaflor r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
UTC
Seasonal Mean
All 6 weeks
0
Carbine r1
r2
rot. r2
acephate
Belay +r1
r2
r3
Leverage r1
r2
Endigo
Hero
Diamond +r1
r1
r2
r3
sulfoxaflor r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
UTC
Lygus per
100 sweeps
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Seasonal Mean
All 6 weeks
4 Nymphs per 100
0
Lygus Nymphs / 100
Lygus per
100 sweeps
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Lygus Nymphs / 100
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
It is a challenge to show you all the data at once. But
once I orient you to the overall data, we will examine
it one section at a time.
You can see that we had sustained pressure in excess
of 40 nymphs / 100 sweeps. Our threshold is 15 total
Lygus with just 4 nymphs per 100 sweeps (line
shown). We were at 10-fold that level over a
sustained period!
Here we have Lygus NYMPHS per 100 sweeps from a
seasonal mean of 6 weeks during the primary fruiting
curve.
Different chemistries are color-coded.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
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Carbine r1
r2
rot. r2
acephate
Belay +r1
r2
r3
Leverage r1
r2
Endigo
Hero
Diamond +r1
r1
r2
r3
sulfoxaflor r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
UTC
Seasonal Mean
All 6 weeks
Carbine r1
r2
rot. r2
acephate
Belay +r1
r2
r3
Leverage r1
r2
Endigo
Hero
Diamond +r1
r1
r2
r3
sulfoxaflor r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
UTC
Lygus per
100 sweeps
4 Nymphs per 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Seasonal Mean
All 6 weeks
0
Lygus Nymphs / 100
Lygus per
100 sweeps
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Lygus Total : Nymphs / 100
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
In my experience, the 4 nymphs per 100 is a good,
but conservative threshold. If after spraying, under
this kind of pressure, a product manages to hold
nymph levels below 8 nymphs per 100 (gray bar), it is
performing maximally.
Now I am overlaying the remaining Lygus numbers to
give a total count (total Lygus / 100) with nymphs
shaded.
You can see that some products managed this level of
control; some didn’t.
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Carbine r1
r2
rot. r2
acephate
Belay +r1
r2
r3
Leverage r1
r2
Endigo
Hero
Diamond +r1
r1
r2
r3
sulfoxaflor r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
UTC
Seasonal Mean
All 6 weeks
Carbine r1
r2
rot. r2
acephate
Belay +r1
r2
r3
Leverage r1
r2
Endigo
Hero
Diamond +r1
r1
r2
r3
sulfoxaflor r1
r2
r3
r4
r5
UTC
Lygus per
100 sweeps
15 Total Lygus
with
4 Nymphs per 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
15 Total Lygus
with
4 Nymphs per 100
0
Lygus Total : Nymphs / 100
Lygus per
100 sweeps
Seasonal Mean
All 6 weeks
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Lygus Total : Nymphs / 100
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
The threshold is 15 total Lygus per 100 sweeps (line
shown). We sustained 5-6 times this level for 6
weeks.
Again, operationally, if a product held levels below 30
per 100 sweeps (gray band), it was performing very,
very well.
By all criteria, Carbine performed great as usual.
Orthene also did well. Of the new compounds, Belay
was right there and sulfoxaflor (examined at 5 rates)
did very well from rate 3 and up.
Pyrethroids and neonicotinoids (except for Belay)
performed poorly.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
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UTC-Lygus, 0.41 bales
EXP32R5
Carbine
EXP32R3
EXP32R4
C-V-O
EXP32R2
BelayHi
Diamond+Carbine
DiamondLo
DiamondHi
BelayMed
DiamondMed
Belay+Orthene
CarbineLo
Orthene
EXP32R1
BAS320
Agrimek
Hero
Leverage360L
AgriFlex
Leverage360H
Endigo
Oberon
UTC-Lygus
0
Here are the 4 replicate plots for the untreated check
(UTC). Only 0.41 bales to the acre, not much cotton.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
0.5
1
1.5
2
Yield (Bales / A)
Ellsworth/UA
2.5
3
Ellsworth/UA
Here are the yield data, showing UTC at the bottom.
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UA-EXP32 R5
Desert Ag Conference
UTC
EXP32R5
Carbine
EXP32R3
EXP32R4
C-V-O
EXP32R2
BelayHi
Diamond+Carbine
DiamondLo
DiamondHi
BelayMed
DiamondMed
Belay+Orthene
CarbineLo
Orthene
EXP32R1
BAS320
Agrimek
Hero
Leverage360L
AgriFlex
Leverage360H
Endigo
Oberon
UTC-Lygus
0
Here is sulfoxaflor used at a very high rate and
showing very good Lygus control. Note the huge
difference in plant heights. When Lygus are not
controlled, fruiting positions (and fruit) are lost. Then
all the energy the plant produces goes into
unproductive vertical growth. Tall cotton is a telltale
sign of Lygus injury many times.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
Ellsworth/UA
‘R3’ may end up being the commercialized rate for
this new compound (EXP32=sulfoxaflor). Control of
Lygus and yields were excellent. The lower rates
were less reliable.
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UA-EXP32 R1, 1.44 bales
UA-EXP32 R2, 2.19 bales
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Here is the whole rate series, starting with the lowest
rate (R1) for sulfoxaflor.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
1.5
Yield (Bales / A)
Ellsworth/UA
R2
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UA-EXP32 R3, 2.47 bales
UA-EXP32 R4, 2.44 bales
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
R3
R4
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UA-EXP32 R5, 2.60 bales
Carbine
Ellsworth/UA
UTC
Ellsworth/UA
R5
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
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Carbine has continued to perform outstanding in
control of Lygus and protection of yield.
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Carbine Lo, 1.67 bales
EXP32R5
Carbine
EXP32R3
EXP32R4
C-V-O
EXP32R2
BelayHi
Diamond+Carbine
DiamondLo
DiamondHi
BelayMed
DiamondMed
Belay+Orthene
CarbineLo
Orthene
EXP32R1
BAS320
Agrimek
Hero
Leverage360L
AgriFlex
Leverage360H
Endigo
Oberon
UTC-Lygus
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Yield (Bales / A)
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Here are the Carbine containing treatments. Note the
very low rate (1.7 oz) of Carbine is too low for this
kind of pressure.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
This is a very low rate of Carbine and I would not
recommend this practice in the face of the Lygus
numbers we were seeing. This was done for
comparative purposes only.
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C - V - O, 2.38 bales
Carbine, 2.52 bales
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
The rotation performed well, though mites resurged a
bit in the end of the season.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Carbine alone at the highest labeled rate really did
well, leading the trial.
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Belay Hi
UTC
EXP32R5
Carbine
EXP32R3
EXP32R4
C-V-O
EXP32R2
BelayHi
Diamond+Carbine
DiamondLo
DiamondHi
BelayMed
DiamondMed
Belay+Orthene
CarbineLo
Orthene
EXP32R1
BAS320
Agrimek
Hero
Leverage360L
AgriFlex
Leverage360H
Endigo
Oberon
UTC-Lygus
0
Belay was registered this past January, but the rate
here shown is off-label (above the maximum
currently permitted)[REVISION: as of 7/2010, the
label has been expanded to include this rate (6 oz).
Control was very good though somewhat less than
Carbine.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
0.5
1
1.5
2
3
Ellsworth/UA
Here are the Belay treatments; the “medium” rate
was 4.5 oz and performed well.
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Belay+Orthene, 1.75 bales
Belay Med., 1.81 bales
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
A combo with Orthene. No benefits to this practice.
While Lygus control was very good, the resurgence of
mites reduced yields significantly plus one more
spray was made here than in the Carbine or other
leading treatments. This is a tangible example of how
non-selective, broad spectrum chemistry can ruin
gains in target pest control by leading to resurgences
of non-targets, in this case mites, but other times
whiteflies, aphids, thrips, caterpillar pests, etc.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
2.5
Yield (Bales / A)
Ellsworth/UA
A medium rate of Belay (4.5 oz).
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Belay Hi, 2.15 bales
Diamond Hi **
UTC
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
The high rate of Belay.
We have been testing novaluron (Diamond) for years
and have never been comfortable recommending it. It
is a broad spectrum IGR and as such is damaging to
the beneficial insects that we need. Mites and
whiteflies resurged in many of the Diamond plots.
Even so, this is the best we’ve ever made Diamond
look, albeit requiring a two week and two spray
headstart over all the other products. As a result, I
still cannot recommend it for Lygus control in AZ.
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Diamond Hi, 1.98 bales
EXP32R5
Carbine
EXP32R3
EXP32R4
C-V-O
EXP32R2
BelayHi
Diamond+Carbine
DiamondLo
DiamondHi
BelayMed
DiamondMed
Belay+Orthene
CarbineLo
Orthene
EXP32R1
BAS320
Agrimek
Hero
Leverage360L
AgriFlex
Leverage360H
Endigo
Oberon
UTC-Lygus
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Yield (Bales / A)
2.5
3
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Here are the Diamond-containing treatments.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Very high rate used very early and more sprays than
other products.
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Hero
UTC
EXP32R5
Carbine
EXP32R3
EXP32R4
C-V-O
EXP32R2
BelayHi
Diamond+Carbine
DiamondLo
DiamondHi
BelayMed
DiamondMed
Belay+Orthene
CarbineLo
Orthene
EXP32R1
BAS320
Agrimek
Hero
Leverage360L
AgriFlex
Leverage360H
Endigo
Oberon
UTC-Lygus
0
Pyrethroids still don’t work in our system against
Lygus in cotton. Every so often, people argue this
point with me. So periodically, we re-examine this in
trials. This time we chose to use Hero, a new very
active mixture of two pyrethroids (you can think of it
as Capture mixed with Mustang). As you can see
there was no significant control of Lygus. Note the
height of the crop.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Yield (Bales / A)
Ellsworth/UA
3
Ellsworth/UA
These are all pyrethroid containing treatments. None
performed well.
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Hero, 0.87 bales
Endigo, 0.57 bales
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Hero.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
A premix of thiamethoxam and lamba cyhalothrin.
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UTC-Lygus, 0.41 bales
Orthene, 1.63 bales
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
The UTC.
So there really is a penalty to using broad-spectrum
chemistry early and repeatedly. We lost cotton here
to mites, despite good control of Lygus. The Orthene
plots were defoliated by mites weeks ahead of the
rest of the field.
This is why we emphasize selectivity or safety for
beneficials. There are economies gained by
conserving these biological controls in your cotton
fields.
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Consequences of Lygus
Control Chemical Choices
Stages Defined
by Efficacy &
Safety on
Beneficials
Cotton Leaf
Crumple
No Bolls
Whitefly
Honeydew
Mite
Defoliation
Carbine
• Stage I – Full
Selectivity
Mite
Damage
• Stage II – Partial
Selectivity
• Stage III –
Synergized
Pyrethroids
Ellsworth et al. 2006
Hero
10 oz
5x
Diamond
6 oz
4x*
Acephate
16 oz
4x
Ellsworth/UA
Diamond
9 oz
4x
Endigo
3.4 oz
5x
Ellsworth/UA
As part of our IPM program, a 3-stage chemical use
plan for whitefly control identifies chemistry based on
efficacy and selectivity attributes, with the ultimate
goal of exploiting selectivity as much as is possible. It
does not mandate a sequence but suggests more
selective approaches will create more effective
ecosystem services that provide regulation of all pest
species.
Just like in the early 1990’s when we visibly saw the
consequences of our control chemical choices in
whitefly control, the same is true for those choices
made for Lygus control.
At our recent field day, I pulled out representative
plants from various plots to show how in identical
environments how different the outcomes are based
on Lygus product choices.
Not surprisingly, we wish to construct parallel
recommendations for Lygus.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Carbine
2.8 oz
3x
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Natural Enemies Excluded
Broad-spectrum
Lygus sprays
release
whiteflies
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Examples of mite damage at the time of the field day.
Note the entirely defoliated Orthene plants in upper
right hand corner.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Peter Asiimwe, our current graduate student, is trying
to understand the relative contribution of NEs and
irrigation to the control dynamics of Bemisia. Last
year, we had plots where NEs were chemically
excluded by using a common Lygus insecticide. These
broad-spectrum sprays released whiteflies from the
natural control possible in the rt hand figure. The
result was very sticky and sooty cotton. The left side
was never sprayed at all.
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Whitefly Chemistry Review
7% yield loss
Natural enemies excluded
Biological Defoliation
19% yield loss
Natural enemies excluded
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Knack
IGR-Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Courier
IGR-unique
Full !
Scales !
Oberon
Ketoenol
Full
Mites
Intruder
Neonic.
Partial
Aphids !
Spirotetramat
Ketoenol
???
Systemic !
NNI0101,
pyrifluquinazon
Unique
Partial - Full
HGW86, cyazypyr Diamide
???
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Ellsworth/UA
Lygus, beetles?
Ellsworth/UA
Regardless of irrigation regime, there were major
losses to whiteflies where NEs were excluded. These
paired pictures were shot on the same day (two
weeks after the ones shown on the previous slide)
and show cotton that was biologically defoliated by
this sucking pest. The cotton on the left was never
sprayed for any pest and also had commercially
unacceptable whitefly levels but at much lower
densities than in the exclusion plots.
Oberon is a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor and an
excellent miticide, too.
This example stresses the interactions of our control
systems for Lygus and whiteflies. That is, no matter
how selective our control system is for whiteflies, if
growers are spraying for Lygus or other pests with
broad-spectrum materials, selective advantages may
be lost.
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Whitefly Chemistry Review
Whitefly Chemistry Review
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Knack
IGR-Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Knack
IGR-Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Courier
IGR-unique
Full !
Scales !
Courier
IGR-unique
Full !
Scales !
Oberon
Ketoenol
Full
Mites
Oberon
Ketoenol
Full
Mites
Intruder
Neonic.
Partial
Aphids !
Intruder
Neonic.
Partial
Aphids !
Spirotetramat
Ketoenol
???
Systemic !
Spirotetramat
Ketoenol
???
Systemic !
NNI0101,
pyrifluquinazon
Unique
Partial - Full
NNI0101,
pyrifluquinazon
Unique
Partial - Full
HGW86, cyazypyr Diamide
???
HGW86, cyazypyr Diamide
???
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Lygus, beetles?
Lygus, beetles?
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Intruder is only partially selective, not fully selective
like the IGRs and Oberon (at lower rates). Keep this
in mind if your goal is to maximize natural enemy
benefits. It is, however, an excellent aphicide.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Spirotetramat or Movento appears to be operating
much like Oberon in terms of safety to beneficials.
That is early results show it to be fully selective. But a
major attribute of this compound is it is fully
systemic, meaning when applied to the leaves it
translocates to all plant parts, even the below ground
roots! The is the first foliar insecticide with this type
of mobility.
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Whitefly Chemistry Review
Whitefly Chemistry Review
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Knack
IGR-Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Knack
IGR-Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Courier
IGR-unique
Full !
Scales !
Courier
IGR-unique
Full !
Scales !
Oberon
Ketoenol
Full
Mites
Oberon
Ketoenol
Full
Mites
Intruder
Neonic.
Partial
Aphids !
Intruder
Neonic.
Partial
Aphids !
Spirotetramat
Ketoenol
???
Systemic !
Spirotetramat
Ketoenol
???
Systemic !
NNI0101,
pyrifluquinazon
Unique
Partial - Full
NNI0101,
pyrifluquinazon
Unique
Partial - Full
HGW86, cyazypyr Diamide
???
HGW86, cyazypyr Diamide
???
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Lygus, beetles?
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Pyrifluquinazon is a new chemistry. Recent tests are
suggesting that at best it is partially selective, much
like Intruder.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Lygus, beetles?
Cyazypyr is new chemistry and early in development
for cotton.
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Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Knack
IGR-Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Courier
IGR-unique
Full !
Lygus Chemistry Review
Scales !
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Carbine
Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Whiteflies,
beetles (?)
Oberon
Ketoenol
Full
Mites
Intruder
Neonic.
Partial
Aphids !
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
Spirotetramat
Ketoenol
???
Systemic !
Acephate
O.P.
No
NNI0101,
pyrifluquinazon
Unique
Partial - Full
Vydate
Carbamate No
HGW86, cyazypyr Diamide
???
Pyrethroids Pyr.
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Premixes
No
Neo. + Pyr. No
Late season
Cotton
leafperforator
Not effective
Poor fit
Lygus, beetles?
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
UA EXP32 or sulfoxaflor impacts Lygus and whiteflies,
though better at controlling Lygus.
Carbine is an excellent aphicide.
Belay has a broader spectrum of insect control and
may therefore only be “partially” selective.
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Lygus Chemistry Review
Lygus Chemistry Review
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Carbine
Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Carbine
Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Whiteflies,
beetles (?)
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Whiteflies,
beetles (?)
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
Acephate
O.P.
No
Late season
Acephate
O.P.
No
Vydate
Carbamate No
Cotton
leafperforator
Vydate
Carbamate No
Not effective
Pyrethroids Pyr.
Poor fit
Premixes
Pyrethroids Pyr.
Premixes
No
Neo. + Pyr. No
No
Neo. + Pyr. No
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Late season
Cotton
leafperforator
Not effective
Poor fit
Ellsworth/UA
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Lygus Chemistry Review
Lygus Chemistry Review
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Compound
Class
Selectivity
Comments
Carbine
Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Carbine
Unique
Full !
Aphids !
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Whiteflies,
beetles (?)
Belay
Neonic.
Partial (?)
Whiteflies,
beetles (?)
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
UA EXP32
New
??? (no mites) Whiteflies !
Acephate
O.P.
No
Late season
Acephate
O.P.
No
Vydate
Carbamate No
Cotton
leafperforator
Vydate
Carbamate No
Not effective
Pyrethroids Pyr.
Poor fit
Premixes
Pyrethroids Pyr.
Premixes
No
Neo. + Pyr. No
Late season
Cotton
leafperforator
No
Not effective
Neo. + Pyr. No
Poor fit
Ellsworth/UA
Ellsworth/UA
Acephate and Vydate are still good compounds, but
should be reserved for late season use only when
needed. Vydate is excellent on cotton leafperforator.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
Pyethroids are still NOT effective on Lygus in cotton
in AZ.
Premixes in general have a poor fit in AZ. Avoid them.
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Product Comparisons
Belay Hi
Technology Use Plan
09F3L
Bt Cotton
Eradication
Carbine
Broad Spectrum Insecticides
Stage I: Fully Selective
Stage II: Partially Selective
neonicotinoid
Blooms per Area
Stage III: Broad Spectrum
unique
UTC
UA-EXP32 R5
unique
Fully Selective: Carbine
Partially Selective: Belay*
Broad: Orthene, Vydate
Secondary pests held
under natural control
15:4
Discontinue
Lygus sprays
@ NAWF ~ 5
Primary
Fruiting
Cycle
cutout
0
Ellsworth/UA
1000
2000
‘Top’
crop
3000 HUAP
Heat Units After Planting (86° / 55°F)
Ellsworth/UA
Here is our technology use plan that supports our
cotton IPM system. It emphasizes selective
approaches to the control of our three key pests
supported by well-defined sampling programs and
decision-making. Sprays for whiteflies depends on
sampling of adults and nymphs and implementation
of chemical-use stage-specific thresholds. For Lygus,
adults and nymphs are also measured. Sprays are
made according to a two-component threshold.
Additional sprays are made as needed when Lygus
are increasing and above threshold, but discontinued
at a time in crop development based on variety,
planting date, and irrigation plans.
09F3L Carbine WG (2.8 oz) in NE, Belay Hi in NW,
sulfoxaflor in SW, UTC in SE; 5-fold yield increase
over the Untreated Check.
There is no doubt. IPM and resistance management
are completely interdependent. We need good,
selective chemistry to help us conserve beneficials
and control our target pests effectively.
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
93
Ellsworth, IPM, IRM & Selective Insecticide Use
94