1 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL Comparative Study of a Site and Services Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh MAYEEDUR RAHMAN B.Arch. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh February 1979 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 1983 Copyright Q Mayeedur Rahman 1983 The Author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of author Mayeedur Rahman, Department of Architecture, May 1983 / vu Certified by Horaci Caminos, Prof. of Architecture, Thesis Supervisor Accepted by N. John Habraken, Chairman, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MAY 2 6 1983 LIBRARIES 3 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL Comparative study of a Site and Services project, Dhaka, Bangladesh by Mayeedur Rahman Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies. ABSTRACT The study proposes an alternative design approach for low income urban settlements, based upon a comparative study of a Site and Services project. Most of the existing and proposed settlements have considerable problems in Land Utilization, circulation efficiency and infrastucture layout. Despite narrow streets, a large percentage of land is allotted for public circulation due to gridiron layouts having small blocks. As for walkup developments, waste of land, utilities and services are common characteristics. Moreover, "instant" housing developments require extensive capital investment and discourages the utilization of individual resources. The focus of the study is on optimisation of costs by efficient Land Subdivision, Land Utilization and Circulation system. The study proposes a grid layout and progressive housing development with minimization of public land, costs and institutional participation on one hand and maximization of private land and user's participation on the other. Thesis Supervisor: Title: Horacio Caminos Professor of Architecture, MIT. 4 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I gratefully acknowledge the guidance and support of Professor Horacio Caminos from whom I have learnt much, during my two years in the Urban Settlement Design Program at MIT. Through his classes, projects and en- joyable discussions, I picked up more real and clear ideas about various issues concerning architecture, which I hope to apply in my professional practice. I sincerely appreciate the friendship, suggestions and assistance of Reinhard Goethert who has never failed me in times of need. I also appreciate the companionship and pertinent comments from the members of my class: Humberto, Navroz, Faieda and Trevor, the class of 198082 and the class of 1982-84. I wish to extend my thanks to Professor Abdul Hasnath of the Engineering University, Dhaka, to my friends A.S.M. Ismail, Salimullah and Amin Khan for supplying the much needed reference material and data. Finally I extend my thanks and deepest gratitude to my parents for their loving support and encouragement, that are beyond the means of expression and to my wife Disha whose patience, support and efforts helped me in producing this work. M. R. 5 CONTENTS CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 URBAN CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Introduction - - - - - Planning Policies/Goals . Design Heuristics . . . . - - Project Comparison . - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . 51 CONTENTS - . INTRODUCTION - - - - - MODEL CONCLUSION - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 16 17 29 APPENDIX Glossary . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . 53 References/Explanatory Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 NOTE : Spelling of 'Dacca' has been officially changed to 'Dhaka'. 6 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL Public housing : One of the housing systems for low income groups in Dhaka, Photo : A.S.M. Ismail. INTRODUCTION 7 INTRODUCTION Although the private sector is the major contributor of housing in Bangladesh, it is limited to mainly the middle and high income groups. The role of public sector is limited to the provision of housing for the government employees and developing housing estates for the urban high income. Most of these developments are wasteful of land, utilities and services. Bangladesh is one of the least urbanized countries of the world with only 11.16% of its population living in urban areas. The total population continues to grow at an annual rate of 3.0%. Some of the larger cities are growing at an annual rates of between 4% to 7.5%. Dhaka, the Capital is affected the most. This rapid population growth in the urban areas has resulted in uncontrolled land development and a high demand for dwellings, land, utilities and services. This rapid demand has led to a shortage of resources, particularly in housing for low income groups. The consequences of the absence of a rational national policy for physical development and housing is also responsible for the haphazard, unplanned urban sprawl. Low lands in and around the city are being filled and built upon without adequate provision for infrastructure. Narrow roads, traffic congestion, inadequate drainage, no potable water nor community facilities and over crowded transport services have become characteristic of these settlements. Inevitably, when infrastructure is incorporated in these settlements, it is very difficult and consequently becomes very expensive to the city as well as for the users. The basic weakness in the government approach is its piece-meal solution to immediate needs and problems rather than approaching the fundamental issues and considering long-range implications. However, the government must efficiently utilize its scarce resources: land and finance. It is not only a matter of providing housing but also the process and the overall framework within which they are provided , which is particularly important. Unquestionably the low income population desperately needs support in a number of areas. However, none are more important to the immediate improvement in the quality of life than the provision of clean water, sanitation, electricity and basic services. These services are things that the public sector is best able to provide. On the other hand, the people themselves constitute the major resources in the improvement of their dwellings as well as their settlements. The provision of shelter for the majority of the people cannot be accomplished without fully utilising self-help programmes and other forms of popular participation. The key element is a piece of land with secured tenancy. The government should give priority in utilizing their resources for the benefit of the low income group, realizing that a smaller quantum of improvement in the qual- 8 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL ity of life of the many is more equitable than a larger of the project. quantum of improvement for the few. also consists of a Master Plan and a Site and Services compo- A comparative design called 'Revised design' nent with a similar area as that of the proposed one. Within the social, economic and political context of Bangladesh, this study is focused on the physical aspects of the provision of shelter for the lower income groups. A model is therefore proposed for the design and analysis of urban settlements for the lower income groups. The following issues are dealt with in the model: a. Land Utilization - Maximization of private areas (taxable) and minimization of public areas b. Circulation Systems - (non-taxable). A crucial factor, which determines urban patterns, structures of social grouping, land values and commercial potential. It affects significantly the cost of infrastructure layout. c. Infrastucture - Efficient layout for water supply, sewage disposal, storm drainage, electricity and street lighting. d. Block layouts - Use of grid layout as opposed to & Subdivisions - grid-iron, as means of reducing costs and facilitating social grouping. Optimum sizes of lots and percentages of public, private and semi-private areas. These issues are illustrated by means of a design for a specific site in Dhaka, which is compared with another design proposed by a British consulting firm for the same site. The latter design called 'proposed design' in the thesis, consists of a Master Plan for 526 Ha and detailed design for a Site and Services component which is to be the first phase 9 URBAN CONTEXT URBAN DHAKA, 4,00000 CONTEXT 3.000.000 BANGLADESH 2000.00 WIND 1.000.000 500,000 TEMPERATURE SUMMER 45C PRIMARY INFORMATION: Dhaka is located at 240 north latitude, 900 east longitude. MONSOON WINTER 250.000 o:c 1C 10 It has an area of 324 M A square kilometers, and a population of 4.0 million. M J J A S 0 N D J URBAN POPULATION GROWTH horizontal: dates vertical: population Source: Aminul H. Khan, S.M.Arch.S. Thesis, MIT. F HUMIDITY Its main seasons are: winter, from November to Febru- ary; summer, from March to June; and the monsoon, from July to October. Winter temperatures are generally temperate, ranging from 52*F to 84*F. The summer is 0 warm, with temperatures between 70OF and 94 F. Rain- fall during the monsoon varies from 47" to 136". Humidity ranges from 36% 10% 75% 50% 25% 70 2, 0% RAIN 50 400-n 300mm 200mm to 99%. 30 20 0mm HISTORY: Dhaka existed as a trading town as far back as the third century. It first came into prominence when it became the seat of government of the province of Bengal SNOW 400m: n0m~e F- i 100m under the Mughal Dynasty. The city at that time covered D.m I i a very large area, with a population of one million. Dhaka's expansion and development was seriously inter- 25% 20 I5 sO S , 0 5 10 15 20 25% F URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION horizontal: male: 4 percentages emle vertical: ages Source: Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 1979. 25000 10000 rupted when the capital of Bengal was transferred to Murshidabad in 1717. 1982, As a result the population shrank drastically to a quarter of a million. 1000 Under British colonial rule, Dhaka again experienced a SUN 50 period of growth, but declined again when the capital of 250 Bengal was removed to Chittagong. After the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the seat of the provincial NORTH government and experienced rapid expansion. migrants ment. - Muslim from India were resettled in Dhaka by the govern- 50% 'IA 40 30 20 10 URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION horizontal: percentages Source: vertical: dollars 0 10 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL A I§1Km -10Km SKN 5Km KEY A Airport AREAS Primary Road Ht-4--4 Railroad Built-up Area COI44ERCIAL - S URBAN URBAN~~~~~~~~~------TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION ADUEPTEN TaORPYADCRUAINUBA URBAN LAND USE PATTERN 1209 1:250000 5 to tIo. URBAN CONTEXT 10Km INCOMES DATES LOW 1850 MEDIUM 1950 HIGH 1980 a 50 URBAN INCOME PATTERN URBAN GROWTH PATTERN 1:250000 isKm 12 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL When Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971, Dhaka also located in Dhaka, as are almost all of the private became the capital of the country. professional services available in the country. Since then, the city has experienced its greatest expansion. nearly doubled with the past decade. The population Many new areas were developed and previously developed areas became more dense, seriously overtaxing the capacity of the city's infrastructure. ADMINISTRATION: Urban growth in Dhaka is shaped by the activities of a number of independent organizations having jurisdiction over land development, the supply of infrastructure, and the operation of municipal services. The Municipal Corporation, headed by an elected mayor, The main industries in Dhaka are tanneries, metal products, glass, pharmaceuticals, textiles, tobacco processing, chemicals, steel re-rolling, ceramics, machine tools, and specialized industries. DEMOGRAPHY: The population of Dhaka in 1951 was 418,000; in 1961 it rose to 560,000; in 1971 it was 1,201,000; and now it is estimated to be about 4 million. Of this population, 57.7% are male and 42.3% female. Between 1961 and 1974, the rural population of the country ex- refuse collection, and limited health care and public perienced an increase of 44%, while the urban population increased by 165%. This increase was concentrated mainly in the four big cities: Dhaka grew by 320%, Chittagong by education. 695%, Khulna by 341%, and Rajshahi by 233%. executes the functions related to property taxation, urban transportation systems, limited public works, The Dhaka Improvement Trust is responsible for developing, administering, and maintaining new The population of Dhaka is largely homogeneous ethnically, housing and commercial areas. include the Department of Roads and Highways, Public composed of people who come from all parts of the country and speak various local dialects. A large number of Works Department, Water and Sewerage Authority, Directorate original residents, called "kuttis," live in the old of Public Health Engineering, Urban Development Directorate, Dhaka Metropolitan Police, and Postal Department. In section of the city. addition, there is the Housing and Settlement Directorate, after the partition. which was originally established to house the massive have their own distinct expressions of the living pattern, clearly discernible in their use of space - verandahs, Other municipal bodies influx of refugees from India. ECONOMY: The capital city accommodates most of the contry's administrative machinery, including the headquarters of all government organizations, housing for government employees, and the military bases, which occupy a large area of the city. It is also the major industrial and commercial center of the country and a major inland port, handling much of the internal wholesale trade. The headquarters of most private sector industries and trading organizations are In a different section lives a substantial population of migrants from India who came front and back yards - The old city and the migrant area and decorative motifs. Another distinct section includes the very high income areas of Gulshan and Banani, where all diplomatic missions are located. Most of the high income population groups in the country are located in urban areas. Nevertheless, low income groups form the vast majority of urban populations. In 1972, it was estimated that 25% of the total population URBAN CONTEXT 13 of Dhaka city was living as squatters, with an average Until recently, therefore, the role of the public sector monthly income of $15 to $20 per family. was limited mostly to the provision of housing for govern- According to 1976-77 data, 13% of urban households had an income of ment employees and developing residential estates for the less than $200 per year, and were classified as very low richer segments of the urban population. income; 31.1% were low income households, with earnings of characteristically, large, building materials are of high $200 to $320 per year; 35.5% were moderate income house- quality, and densities are very low in comparison to the holds with earnings of $600 to $1,600; and 5.5% as very older districts in the city. Plots are, high income households with incomes above $1,600 per year. As far as the private sector is concerned, apart from a few palatial houses built by wealthy businessmen and HOUSING: Until the late 1960's, the government addressed housing needs in terms of population categories (indus- trial workers, government employees, displaced persons), undertaking isolated projects to solve the specific housing problems of these different population groups without a comprehensive policy framework. Improvement trusts were created whose purpose was largely the development of land for resale to upper-middle level government employees and other higher income beneficiaries. To help make available mortgage money for home building in the private sector, the government established in 1952 the House Building Finance Corporation, with the power to make direct loans to home owners up to 80% of the house value. Here again, the beneficiaries of the program were the middle and upper income groups. professionals, houses in the city are generally quite modest. They are mostly single or two-storied, with the exception of a few multi-story flats put up by private developers. Unlike the public sector housing, these dwellings use a wide variety of construction materials, depending on the economic resources and personal preferences of the individual consumer. A majority of the dwellingsof lower income households have. one room, which is used for almost all the household activities. A recent survey revealed that economic con- siderations alone did not dictate this multiple use of space. Cultural tradition and family living patterns are other determinant factors. In rural areas, the concept of dividing a structure into rooms for different uses is not followed. If needed, separate rooms are built as separate With the influx of refugees from India, government structures. responsibility in housing expanded. dwellings multi-use of spaces is common. In 1958, a special housing and settlement office was created, which in 1970 was raised to the Directorate level. This organization constructed about 26,000 core houses and provided 10,000 buildable plots for refugees. Following independence in 1971, the government has constructed 4,500 dwellings for the urban poor. This number is insignificant in relation to a shortage of over 175 million housing units. Even among upper income households, in larger 14 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL 4; ,n nT II mri no 1 - T1 Wir 7Il Tr rWm 11 - r-r - 1r7 V - .1 ~C Public housing for low income groups in Dhaka. ....... ........ ... ....... .. .CJ' ......... ... ........ Note the abundance of left over spaces and wide streets without specific utilization, which is a waste of land and multiplies problems of control, maintenance and operation of public spaces. Photo : A.S.M. Ismail MODEL, INTRODUCTION 15 MODEL The proposed model is an attempt at the following: - A process of urbanization focussing on physical layout, land subdivision, land utilization, land use allocation and circulation. - An alternative method of residential development reinforcing the positive and improving upon the negative aspects of existing housing systems. INTRODUCTION - An approach to the problem of low income housing, recognizing the limited resources of the low income groups Withia population growth rate of 7.5%, Dhaka city is' spreading very rapidly. Vacant land within the city & agricultural fields (lowlands) on the periphery are urbanizing at an accelerated rate. and the public sector; Minimizing public responsibility of operation/maintenance and maximizing private (user's) responsibility, initiative & participation. The physical development is arbitrary and piece-meal in nature resulting in difficulties in the long run. An absence of realistic planning policies for comprehensive development is also responsible for the adhoc growth taking place in and around the city. Consequently when The model is a study of a long term residential development scheme for which an area of 526 Ha has already been identified by a British consulting firm. A Master plan for the project area and a detailed design for a Site & Services project(45 Ha,) within the project area has been proposed infrastructure is incorporated in these areas the task is by the same firm. not only more difficult but also involves enormous extra anlysis has been the main reason for selecting this site; expenses for both the Government & the users. data was available. As for The possibility of a comparative public housing projects and other housing cooperatives inefficient layout has become a characteristic feature A revised Master Plan has been proposed in this study for resulting in wasteful utilization of land and resources, this same project area. thus increasing the cost of infrastructure. The public sector can only provide limited services with its limited resources. Also a revised design of a Site & Services project is compared with an equivalent area as that of the proposed Site & Services project. The compari- son is made in terms "of Land subdivision, Land Utilization, Circulation & Block layout. Therefore the problem requires a solution in terms of a development covering a wider range of issues and a longer time span. It is necessary to anticipate a variety of land provide a tentative set of guidelines for those involved use functions initially and allow for other land uses in in planning and designing of urban settlements and the the future, based on new priorities. formulation of housing policy for the low income groups. The model is intended to serve as a reference and to 16 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL FINANCING: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE POLICIES/GOALS PLANNING - The magnitude of the project calls for both public and private financing., Public subsidies should be kept at a minimum level and be confined to land development and providing infrastructure network. - The private sector cooperative financing will be encouraged in the construction of dwellings. PRIMARY USE: RESIDENTIAL - The project is primarily intended for residential use. - Required supporting landuses will include commercial CIRCULATION: INTERNAL EXTERNAL COORDINATION - Internal and external circulation networks will and community facilities, schools, playgrounds,, provide the primary framework for development of health center and community center. the site. These facilities - will also be shared by the surrounding existing The internal network will be connected to the external network by connecting three on-site primary roads to -settlements. the Dhaka - - Development will aim at providing for a community of low and lower middle the 132 KV power line. and some high income groups. UTILITIES: INTENSITY OF LAND USE: - - MEDIUM/HIGH DENSITY The range of gross densities planned for is 500 - In course of time at the saturation stage of develop- CONNECTION TO THE CITY NETWORK Initially water supply and waste disposal will be by internal private or cooperative handpumps and septic 600 tanks as generally practiced in Dhaka. persons per hectare assuming one storey construction. - Tongi road on the west and to the proposed potential future highway on the East that parallels TARGET INCOME GROUPS: PREDOMINANTLY LOW INCOME GROUPS - Eventually all utility network will be incorporated into the city network. ment densities are expected to be at least 100% higher as a result expansion to two or more stories and higher room occupancies due to subletting. DEVELOPMENT MODE: INCREMENTAL GROWTH - The site will be developed incrementally. LAND TENURE: PRIVATE/COOPERATIVE OWNERSHIP, RENTAL - Horizontal cluster condominiums will be provided - The cluster condominium - Implementation will be staged into: 1. Planning and design. 2. Allocation of lots, construction. will allow flexibility in 3. Habitation. land subdivision. - Rental options will be provided for the very low income sector, which will gradually be converted into clusters of ownership property. 4. Evaluation and revision. - The cycle should be repeated till the saturation of the project area is reached. DESIGN HEURISTICS DESIGN 17 HEURISTICS Basic, physical-economic patterns of a project should be considered in order to anticipate physical economic effects. Patterns should be identified in terms of circulation, Land Utilization, Commercial potential, Land value & Land demand. They will provide tools for decisions affecting policies as well as physical designs. This section is a very crude attempt at recognizing these physical-economic pattern through a heuristic process. Nevertheless their purpose is twofold: 1. To recognize or anticipate the effect of the above mentioned forces on the model. 2. To incorporate in the model the proper physical configuration that will take advantage of these forces. In addition, the diagram will help to project an image of the possible process of development. only indicates zones in a schematic form. The diagrams It must be clear that within these zones there will be penetration of other spot zones or subzones, such as intersections or corners of the private land land. across from the semi-public The heuristic method is explained in stages. 18 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL STAGE 1 TENTATIVE PROGRAM The Data are projected from the Revised Site & Services project. COUNTRY Bangladesh CITY Dhaka PROJECT NAME Uttara East Integrated Urban Development POPULATION 265,492 GROSS DENSITY 505 Persons/Hectare TARGET INCOME GROUPS Low, Moderately Low, Middle and High SITE GROSS AREA 526 Ha SITE CONDITION Irregular, Mostly Flat, Intrusion of some lowlands URBAN LAYOUT TYPE Grid TOTAL NUMBER OF LOTS 37,927 NUMBER OF LOTS/CONDOMINIUM 23 DEVELOPMENT Progressive LEVEL OF SERVICES Standard PROJECT COSTS (in stages) Tk 1500 Million CURRENCY CONVERSION US $ 1 = Tk 21.00 DESIGNER Thesis Proposal LAND UTILIZATION ( Ha - PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC SEMI-PRIVATE/PRIVATE UNIT CIRCULATION LENGTH NUMBER OF SCHOOLS % 76.32 Ha 14.50 % 99.46 " 18.90 % 350.22 " 66.50 % 114 m/Ha 33 Primary Schools 8 Secondary Schools ( 2 shifts 19 DESIGN HEURISTICS STAGE 2: URBAN PARAMETERS INDUSTRIAL AREA N 9 DHAKA CITY 1:250000 5 to ISKm 0 PROJECT AREA SURROUNDINGS 1:50000 1 20 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL STAGE 3: SITE PARAMETERS INDUSTRIAL AREA W . TONGI RIVER LOW LAND O0 O SCATTERED RURAL SETTLEMENTS I I I I I I I I I 8 1:3000 1"SKm 21 DESIGN HEURISTICS LOCATION The site is approximately 16 km north Areas below the 15' contours with intrusions from the flood of Dhaka city center, about 2 km from plain. the International airport and 1/2 km east from the Dhaka-Tongi road. INFRASTRUCTURE Water Supply: No existing piped water system; considered AREA Total Project: 526 Ha feasible by WASA Site & Services, 1st Phase: 45 Ha SHAPE Irregular; BOUNDARIES North - Sewage Disposal: average length & width 2300 m Storm Drainage: East - consid- Natural course towards Tongi River; carries a moderate Tongi River amount of river traffic. South - Not available; ered feasible by WASA Refuse Disposal: Scattered existing settlements. Feasible, by Municipality Low agricultural lands. A 132 KV Electricity: Available, by PDB power line passes on a northsouth axis near the extreme eastern property line. West - COMMUNITY No facilities on site; FACILITIES available in adjacent Uttara Model Town. The project because of its size would Clearly defined railway tracks, require some community facilities. to the west of which is the Uttara Model town for higher and some will be EMPLOYMENT upper middle income groups. Nearby Tongi Industrial Area, Inter- national Airport, Export processing zone, and in the Uttara Model Town. The project APPROACHES/ ACCESSES Dhaka-Tongi radial road, with three itself will generate a considerable accesses. Additional access is from number of jobs. across the river from the Tongi TRANSPORTATION Industrial area. TOPOGRAPHY the Tongi Railway station is about 3 kms from the site. A new railway station has Generally flat; some fingerlike been proposed by the DIT within the site intrusions of floodplains. Terrain can be divided in 3 zones: - Areas 21'-0" above flood level. Buses operate along Dhaka-Tongi road; of Uttara Civic Center. LAND TENURE - Areas between the 15' & 20' Currently under fragmented private ownership; in the process of acquisition. contours that are irregularly terraced. LAND COST TK 2,960,00/Ha ($148,000/Ha) 22 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL STAGE 4 : MAIN URBAN AFFECTING CIRCULATION NETWORK AND ACCESSES THE SITE The main circulation network is the system of main roads that provides circulation through the whole urban area. The only approach to the site is by the Dhaka-Tongi radial road. This has unlimited access, although vehicles dominate over pedestrians. Buses operate along this road. The project area is 1/2 km East of this road. * - There are three existing accesses from this road that are es**** parallel. Another access is from the Tongi Cottage Industrial area across the river. Other potential accesses are along the existing footpaths. - 6.'- """ - . . . . Existing and future potential accesses affecting the site are illustrated. * U** -*"'' 0~~ U-. ~ 4 KEY 0 1:30000 -mu-ExistingAccess 1'5Km 4s6s59 Potential Access 23 DESIGN HEURISTICS STAGE 5: PRIMARY SITE CIRCULATION The Primary Circulation is the principal road on the site that links accesses from/to the site to/from the urban circulation network. Primary Circulation in a site is determined by a set of requirements that are not always the same and do not have the same priority. priorities were The following established in deter- mining the primary site circulation for the project area: 1. Accesses 2. Size & Shape 3. Main Urban Circulation 4. Boundary 4 .s1 Policies adopted are: 1. Coverage from Primary Circulation. Minimum Distance 100m Maximum Distance 1000m 2. Linking accesses in a convenient manner. 3. Shortest distance. Three primary roads have been proposed, all of which run in an West-East direction linking the Dhaka-Tongi road and the existing access point(foot paths) along the eastern boundary of the project area. N 0 1:30000 KEY 4-4 I1,s These could be extended in the future beyond the project area limits to serve the existing settleProposed Access ments when incorporated in the Master Proposed Access (Future) Plan & would also serve as a ring road. URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL STAGE 6: AREAS OF MAJOR COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL/LAND VALUES Areas of commercial potential are those that have the potentiallty of being developed for commercial use. The value of the land in a site is not uniform even before it is being developed, because of different factors. The most important is generally accessibility. But development introduces new physical factors and consequently new land values. The most important are the lines of primary circulation, which may canalize the traffic of buses rickshaws, tempos etc. This means stops, concentration of people, more activity, resulting in higher commer- cial potantial, demand for land & land values. Some very small scale stores might develop throughout the neighborhood. This scattered commercial activity is usually the first form of commerce to spontaneously develop within the commu- nity. Eventually a ribbon or strip commercial area will consolidate along the major circulation routes. All these commercial activity are generated by private capital and are generally under private ownership. They KEY 0 1I are an essential source of primary or supplemental income for the families. '5KmIG MEDIUM 1:30000 5Km LOW Therefore their existence should not be threatened by zoning restrictions. DESIGN HEURISTICS STAGE 7: AREAS FOR MAJOR COMMERCIAL AREAS SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS, (PRIVATE MARKETS (SEMIPUBLIC LAND) LAND); 25 It is assumed that: 1. Higher land values parallel the location of shops, commercial areas (private land), markets plazas (semi-public land). 2. Lower land values parallel the location of schools, playgrounds, parks (semi-public land) which are non-taxable. Based upon the concept presented in stage 6 & 7, a basic location diagram of the semi-public and private areas are illustrated. ..... .... KEY 0 1'30000 1I 1'5 Km Potential Location of Major Comercial Area (Private) Potential Location of semipublic uses 26 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL STAGE 8: DIRECTIONS OF SECONDARY CIRCULATION Primary circulation links major commercial areas, markets, plazas etc. Secondary circulation links residential areas with the primary circulation and also with the areas of schools, playgrounds etc. TONGI RIVER Policies considered are: 1. Hierarchy of circulation linkage (defined in the first paragraph). 2. Pedestrians have priority over .... vehicles in the secondary 00000 circulation. - N I I - -I Jt - - Ii JI '00, -0 ' K. N 0 1:30000 1 1'5Km I 0 KEY 4-- secondary Direction - I The direction of secondary circulation i is illustrated for the project area, to the left. DESIGN HEURISTICS STAGE 9: PRIMARY DRAINAGE DIRECTIONS 27 Drainage is the interception and removal of ground water or surface water by artificial or natural means. In a layout, drainage is the critical problem in flat sites with 10% or less slope. The project area is generally flat except for some finger like intrusions of low lands (flood plains). There is a natural drainage course toward the Tongi river and the primary direction of drainage will follow the natural slope of the site. - - The primary & secondary drainage direI; ctions for the project area are illustrated to the left. - - - * - U' I - N -I * KEY 0 Primary Direction 1:30000 Secondary Direction 28 STAGE URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL 10: COMPLETE PROJECT The synthesis of the preceeding 9 stages and their juxtaposition on prevailing site conditions, give rise to this stage, i.e the complete project. This also takes into consideration expected growth and possible future conditions. A full description and discussion of the complete project has been made with the Revised Master Plan (page 30). 0 VSKm ------- 1:30000 ...... 33KV POWERLINE FUTURE POTENTIAL ROAD 29 PROJECT COMPARISON PROJECT COMPARISON In the following section the Master Plan and Site and Services project proposed by Shankland and Cox partnership for Uttara East, Dhaka, termed as "Proposed Project" is compared with a "Revised Project" to illustrate the issues of concern in the thesis. The text and graphics are organised such that complete revised project is illustrated first and is followed by the proposed project in a similar format. Both are then compared in terms of land utilization percentages, population density, circulation efficiency in terms of unit circulation length and finally the project program of each. 30 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL REVISED MASTER PLAN The layout is based on considerations of ease of access, clarity and efficiency of circulation. Existing circula- tion and future extensions of the system is a major determinant. Only three road sizes of 30m, 20m & 9m are used and are laid out in response to the shape, size and existing access points of the site. The layout is . prepared considering the fact that eventually all the lowlands have to be filled. Ponds that are not big enough and are not in use or maintained should also be filled up and used for housing and other land uses. Lowlands could be put on sale to middle & high income groups with the purpose of cross subsidization. The initial development would concentrate on readily available buildable land and would proceed by stages. Separated industrial or commercial areas have not been provided. Different lot sizes and their location would provide the diverse needs of the residents. It has been observed and is expected that commercial and light industries (cottage industry) would develop along the major collector roads. Low value lands provide semi-public land for schools, playgrounds and community centers. A strip of land along the railway line has been reserved to act as buffer. Another patch of reserve land is set aside along the Tongi river. This would give a visual and psychological relief from the built land. Some unanticipated community function could be inluded later on according to needs & demand after the whole project area is developed, built, inhabited and evaluated. PROJECT COMPARISON 31 KEY Major Central Areas : : SS R eese Secondary School Reserve Site & Services Boundary POTENTIAL ROAD LS POWER LINE 0 1:20000 -5m 1Km 32 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL REVISED LAND SUBDIVISION The land subdivision for the project is based on the following policies: Minimisation of: Public land(non-taxable) for circulation and lengths of infrastructure per area served (electricity water, sewerage, street lights, garbage collection). The results are savings for the government in construction, maintenance and operation. Maximisation of: Private land that is taxable. responsibility, initiative and participation. User's The results are social and economic benefits. A grid layout is adopted because it provides flexibility in land subdivision for future chahges. 1 Hectare Total DENSITIES LOTS Nuber 3245 aa sectares 44.97 LOTS Average area, dimensions - Density X/Sa 72.2 66 sqm KEY A SS LOTS DENSITY PS Lot/Hectare H Mq PO * 2 Lots P Administration Secondary School Primary School Health Center Mosque Post Office Police F CC Fire Station Department comunity center B Bank M Market TI R Transport Interchange Reserve 250m I. 33 PROJECT COMPARISON REVISED LAND UTILIZATION Public land that is not taxable has been reduced by 2/5th of the proposed one. length This minimizes the circulation per area, public responsibility, capital invest- ment on infrastructure and offers more land for private use that is taxable. This has been achieved by replacing the grid-iron layout by a grid layout and the small public open spaces by semi-private courts. The private land is designed to maximise private use, responsibility, and participation by allocating lots in a condominium layout. This layout will foster a coherent relationship between users, responsible agents and physical controls. I 1 Nectare LOCALITY LAND UTILIZATION DATA Area Hectares 44.97 44.97 44.97 Density N/Ha 72.2 72.2 505.0 Hectares AREAS PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 6.53 spaces) open SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) Percentages 14.52 Total Number DENSITIES LOTS 3245 DWELLING UNITS 3245 PEOPLE 22715 PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 29.93 factories, lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL 44.97 5.51 18.92 66.56 100.00 KEY Public Semi-Public Private 34 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL REVISED CIRCULATION The circulation network is based on a "grid" system. The intervals between the lines of transit are 132m, small enough to facilitate pedestrian circulation among the various community elements: shops, services, dwellings and large enough to minimize circulation areas public cost of construction, maintenance and operation of utilities and services. The lines of access and lines of transit are considered separately. one of the primary streets runs through the center of the site (first phase). Some of the community facilities are located in this road to create a focus of activities. The secondary streets are perpendicular to the primary street providing entrances to all clusters and giving a clear dierction to the residents for access to the central activities and other activities along the boundary. The following circulation modes are considered in the design: - MODE 1: Exclusive use by pedestrians. Example: Pedestrian walkways, cluster courts, parks. - MODE 2: Pedestrian & vehicle mixed: Pedestrians dominate over the vehicles; control of traffic frequency, character & speed are mainly established by the street layout and use. - MODE 3: Example: Secondary roads. Pedestrians and vehicles mixed: Vehicles dominate but do not control circulation; Controls are eshtablished for the protection of pedestrians, crosswalks, traffic lights. Example: Primary & main inter-community roads. 35 PROJECT COMPARISON 16 Hectare NETWORK EFFICIENCY Network length (streets, walkways) Areas served (total area) 114 M/Na CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY Meter/Hectare REVISED CIRCULATION 114 36 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL REVISED BLOCK The revised block layout is designed to illustrate land subdivision which allows minimization of circulation area (public land), length of infrastructure network, minimization fo public ownership, responsibility & maintenance, and maximization of private ownership of land, private participation and responsibility. Blocks are laid out in a standard grid of 132m x 132m except where site conditions impose restrictions. The size of the block is a compromise between cost limitations and access limitations. The block plan shows a typical layout with lots grouped around a semi-private common courtyard. Land saved from public circulation is gained for this semiprivate common courtyard. Access to the lots is provided through the courtyard owned in condominium. The socio-cul- tural characteristics regarding crowding, privacy as well as other factors like management and control have been a major determinant in deciding the number of lots (20-25) per cluster. This courtyard is very useful considering the small size of the lots as they serve as children's play areas which offers the advantage of better physical and visual control from the dwellings around the courtyard and as a passive social gathering for the older age groups as well as other community activities. This encourages more social interaction and provides a supportive environment. Shared services necessary for reducing costs at initial stage (e.g. hand pumps) will be provided in this court. The layout also provides flexibility in lot subivision. The different demands for land in terms of potential, costs, utilization and lot sizes are recognized by provi- ding larger lots along principal streets & at intersections and smaller lots in the middle of the blocks. This approach has the added advantage of facilitating cross subsidization of smaller lots. 37 PROJECT COMPARISON IJL + LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA Total Number DENSITIES LOTS Area Hectares 180 DWELLING UNITS 180 PEOPLE 1260 PUBLIC 2.18 82.5 2.18 2.18 82.5 578.0 Percentages Hectares AREAS + Density N/a (streets, walkways, 17.89 .39 open spaces) SEMI-PUBLIC - - (open spaces, schools, conunity centers) PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 1.39 63.77 factories, lots) + SEMI-PRIVATE 'm KEY Public: (cluster courts) .40 TOTAL streets/walkways NETWORK EFFICIENCY Netwoark lengoth (sty reera Areas served (total area) 18.34 2.18 100.00 """"" " - 135 m/Ha Semi-Private: cluster courts 4- Private: lots LOTS Average area, dimensions 66 sqm - + . 7 I L 6 + 141.00 .00 REVISED .. + 0 66.00 111 4.04 so 1oom BLOCK 1 Hectare ... 1 . .4 ... ... .. . .. . ... ... ... ... ... .... .... .... 1:2000 00.. ... .... ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 0 .... .... .... ... PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 17. 8 PlaygroundsDNIY Cluster courts 18.3420Prsn Owllings/Lots 63.77 16 Hectare 1 Hectare DEST9ecn/etr 2 esn Prsn/etr CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY Meter/Hectare 135 38 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL PROPOSED MASTER PLAN Basic physical and economic effects were not anticipated in the proposed master plan in terms of land utilization, commercial potential, land values and resultant demand on land. Industrial and commercial lots are separated into groups which in reality is not a normal development pattern. The Master plan does not have a clarity of circulation in terms of hierarchy. Too many road sizes (30m, 22m, 16m, 6m, 3m) with too many junctions have made the project layout complicated, increasing the circulation area and length of utilities. Low land in the project area was not considered for future uses. Eventually when the buildable land within the project area will be totally built and occupied, the low- lands will have a potential of being developed and will be in high demand. It will be very difficult and expensi- ve to incorporate infrastructure in these areas at a later stage. PROJECT COMPARISON 39 KEY *0000 Site & Services Boundary High Income Residential Existing Settlements Major Central Areas Light Industrial Areas Minor Central Areas Neighborhood Center 0 '5m 1Km 40 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL PROPOSED LAND SUBDIVISION A gridiron pattern has been adopted for the block layout. The block width is determined by the lot depth with 2 lots back to back and accordingly this sets the distances or intervals between lines of circulation. Small lots made the block size too small thereby increasing the public area in terms of land'percentages and length of utilities. Thus increasing the cost of Infrastructure. In addition this type of subdivision did not facilitate grouping. The commercial of the lots/land fronting a main road is always very high, but this important aspect was not considered. Two secondary schools, a primary school & other community facilities are grouped in one place by the main road, where the land value is very high, resulting in loss of revenue. Inclusion of a primary school within such a busy and crowded area could also affect the psychology and safety of these small children. Secondly, standard lot sizes have been retained for the lots fronting the main road. Also the land to the south of the main road was not considered for development although the road will be built in the first phase. PROJECT COMPARISON 1 Hectare KEY A Administration SS Secondary School PS Primary School H Health Center Mq 41 W M TI Pg Workshop Market DENSITIES LOTS Total Number 3317 Aeea e Ctar.. 45.02 Density 7/a 73.6 Transport Interchange Playground LOTS Average area, dimensions - Mosque 65.27 sqm LOTS DENSITY / Lot/Hectare 2 Lots I, 0 PROPOSED LAND SUBDIVISION 50 250m 42 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL PROPOSED LAND UTILIZATION The proposed layout has a deficient land utilization. Public land is 2/5ths more than the proposed one. .This leads to high construction cost of infrastucture and utilities in addition to high maintenance cost. Small play areas (public land) scatterd throughout the site do not give a clear definition of users, responsible agents and physical controls. The layout does not provide any oppurtunity for private participation in self help and community activities. PROJECT COMPARISON KEY 43 1 Hectare Public Semi-Public LOCALITY LAND UTILIZATION DATA m DENSITIES LOTS DWELLING UNITS Private PEOPLE V//A .E$ 3317 3317 45.02 45.02 23219 45.02 Density N/Ha 73.6 73.6 515.0 Percentages 23.77 22.08 54.15 factories, lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) - V////A////.. V///A V//AV////// W Area entares AREAS Hectares PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 10.70 open spaces) 9.94 SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, conanity centers) PRIVATE (Wefings, shops, 24.38 Iwo W/r/A Total Numher TOTAL // ................ .. ........................ ......................... - 100.00 45.02 V///''///A VAV///A M N/s. V/////A rt//AV////A V/A////A/AttV//AA V/AV//A V///// 4 % ......... VZA W' V/A V////4V///// W////AW//A r// V///A ///V///A V/////9AVt/ EMfgr///A // AWff/A fV//A c//A V/lA -////////-V//////-r//AV////AV/// r 4///// ,/AV/A V/r/AV/A V//////AVA //AV/ ''//K/fM//// V/////AW////A 0 PROPOSED LAND UTILIZATION 1:5000 so 250m 44 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL PROPOSED CIRCULATION The circulation network is based on a "gridiron" system. The distance or intervals between the lines of circulation are determined by the lot depth with two lots back to back. Consequently increasing the public area in terms of land percentages and length of utilities increases the cost fo infrastructure and maintenance. There are too many junctions and some of the roads too narrow when compared to the areas served. The directional character and hierarchy is also not clear. of transit are not diffrentiated. Line of access and lines Finally the layout does not contribute towards social grouping. 45 PROJECT COMPARISON 16 Hectare NETWORK EFFICIENCY Network length (streets, walkways) Areas served (total area) - 382 m/Ha -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- - - - CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY Meter/Hectare 0 PROPOSED CIRCULATION 1:5000 50 382 250m 46 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL PROPOSED BLOCK The layout does not achieve a minimization of: servicing Land (non-taxable), institutional participation and a maximisation of: Land serviced (taxable) and users participation. The plan shows typical layout of blocks surrounded by public circulation that provides direct access to the lots. For comparison and evaluation purposes a group of blocks that are surrounded by wider roads are shown. As a result of individual lots having direct access to public circulation, the length of circulation per area served is much greater than that of the revised one. This implies higher public construction costs for infrastructure and is a heavy burden for the government in maintenance. Small play areas within blocks are provided by taking out one or four lots which could result in uses by other than children. Only the lots around or fronting the play area have an added advantage but the majority of the lots cannot directly benefit from it. Using previous examples, these play spaces will most likely turn into garbage dumps, since there will be no physical and social means to direct/control the use, operation and maintenance of these spaces. The layout does not encourage social interaction and decreases the private responsibility and participation in the community. 47 PROJECT COMPARISON 187.00 I- U11< t4~4tVU4Ii + I- LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA L -I . HI t~1W~I~441KI 7.. 4 + + * '4. ~ ~ Area Hectares 2.57 2.57 2.57 Density N/Ha 110.0 AREAS Hectares PUBLIC (streets, walkways, .68 open spaces) SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, schools, community centers) PRIVATE (dellings, shops, 1.89 factories, lots) SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) - Percentages 26.46 PEOPLE ~ 4.) Total Number 284 284 1988 DENSITIES LOTS DWELLING UNITS KEY .,4~~ TOTAL I Public, streets/walkays 110.0 773.0 73.54 - 2.57 100.00 NETWORK EFFICIENCY Network length (streets, walkway) Areas served (total area) - 459 m/Ha Smi-private: cloter courts Privatet ii il -i lots LOTS Average area, dimensions = 65.27 sqc .i ilili 177.29 10.010 0 PROPOSED BLOCK 10 + N + 3.04 22.00 50 I100(A E 1:2000 1 Hectare 1 Hectare 16 Hectare -m -m DENT Persnecte 773 0ersee PERCENTAGES streets/aalkways 26.46 Playgrounds Cluster Courts |73.54 Dwellings/Lot DENSITY Persons/Hectare @20 persons 773 CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY Meter/Hectare 459 48 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL COMPARATIVE SUMMARY PROPOSED PROJECT Both the revised and proposed Site and Services projects are represented here with diagrams in terms of land utilization percentages, density and circulation efficiency. REVISED PROJECT 1 LAND UTILIZATION PERCENTAGES : Proportion of public and private areas: they determine maintenance responsibility, user control and functional efficiency of a layout; e.g. the higher the percentage of private and semi-private land the higher the land utilization efficiency. The higher the percentage of land for circulation, higher are the costs of installation per person and extensive maintenance for the public sector, indicating an efficient layout. Hectare PERCENTAGES 23.77 22.08 Streets/alkways Playgrounda cluster courts Dwellings/Lots) 54.15 14.52 18.92 66.56 1 Hectare *000 *0@ * * * 000 ** ** 0 000 0 0 DENSITY : The number of persons per hectare. This determines the intensity of land use; e.g., low densities mean higher costs of development per person. Again very high density may represent excessive load on land and services and also deteriorates the quality of environment. 000 0000 0 0 Persons Persons/Hectare IIT 0 DENSITY *20 515 0 000e e 0 e e 0000e 16 505 Hectare m.--. CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY : A ratio between public circulation lengths and the area served indicating the network efficiency; a high ratio reflects a less efficient network in terms of direct investment and maintenance costs per unit area. CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY 382 Meter/Hectare 114 PROJECT COMPARISON PROJECT PROGRAM PROPOSED REVISED TOTAL AREA 45.02 Ha 44.97 Ha GROSS DENSITY 515 P/Ha 505 P/Ha PROJECT NAME: Uttara East, Site & Services NET DENSITY 952 P/Ha 759 P/Ha POPULATION 23,219 22,715 HOUSEHOLD SIZE 7 Persons 7 Persons LAND UTILIZATION 23.77% 6.53 Ha 14.53% 9.94 Ha 22.08% 8.51 Ha 18.92% 24.38 Ha 54.15% 29.93 Ha 66.55% 45.02 Ha 100.00% 44.97 Ha 100.00% 10.70 Ha Public (Streets, Open Spaces) Semi-Public (Open Spaces, Schools, Community facilities) Private & Semi-Private (Dwellings, Shops, Workshops, Lots & Cluster courts) TOTAL RESIDENTIAL AREAS 3317 3245 5.48 x 11.89 5.5 x 12.0 7.93 x 10.98 7.5 x 16.0 2 65.20 m 2 66 m Primary School 4 4 Secondary School 2 Health Center, Mosque 1 each 1 each Site Administration, Police, Post Office 1 each 1 each Number of Lots Dimension of Lots (m x m) 2 Average Lot Area (m ) COMMUNITY FACILITIES (1 boys, 1 girls) 1 (two shifts) 1 each Fire Station, Community Center, Bank Market 3 1 Transport Interchange 1 1 DEVELOPMENT MODE Progressive Progressive URBAN LAYOUT TYPE Gridiron Grid TARGET INCOME GROUP Low Income Low Income DESIGNER Shankland Cox Partnership Thesis Proposal (Bus Stop, Rickshaw Rank etc.) 49 50 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL Typical picture of the Dhaka city; population increase and the increase of striking contrast of the different income groups reflected in the mode of transport: pedal rickshaws and latest model imported cars. Photo : Aminul H Khan. 51 CONCLUSIONS is ignored in the proposed project and was a major consi- CONCLUSIONS deration in the revised design. The following relationship is recognized: CONCLUSIONS: LAND UTILIZATION USER RESPONSIBLE AGENT PHYSICAL CONTROLS PRIVATE Family User/owner Complete SEMI-PRIVATE (CLUSTER COURTS) Group of families User/owner Partial/ Complete SEMI-PUBLIC Community, Community/ Partial (schools, playgrounds, open spaces Limited group of people Public sector PUBLIC Unlimited Public sector (dwelling, lots) Most existing and proposed settlements have significant problems in Land Utilization and Circulation Efficiency. Despite narrow streets, a large percentage of land is allocated for public circulation due to small blocks having gridiron layouts. Minimum (streets, walkways, open spaces) AS for walkup developments waste of land and services are common characteristics. Moreover "instant" housing requires extensive capital investment, CIRCULATION: discourages social interaction and utilization of efficient layout than the proposed one in terms of circu- individual resources. lation length per area served and ratio of public to The revised circulation illustrates a more private area. Therefore a good physical design should satisfy the Social Economic and Political requirements of a project. Utilization should be efficient. should be maximized. Also the lines of access and lines of transit are differentiated in the revised design. Land Users participation LINES OF TRANSIT LINES OF ACCESS (dead end streets or loops for (streets, walkways) Institutional participation and cost pedestrians, vehicles or both) of land, infrastructure, services, maintenance and - operation should be minimized. Serve through circulation and provide direct access - Never serve through traffic; serves only abuttors by providing direct access to to lots on their sides. the lots on their sides. In the design of a efficient layout, two principal - components to be considered at the planning stage are land - On public land - On semi-public land utilization and circulation, the characteristics of which - Long and generslly connected at both ends with different - Short & generally connected at one or both ends to the are as follows: Unlimited number of users - Limited number of users same line of lines of transit. - transit. Limited to a maximum length of 100m for reason of safety. LAND UTILIZATION: A layout with adequate percentages of land utilization, unit circulation lengths and density may not necessarily be efficient. The efficiency is evaluated qualitatively in terms of a distinct coherent relationship between user's responsibility and physical control which 52 URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL APPENDIX APPENDIX 53 GLOSSARY GLOSSARY The criteria for the preparation of the definibeen as follows: -FIRST PREFERENCE: definitions from "nebster's Third New International Dictionary", Merrian-Webster,1971. -SECOND PREFERENCE: definitions from technical dictionaries, text books, or reference manuals. -TNIRD PREFERENCE: definitions from the Urban Settlement Design Program (U.S.D.P.) Files. They are used when existing sources were not quite appropriate/ atisfactory. Words included for specificitg and to focus on a particular context are indicated in parenthesis. Sources of definitions are indicated in parenthesis. (See also; REFERENCES). tions hae BACKFILL. Earth or other material used to replace material reeoved during construction, such as in culvert, sar, and pipelise trenches and behind bridge abutments and retaining walls or between an old structure and a new lining. (DePina, 1972) BARRIER. (A boundary) as a topographic feature or a physical or psychological quality that tends to separate or restrict the free movement (to and from the sits). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) BETTERMENT(TAX). A tax on the increment in value accruing to an owner because of development and improvement work carried out by local authorities. (U.S.D.P.) BINDER COURSE. A transitional layer of bituminous paving between the crushed stone base and the surface course (to increase bond between base and surface course). (DePina, 1972) BITUMINOUS. A coating of or containing bitusin; as asphalt or tar. (DePina, 1972) BLCK. A block is a portion of land bounded and served by lines of public streets. (U.S.D.P.) ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular linkages from/to the sits to/from existing or planned approaches (urban streets, limited access highways, public transportation systems, and other systems such as: waterways, airlines, etc.) (U.S.D.P.) ACTUAL LAND COST. "(The cost of land is)...set solely by the level of demand. The price of land is not a function of any cost conditions; it is set by the users themselves in competition."(Tumrr, 1971) AD VALOREM (TAX). A tax based on a property's value; the value taxed by local governments is not always or even usually the market value, but only a valuation for tax purposes. (U.S.D.P.) AIRPORT DISTURBANCE. The act or process of destroying the rest, tranquility, or settled state of (the site by the annoyance of airport noise, vibration, haards., etc.) (Merrias-wabster, 1971) ZONING AIRPORT RESTRICTIONS. The regulation of the height or type of structures in the path of moving aircraft. (Abrams, 1971) ALTERNATINCCURRENT (A.C.) (an electric) current that revenes its direction of flow at regular intervals . ( ROC ST 457, 1913) AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or material comfort or convenience, or which contributes satisfaction rather than money income to its owner. (Hsrrias-Webster, 1971) AMPERES. Amperes (amp) are a measure of the rate of flow of electricity. It is somewhat comparable to the rate of flow of water (quantity/time). A steady current produced by one Volt applied across a resistance of one ohm. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) APPRAISAL. An estimate and opinion of value, especially by one fitted to judge. (Merrim-webster, 1971) APPdOACHE. The min routes external to the site (pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site can be reached from other parts of the urban context. )U.S.D.P.) ASSESSED VALUE. A valuation placed upon property by a public officer or board as a basis for taxation. (Repes, 1971) ASSESSMENT. The valuation of property for the purpose of levying a tax or the amount of the tax levied. (eyeas. 1971) BOUNDARY. Something (a line or area) that fixes or indicates a limit or extent (of the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971) BUILING CODE. "A body of legislative regulations or by-laws that provide minimum standards to safeguard life or limb, health, property, and public welfaee by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of all buildings and structures within the city,and certain equipment specifically regulated therein." (BOCA, 1967) BUILDING DRAIN. Lowest horizontal piping of the building drainage system receiving discharge from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes. It is connected to the building sewer. (RyfC ST 45-7, 1953) BUILDING MAIN. Water-supply pipe and fittings from the water or other source of supply to the first branch of the water-distribution system of a building. (FIC ST 45-7, 1953) main CESS POOL. An underground catch basin that is used where there is no sewer and into which household or other liquid waste is drained to permit leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil. (Merriam-webster, 1971) sawage movement/passage CIRCULATION. System(s) of of people. goods from place to place; streets, walkways, parking areas. (U.S.D.P.) CLAY. A lusterless colloidal substance, plastic when moist (crystalline grains less than O.002sem in diameter). (U.S.D.P.) CLEANOUT. A plug or similar fitting to permit access to traps or sever lines. Cleanouts are usually used at turns and other points of collection. (RDT' ST 45-7, 1953) CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at a particular place over a period of years as exhibited by temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy, humidity, etc. (Merrim-Webster, 1971) COLLECTIONSYSTEM. The system of pipes in a sewage network, comprised of house service, collection lines, manholes, laterals, mains. (U.S.D.P.) COMBINED SEWER. A sewer that carries both storm water and sanitary or industrial wastes. (DePina. 1972) COMMUNITY. The people living in a particular place or region and usually linked by comon interests: the region itself; any population cluster. (U.S.D.P.) DETACHED DWELLING. rated from others. Individual dwelling unit, sepa(U.S.D.P.) COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/services used it consnonby a number of people. It may include: schools, health, recreation, police, fire, public transportation, community center, etc. (U.S.D.P.) DEVELOPMENT. Gradual advance or growth through progressive changes; a developed tract of land (U.S.D.P.) COMM5UNITYRECREATION FACILITIES. Facilities for activities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun, relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or release from boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.) DEVElPMENT SIZE. There are two general ranges of sine: LARGE: be independent cmunities requiring their own utilities, services, and comsunity facilities; SMALL: generally are part of an adjacent urbanization and can use its supporting utilities, services, and conmunity facilities. (U.S.D.P.) COMPONENT. (U.S.D.P.) A constituent part of the utility network. CONDOMINIUM. Condominium is a system of direct ownership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole. The individual owns the unit in much the same manner as if it were a single family dwelling: he holds direct legal title to the unit and a proportionate interest in the common land and areas. Two types of condominiums are recognized: detached, semidetached, row/grouped dwelling types; VERTICAL: walkup, high-use dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.) HORIZONTAL: CONDUCTORS. Materials which allow current to flow such as alumiinum,copper, iron. (IDtC ST 45-7, 1953) CONDUIT. A pipe or other opening, buried or above ground, for conveying hydraulic traffic, pipelines, cables, or other utilities. (DePina, 1972) CONSERVATION EASEMENT. An easement acquired by the public and designed to open privately owned lands for recreational purposes or to restrict the one of private land in order to preserve open space and protect certain natural resources. (U.S.D.P.) CONURBATION. Area of large urban communities where towns, etc. have spread and became joined beyond their administrative boundaries. (A.S. Hornby, A.P. Cowie, J. Windsor Lewis, 1975) CONURBATION. An aggregation or continuous network of urban comsunities. (Merris-Webster, 1963) CORPORATION COCK/CORPORATION STCP. A water or gas cock by means of which utility-cospany employees connect or disconnect service lines to a consumer. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) COSTS OP URBANIZATION. Include the following: CAPITAL: cost of land and infrastructure OPERATING: cost of administration, maintenance, etc.; DIRECT: include capital and operating costs; INDIRECT: include environmsental and personal effects. (U.S.D.P.) CURRENT (See: ALTERNATING CURRENT, DIRECT CURRENT). An electric current is a movement of positive or negative electric particles (as electrons) accompanied by such observable effects as the production of heat, of a magnetic field, or of chemical transformation. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) CYCLE. One complete performance of a vibration, electric oscillation, current alternation, or other periodic process. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DAN. A barrier preventing the flow of water a barrier built across a water course to confine and keep back flowing water. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DEPRECIATION ACCELERATION (TAX). A tax incentive designed to encourage new construction by allowing a faster write-off during the early life of a building. (U.S.D.P.) 1) may DESIGN. The arrangement of elements that make up a work of art, a machine or other man-made object. 2) The process of selecting the means and contriving the elements, steps, and procedures for producing what will adequately satisfy some need. (MerriamWebster, 1971) DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.) (An electric current that) flows continuously in one direction. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) DISCHARGE (Q). Flow from a culvert, etc. (DePina, 1972) sewer, channel, DISTANCE. The degree or amount of separation between two points (the site and each other element of the urban context) measured along the shortest path adjoining them (paths of travel). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DISTRIBUTION (STATION). The part of an electric supply system between bulk power sources (as generating stations or transformation station tapped from transmission lines) and the consumers' service switches. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have been disturbed by artificial process, such as excavation, transportation, and compaction in fill. (U.S.D.P.) DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground water or surface water, by artificial or natural means. (Do Pina, 1972) DUST/DIRT. Fine dry pulverized particles of earth, grit, refuse, waste, litter, etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DWELLING. The general, global designation of a building/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains one or mere 'lwelling units'. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING BUILDER. Four groups are considered: SELFHELP BUILT: where the dwelling unit is directly built by the user or occupant; ARTISAN BUILT: where the dwelling unit is totally or partially built by a skilled craftsman hired by the user or occupant, paycan be monetary or an exchange of services; SMALL CONTRACTORWILT: where the dwelling unit is totally built by a small organization hired by the user, occupant, or developer 'small' contractor is defined by the scale of operations, financially and materially the scale being limited to the construction of single dwelling units or single complexes; LARGE CONTRACTOR WILT: where the dwelling unit is totally built by a large organization hired by a developer; 'large' contractor is defined by the scale ments of operations, financially and materially the scale reflects a more comprehensive end larger nice of operations encompassing the building of large quantities of similar units, or a singularly large complex. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING DENSITY. The number of dwellings, dwelling units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross density is the density of an overall area (ee. including lots, streets). Net density is the density of selected, discrete portions of an area including only lots). (U.S.D.P.) (ex. DWELLING DEVEOIPER. Three sectors are considered in the supply of dwellings: POPULAR SECTOR: the sector with limited or no access to the formal financial, administrative, legal, technical institutions involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing process (promotion, financing, construction, operstion) is carried out by the Popular Sector generally for 'self use' and sometimes for profit. PUBLIC SEC- marginal 54 APPENDIX TR: the goverrscit or non-profit organizations involvd in the provision of dwellings. The housing process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Public Sector for service (non-profit or subsidiaed housing). PRIVATE SECTOR: the individuals, groups or societies, who have access to the formal financial, admn istrative, legal, technical institutions in the provision of dwellings. The housing process (promotioon fianci ng construction, operation) is carried out by the Pricte Sector for profit. (U.S.D.P.) IMELLING DEVEiDPMENTMODE. Two nodes are considered: PROGRESIVE: the costruction of the dwelling and the development of the local infrastructure to modern standards by stages, often starting with provisional structures and underdeveloped land. This essentially traditional procedure is generally practiced by. squstters with de facto security of tenure end an adequate building site. INSTANT: the formal deelopment procedure in which all structuren and services are completed before occupation. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLINGFLOORS. The following numbers are considered. ONE: single story; generally associated with detached, semi-detached and row/group dwelling types. TWO: double story; generally associated with detached, sei-detached and row/group dwelling types. THREE OR MORE: generally associated with walk-up and highrise dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLINGGROUP. The context of the dwelling in immediate surroundings. (U.S.D.P.) its partitions and specifically used for living; for example, a living roar, a dining room, a bedroom, but not a bath/toilet, kitchen, laundry, or storage room. SEVERAL UNITS are contained in a building/shelter and share the use of the parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces) as well as csoon failities (circulation, toilets, kitchens). APARTMENT: A MULTIPLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with bath, kitchen, etc.) SEVERAL APARTMENT UNITS are contained in a building and share the use of the parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces) as well as some comann facilities (circulation). 1OUSE: A MULTIPLE SPACE (rom/ set of roces with or without bath, kitchen, etc.) ONE HOUSE UNIT is contained in a building/shelter and has the private use of the parcel of land on which it is built (open spaces) as well as the facilities available. SHANTY: A SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SPACE (small, crudely built). ONE SHANTY UNIT is contained in a shelter and shares with other shanties the use of the parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces). (U.S.D.P.) ROOM DWELLING PHYSICAL STATE. A qualitative evaluation of the physical condition of the dwelling types: room, apartment, house; the shanty unit is not evaluated. BAD: generally poor state of structural stability, weather protection, and maintenance. FAIR: generally ceptable state of structural stability, weather protection, and maintenance with some deviation. GOOD: generally acceptable state of structural stability, weather protection, and maintenance without deviation. (U.S.D.P.) ELECTRIC TRANSFORMER. A device which changes the magnitude of alternating voltages and currents, generally from distribution voltages to user voltages; a dietribution component that converts power to usable voltage. (Th 5 765 US Army, 1970; U.S.D.P.) self-contained unit in a dwelling a family, or a group. (U.S.D.P.) 2 ]WELLING UNIT AREA. The dwelling unit area (m) is the built-up, covered area of a dwelling unit. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING UNIT COST. The initial amount of money paid for ths dwelling unit or the present monetary equivalent for replacing the dwelling unit. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING UNIT TYPE. Fose types of dwelling units are considered: ROOM: A SINGLE SPACE usually bounded by ELECTRICITY. Electrification: the process (network) for supplying (the site) with electric power. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) EMBANKMENT (or FILL). A bank of earth, rock, or other material constructed above the natural ground surface. (DePina, 1972) EXCRETA. Wasts matter eliminated from the body. (U.S.D.P.) EFFLUENT. Outflow or discharge from a treatment equipment. (DePina, 1972) A I EASEMENT. Servitude: a right in respect of an object (as land owned by one person) in virtue of which the object (land) is subject to a specified use or enjoyment by another person or for the benefit of enother thing. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DNELLING LCATION. Three sectors are considered in single or multi-center urban areas. Sectors are identified by position as well as by the density of buildings as follows: CENTER: the area recogniaed as the business center of the city, generally the mist densely built-up sector; INNE RING: the area located between the city center and the urban periphwry, generally a denseIy built-up sector; PERIPHERY: die area located between the inner ring and the rural aeas, generally a socatteredly built-up sector. (U.S.D.P.) fELLING UNIT. ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS. May either be single-phase or three-phase. SINGLE-PASE: 2 hot wires with neutral wire; THREE-PHASE: 3 hot wires with I neutral wire. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) EROSION. The general process whereby materials of the earth's crust are worn away and removed by natural agencies including weathering, solution, corrosion, and transportation; (specific) land destruction and simultaneous removal of particles (as of soil) by runand currents, moving ice, or wind. ning water, (Merriam-Webster, 1971) EFFICIENCY. Capacity to produce desired results with a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money or materials. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) for an individual, ELECTRICAL POWER. The source or means of supplying (U.S.D.P.) energy for use; measured in watts. DWELLING UTILIZATION. The utilization indicates the type of use with respect to the number of inhabitants/ families. SINGLE: an individual or family inhabiting a dwelling. MULTIPLE: a group of individuals or families inhabiting a dwelling. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING/LIANDSYSTEM. A distinct dwelling environment/housing situation characterized by its users as well as by its physical environment. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLINGTYPE. The physical arrangement of the dwelling unit: DETACHED: individual dwelling unit, separated from others. SENi-DETACHED: two dwelling units sharing a cosmon wall (duplex). ROWi/GROUPED: dwelling units grouped together linearly or in clusters. WALKUP: dwelling units grouped in two to five stories with stairs for vertical circulation. HIGH-RISE: dwelling units grouped in five or tore stories with stairs and lifts for vertical circuletion. (U.S.D.P.) the circuit with the voltage dropping to zero twice in each cycle. In three-phase currents flow through the circuit with the power never dropping to zero. (U.S.D.P.) seer or sewage ELE0RIC FEEDER. That part of the electric distribution system between the transformer and the service drop or dropa. (HUD, Mobile Court Guide, 1970) EIECTRIC SERVICE DROP. That part of the electric distribution system fra a feeder to the user's service equipment serving one or more lots. (HUD, Mobile Court Guide, 1970) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. A closed, complete electrical path with various connected loads. Circuits may either be 'parallel' (voltage constant for all consncted loads) or 'series' (voltage divided among connected loads). Parallel circuits are fixtures wired independent of each other, which are used in nearly all building wiring. (U.S.D.P.; ST 45-7, 1953) ROTC ELECTRICaL FREQUENCY. The number of times an alternating electric current changes direction in a given period of time. Measured in cycles per second; herts. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) ELECTRIC GIOUND. The electrical connection with the earth or other ground. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) ELECTRICAL NETWORKCOMPONENTS. It is composed of the following: GENERATION: produces electricitys TRANStransports energy to user groups; DISTRIBUTION STATION: divides power among main uer groupsi SUBSTATION; manipulates power into useful energy levels for consumptioni DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: provides electric service to user. (U.S.D.P.) MISSION: ELECTRIC PHASE. May be either a single-phase circuit (for small electrical devices) or a three-phase circuit (for heavy equipment, large electrical devices). In single-phase only one current is flowing through waves EXISTING STRUCTURE. Something constructd or built (on the site). (U.S.D.P.) EXPLORA'ORY BORING. Initial subsurface investigations (borings) are done on a grid superimposed on the areas of interest and on areas indicated as limited/restricted/hasard in the initial survey. (U.S.D.P.( FLOW METER. (U.S.D.P.) A device to measure flow of water. FPSH TANK TOILET. Toilet with storage tank of water used for flushing bowl. (U.S.D.P.) ILUSH VALVE TOILET. Toilet with self-closing valve which supplies water directly from pipe. It requires adequate pressure for proper functioning. (U.S.D.P.) FOOT CANDLE. A unit of illuminance on a surface that is everywhere one foot from a uniform point source of light of one candle and equal to one lumen per square foot. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) FUMES. Gaseous emissions that are usually odorous and sometimes noxious. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) GAS. A system for supplying natural gas, manufactured gas, or liquefied petroleum gas to the site and individual users. (U.S.D.P.) jIRADE. Profile of the center of a roadway, or the invert of a culvert or sower. (DePina, 1972) GRID BLOCKS. The block determined by a convenient In public circulation and not by dimensions of lots. grid blocks some lots have indirect access to public streets. (U.S.D.P.) GRIDIRON BOCKS. The blocks determined by the dimensions of the lots. In gridiron blocks all the lots have direct access to public streets. (U.S.D.P.) GRID LAYOUTS. (U.S.D.P.) The urban layouts with grid blocks. GRIDIION LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with gridiron blocks. (U.S.D.P.) EXTERIOR CIICLATION/ACCESSES (SITE PLANIING). The existing and proposed circulation system/accasses outside but affecting the site. These include limited access highways as well as meshing access to the surrounding area. Exterior circulation/accesses are generally given conditions. (U.S.D.P.) GOVERNMENT/MUNICIPALREGULATIONS. In urban arean, the development of the physical environment is a process usually controlled by a government/unicipality through all or some of the following regulations; Master Plan, Ordinance, Subdivision Regulations, Building Code. (U.S.D.P.) FAUCET (also TAP). A fixture for drawing liquid from a pipe, cank, or other vessel. (Merriam-Webster,1971) READ. (Static). The height of water above any plane or4 point of reference. Head in feet - (lb/q. in. x I 4)/(Demity in ft. ) For water at 68*F. (DePine, 1972) FINANCING. The process of raising or providing funds. SELF FINANCED; provided by own funds; PRIVATE/PUBLIC FINANCED; provided by loan; PUBLJC SUBSIDIZED: proby grant or aid. (U.S.D.P.) Zoning lb/cu. vided HIGH-RISE. Dwelling units grouped in five or more stories with stairs and lifts for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.) FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARDS. Danger, the state of being exposed to harm; liable to injury, pain, or lose from fire/explosion (at or near the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971) HOT WIRE. Wire carrying voltage between itself and a ground. (YMC ST 45-7, 1953) FIRE FLOW. The quantity (in time) of water available for fire-protection purposes in excess of that required for other purposes. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) FIRE HYDRANT, A water tap to which fire hases are connected in order to smother fires. (U.S.D.P.) FIRE PIeFTECTION. Measures and practices for preventing or reducing injury and loss of life or property by fire. (Marriam-Webster, 1971) FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. A pavement structure which maintains intimate contact with and distributes loads to the subgrade and depends upon aggregate interlock, particle friction, and cohesion for stability. (Depin, 1972) FLOODING. A rising and overflowing of a body of water that covers land not usually under water. (U.S.D.P.) FtOODWAY FRINGE. The floodplain area landward of the natural floodway which would be inundated by low velocity flood waters. (U.S.D.P.) HYDRAULICS. That branch of science or engineering that deals with water or other fluid in motion. (DePine, 1972) ILLEGAL. That which is contrary to or violating a rule or regulation or something having the force of law. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) INOMNE. The amount (measured in money) of raim from capital or labor. The amount of such gain received by a family per year may be used as an indicator of income groups. (U.S.D.P.) INCOMEGROUPS. A group of people or families within the sam range of incomes. (U.S.D.P.) INCREMENT (TAX). A special value of land, which is due by the owner, but rather to the increase of population, ciety, etc. (U.S.D.P.) tax on the increased to no labor/expenditure natural causes such as general progress of so- INFRASTRUCTURE. The underlying foundation or basic framework for utilities and services; streets; sewage, water network; storm drainage, electrical network) GLOSSARY site) to another (other parts of the urban context). (U.S.D.P.) gas network; telephone networ,. public transportation; police and fire protection; refuse collection, health, schools, playgrounds, parks, open spaces. (U.S.D.P.) a room (as in a barracks or hospital) or enclosure (as in a camp) containing such a receptacle. (Nerrim-Webster, 1971) INSULATOR. A material or body that is a poor conductor of electricity, heat, or sound. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) LAYOUT. The plan or design or arrangement of something that is laid out. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) MODEL (OF URBAN LAYOUT). A representation of an urban residential area illustrating circulation, land utilination, land subdivision, and utility network of a specific layout and lot. (U.S.D.P.) LEVELS OF SERVICES. Two levels are considered: 51N1MUM, are admissible or possible levels below the standards STANDARD, are levels set up and established OWNERSHIP. MUTUAL INTERIOR CIRCULATION NETWORK (SITE PLANNING). The pedestrian/vehicular circulation system inside the site. It should be designed based upon the exterior circulation/accesses and land development requirements. (U.S.D.P.) (or by authority, custom of general consent, as a model, exaple or rule for the measure of quantity, weight (U.S.D.P.) extent, value or quality. distance) between the INTERVAL. A space of time recurrences of similar conditions or states. (MerriamWebster, 1971) LIFT PUM4P. A collection system component that forces sewage to a higher elevation to avoid deep pipe networks. (U.S.D.P.) (1000 watts) A convenient manner of EIIOWA1T (kw). Kilowatt hours (kwh) meaenpressing large wattages. sure the total quantity of energy consumed in a given time. One kwh represents the use of an average of I kilowatt of electrical energy for a period of 1 hour. LOCALITY. A relatively self-contained residential area/ccmiunity/neighborhood/settlement within an urban area which may contain one or more dwelling/land (U.S.D.P.) systems. (RDTCST 45-7,1953) LAMPHOLE. A vertical pipe or shaft leading from the surface of the ground to a sewer, for admitting light (U.S.D.P.) for purposes of inspection. LANDCOST. Price: the amount of money given or set as the amount to be given as a consideration for the sale of a specific thing (the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971) LANDDEVELOPMENTCOSTS. The costs of making raw land ready for development through the provision of utilities, services, accesses, etc. (U.S.D.P.) LAND LEASE. The renting of land for a term of years for an agreed sual leases of land may run as long as 99 yeers. SEGMENT.A 400mx 400marea taken from and LOCALITY LAND SUBDIVISION. Ths division of the land in blocks, lots and laying out streets. (U.S.D.P.) NATURAL UNDISTURBEDSOIL. Soils that have not been Although natural, process. disturbed by artificial they depend greatly on local conditions, environment, and past geological history of the formations. (U.S.D.P.) NEIGHBORHOOD. A section lived in by neighbors and (U.S.D.P.) having distinguishing characteristics. The ratio of NETWORKEFFICIENCY (LAYOUT EFFICIENCY). the length of the network to the area(s), contained (U.S.D.P.) within, or tangent to it. LOCATION. Situation: the way in which something (the site) is placed in relation to its surroundings (the (Merriam-Webster, 1971) urban context). NEUTRAL WIRE. and a ground. LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed boundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.) Wire carrying no voltage between itself (EiTC ST 45-7, 1953) NOISE. Any sound (affecting the site) that is undesired (such as that produced by: traffic, airports, industry, etc.) LOT CLUSTER. A group of lots (mwned individually) around a semipublic common court (owned in condomi- nia). (U.S.D.P.) OT COVERAGE.The ratio of building area to the total lot area. (U.S.D.P.) LOT PROPORTION. The ratio of lot width to lot depth. (U.S.D.P.) In highway lighting, a complete lighting IJMINAIRE. device consisting of a light source, plus a globe, reflsctor, refractor, housing and such support as is I LAND OWNERSHIP. The exclusive right of control and possession of a parcel of land. (U.S.D.P.) NATURALFEATURES. Prominent objects in (U.S.D.P.) nature. integral with the housing. (DePina., 1972) sized for a man to enter, MANHOLE. An access hole and atom drainage pipe systems particularly in sewer for cleaning, maintenance and inspection. (Merriam-Webster, MATRIX (OF BASIC REFERENCEMODELS). 1971) ODOR. A quality of something that affects the sene of smell. (Merriam-Webster. 1971) OHMs(electrical). The unit of resistance to the flow electricity. The higher the number of ohms, the When resistance is constant, greater the resistance. amperage (and wattage) are in direct proportion to Resistance varies inversely with the crossvoltage. sectional area of the wire. Ohms - volts/amperes. The practical iks unit of electrical resisR - E/I. tance that is equal to the resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere or to the resistance in which one watt of power is dissipated when one ampere flows through it and that is taken as standard in the U.S. ST 45-7, 1953, merriam-Webster, 1971) (U.S.D.P., ROTC (U.S.D.P.) To bring to a peak of economic OPTIMIZE/OPTIMALIZE. LAND TENANCY. The temporary holding or mode of holding a parcel of land of another. (U.S.D.P.) or produced by representing the residential character and layout of a locality. (U.S.D.P.) IU.S.D.P.) LAND-MARKETVALUE. Refers to: 1) the present mone2) the present tary equivalent to replace the land: tee based value of the lands or 3) the present commercial market vale of the land. (U.S.D.P.) Private land ownership shared by two or more persons and their heir under mutual agree(U.S.D.P.) ment. A met of "Odels of urban layouts arranged in rows and columns. responsiblity. PUBLIC (streets, walkways,open spaces): user -anyone/unlimited, physical controls -minimua:responsibility -public sector. SEAIPUBLSC (open spaces, playgrounds. schools): user -limited groupof people,physicalcontrols-partialor com- MASTERPLAN. methods. A comprehensive, long range plan intend- ed to guide the growth and developsment of a city, town or region, expressing official contemplations on the course its transportation, housing and community facishould take, and making proposals for induslities trial settlement, commerce, population distribution (Abrama, plete: responsibility -public sector and user. PRIVATE (dwellings. lots): user -owner or tenant or squatter; physical controls -completes responsibility -user. SENI-PRIVATE (cluster courts): user -group of and other aspects of growth and development. (Mrriam-Nebster, 1971) owners and/ortenants:physical controls -partial or oplete: responsibility -user. (U.S.D.P.) median or island dividing two adjacent roadways. Pine, 1972) LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICALCONTRMLS. The physical/ legal meansor methods of directing, regulating, and RESHING BOUNDARIES. Characterized by continuing. homogeneous land uses or topography, expressed as: coordinating the use and maintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) LINES: property lines, political or municipal divisions, main streets, etc.; AREAS: similar residential LAND UTILIZATION, RESPONSIBILITY. uses, compatible uses (as parks with residential). (U.S .D.P.) The quality/state of being morally/legally responsible for the use and maintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) LATERAL SEWER. A collector pipe receiving sewage from building connection only. (U.S.D.P.) A double-faced guard rail in the ment A method of sewage treat- using action of bacteria and algae to digest/ decompose wastes. Manner of moving from one place The fraction of income allo- (U.S.D.P.) PIT PRIVY/LATRINE. A simple hole in the ground, usually hand dug, covered with slab and protective superstructure, for disposal of humanexcreta. (U.S.D.P.) PLANNING. The establishment of goals, policies, and procedures for a social or economic unit. i.e. city. (U.S.D.P.) (the POPULATION DENSITY. It is the ratio between the population of a given area aed the area. It is expressed It can be: CROSS DENSTTY: inin people per hectare. eludes any kind of land utilisation, residential, circulation, public facilities, etc. NET DENSITY: includes only the residential land and does not include land for other use. (U.S.D.P.) POSITION. The point or area in space actually occupied by a physical object (the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971) PRIMER. A Small introductory book on a specific subject. (U.S.D.P.) PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP. The absolute tenure of land to a person and his heirs without restriction of time. (U.S.D.P.) A small, often detached building having a PRIVY. bench with one or more round or oval holes through which the user may defecate or urinate (as into a pit or tub) and ordinarily lacking any means of automatic (Merriam-Webster, deposited. discharge of the 1971) matter PROJECT. A plan undertaken: sign. (U.S.D.P.) a specific plan or de- PUBLIC CIRCULATION. The circulation network which is owned, controlled, and maintained by public agencies of a coamunity. and is accessible to all (U.S.D.P.) members Facilities such as schools, playPUBLIC FACILITIES. grounds, parks, other facilities accessible to all members of a community which are owned, controlled, and maintained by public agencies. (U.S.D.P.) Includes: PUBLIC SERVIES AND COIIUNITY FACILITES. public transportation, police protection, fire protection, refuse collection, health, schools, and playgrounds, recreation and open spaces, other conmunity facilities, business, commercial, small indus(U.S.D.P.) tries, markets. A system which is owned and PUBLIC SYSTEM (general). operated by a local governmental authority or by an capany which I conestablished public utility trolled and regulated by a governmental authority. (HUD/AID. Minimran Standards, 1966) PLOT/LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed boundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.) POLICE PEITECTION. and men Includes: water supply, sanitary PUBLIC UTILITIES. Sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, telephone, circulation networks. (U.S.D.P.) PUMP. A device or machine that raises, transfers, or compresses fluids or that attenuates gases especially by auction or pressure or both. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) (U.S.D.P.) PERCENTRENT/NRTGAGE. income. MICROCLIMATE.The local climate of a given site or habitat varying in eise from a tiny crevice to a large land area, but being usually characterised by considerable uniformity of climate. (Merriam-Webster, MODEOF TRAVEL. OXIDATION POND (LAGOON). (De- 1971) LATRINE. A receptacle (as a pit in the earth or a watr closet) for use in defecation and urination, or Soils camposed mostly of plant mateORGANIC SOILS. (U.S.D.P.) rial. cated for dwelling rental or dwelling mortgage payments, expressed as a percentage of total family 1972). MEDIAN BARRIER. Webster, 1971) efficiency, specially by the use of precise analytical (U.S.D.P.) LAND UTILIZATION. A qualification of the land around a dwelling in relation to user, physical controls and 55 Police force: a body of trained womenentrusted by a government with the maintenance of public peace and order, enforcement of laws, prevention and detection of crime. (Merriam- REFUSECOLLECTION. The service for collection and the solid wastes from a community. disposal of all (U.S.D.P.) RESERVOIR. Large-scale storage of water: also functions to control fluctuations in supply and pressure. (U.S.D.P.) RESIDENTIAL AREA. An area containing the basic activities: housneeds/requirements for daily life ing, education, recreation, shopping, work. (U.S.D.P.) RESISTANCE. The opposition to electrical flow. (Resistance increases as the length of wires is increased and decreases as the cross-sectional area of (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) wires is increased). RIGHT-OF-WAY. A legal right of passage over another person's ground (land), the area or way over which a right-of-way exists such as: a path or thorough-fare which one may lawfully use, the strip of land devoted to or over which is built a public road, the land 56 APPENDIX occIpied by a ruilroad, the land used by a public utility. Rights-of-way may be shared (as streets; pedestuins sd automobiles) or exclusive (as rapid transit routes; subways, railroads, etc.) (NerriamWebster, 1971; U.S.D.P.) SITE AND SERVICES. The subdivision of urban land and the provision of services for residential use and complementary commercial use. Site and services projects are aimed to improve the housing conditions for the low income groups of the population by providing: SITE: the access to a piece of land where people can build their own dwellings; b) SERVICES: the seropportunity of access to eeployeent, utilities, vices and comunity facilities, financing and communications. (U.S.D.P.) a) (HIGHWAY). ROADWAY Portion of the highway included between the outside lines of gutter or side ditches, including all slopes, ditches, channels, and appurtenances necssary to proper drainage, protection, and 1972) use. IDePina. HOUSING. Dwelling units grouped together HDW/GROUPED linearly or in clusters. (U.S.D.P.) SIZE. Physical magnitude or extent (of the site), relative or proportionate dimensions (of the site). (Herriam-Webster, 1971) RUNOFF. That part of precipitation carried off from the ares upon which it falls. (DePina, 1972) SLOPE. Degree or extent of deviation (of the land surface) from the horizontal. (Merria.-Webster, 1971) RUNOFF-RAINFALL RATIO. The percentage (ratio) of storowater runoff that is not reduced by evaporation, depression storage, surface wetting, and percolation; with increased rainfall duration, runoff-rainfall ratios rise increasing runoff flow. (U.S.D.P.) SMOKE. The gaseous products of burning carbonaceous materials made visible by the presence of carbon particles. (Herrim-Webster, 1971) SAND. Loose, distinguishable grains of quartz/feldspar, mica (ranging from 2mm to O.02m in diameter). (U.S.D.P.) SANITARY SEWERAGE. The system of artificial usually subterranean conduits to carry off sewage composed of: excreta: waste matter eliminated from the human body; domestic wastes: used water fIom a hose/cremnity containing 0.14 total solids: and same industrial wastes, but not water free ground, surface, or atom. (U.S.D.P.) SENI-DETACHED DWELLING. Two dwelling anite sharing a common wall (duplex). (U.S.D.P.) SEPTIC TANK. A tank in which the organic solid matis deposited and ter of continuously flowing retained until it has been disintegrated by anaerobic bacteria. (Herriam-Webster, 1971) sewage SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil particles In various aggregates differring in shape, esia, stability, and degree of adhesion to one another. (Herriam-Webster, 1971) It is the process to find the SOIL INVESTIGATION. soil structure and other characteristics. It may include the following stages: initial soil survey, exploratory boring, construction boring. (U.S.D.P.) SOIL PIPE. The pipe in a dwelling which carries the pipe discharge free water closets. (U.S.D.P.) SOIL SURVEY (INITIAL). An on-site examination of surface soil conditions and reference to a GENERAL TAX EXEMPTION. A grant by a government of immunity from taxes; (a ten-year tax exemption on new housing in New York stimulated new construction in the 1920's, to ease its housing shortage, Turkey granted a tenyear tax exemption on new buildings). (Abrams, 1966) group that can afford housing without subsidy, by cash purchase, through mortgage payments, or by rent: VERY HIGH (10 . subsistence evel): the income group TAX INCENTIVE. Favorable tax treatment to induce the beneficiary to do something he would not otherwise he likely to do. (U.S.D.P.) USUFRUCT. TELEPHONE. An electrical voice communication network interconnecting all subscribing individuals and transmitting over wires. (U.S.D.P.) TENURE. Two situations of tenure of the dwelling emits and/or the lot/land are considered: LEGAL: having formal status derived from law EXTRALEGAL: not regulated or sanctioned by law. Four types of tenure are considered. RENTAL: where the users pay a fee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land: LEASE: where the users pay a fee for long-termuse (generally for a year) for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner SETTLENENT. Occupation by settlers to establish a residence or colony. (U.S.D.P.) SEWAGE. The effluent in a sewer network. (U.S.D.P.) SEWER. The conduit in a subterranean network used to carry off water and waste matter. (U.S.D.P.) The instrmoent (as a deed) that constitutes a esp. TOPOGRAPHY. The configuration of a (land) SEWERBUILDING CONNECTION. The pipe connecting the dwelling with the sewernetwork. (U.S.D.P.) surface TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance or travel from tablished by authority as a rule for the measureof one place (the site) to another (otherparts of the quantity, weight, Webster, 1971) urban context). (Harria-Webster, TRAP. that provides a water seal to pre- STREET.LIGNTING. SEWERAGE. SewerageSystem: the systeeof sewers in city, town or locality. (Herriam-Webster, 1971) a SHAPE. Form/configuration of the site surface as (U.S.D.P.) defined by its perimeter/boundaries. SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, inspecting, or buying available goods or services. SILT. cles (U.S.D.P.) Loose, unconsolidated sedimentary rock parti- (ranging free 0.02m in diameter). to O.O2mem (U.S.D.P.) Illumination to improve vision at night for security and for the extension of activities. (U.S.D.P.) SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS. Regulations governing the development of raw land for residential or other pur- poses. SITE AREAS. Two types are considered, GROSSAREA: includes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground. USAsLE AREA. includes only the portion of the site that can be fully utilised for buildings, streets. playgrounde, recreation facilities, gardens, or other structures. (U.S.D.P.) and vent A fitting features. sewer gases and fixtures. (Merriam-Webster, odors (10TC ST 45-7. 1971) 1971) being discharged through 1953) TREATMENTWNRKS. Filtration plant, reservoirs, and all other construction required for the treatment of a water supply. (IYTC ST 45-7, 1953) iNIT. A determinate quantity adopted as a standard of measurementfor other quantities of the samekind. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) gers or goodsfrom one place to another along ways, routesof circulation in a metropolitan context. (U.S.D.P.) (Abrams, 1972) Soil SUBGRADE. The layer of natural or fill (cconpacted soil) upon which the pavement structure including curbs is constructed. (DePina, 1972) SURNAIN or BRANCH SEWER. URBANIZATION.The quality or state of being or becoming urbanised, to cause to take on urban characteristics. USE A collector pipe receiving it. (U.S.D.P.) TAX. The tax on land aimed primarily at enforcing se or improvement. (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) sesistence (minimeewage) income per year, five incoom groups are distinguished: VERY iO (below subsistence level): the income group with no household income available for housing, services,or transportation LOW (I x subsistence level): the income group that can afford no or very limited sebsidized housing, MODERATE (3 USER INOME GROUPS. Based upon the The minimm amount of money required for the purchase of food and fuel for an average family to survive. (U.S.D.P.) SUBSISTENCE INCOME. fro a house, SULLAGE.Drainage or refuse especially farmyard, or street. VENT. A pipe opening to the atmosphere, which provides ventilation for a drainage system and prevent trap siphonage or back pressure. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) VIEWS. That which is revealed to the vision or can be the site). (Norriam-Webster, 1971) WALK-UP. Dwelling unite grouped in two to five storise with stairs for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.) A pipe (in a dwelling) which carries water from wash basins, sinks, and similar fixtures. (BOTCST 45-7, 1953) WATERSUPPLY. Source, means, or process of supplying water, (as for a munity) usually involving reservoirs, pipelines, and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Harriam-Webster, 1971) WATERSHED.The catchment area or drainage basin from which the waters of a stream or stream system are drman. (Kerrim-Nebster, 1971) The whole system of reservoirs, channels, nd peeping and purifying equipment by which a water supply is obtained and distributed to consumers. (Norriam-Webster, 1971) WATERWORKS. mains, MATT. Matte (w) measure the power of the flow of energy through a circuit. Wattage is the product of volts times mperes. Both watts sod hosepower denote the rats of work being done. 45-7,1953) 746w- ShP. (YDTCST URBAN TRANSPORTATION. Neans of conveyance of passes- sewagefrom lateral sewer only. Land (that could be) made suitable for building SITE. purposes by dividing into lots, laying out streets and providing facilities. (Herriam-Webster, 1971) man-made STANDARD. 1) Something that is established by authorIty. custom or general consent as a model or example to be followed. 2) Something that is set up and as- Storm sewers a sewer (system) designed to carry water wastes except sewage (eluIively storm water, surface runoff, or street wash). (Herriam-Nebste, 1971) VALVE. A water supply distribution component which interrupts the supply for maintenance purposes. (U.S.D.P.) WASTE PIPE. A fixture for defecation and urination, (7th Collegiate Mebster, 1963) water closet. STORMDRAINAGE. The organization and/or infrastrucUTILITY/SERVICE. tore for meeting the general need (as for water supply, wastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in the public interest. (U.S.D.P.) seen (fro TITLE. TOILET. STANDPIPE. A pipe riser with tap used as a source of water for domestic purposes. (HUD/AID, Minimum Standards, 1966) (U.S.D.P.) UTILITIES. Include: water supply, sanitary sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, gas, telephone. (U.S.D.P.) for services. I.e. domestic live-in servant. (U.S.D.P.) legally just cause of exclusive possession (of land, dwellings, or both). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) extent, value or quality. (Harrim- or control of a parcel of land without becoming the owner or formal leases; legal possession by decree VIBRATION. A quivering or trembling motion (such as that produced by: heavy traffic, industry, aircraft, etc. (Herriam-Webster, 1971) including its relief and the-position of its natural SERIES CIRCUIT. Fixtures connected in a circuit by a single wire. When one fixture is out, the circuit is broken. Fixtures with different amperages cannot be used efficiently in the samecircuit. (HOTC ST 45-7, 1953) (U.S.D.P.) The right to profit from a parcel of land (an individual, a public agency, or a private organiaation), ONRERSHIP. where the users hold in freehold the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unit occupies, EMPLOYER-PROVIDED: where the users are provided a dwelling unit by an employer in exchange rstrictions/haards for early planning consideration. (U.S.D.P.) The vertical pipe in a dwelling of the soil-, or vent-pIpe systems. (ITC ST 45-7, 1953) of the population. without charge. TAR STRUCTURE - TAXATION. The method by which a nation (state, municipality) implements decisions to transfer resources from the private sector to the public sector. (U.S.D.P.) SOIL NAP. It is used to reveal obvious limitations/ STACK. waste-, that represents the most econcmically mobile sector (Harriam-Webster, 1971) TAP (also FAUCET). A fixture for drawing a liquid free a pipe, cask, or other vessel. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) x subsistence level): the income group that can afford limited housing and rent only with government assistance NIGH (S m subsistence level)sthe income ZONING ORDINANCE. nance The demarcation of a city by ordi- into zones (areas/districts) and the establishmat of regulations so govern the use of land and the location, bulk, height, shape, use, population density, and coverage of structures within each sone. (U.S.D.P.) REFERENCES REFERENCES EXPLANATORY Baldwin, John M.; GUIDE FOR SURVEY-EVALUATION OF URBAN QUALITY OF INFORMATION 57 NOTES DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS, MIT Thesis, Cambridge, 1974. The quality of information given in drawings, charts and descriptions has been qualified in the following manner: Caminos, Horacio; Goethert, Reinhard. URBANIZATION PRIMER, Approximate MIT press, Cambridge, USA 1978. Accurate Tentative Caminos, Horacio; Turner, J.F.C.; Steffian, J. URBAN : when deducted from different and/or not completely reliable sources. : when taken from reliable or actual sources. : when based upon rough estimations of limited sources. DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA 1969. QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIES Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. None NATIONAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, BANGLADESH, HABITAT, Limited United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver, May 31 - June 14, 1976. Khan, Aminul Haq. Adequate POPULAR HOUSING IN DACCA: URBANIZATION ALTERNATIVE INTEGRATING PUBLIC & POPULAR RESOURCES. MIT : when the existence of services, facilities and utilities are unavailable to a locality. : when the existence of services, available to a locality in a limited manner due to proximity : when the existence of services, facilities and utilities are available to a locality. METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS Linear Measures Thesis, Cambridge, USA 1982 Parker, George Robert. PHYSICAL GUIDELINES FOR POPULAR URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Cambridge, USA, MIT Thesis, 1970. Shankland & Cox Partnership, 1 centimeter 1 meter = 100 centimeter 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters 1 inch 1 foot 1 mile DACCA METROPOLITAN AREA = 0.397 inches = 39.37 inches or 3.28 feet = 3,280.83 feet or 0.62137 miles = 2.54 centimeters = 0.3048 meters = 1.60935 kilometers INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, Draft Final Report; Square Measures Vol. I & II, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1980. Buteau of Statistics, Government of Bangladesh. STATISTICAL YEARBOOK OF BANGLADESH, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1979. 1 square meter = 1,550 square inches 1 hectare = 10,000 sq. meters 1 square foot = 2.4711 acres = 0.0929 square meteres = 0.4087 hectares or 10.7639 square feet 1 acre Studio work. HEURISTICS OF URBAN DESIGN. Participants: Navroz Dabu, Faieda Atto, Humberto Rodriguez, Trevor Davis, Mayeedur Rahman. Instructor: Prof. Horacio Caminos; Reinhard Goethert. Spring 1982, MIT. All income, cost and rent/mortgage data have been expressed in terms of the U.S. equivalent; 1 US Dollar = Tk 21.00(1982)