1
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
Comparative Study of a Site and Services Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh
MAYEEDUR RAHMAN
B.Arch. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Dhaka, Bangladesh
February 1979
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES
AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June 1983
Copyright
Q
Mayeedur Rahman 1983
The Author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute
copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.
Signature of author
Mayeedur Rahman, Department of Architecture, May 1983
/ vu
Certified by
Horaci
Caminos, Prof. of Architecture, Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by
N. John Habraken, Chairman, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
MAY 2 6 1983
LIBRARIES
3
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
Comparative study of a Site and Services project, Dhaka, Bangladesh
by
Mayeedur Rahman
Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies.
ABSTRACT
The study proposes an alternative design approach for low income urban settlements,
based upon a comparative study of a Site and Services project.
Most of the existing and proposed settlements have considerable problems in Land Utilization,
circulation efficiency and infrastucture layout. Despite narrow streets, a large
percentage of land is allotted for public circulation due to gridiron layouts having
small blocks. As for walkup developments, waste of land, utilities and services are
common characteristics. Moreover, "instant" housing developments require extensive capital
investment and discourages the utilization of individual resources.
The focus of the study is on optimisation of costs by efficient Land Subdivision, Land
Utilization and Circulation system. The study proposes a grid layout and progressive housing
development with minimization of public land, costs and institutional participation on one
hand and maximization of private land and user's participation on the other.
Thesis Supervisor:
Title:
Horacio Caminos
Professor of Architecture, MIT.
4
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I gratefully acknowledge the guidance and support of
Professor Horacio Caminos from whom I have learnt much,
during my two years in the Urban Settlement Design
Program at MIT.
Through his classes, projects and en-
joyable discussions, I picked up more real and clear
ideas about various issues concerning architecture,
which I hope to apply in my professional practice.
I sincerely appreciate the friendship, suggestions and
assistance of Reinhard Goethert who has never failed me
in times of need.
I also appreciate the companionship
and pertinent comments from the members of my class:
Humberto, Navroz, Faieda and Trevor, the class of 198082 and the class of 1982-84.
I wish to extend my thanks to Professor Abdul Hasnath of
the Engineering University, Dhaka, to my friends A.S.M.
Ismail, Salimullah and Amin Khan for supplying the much
needed reference material and data.
Finally I extend my thanks and deepest gratitude to my
parents for their loving support and encouragement, that
are beyond the means of expression and to my wife Disha
whose patience, support and efforts helped me in producing this work.
M. R.
5
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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URBAN CONTEXT .
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Introduction
- - - - - Planning Policies/Goals .
Design Heuristics . . . .
- - Project Comparison
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CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION
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MODEL
CONCLUSION
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15
16
17
29
APPENDIX
Glossary
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References/Explanatory Notes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NOTE : Spelling of 'Dacca' has been officially changed
to 'Dhaka'.
6
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
Public housing : One of the housing systems for low income groups in Dhaka,
Photo : A.S.M.
Ismail.
INTRODUCTION
7
INTRODUCTION
Although the private sector is the major contributor of
housing in Bangladesh, it is limited to mainly the middle and high income groups. The role of public sector is
limited to the provision of housing for the government
employees and developing housing estates for the urban
high income. Most of these developments are wasteful of
land, utilities and services.
Bangladesh is one of the least urbanized countries of the
world with only 11.16% of its population living in urban
areas. The total population continues to grow at an annual rate of 3.0%.
Some of the larger cities are growing
at an annual rates of between 4% to 7.5%. Dhaka, the
Capital is affected the most. This rapid population growth in the urban areas has resulted in uncontrolled land
development and a high demand for dwellings, land, utilities and services.
This rapid demand has led to a shortage of resources, particularly in housing for low income
groups.
The consequences of the absence of a rational national
policy for physical development and housing is also responsible for the haphazard, unplanned urban sprawl. Low
lands in and around the city are being filled and built
upon without adequate provision for infrastructure.
Narrow roads, traffic congestion, inadequate drainage, no
potable water nor community facilities and over crowded
transport services have become characteristic of these
settlements. Inevitably, when infrastructure is incorporated in these settlements, it is very difficult and
consequently becomes very expensive to the city as well
as for the users.
The basic weakness in the government approach is its
piece-meal solution to immediate needs and problems
rather than approaching the fundamental issues and considering long-range implications. However, the government must efficiently utilize its scarce resources: land
and finance. It is not only a matter of providing housing
but also the process and the overall framework within which they are provided , which is particularly important.
Unquestionably the low income population desperately needs
support in a number of areas. However, none are more important to the immediate improvement in the quality of
life than the provision of clean water, sanitation, electricity and basic services. These services are things
that the public sector is best able to provide. On the
other hand, the people themselves constitute the major
resources in the improvement of their dwellings as well
as their settlements. The provision of shelter for the
majority of the people cannot be accomplished without fully utilising self-help programmes and other forms of popular participation. The key element is a piece of land
with secured tenancy.
The government should give priority in utilizing their
resources for the benefit of the low income group, realizing that a smaller quantum of improvement in the qual-
8
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
ity of life of the many is more equitable than a larger
of the project.
quantum of improvement for the few.
also consists of a Master Plan and a Site and Services compo-
A comparative design called
'Revised design'
nent with a similar area as that of the proposed one.
Within the social, economic and political context of
Bangladesh, this study is focused on the physical aspects
of the provision of shelter for the lower income groups.
A model is therefore proposed for the design and analysis
of urban settlements for the lower income groups.
The
following issues are dealt with in the model:
a.
Land Utilization
-
Maximization of private areas
(taxable) and minimization of
public areas
b.
Circulation Systems -
(non-taxable).
A crucial factor, which determines urban patterns, structures
of social grouping, land values
and commercial potential.
It
affects significantly the cost
of infrastructure layout.
c.
Infrastucture
-
Efficient layout for water supply, sewage disposal, storm drainage, electricity and street
lighting.
d.
Block layouts
-
Use of grid layout as opposed to
& Subdivisions
-
grid-iron, as means of reducing
costs and facilitating social
grouping.
Optimum sizes of lots
and percentages of public, private and semi-private areas.
These issues are illustrated by means of a design for a specific site in Dhaka, which is compared with another design
proposed by a British consulting firm for the same site.
The
latter design called 'proposed design' in the thesis, consists of a Master Plan for 526 Ha and detailed design for a
Site and Services component which is to be the first phase
9
URBAN CONTEXT
URBAN
DHAKA,
4,00000
CONTEXT
3.000.000
BANGLADESH
2000.00
WIND
1.000.000
500,000
TEMPERATURE
SUMMER
45C
PRIMARY INFORMATION: Dhaka is located at 240 north
latitude, 900 east longitude.
MONSOON
WINTER
250.000
o:c
1C
10
It has an area of 324
M A
square kilometers, and a population of 4.0 million.
M
J J
A
S
0
N
D J
URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
horizontal: dates
vertical: population
Source: Aminul H. Khan, S.M.Arch.S. Thesis,
MIT.
F
HUMIDITY
Its main seasons are:
winter, from November to Febru-
ary; summer, from March to June; and the monsoon, from
July to October.
Winter temperatures are generally
temperate, ranging from 52*F to 84*F. The summer is
0
warm, with temperatures between 70OF and 94 F.
Rain-
fall during the monsoon varies from 47" to 136".
Humidity ranges from 36%
10%
75%
50%
25%
70
2,
0%
RAIN
50
400-n
300mm
200mm
to 99%.
30
20
0mm
HISTORY:
Dhaka existed as a trading town as far back as
the third century.
It first came into prominence when it
became the seat of government of the province of Bengal
SNOW
400m:
n0m~e
F-
i
100m
under the Mughal Dynasty.
The city at that time covered
D.m
I
i
a very large area, with a population of one million.
Dhaka's expansion and development was seriously inter-
25% 20
I5
sO
S
,
0
5
10
15
20
25%
F
URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
horizontal:
male: 4
percentages
emle
vertical:
ages
Source: Statistical Yearbook of
Bangladesh 1979.
25000
10000
rupted when the capital of Bengal was transferred to
Murshidabad in 1717.
1982,
As a result the population shrank
drastically to a quarter of a million.
1000
Under British colonial rule, Dhaka again experienced a
SUN
50
period of growth, but declined again when the capital of
250
Bengal was removed to Chittagong. After the partition of
India in 1947, Dhaka became the seat of the provincial
NORTH
government and experienced rapid expansion.
migrants
ment.
-
Muslim
from India were resettled in Dhaka by the govern-
50%
'IA
40
30
20
10
URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION
horizontal: percentages
Source:
vertical: dollars
0
10
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
A
I§1Km
-10Km
SKN
5Km
KEY
A
Airport
AREAS
Primary Road
Ht-4--4
Railroad
Built-up Area
COI44ERCIAL
-
S
URBAN
URBAN~~~~~~~~~------TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION
ADUEPTEN
TaORPYADCRUAINUBA
URBAN LAND USE PATTERN
1209
1:250000
5
to
tIo.
URBAN CONTEXT
10Km
INCOMES
DATES
LOW
1850
MEDIUM
1950
HIGH
1980
a 50
URBAN
INCOME PATTERN
URBAN
GROWTH
PATTERN
1:250000
isKm
12
URBAN
SETTLEMENT MODEL
When Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971, Dhaka
also located in Dhaka, as are almost all of the private
became the capital of the country.
professional services available in the country.
Since then, the city
has experienced its greatest expansion.
nearly doubled with the past decade.
The population
Many new areas were
developed and previously developed areas became more dense,
seriously overtaxing the capacity of the city's infrastructure.
ADMINISTRATION:
Urban growth in Dhaka is shaped by the
activities of a number of independent organizations
having jurisdiction over land development, the supply of
infrastructure, and the operation of municipal services.
The Municipal Corporation, headed by an elected mayor,
The main industries in Dhaka are tanneries, metal products,
glass, pharmaceuticals, textiles, tobacco processing,
chemicals, steel re-rolling, ceramics, machine tools, and
specialized industries.
DEMOGRAPHY:
The population of Dhaka in 1951 was 418,000;
in 1961 it rose to 560,000; in 1971 it was 1,201,000; and
now it is estimated to be about 4 million. Of this
population, 57.7% are male and 42.3% female. Between
1961 and 1974, the rural population of the country ex-
refuse collection, and limited health care and public
perienced an increase of 44%, while the urban population
increased by 165%. This increase was concentrated mainly
in the four big cities:
Dhaka grew by 320%, Chittagong by
education.
695%, Khulna by 341%, and Rajshahi by 233%.
executes the functions related to property taxation,
urban transportation systems, limited public works,
The Dhaka Improvement Trust is responsible
for developing, administering, and maintaining new
The population of Dhaka is largely homogeneous ethnically,
housing and commercial areas.
include the Department of Roads and Highways, Public
composed of people who come from all parts of the country
and speak various local dialects. A large number of
Works Department, Water and Sewerage Authority, Directorate
original residents, called "kuttis," live in the old
of Public Health Engineering, Urban Development Directorate,
Dhaka Metropolitan Police, and Postal Department.
In
section of the city.
addition, there is the Housing and Settlement Directorate,
after the partition.
which was originally established to house the massive
have their own distinct expressions of the living pattern,
clearly discernible in their use of space - verandahs,
Other municipal bodies
influx of refugees from India.
ECONOMY: The capital city accommodates most of the contry's
administrative machinery, including the headquarters of all
government organizations, housing for government employees,
and the military bases, which occupy a large area of the
city.
It is also the major industrial and commercial center
of the country and a major inland port, handling much of
the internal wholesale trade.
The headquarters of most
private sector industries and trading organizations are
In a different section lives a
substantial population of migrants from India who came
front and back yards -
The old city and the migrant area
and decorative motifs.
Another
distinct section includes the very high income areas of
Gulshan and Banani, where all diplomatic missions are
located.
Most of the high income population groups in the country
are located in urban areas.
Nevertheless, low income
groups form the vast majority of urban populations.
In 1972,
it was estimated that 25% of the total population
URBAN CONTEXT
13
of Dhaka city was living as squatters, with an average
Until recently, therefore, the role of the public sector
monthly income of $15 to $20 per family.
was limited mostly to the provision of housing for govern-
According to
1976-77 data, 13% of urban households had an income of
ment employees and developing residential estates for the
less than $200 per year, and were classified as very low
richer segments of the urban population.
income; 31.1% were low income households, with earnings of
characteristically, large, building materials are of high
$200 to $320 per year; 35.5% were moderate income house-
quality, and densities are very low in comparison to the
holds with earnings of $600 to $1,600; and 5.5% as very
older districts in the city.
Plots are,
high income households with incomes above $1,600 per year.
As far as the private sector is concerned, apart from a
few palatial houses built by wealthy businessmen and
HOUSING:
Until the late 1960's, the government addressed
housing needs in terms of population categories
(indus-
trial workers, government employees, displaced persons),
undertaking isolated projects to solve the specific
housing problems of these different population groups
without a comprehensive policy framework.
Improvement trusts were created whose purpose was largely
the development of land for resale to upper-middle level
government employees and other higher income beneficiaries.
To help make available mortgage money for home building
in the private sector, the government established in 1952
the House Building Finance Corporation, with the power to
make direct loans to home owners up to 80% of the house
value.
Here again, the beneficiaries of the program were
the middle and upper income groups.
professionals, houses in the city are generally quite modest.
They are mostly single or two-storied, with the exception
of a few multi-story flats put up by private developers.
Unlike the public sector housing, these dwellings use
a wide variety of construction materials, depending on
the economic resources and personal preferences of the
individual consumer.
A majority of the dwellingsof lower income households have.
one room, which is used for almost all the household
activities.
A recent survey revealed that economic con-
siderations alone did not dictate this multiple use of
space.
Cultural tradition and family living patterns
are other determinant factors.
In rural areas, the concept
of dividing a structure into rooms for different uses is not
followed.
If needed, separate rooms are built as separate
With the influx of refugees from India, government
structures.
responsibility in housing expanded.
dwellings multi-use of spaces is common.
In 1958, a special
housing and settlement office was created, which in 1970
was raised to the Directorate level.
This organization
constructed about 26,000 core houses and provided 10,000
buildable plots for refugees.
Following independence in
1971, the government has constructed 4,500 dwellings for
the urban poor.
This number is insignificant in relation
to a shortage of over 175 million housing units.
Even among upper income households, in larger
14
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
4;
,n
nT
II
mri
no
1
-
T1
Wir 7Il
Tr
rWm
11
-
r-r
-
1r7 V
-
.1
~C
Public housing for low income groups in Dhaka.
.......
........
...
.......
..
.CJ'
.........
...
........
Note the abundance of left over spaces and wide streets
without specific utilization, which is a waste of land and multiplies problems of control, maintenance and
operation of public spaces. Photo : A.S.M. Ismail
MODEL, INTRODUCTION
15
MODEL
The proposed model is an attempt at the following:
-
A process of urbanization focussing on physical layout,
land subdivision, land utilization, land use allocation
and circulation.
- An alternative method of residential development reinforcing the positive and improving upon the negative aspects
of existing housing systems.
INTRODUCTION
- An approach to the problem of
low income housing,
recognizing the limited resources of the low income groups
Withia population growth rate of 7.5%, Dhaka city is'
spreading very rapidly.
Vacant land within the city &
agricultural fields (lowlands) on the periphery are
urbanizing at an accelerated rate.
and the public sector;
Minimizing public responsibility
of operation/maintenance and maximizing private (user's)
responsibility, initiative & participation.
The physical
development is arbitrary and piece-meal in nature
resulting in difficulties in the long run.
An absence
of realistic planning policies for comprehensive
development is also responsible for the adhoc growth
taking place in and around the city.
Consequently when
The model is a study of a long term residential development
scheme for which an area of 526 Ha has already been identified by a British consulting firm.
A Master plan for the
project area and a detailed design for a Site & Services
project(45 Ha,) within the project area has been proposed
infrastructure is incorporated in these areas the task is
by the same firm.
not only more difficult but also involves enormous extra
anlysis has been the main reason for selecting this site;
expenses for both the Government & the users.
data was available.
As for
The possibility of a comparative
public housing projects and other housing cooperatives
inefficient layout has become a characteristic feature
A revised Master Plan has been proposed in this study for
resulting in wasteful utilization of land and resources,
this same project area.
thus increasing the cost of infrastructure.
The public
sector can only provide limited services with its limited
resources.
Also a revised design of a Site &
Services project is compared with an equivalent area as
that of the proposed Site & Services project.
The compari-
son is made in terms "of Land subdivision, Land Utilization,
Circulation & Block layout.
Therefore the problem requires a solution in terms of a
development covering a wider range of issues and a longer
time span. It is necessary to anticipate a variety of land
provide a tentative set of guidelines for those involved
use functions initially and allow for other land uses in
in planning and designing of urban settlements and the
the future, based on new priorities.
formulation of housing policy for the low income groups.
The model is intended to serve as a reference and to
16
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
FINANCING: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
POLICIES/GOALS
PLANNING
- The magnitude of the project calls for both public and
private financing., Public subsidies should be kept at
a minimum level and be confined to land development
and providing infrastructure network.
- The private sector cooperative financing will be
encouraged in the construction of dwellings.
PRIMARY USE:
RESIDENTIAL
- The project is primarily intended for residential use.
-
Required supporting landuses will include commercial
CIRCULATION: INTERNAL EXTERNAL COORDINATION
-
Internal and external circulation networks will
and community facilities, schools, playgrounds,,
provide the primary framework for development of
health center and community center.
the site.
These facilities
-
will also be shared by the surrounding existing
The internal network will be connected to the external
network by connecting three on-site primary roads to
-settlements.
the Dhaka -
- Development will aim at providing for a community of
low and lower middle
the 132 KV power line.
and some high income groups.
UTILITIES:
INTENSITY OF LAND USE:
-
-
MEDIUM/HIGH DENSITY
The range of gross densities planned for is 500 -
In course of time at the saturation stage of develop-
CONNECTION TO THE CITY NETWORK
Initially water supply and waste disposal will be by
internal private or cooperative handpumps and septic
600
tanks as generally practiced in Dhaka.
persons per hectare assuming one storey construction.
-
Tongi road on the west and to the proposed
potential future highway on the East that parallels
TARGET INCOME GROUPS: PREDOMINANTLY LOW INCOME GROUPS
-
Eventually all utility network will be incorporated
into the city network.
ment densities are expected to be at least 100% higher
as a result expansion to two or more stories and
higher room occupancies due to subletting.
DEVELOPMENT MODE:
INCREMENTAL GROWTH
- The site will be developed incrementally.
LAND TENURE:
PRIVATE/COOPERATIVE OWNERSHIP, RENTAL
-
Horizontal cluster condominiums will be provided
-
The cluster
condominium
- Implementation will be staged into:
1. Planning and design.
2. Allocation of lots, construction.
will allow flexibility in
3. Habitation.
land subdivision.
-
Rental options will be provided for the very low
income sector, which will gradually be converted into
clusters of ownership property.
4. Evaluation and revision.
-
The cycle should be repeated till the saturation of the
project area is reached.
DESIGN HEURISTICS
DESIGN
17
HEURISTICS
Basic, physical-economic patterns of a project should be
considered in order to anticipate physical economic
effects.
Patterns should be identified in terms of
circulation, Land Utilization, Commercial potential, Land
value & Land demand.
They will provide tools for
decisions affecting policies as well as physical designs.
This section is a very crude attempt at recognizing these
physical-economic pattern through a heuristic process.
Nevertheless their purpose is twofold:
1.
To recognize or anticipate the effect of the above
mentioned forces on the model.
2.
To incorporate in the model the proper physical
configuration that will take advantage of these forces.
In addition, the diagram will help to project an image
of the possible process of development.
only indicates zones in a schematic form.
The diagrams
It must be
clear that within these zones there will be penetration
of other spot zones or subzones, such as intersections or
corners of the private land
land.
across from the semi-public
The heuristic method is explained in stages.
18
URBAN
SETTLEMENT MODEL
STAGE
1
TENTATIVE
PROGRAM
The Data are projected from the Revised Site & Services project.
COUNTRY
Bangladesh
CITY
Dhaka
PROJECT NAME
Uttara East Integrated Urban Development
POPULATION
265,492
GROSS DENSITY
505 Persons/Hectare
TARGET INCOME GROUPS
Low, Moderately Low, Middle and High
SITE GROSS AREA
526 Ha
SITE CONDITION
Irregular, Mostly Flat, Intrusion of some
lowlands
URBAN LAYOUT TYPE
Grid
TOTAL NUMBER OF LOTS
37,927
NUMBER OF LOTS/CONDOMINIUM
23
DEVELOPMENT
Progressive
LEVEL OF SERVICES
Standard
PROJECT
COSTS
(in stages)
Tk 1500 Million
CURRENCY CONVERSION
US $ 1 = Tk 21.00
DESIGNER
Thesis Proposal
LAND UTILIZATION
( Ha -
PUBLIC
SEMI-PUBLIC
SEMI-PRIVATE/PRIVATE
UNIT CIRCULATION LENGTH
NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
%
76.32 Ha
14.50 %
99.46
"
18.90 %
350.22
"
66.50 %
114 m/Ha
33 Primary Schools
8 Secondary Schools
( 2 shifts
19
DESIGN HEURISTICS
STAGE 2:
URBAN
PARAMETERS
INDUSTRIAL AREA
N
9
DHAKA
CITY
1:250000
5
to
ISKm
0
PROJECT AREA
SURROUNDINGS
1:50000
1
20
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
STAGE
3:
SITE
PARAMETERS
INDUSTRIAL
AREA
W .
TONGI RIVER
LOW LAND
O0
O
SCATTERED RURAL
SETTLEMENTS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
8
1:3000
1"SKm
21
DESIGN HEURISTICS
LOCATION
The site is approximately 16 km north
Areas below the 15' contours
with intrusions from the flood
of Dhaka city center, about 2 km from
plain.
the International airport and 1/2 km
east from the Dhaka-Tongi road.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Water Supply:
No existing piped water
system; considered
AREA
Total Project: 526 Ha
feasible by WASA
Site & Services, 1st Phase: 45 Ha
SHAPE
Irregular;
BOUNDARIES
North -
Sewage Disposal:
average length & width 2300 m
Storm Drainage:
East
-
consid-
Natural course towards
Tongi River; carries a moderate
Tongi River
amount of river traffic.
South -
Not available;
ered feasible by WASA
Refuse Disposal:
Scattered existing settlements.
Feasible, by Municipality
Low agricultural lands. A 132 KV
Electricity:
Available, by PDB
power line passes on a northsouth axis near the extreme
eastern property line.
West -
COMMUNITY
No facilities on site;
FACILITIES
available in adjacent Uttara Model Town.
The project because of its size would
Clearly defined railway tracks,
require some community facilities.
to the west of which is the
Uttara Model town for higher and
some will be
EMPLOYMENT
upper middle income groups.
Nearby Tongi
Industrial Area,
Inter-
national Airport, Export processing
zone,
and in the Uttara Model Town. The project
APPROACHES/
ACCESSES
Dhaka-Tongi radial road, with three
itself will generate a considerable
accesses. Additional access is from
number of jobs.
across the river from the Tongi
TRANSPORTATION
Industrial area.
TOPOGRAPHY
the Tongi Railway station is about 3 kms
from the site. A new railway station has
Generally flat; some fingerlike
been proposed by the DIT within the site
intrusions of floodplains. Terrain can
be divided in 3 zones:
- Areas 21'-0" above flood level.
Buses operate along Dhaka-Tongi road;
of Uttara Civic Center.
LAND TENURE
- Areas between the 15' & 20'
Currently under fragmented private ownership;
in the process of acquisition.
contours that are irregularly
terraced.
LAND COST
TK 2,960,00/Ha
($148,000/Ha)
22
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
STAGE 4 : MAIN
URBAN
AFFECTING
CIRCULATION
NETWORK
AND
ACCESSES
THE SITE
The main circulation network is the
system of main roads that provides
circulation through the whole
urban area.
The only approach to the site is by
the Dhaka-Tongi radial road.
This
has unlimited access, although
vehicles dominate over pedestrians.
Buses operate along this road.
The
project area is 1/2 km East of this
road.
*
-
There are three existing
accesses from this road that are
es****
parallel.
Another access is from the
Tongi Cottage Industrial area across
the river.
Other potential accesses
are along the existing footpaths.
- 6.'- """
-
.
.
.
.
Existing and future potential accesses
affecting the site are illustrated.
* U**
-*"''
0~~
U-.
~
4
KEY
0
1:30000
-mu-ExistingAccess
1'5Km
4s6s59
Potential Access
23
DESIGN HEURISTICS
STAGE
5:
PRIMARY
SITE
CIRCULATION
The Primary Circulation is the principal road on the site that links accesses from/to the site to/from the urban
circulation network.
Primary Circulation in a site is
determined by a set of requirements
that are not always the same and do not
have the same priority.
priorities
were
The following
established
in
deter-
mining the primary site circulation
for the project area:
1. Accesses
2. Size & Shape
3. Main Urban Circulation
4. Boundary
4 .s1
Policies adopted are:
1. Coverage from Primary
Circulation.
Minimum Distance 100m
Maximum Distance 1000m
2. Linking accesses in a convenient manner.
3. Shortest distance.
Three primary roads have been proposed,
all of which run in an West-East direction linking the Dhaka-Tongi road and
the existing access point(foot paths)
along the eastern boundary of the
project area.
N
0
1:30000
KEY
4-4 I1,s
These could be extended
in the future beyond the project area
limits to serve the existing settleProposed Access
ments when incorporated in the Master
Proposed Access (Future)
Plan & would also serve as a ring road.
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
STAGE 6: AREAS
OF
MAJOR
COMMERCIAL
POTENTIAL/LAND
VALUES
Areas of commercial potential are
those that have the potentiallty of
being developed for commercial use.
The value of the land in a site is not
uniform even before it is being developed, because of different factors.
The most important is generally accessibility.
But development introduces
new physical factors and consequently
new land values.
The most important
are the lines of primary circulation,
which may canalize the traffic of buses
rickshaws, tempos etc.
This means
stops, concentration of people, more
activity, resulting in higher commer-
cial potantial, demand for land & land
values.
Some very small scale stores might
develop throughout the neighborhood.
This scattered commercial activity is
usually the first form of commerce to
spontaneously develop within the commu-
nity.
Eventually a ribbon or strip
commercial area will consolidate along
the major circulation routes.
All these commercial activity are
generated by private capital and are
generally under private ownership. They
KEY
0
1I
are an essential source of primary or
supplemental income for the families.
'5KmIG
MEDIUM
1:30000
5Km
LOW
Therefore their existence should not
be threatened by zoning restrictions.
DESIGN HEURISTICS
STAGE
7: AREAS
FOR MAJOR
COMMERCIAL AREAS
SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS,
(PRIVATE
MARKETS (SEMIPUBLIC
LAND)
LAND);
25
It is assumed that:
1. Higher land values parallel the
location of shops, commercial
areas
(private land),
markets
plazas
(semi-public land).
2. Lower land values parallel the
location of schools, playgrounds,
parks
(semi-public land) which
are non-taxable.
Based upon the concept presented in
stage 6 & 7, a basic location
diagram of the semi-public and
private areas are illustrated.
.....
....
KEY
0
1'30000
1I
1'5 Km
Potential Location of
Major Comercial Area
(Private)
Potential Location of
semipublic uses
26
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
STAGE 8:
DIRECTIONS
OF
SECONDARY
CIRCULATION
Primary circulation links major
commercial areas, markets, plazas etc.
Secondary circulation links residential
areas with the primary circulation and
also with the areas of schools, playgrounds etc.
TONGI RIVER
Policies considered are:
1. Hierarchy of circulation linkage
(defined in the first paragraph).
2. Pedestrians have priority over
....
vehicles in the secondary
00000
circulation.
-
N
I
I
- -I
Jt
-
-
Ii
JI
'00,
-0
' K.
N
0
1:30000
1
1'5Km
I 0
KEY
4--
secondary Direction
-
I
The direction of secondary circulation
i
is illustrated for the project area,
to the left.
DESIGN HEURISTICS
STAGE 9: PRIMARY
DRAINAGE
DIRECTIONS
27
Drainage is the interception and removal
of ground water or surface water by
artificial or natural means.
In a
layout, drainage is the critical
problem in flat sites with 10% or less
slope.
The project area is generally flat
except for some finger like intrusions
of low lands
(flood plains).
There is
a natural drainage course toward the
Tongi river and the primary direction
of drainage will follow the natural
slope of the site.
-
-
The primary & secondary drainage direI;
ctions for the project area are illustrated to the left.
-
-
-
*
-
U'
I
-
N
-I
*
KEY
0
Primary Direction
1:30000
Secondary Direction
28
STAGE
URBAN
SETTLEMENT MODEL
10: COMPLETE
PROJECT
The synthesis of the preceeding 9
stages and their juxtaposition on
prevailing site conditions, give rise
to this stage, i.e the complete project. This also takes into consideration expected growth and possible
future conditions.
A full description
and discussion of the complete project
has been made with the Revised Master
Plan (page 30).
0
VSKm
-------
1:30000
......
33KV POWERLINE
FUTURE POTENTIAL ROAD
29
PROJECT COMPARISON
PROJECT
COMPARISON
In the following section the Master Plan and Site and
Services project proposed by Shankland and Cox partnership
for Uttara East, Dhaka, termed as "Proposed Project" is
compared with a "Revised Project" to illustrate the issues
of concern in the thesis.
The text and graphics
are
organised such that complete revised project is illustrated
first and is followed by the proposed project in a similar
format.
Both are then compared in terms of land utilization
percentages, population density, circulation efficiency in
terms of unit circulation length and finally the project
program of each.
30
URBAN
SETTLEMENT MODEL
REVISED
MASTER
PLAN
The layout is based on considerations of ease of access,
clarity and efficiency of circulation.
Existing circula-
tion and future extensions of the system is a major
determinant.
Only three road sizes of 30m, 20m & 9m are
used and are laid out in response to the shape, size and
existing access points of the site. The layout is .
prepared considering the fact that eventually all the
lowlands have to be filled.
Ponds that are not big enough
and are not in use or maintained should also be filled up
and used for housing and other land uses.
Lowlands could
be put on sale to middle & high income groups with the
purpose of cross subsidization.
The initial development
would concentrate on readily available buildable land and
would proceed by stages.
Separated industrial or commercial areas have not been
provided.
Different lot sizes and their location would
provide the diverse needs of the residents.
It has been
observed and is expected that commercial and light
industries
(cottage industry) would develop along the
major collector roads.
Low value lands provide semi-public land for schools,
playgrounds and community centers.
A strip of land along
the railway line has been reserved to act as buffer.
Another patch of reserve land is set aside along the
Tongi river.
This would give a visual and psychological
relief from the built land.
Some unanticipated community
function could be inluded later on according to needs
&
demand after the whole project area is developed, built,
inhabited and evaluated.
PROJECT COMPARISON
31
KEY
Major Central Areas
: :
SS
R
eese
Secondary School
Reserve
Site & Services Boundary
POTENTIAL ROAD
LS POWER LINE
0
1:20000
-5m
1Km
32
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
REVISED
LAND
SUBDIVISION
The land subdivision for the project is based on the
following policies:
Minimisation of: Public land(non-taxable) for circulation
and lengths of infrastructure per area served (electricity
water, sewerage, street lights, garbage collection).
The
results are savings for the government in construction,
maintenance and operation.
Maximisation
of:
Private land that is taxable.
responsibility, initiative and participation.
User's
The results
are social and economic benefits.
A grid layout is adopted because it provides flexibility
in land subdivision for future chahges.
1 Hectare
Total
DENSITIES
LOTS
Nuber
3245
aa
sectares
44.97
LOTS
Average area, dimensions -
Density
X/Sa
72.2
66 sqm
KEY
A
SS
LOTS DENSITY
PS
Lot/Hectare
H
Mq
PO
*
2 Lots
P
Administration
Secondary School
Primary School
Health Center
Mosque
Post Office
Police
F
CC
Fire Station Department
comunity center
B
Bank
M
Market
TI
R
Transport Interchange
Reserve
250m
I.
33
PROJECT COMPARISON
REVISED LAND
UTILIZATION
Public land that is not taxable has been reduced by 2/5th
of the proposed one.
length
This minimizes the circulation
per area, public responsibility, capital invest-
ment on infrastructure and offers more land for private
use that is taxable.
This has been achieved by replacing
the grid-iron layout by a grid layout and the small
public open spaces by semi-private courts. The private
land is designed to maximise private use, responsibility,
and participation by allocating lots in a condominium
layout. This layout will foster a coherent relationship
between users, responsible agents and physical controls.
I
1 Nectare
LOCALITY LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Area
Hectares
44.97
44.97
44.97
Density
N/Ha
72.2
72.2
505.0
Hectares
AREAS
PUBLIC (streets, walkways,
6.53
spaces)
open
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, community centers)
Percentages
14.52
Total
Number
DENSITIES
LOTS
3245
DWELLING UNITS 3245
PEOPLE
22715
PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 29.93
factories, lots)
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) TOTAL
44.97
5.51
18.92
66.56
100.00
KEY
Public
Semi-Public
Private
34
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
REVISED
CIRCULATION
The circulation network is based on a "grid" system.
The
intervals between the lines of transit are 132m, small
enough to facilitate pedestrian circulation among the
various community elements: shops, services, dwellings and
large enough to minimize circulation areas
public cost of
construction, maintenance and operation of utilities and
services.
The lines of access and lines of transit are
considered separately.
one of the primary streets runs through the center of the
site
(first phase).
Some of the community facilities are
located in this road to create a focus of activities.
The
secondary streets are perpendicular to the primary street
providing entrances to all clusters and giving a clear
dierction to the residents for access to the central
activities and other activities along the boundary.
The
following circulation modes are considered in the design:
- MODE 1:
Exclusive use by pedestrians.
Example: Pedestrian walkways, cluster courts,
parks.
- MODE 2:
Pedestrian & vehicle mixed: Pedestrians
dominate over the vehicles; control of
traffic frequency, character & speed are
mainly established by the street layout and
use.
- MODE 3:
Example:
Secondary roads.
Pedestrians and vehicles mixed:
Vehicles
dominate but do not control circulation;
Controls are eshtablished for the protection
of pedestrians, crosswalks, traffic lights.
Example:
Primary & main inter-community roads.
35
PROJECT COMPARISON
16 Hectare
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length (streets, walkways)
Areas served (total area)
114 M/Na
CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY
Meter/Hectare
REVISED
CIRCULATION
114
36
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
REVISED
BLOCK
The revised block layout is designed to illustrate land
subdivision which allows minimization of circulation area
(public land), length of infrastructure network, minimization fo public ownership, responsibility & maintenance,
and maximization of private ownership of land, private
participation and responsibility.
Blocks are laid out in a standard grid of 132m x 132m
except where site conditions impose restrictions. The size
of the block is a compromise between cost limitations and
access limitations. The block plan shows a typical layout
with lots grouped around a semi-private common courtyard.
Land saved from public circulation is gained for this semiprivate common courtyard.
Access to the lots is provided
through the courtyard owned in condominium.
The socio-cul-
tural characteristics regarding crowding, privacy as well
as other factors like management and control have been a
major determinant in deciding
the number of lots
(20-25)
per cluster.
This courtyard is very useful considering the
small size of the lots as they serve as children's play
areas which offers the advantage of better physical and
visual control from the dwellings around the courtyard and
as a passive social gathering for the older age groups as
well as other community activities. This encourages more
social interaction and provides a supportive environment.
Shared services necessary for reducing costs at initial
stage
(e.g. hand pumps) will be provided in this court.
The layout also provides flexibility in lot subivision.
The different demands for land in terms of potential,
costs, utilization and lot sizes are recognized by provi-
ding larger lots along principal streets & at intersections
and smaller lots in the middle of the blocks.
This
approach has the added advantage of facilitating cross
subsidization of smaller lots.
37
PROJECT COMPARISON
IJL
+
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Total
Number
DENSITIES
LOTS
Area
Hectares
180
DWELLING UNITS 180
PEOPLE
1260
PUBLIC
2.18
82.5
2.18
2.18
82.5
578.0
Percentages
Hectares
AREAS
+
Density
N/a
(streets, walkways,
17.89
.39
open spaces)
SEMI-PUBLIC
-
-
(open spaces,
schools, conunity centers)
PRIVATE
(dwellings, shops,
1.39
63.77
factories, lots)
+
SEMI-PRIVATE
'm
KEY
Public:
(cluster courts) .40
TOTAL
streets/walkways
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Netwoark lengoth (sty
reera
Areas served (total area)
18.34
2.18
100.00
""""" "
- 135 m/Ha
Semi-Private:
cluster courts
4-
Private:
lots
LOTS
Average area,
dimensions
66 sqm
-
+
.
7
I
L
6
+
141.00
.00
REVISED
..
+
0
66.00
111
4.04
so
1oom
BLOCK
1 Hectare
...
1
.
.4 ...
...
.. . .. .
... ... ... ... ...
....
.... ....
1:2000
00..
...
....
... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
0
.... .... .... ...
PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 17. 8
PlaygroundsDNIY
Cluster courts 18.3420Prsn
Owllings/Lots 63.77
16 Hectare
1 Hectare
DEST9ecn/etr
2
esn
Prsn/etr
CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY
Meter/Hectare
135
38
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
PROPOSED
MASTER
PLAN
Basic physical and economic effects were not anticipated
in the proposed master plan in terms of land utilization,
commercial potential, land values and resultant demand on
land.
Industrial and commercial lots are separated into
groups which in reality is not a normal development
pattern.
The Master plan does not have a clarity of circulation in
terms of hierarchy.
Too many road sizes
(30m, 22m, 16m,
6m, 3m) with too many junctions have made the project
layout complicated, increasing the circulation area and
length of utilities.
Low land in the project area was not considered for future
uses.
Eventually when the buildable land within the
project area will be totally built and occupied, the low-
lands will have a potential of being developed and will
be in high demand.
It will be very difficult and expensi-
ve to incorporate infrastructure in these areas at a
later stage.
PROJECT COMPARISON
39
KEY
*0000
Site & Services Boundary
High Income Residential
Existing Settlements
Major Central Areas
Light Industrial Areas
Minor Central Areas
Neighborhood Center
0
'5m
1Km
40
URBAN
SETTLEMENT MODEL
PROPOSED
LAND
SUBDIVISION
A gridiron pattern has been adopted for the block layout.
The block width is determined by the lot depth with 2 lots
back to back and accordingly this sets the distances or
intervals between lines of circulation. Small lots made
the block size too small thereby increasing the public
area in terms of land'percentages and length of utilities.
Thus increasing the cost of Infrastructure.
In addition
this type of subdivision did not facilitate grouping.
The commercial of the lots/land fronting a main road is
always very high, but this important aspect was not considered.
Two secondary schools, a primary school & other
community facilities are grouped in
one place by the main
road, where the land value is very high, resulting in loss
of revenue. Inclusion of a primary school within such a
busy and crowded area could also affect the psychology and
safety of these small children. Secondly, standard lot
sizes have been retained for the lots fronting the main
road. Also the land to the south of the main road was
not considered for development although the road will be
built in the first phase.
PROJECT COMPARISON
1 Hectare
KEY
A
Administration
SS
Secondary School
PS
Primary School
H
Health Center
Mq
41
W
M
TI
Pg
Workshop
Market
DENSITIES
LOTS
Total
Number
3317
Aeea
e Ctar..
45.02
Density
7/a
73.6
Transport Interchange
Playground
LOTS
Average area, dimensions -
Mosque
65.27 sqm
LOTS DENSITY
/
Lot/Hectare
2 Lots
I,
0
PROPOSED
LAND
SUBDIVISION
50
250m
42
URBAN
SETTLEMENT MODEL
PROPOSED
LAND
UTILIZATION
The proposed layout has a deficient land utilization.
Public land is 2/5ths more than the proposed one. .This
leads to high construction cost of infrastucture and
utilities in addition to high maintenance cost.
Small
play areas (public land) scatterd throughout the site
do not give a clear definition of users, responsible
agents and physical controls.
The layout does not
provide any oppurtunity for private participation in self
help and community activities.
PROJECT COMPARISON
KEY
43
1 Hectare
Public
Semi-Public
LOCALITY LAND UTILIZATION DATA
m
DENSITIES
LOTS
DWELLING UNITS
Private
PEOPLE
V//A .E$
3317
3317
45.02
45.02
23219
45.02
Density
N/Ha
73.6
73.6
515.0
Percentages
23.77
22.08
54.15
factories, lots)
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) -
V////A////..
V///A V//AV//////
W
Area
entares
AREAS
Hectares
PUBLIC (streets, walkways,
10.70
open spaces)
9.94
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, conanity centers)
PRIVATE (Wefings, shops,
24.38
Iwo
W/r/A
Total
Numher
TOTAL
//
................
..
........................
.........................
-
100.00
45.02
V///''///A
VAV///A M
N/s.
V/////A rt//AV////A
V/A////A/AttV//AA V/AV//A
V///// 4 % .........
VZA
W'
V/A V////4V/////
W////AW//A r//
V///A ///V///A
V/////9AVt/
EMfgr///A //
AWff/A
fV//A c//A V/lA
-////////-V//////-r//AV////AV///
r
4/////
,/AV/A V/r/AV/A
V//////AVA //AV/
''//K/fM////
V/////AW////A
0
PROPOSED
LAND
UTILIZATION
1:5000
so
250m
44
URBAN
SETTLEMENT MODEL
PROPOSED
CIRCULATION
The circulation network is based on a "gridiron" system.
The distance or intervals between the lines of circulation
are determined by the lot depth with two lots back to
back.
Consequently increasing the public area in terms of
land percentages and length of utilities increases the
cost fo infrastructure and maintenance.
There are too
many junctions and some of the roads too narrow when
compared to the areas served.
The directional character
and hierarchy is also not clear.
of transit are not diffrentiated.
Line of access and lines
Finally the layout does
not contribute towards social grouping.
45
PROJECT COMPARISON
16 Hectare
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length (streets, walkways)
Areas served (total area)
-
382 m/Ha
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
-
--
--
-
-
-
CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY
Meter/Hectare
0
PROPOSED
CIRCULATION
1:5000
50
382
250m
46
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
PROPOSED
BLOCK
The layout does not achieve a minimization of:
servicing
Land
(non-taxable), institutional participation
and
a maximisation of: Land serviced (taxable) and users
participation.
The plan shows
typical layout of blocks surrounded by
public circulation that provides direct access to the lots.
For comparison and evaluation purposes a group of blocks
that are surrounded by wider roads are shown. As a result
of individual lots having direct access to public circulation,
the length of circulation per area served is much greater
than that of the revised one.
This implies higher public
construction costs for infrastructure and is a heavy burden
for the government in maintenance.
Small play areas within blocks are provided by taking out
one or four lots which could result in uses by other than
children.
Only the lots around or fronting the play area
have an added advantage but the majority of the lots cannot
directly benefit from it.
Using previous examples, these
play spaces will most likely turn into garbage dumps, since
there will be no physical and social means to direct/control the use, operation and maintenance of these spaces.
The layout does not encourage social interaction and decreases the private responsibility and participation in the
community.
47
PROJECT COMPARISON
187.00
I-
U11< t4~4tVU4Ii
+
I-
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
L
-I
.
HI t~1W~I~441KI
7..
4
+
+
*
'4.
~
~
Area
Hectares
2.57
2.57
2.57
Density
N/Ha
110.0
AREAS
Hectares
PUBLIC (streets, walkways,
.68
open spaces)
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, community centers)
PRIVATE (dellings, shops,
1.89
factories, lots)
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) -
Percentages
26.46
PEOPLE
~
4.)
Total
Number
284
284
1988
DENSITIES
LOTS
DWELLING UNITS
KEY
.,4~~
TOTAL
I
Public,
streets/walkays
110.0
773.0
73.54
-
2.57
100.00
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
Network length (streets, walkway)
Areas served (total area)
- 459 m/Ha
Smi-private: cloter courts
Privatet
ii
il
-i
lots
LOTS
Average area, dimensions
=
65.27 sqc
.i
ilili
177.29
10.010
0
PROPOSED
BLOCK
10
+ N
+
3.04
22.00
50
I100(A
E
1:2000
1 Hectare
1
Hectare
16 Hectare
-m
-m
DENT
Persnecte
773
0ersee
PERCENTAGES
streets/aalkways 26.46
Playgrounds
Cluster Courts |73.54
Dwellings/Lot
DENSITY
Persons/Hectare
@20 persons
773
CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY
Meter/Hectare
459
48
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
COMPARATIVE
SUMMARY
PROPOSED PROJECT
Both the revised and proposed Site and Services projects are represented here with diagrams in terms of land utilization percentages, density and circulation efficiency.
REVISED PROJECT
1
LAND UTILIZATION PERCENTAGES : Proportion of public and private areas:
they determine maintenance responsibility, user control and functional efficiency of a layout; e.g. the higher the percentage of private
and semi-private land the higher the land utilization efficiency. The
higher the percentage of land for circulation, higher are the costs of
installation per person and extensive maintenance for the public
sector, indicating an efficient layout.
Hectare
PERCENTAGES
23.77
22.08
Streets/alkways
Playgrounda
cluster courts
Dwellings/Lots)
54.15
14.52
18.92
66.56
1 Hectare
*000
*0@
*
*
*
000
**
**
0 000
0
0
DENSITY : The number of persons per hectare.
This determines the intensity of land use; e.g., low densities mean higher costs of development per person. Again very high density may represent excessive load
on land and services and also deteriorates the quality of environment.
000
0000
0
0
Persons
Persons/Hectare
IIT
0
DENSITY
*20
515
0
000e
e
0
e e
0000e
16
505
Hectare
m.--.
CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY : A ratio between public circulation lengths
and the area served indicating the network efficiency; a high ratio
reflects a less efficient network in terms of direct investment and
maintenance costs per unit area.
CIRCULATION
EFFICIENCY
382
Meter/Hectare
114
PROJECT COMPARISON
PROJECT PROGRAM
PROPOSED
REVISED
TOTAL AREA
45.02 Ha
44.97 Ha
GROSS DENSITY
515 P/Ha
505 P/Ha
PROJECT NAME:
Uttara East, Site & Services
NET DENSITY
952 P/Ha
759 P/Ha
POPULATION
23,219
22,715
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
7 Persons
7 Persons
LAND UTILIZATION
23.77%
6.53 Ha
14.53%
9.94 Ha
22.08%
8.51 Ha
18.92%
24.38 Ha
54.15%
29.93 Ha
66.55%
45.02 Ha
100.00%
44.97 Ha
100.00%
10.70 Ha
Public (Streets, Open Spaces)
Semi-Public (Open Spaces, Schools, Community facilities)
Private & Semi-Private
(Dwellings, Shops, Workshops, Lots & Cluster courts)
TOTAL
RESIDENTIAL AREAS
3317
3245
5.48 x 11.89
5.5 x 12.0
7.93 x 10.98
7.5 x 16.0
2
65.20 m
2
66 m
Primary School
4
4
Secondary School
2
Health Center, Mosque
1 each
1 each
Site Administration, Police, Post Office
1 each
1 each
Number of Lots
Dimension of Lots
(m x m)
2
Average Lot Area (m )
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
(1 boys,
1 girls)
1
(two shifts)
1 each
Fire Station, Community Center, Bank
Market
3
1
Transport Interchange
1
1
DEVELOPMENT MODE
Progressive
Progressive
URBAN LAYOUT TYPE
Gridiron
Grid
TARGET INCOME GROUP
Low Income
Low Income
DESIGNER
Shankland Cox Partnership
Thesis Proposal
(Bus Stop, Rickshaw Rank etc.)
49
50
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
Typical picture of the Dhaka city; population increase and the increase of striking contrast of the different
income groups reflected in the mode of transport: pedal rickshaws and latest
model imported cars.
Photo : Aminul H Khan.
51
CONCLUSIONS
is ignored in the proposed project and was a major consi-
CONCLUSIONS
deration in the revised design.
The following relationship
is recognized:
CONCLUSIONS:
LAND UTILIZATION
USER
RESPONSIBLE
AGENT
PHYSICAL
CONTROLS
PRIVATE
Family
User/owner
Complete
SEMI-PRIVATE
(CLUSTER COURTS)
Group of
families
User/owner
Partial/
Complete
SEMI-PUBLIC
Community,
Community/
Partial
(schools, playgrounds,
open spaces
Limited group
of people
Public sector
PUBLIC
Unlimited
Public sector
(dwelling, lots)
Most existing and proposed settlements have significant
problems in Land Utilization and Circulation Efficiency.
Despite narrow streets, a large percentage of land is
allocated for public circulation due to small blocks
having gridiron layouts.
Minimum
(streets, walkways,
open spaces)
AS for walkup developments waste
of land and services are common characteristics.
Moreover
"instant" housing requires extensive capital investment,
CIRCULATION:
discourages social interaction and utilization of
efficient layout than the proposed one in terms of circu-
individual resources.
lation length per area served and ratio of public to
The revised circulation illustrates a more
private area.
Therefore a good physical design should satisfy the Social
Economic and Political requirements of a project.
Utilization should be efficient.
should be maximized.
Also the lines of access and lines of
transit are differentiated in the revised design.
Land
Users participation
LINES OF TRANSIT
LINES OF ACCESS
(dead end streets or loops for
(streets, walkways)
Institutional participation and cost
pedestrians, vehicles or both)
of land, infrastructure, services, maintenance and
-
operation should be minimized.
Serve through circulation
and provide direct access
-
Never serve through traffic;
serves only abuttors by
providing direct access to
to lots on their sides.
the lots on their sides.
In the design of a efficient layout, two principal
-
components to be considered at the planning stage are land
- On public land
- On semi-public land
utilization and circulation, the characteristics of which
- Long and generslly connected
at both ends with different
- Short & generally connected
at one or both ends to the
are as follows:
Unlimited number of users
-
Limited number of users
same line of
lines of transit.
-
transit.
Limited to a maximum length
of 100m for reason of safety.
LAND UTILIZATION:
A layout with adequate percentages of
land utilization, unit circulation lengths and density may
not necessarily be efficient.
The efficiency is evaluated
qualitatively in terms of a distinct coherent relationship
between user's responsibility and physical control which
52
URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
53
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
The criteria
for the preparation of the definibeen as follows:
-FIRST PREFERENCE: definitions from "nebster's Third
New International Dictionary", Merrian-Webster,1971.
-SECOND PREFERENCE: definitions from technical dictionaries, text books, or reference manuals.
-TNIRD PREFERENCE: definitions from the Urban
Settlement Design Program (U.S.D.P.) Files. They are
used when existing sources were not quite appropriate/
atisfactory.
Words included for specificitg and to focus on
a particular context are indicated in parenthesis.
Sources of definitions are indicated in parenthesis. (See also; REFERENCES).
tions
hae
BACKFILL.
Earth or other material used to replace
material reeoved during construction, such as in
culvert, sar,
and pipelise trenches and behind
bridge abutments and retaining walls or between an
old structure and a new lining. (DePina, 1972)
BARRIER.
(A boundary) as a topographic feature or a
physical or psychological quality that tends to separate or restrict the free movement (to and from the
sits).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
BETTERMENT(TAX).
A tax on the increment in value
accruing to an owner because of development and improvement work carried out by local authorities.
(U.S.D.P.)
BINDER COURSE. A transitional layer of bituminous
paving between the crushed stone base and the surface course (to increase bond between base and surface course).
(DePina, 1972)
BITUMINOUS. A coating of or containing bitusin; as
asphalt or tar.
(DePina, 1972)
BLCK.
A block is a portion of land bounded and
served by lines of public streets.
(U.S.D.P.)
ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular linkages from/to
the sits to/from existing or planned approaches (urban streets, limited access highways, public transportation systems, and other systems such as: waterways, airlines, etc.) (U.S.D.P.)
ACTUAL LAND COST. "(The cost of land is)...set
solely by the level of demand.
The price of land is
not a function of any cost conditions; it is set by
the users themselves in competition."(Tumrr, 1971)
AD VALOREM (TAX).
A tax based on a property's value;
the value taxed by local governments is not always
or even usually the market value, but only a valuation for tax purposes. (U.S.D.P.)
AIRPORT DISTURBANCE. The act or process of destroying the rest, tranquility, or settled state of (the
site by the annoyance of airport noise, vibration,
haards., etc.) (Merrias-wabster, 1971)
ZONING
AIRPORT
RESTRICTIONS. The regulation of the
height or type of structures in the path of moving
aircraft. (Abrams, 1971)
ALTERNATINCCURRENT (A.C.) (an electric) current
that revenes its direction of flow at regular intervals .
( ROC ST 457, 1913)
AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or material comfort or convenience, or which contributes
satisfaction rather than money income to its owner.
(Hsrrias-Webster, 1971)
AMPERES. Amperes (amp) are a measure of the rate of
flow of electricity.
It is somewhat comparable to
the rate of flow of water (quantity/time).
A steady
current produced by one Volt applied across a resistance of one ohm.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
APPRAISAL. An estimate and opinion of value, especially by one fitted to judge.
(Merrim-webster,
1971)
APPdOACHE. The min routes external to the site
(pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site can be
reached from other parts of the urban context.
)U.S.D.P.)
ASSESSED VALUE. A valuation placed upon property by
a public officer or board as a basis for taxation.
(Repes, 1971)
ASSESSMENT. The valuation of property for the purpose of levying a tax or the amount of the tax
levied. (eyeas.
1971)
BOUNDARY. Something (a line or area) that fixes or
indicates a limit or extent (of the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971)
BUILING CODE. "A body of legislative regulations or
by-laws that provide minimum standards to safeguard
life or limb, health, property, and public welfaee by
regulating and controlling the design, construction,
quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and
maintenance of all buildings and structures within
the city,and certain equipment specifically regulated
therein." (BOCA, 1967)
BUILDING DRAIN. Lowest horizontal piping of the
building drainage system receiving discharge from
soil, waste, and other drainage pipes. It is connected to the building sewer. (RyfC ST 45-7, 1953)
BUILDING MAIN. Water-supply pipe and fittings from
the water
or other source of supply to the first
branch of the water-distribution system of a building.
(FIC ST 45-7, 1953)
main
CESS POOL. An underground catch basin that is used
where there is no sewer and into which household
or other liquid waste is drained to permit
leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil.
(Merriam-webster, 1971)
sawage
movement/passage
CIRCULATION. System(s) of
of people.
goods from place to place; streets, walkways, parking
areas.
(U.S.D.P.)
CLAY. A lusterless colloidal substance, plastic when
moist (crystalline grains less than O.002sem in diameter).
(U.S.D.P.)
CLEANOUT. A plug or similar fitting to permit access
to traps or sever lines.
Cleanouts are usually used
at turns and other points of collection.
(RDT' ST
45-7, 1953)
CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at a
particular place over a period of years as exhibited
by temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy,
humidity, etc.
(Merrim-Webster, 1971)
COLLECTIONSYSTEM. The system of pipes in a sewage
network, comprised of house service, collection lines,
manholes, laterals, mains.
(U.S.D.P.)
COMBINED SEWER. A sewer that carries both storm
water and sanitary or industrial wastes.
(DePina.
1972)
COMMUNITY. The people living in a particular place
or region and usually linked by comon interests: the
region itself; any population cluster.
(U.S.D.P.)
DETACHED DWELLING.
rated from others.
Individual dwelling unit, sepa(U.S.D.P.)
COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/services
used it consnonby a number of people. It may include:
schools, health, recreation, police, fire, public
transportation, community center, etc. (U.S.D.P.)
DEVELOPMENT. Gradual advance or growth through progressive changes; a developed tract of land (U.S.D.P.)
COMM5UNITYRECREATION FACILITIES. Facilities for activities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun,
relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or release
from boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.)
DEVElPMENT SIZE. There are two general ranges of
sine: LARGE:
be independent cmunities requiring
their own utilities, services, and comsunity facilities; SMALL: generally are part of an adjacent urbanization and can use its supporting utilities, services, and conmunity facilities. (U.S.D.P.)
COMPONENT.
(U.S.D.P.)
A constituent part of the utility network.
CONDOMINIUM. Condominium is a system of direct ownership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole. The
individual owns the unit in much the same manner as
if it were a single family dwelling: he holds direct
legal title to the unit and a proportionate interest
in the common land and areas.
Two types of condominiums are recognized:
detached, semidetached, row/grouped dwelling types; VERTICAL: walkup, high-use dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.)
HORIZONTAL:
CONDUCTORS. Materials which allow current to flow
such as alumiinum,copper, iron. (IDtC ST 45-7, 1953)
CONDUIT. A pipe or other opening, buried or above
ground, for conveying hydraulic traffic, pipelines,
cables, or other utilities. (DePina, 1972)
CONSERVATION EASEMENT. An easement acquired by the
public and designed to open privately owned lands for
recreational purposes or to restrict the one of private land in order to preserve open space and protect
certain natural resources. (U.S.D.P.)
CONURBATION. Area of large urban communities where
towns, etc. have spread and became joined beyond
their administrative boundaries. (A.S. Hornby, A.P.
Cowie, J. Windsor Lewis, 1975)
CONURBATION. An aggregation or continuous network
of urban comsunities. (Merris-Webster, 1963)
CORPORATION COCK/CORPORATION STCP. A water or gas
cock by means of which utility-cospany employees
connect or disconnect service lines to a consumer.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
COSTS OP URBANIZATION. Include the following: CAPITAL: cost of land and infrastructure
OPERATING: cost
of administration, maintenance, etc.; DIRECT: include
capital and operating costs; INDIRECT: include environmsental and personal effects.
(U.S.D.P.)
CURRENT (See: ALTERNATING CURRENT, DIRECT CURRENT).
An electric current is a movement of positive or negative electric particles (as electrons) accompanied
by such observable effects as the production of heat,
of a magnetic field, or of chemical transformation.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
CYCLE. One complete performance of a vibration,
electric oscillation, current alternation, or other
periodic process.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DAN. A barrier preventing the flow of water a barrier built across a water course to confine and keep
back flowing water. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DEPRECIATION ACCELERATION (TAX). A tax incentive
designed to encourage new construction by allowing a
faster write-off during the early life of a building.
(U.S.D.P.)
1)
may
DESIGN.
The arrangement of elements that make up
a work of art, a machine or other man-made object.
2) The process of selecting the means and contriving
the elements, steps, and procedures for producing
what will adequately satisfy some need.
(MerriamWebster, 1971)
DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.) (An electric current that)
flows continuously in one direction. (ROTC ST 45-7,
1953)
DISCHARGE (Q).
Flow from a culvert,
etc. (DePina, 1972)
sewer,
channel,
DISTANCE. The degree or amount of separation between
two points (the site and each other element of the
urban context) measured along the shortest path adjoining them (paths of travel). (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
DISTRIBUTION (STATION). The part of an electric supply system between bulk power sources (as generating
stations or transformation station tapped from transmission lines) and the consumers' service switches.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have been disturbed by
artificial process, such as excavation, transportation, and compaction in fill. (U.S.D.P.)
DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground water
or surface water, by artificial or natural means.
(Do Pina, 1972)
DUST/DIRT. Fine dry pulverized particles of earth,
grit, refuse, waste, litter, etc. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
DWELLING. The general, global designation of a building/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains
one or mere 'lwelling units'. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING BUILDER. Four groups are considered: SELFHELP BUILT: where the dwelling unit is directly built
by the user or occupant;
ARTISAN BUILT: where the
dwelling unit is totally or partially built by a
skilled craftsman hired by the user or occupant, paycan be monetary or an exchange of services;
SMALL CONTRACTORWILT: where the dwelling unit is
totally built by a small organization hired by the
user, occupant, or developer 'small' contractor is
defined by the scale of operations, financially and
materially the scale being limited to the construction of single dwelling units or single complexes;
LARGE CONTRACTOR WILT: where the dwelling unit is
totally built by a large organization hired by a
developer; 'large' contractor is defined by the scale
ments
of operations, financially and materially the scale
reflects a more comprehensive end larger nice of operations encompassing the building of large quantities
of similar units, or a singularly large complex.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING DENSITY. The number of dwellings, dwelling
units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross
density is the density of an overall area (ee. including lots, streets). Net density is the density
of selected, discrete portions of an area
including only lots). (U.S.D.P.)
(ex.
DWELLING DEVEOIPER. Three sectors are considered in
the supply of dwellings: POPULAR SECTOR: the
sector with limited or no access to the formal financial, administrative, legal, technical institutions
involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing
process (promotion, financing, construction,
operstion) is carried out by the Popular Sector generally
for 'self use' and sometimes for profit. PUBLIC SEC-
marginal
54
APPENDIX
TR: the goverrscit or non-profit organizations
involvd in the provision of dwellings. The housing
process (promotion, financing, construction, operation) is carried out by the Public Sector for service
(non-profit or subsidiaed housing).
PRIVATE SECTOR:
the individuals, groups or societies, who have access
to the formal financial, admn istrative, legal, technical institutions in the provision of dwellings. The
housing process (promotioon fianci ng construction,
operation) is carried out by the Pricte Sector for
profit. (U.S.D.P.)
IMELLING DEVEiDPMENTMODE. Two nodes are considered:
PROGRESIVE: the costruction of the dwelling and the
development of the local infrastructure to modern
standards by stages, often starting with provisional
structures and underdeveloped land. This essentially
traditional procedure is generally practiced by.
squstters with de facto security of tenure end an
adequate building site. INSTANT: the formal deelopment procedure in which all structuren and services
are completed before occupation.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGFLOORS. The following numbers are considered.
ONE: single story; generally associated with
detached, semi-detached and row/group dwelling types.
TWO: double story; generally associated with detached,
sei-detached and row/group dwelling types.
THREE OR
MORE: generally associated with walk-up and highrise dwelling types.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGGROUP. The context of the dwelling in
immediate surroundings.
(U.S.D.P.)
its
partitions and specifically used for living; for
example, a living roar, a dining room, a bedroom, but
not a bath/toilet, kitchen, laundry, or storage room.
SEVERAL
UNITS are contained in a building/shelter
and share the use of the parcel of land on which they
are built (open spaces) as well as csoon failities
(circulation, toilets, kitchens). APARTMENT: A MULTIPLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with bath, kitchen, etc.)
SEVERAL APARTMENT UNITS are contained in a building
and share the use of the parcel of land on which they
are built (open spaces) as well as some comann facilities (circulation). 1OUSE: A MULTIPLE SPACE (rom/
set of roces with or without bath, kitchen, etc.) ONE
HOUSE UNIT is contained in a building/shelter and has
the private use of the parcel of land on which it is
built (open spaces) as well as the facilities available. SHANTY: A SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SPACE (small,
crudely built). ONE SHANTY UNIT is contained in a
shelter and shares with other shanties the use of the
parcel of land on which they are built (open spaces).
(U.S.D.P.)
ROOM
DWELLING PHYSICAL STATE. A qualitative evaluation of
the physical condition of the dwelling types: room,
apartment, house; the shanty unit is not evaluated.
BAD: generally poor state of structural stability,
weather protection, and maintenance.
FAIR: generally
ceptable state of structural stability, weather protection, and maintenance with some deviation. GOOD:
generally acceptable state of structural stability,
weather protection, and maintenance without deviation.
(U.S.D.P.)
ELECTRIC TRANSFORMER. A device which changes the magnitude of alternating voltages and currents, generally
from distribution voltages to user voltages; a dietribution component that converts power to usable voltage. (Th 5 765 US Army, 1970; U.S.D.P.)
self-contained unit in a dwelling
a family, or a group. (U.S.D.P.)
2
]WELLING UNIT AREA. The dwelling unit area (m) is
the built-up, covered area of a dwelling unit.
(U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING UNIT COST. The initial amount of money paid
for ths dwelling unit or the present monetary equivalent for replacing the dwelling unit. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING UNIT TYPE. Fose types of dwelling units are
considered:
ROOM: A SINGLE SPACE usually bounded by
ELECTRICITY.
Electrification: the process (network)
for supplying (the site) with electric power.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
EMBANKMENT
(or FILL).
A bank of earth, rock, or
other material constructed above the natural ground
surface.
(DePina, 1972)
EXCRETA. Wasts matter eliminated from the body.
(U.S.D.P.)
EFFLUENT. Outflow or discharge from a
treatment equipment.
(DePina, 1972)
A
I
EASEMENT. Servitude: a right in respect of an object
(as land owned by one person) in virtue of which the
object (land) is subject to a specified use or enjoyment by another person or for the benefit of enother
thing.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
DNELLING LCATION.
Three sectors are considered in
single or multi-center urban areas.
Sectors are
identified by position as well as by the density of
buildings as follows:
CENTER: the area recogniaed
as the business center of the city, generally the
mist densely built-up sector; INNE RING: the area
located between the city center and the urban periphwry, generally a denseIy built-up sector; PERIPHERY:
die area located between the inner ring and the rural
aeas, generally a socatteredly built-up sector.
(U.S.D.P.)
fELLING
UNIT.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS. May either be single-phase
or three-phase.
SINGLE-PASE: 2 hot wires with
neutral wire; THREE-PHASE: 3 hot wires with I neutral
wire. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
EROSION. The general process whereby materials of
the earth's crust are worn away and removed by natural agencies including weathering, solution, corrosion,
and transportation; (specific) land destruction and
simultaneous removal of particles (as of soil) by runand currents, moving ice, or wind.
ning water,
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
EFFICIENCY. Capacity to produce desired results with
a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money or materials.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
for an individual,
ELECTRICAL POWER. The source or means of supplying
(U.S.D.P.)
energy for use; measured in watts.
DWELLING UTILIZATION.
The utilization indicates the
type of use with respect to the number of inhabitants/
families.
SINGLE: an individual or family inhabiting
a dwelling.
MULTIPLE: a group of individuals or families inhabiting a dwelling. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLING/LIANDSYSTEM. A distinct dwelling environment/housing situation characterized by its users as
well as by its physical environment. (U.S.D.P.)
DWELLINGTYPE. The physical arrangement of the dwelling unit: DETACHED: individual dwelling unit, separated from others. SENi-DETACHED: two dwelling units
sharing a cosmon wall (duplex). ROWi/GROUPED: dwelling
units grouped together linearly or in clusters.
WALKUP: dwelling units grouped in two to five stories with
stairs for vertical circulation. HIGH-RISE: dwelling
units grouped in five or tore stories with stairs and
lifts
for vertical circuletion.
(U.S.D.P.)
the circuit with the voltage dropping to zero twice in
each cycle.
In three-phase currents flow through the
circuit with the power never dropping to zero.
(U.S.D.P.)
seer
or sewage
ELE0RIC FEEDER. That part of the electric distribution system between the transformer and the service
drop or dropa.
(HUD, Mobile Court Guide, 1970)
EIECTRIC SERVICE DROP. That part of the electric
distribution system fra
a feeder to the user's service equipment serving one or more lots.
(HUD, Mobile
Court Guide, 1970)
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. A closed, complete electrical
path with various connected loads.
Circuits may
either be 'parallel'
(voltage constant for all consncted loads) or 'series' (voltage divided among connected loads).
Parallel circuits are fixtures wired
independent of each other, which are used in nearly
all building wiring.
(U.S.D.P.;
ST 45-7, 1953)
ROTC
ELECTRICaL FREQUENCY. The number of times an alternating electric current changes direction in a given
period of time.
Measured in cycles per second; herts.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
ELECTRIC GIOUND. The electrical connection with the
earth or other ground. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
ELECTRICAL NETWORKCOMPONENTS. It is composed of the
following: GENERATION: produces electricitys TRANStransports energy to user groups; DISTRIBUTION STATION: divides power among main uer groupsi
SUBSTATION; manipulates power into useful energy levels for consumptioni DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: provides
electric service to user.
(U.S.D.P.)
MISSION:
ELECTRIC PHASE. May be either a single-phase circuit
(for small electrical devices) or a three-phase circuit (for heavy equipment, large electrical devices).
In single-phase only one current is flowing through
waves
EXISTING STRUCTURE. Something constructd or built
(on the site).
(U.S.D.P.)
EXPLORA'ORY BORING. Initial subsurface investigations
(borings) are done on a grid superimposed on the areas
of interest and on areas indicated as limited/restricted/hasard in the initial survey.
(U.S.D.P.(
FLOW METER.
(U.S.D.P.)
A device to measure flow of water.
FPSH TANK TOILET. Toilet with storage tank of water
used for flushing bowl.
(U.S.D.P.)
ILUSH VALVE TOILET. Toilet with self-closing valve
which supplies water directly from pipe. It requires
adequate pressure for proper functioning. (U.S.D.P.)
FOOT CANDLE. A unit of illuminance on a surface that
is everywhere one foot from a uniform point source of
light of one candle and equal to one lumen per square
foot. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
FUMES. Gaseous emissions that are usually odorous and
sometimes noxious.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
GAS. A system for supplying natural gas, manufactured
gas, or liquefied petroleum gas to the site and individual users. (U.S.D.P.)
jIRADE. Profile of the center of a roadway, or the
invert of a culvert or sower. (DePina, 1972)
GRID BLOCKS. The block determined by a convenient
In
public circulation and not by dimensions of lots.
grid blocks some lots have indirect access to public
streets.
(U.S.D.P.)
GRIDIRON BOCKS.
The blocks determined by the dimensions of the lots.
In gridiron blocks all the lots
have direct access to public streets. (U.S.D.P.)
GRID LAYOUTS.
(U.S.D.P.)
The urban layouts with grid blocks.
GRIDIION LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with gridiron
blocks. (U.S.D.P.)
EXTERIOR CIICLATION/ACCESSES (SITE PLANIING).
The
existing and proposed circulation system/accasses outside but affecting the site. These include limited
access highways as well as meshing access to the surrounding area. Exterior circulation/accesses are
generally given conditions.
(U.S.D.P.)
GOVERNMENT/MUNICIPALREGULATIONS. In urban arean, the
development of the physical environment is a process
usually controlled by a government/unicipality
through all or some of the following regulations;
Master Plan,
Ordinance, Subdivision Regulations,
Building Code.
(U.S.D.P.)
FAUCET (also TAP).
A fixture for drawing liquid from
a pipe, cank, or other vessel.
(Merriam-Webster,1971)
READ. (Static). The height of water above any plane
or4 point of reference.
Head in feet - (lb/q.
in. x
I 4)/(Demity in
ft. ) For water at 68*F.
(DePine, 1972)
FINANCING. The process of raising or providing funds.
SELF FINANCED; provided by own funds; PRIVATE/PUBLIC
FINANCED; provided by loan; PUBLJC SUBSIDIZED: proby grant or aid. (U.S.D.P.)
Zoning
lb/cu.
vided
HIGH-RISE.
Dwelling units grouped in five or more
stories with stairs and lifts
for vertical circulation.
(U.S.D.P.)
FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARDS. Danger, the state of being
exposed to harm; liable to injury, pain, or lose from
fire/explosion (at or near the site).
(MerriamWebster, 1971)
HOT WIRE. Wire carrying voltage between itself and a
ground.
(YMC ST 45-7, 1953)
FIRE FLOW. The quantity (in time) of water available
for fire-protection purposes in excess of that required for other purposes.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
FIRE HYDRANT, A water tap to which fire hases are
connected in order to smother fires.
(U.S.D.P.)
FIRE PIeFTECTION. Measures and practices for preventing or reducing injury and loss of life or property
by fire.
(Marriam-Webster, 1971)
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. A pavement structure which maintains intimate contact with and distributes loads to
the subgrade and depends upon aggregate interlock,
particle friction, and cohesion for stability.
(Depin, 1972)
FLOODING. A rising and overflowing of a body of water
that covers land not usually under water.
(U.S.D.P.)
FtOODWAY FRINGE.
The floodplain area landward of the
natural floodway which would be inundated by low velocity flood waters.
(U.S.D.P.)
HYDRAULICS. That branch of science or engineering
that deals with water or other fluid in motion.
(DePine, 1972)
ILLEGAL.
That which is contrary to or violating a
rule or regulation or something having the force of
law.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
INOMNE. The amount (measured in money) of raim from
capital or labor. The amount of such gain received by
a family per year may be used as an indicator of
income groups.
(U.S.D.P.)
INCOMEGROUPS. A group of people or families within
the sam range of incomes.
(U.S.D.P.)
INCREMENT (TAX).
A special
value of land, which is due
by the owner, but rather to
the increase of population,
ciety, etc. (U.S.D.P.)
tax on the increased
to no labor/expenditure
natural causes such as
general progress of so-
INFRASTRUCTURE. The underlying foundation or basic
framework for utilities
and services; streets; sewage,
water network; storm drainage, electrical network)
GLOSSARY
site) to another (other parts of the urban context).
(U.S.D.P.)
gas network; telephone networ,. public transportation;
police and fire protection; refuse collection, health,
schools, playgrounds, parks, open spaces. (U.S.D.P.)
a room (as in a barracks or hospital) or enclosure
(as in a camp) containing such a receptacle.
(Nerrim-Webster, 1971)
INSULATOR. A material or body that is a poor conductor of electricity, heat, or sound. (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
LAYOUT. The plan or design or arrangement of something that is laid out.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
MODEL (OF URBAN LAYOUT). A representation of an urban
residential area illustrating circulation, land utilination, land subdivision, and utility network of a
specific layout and lot. (U.S.D.P.)
LEVELS OF SERVICES. Two levels are considered: 51N1MUM, are admissible or possible levels below the
standards STANDARD, are levels set up and established
OWNERSHIP.
MUTUAL
INTERIOR CIRCULATION NETWORK (SITE PLANNING). The
pedestrian/vehicular circulation system inside the
site. It should be designed based upon the exterior
circulation/accesses and land development requirements.
(U.S.D.P.)
(or
by authority, custom of general consent, as a model,
exaple or rule for the measure of quantity, weight
(U.S.D.P.)
extent, value or quality.
distance) between the
INTERVAL. A space of time
recurrences of similar conditions or states. (MerriamWebster, 1971)
LIFT PUM4P. A collection system component that forces
sewage to a higher elevation to avoid deep pipe networks.
(U.S.D.P.)
(1000 watts) A convenient manner of
EIIOWA1T (kw).
Kilowatt hours (kwh) meaenpressing large wattages.
sure the total quantity of energy consumed in a given
time. One kwh represents the use of an average of I
kilowatt of electrical energy for a period of 1 hour.
LOCALITY. A relatively self-contained residential
area/ccmiunity/neighborhood/settlement within an urban area which may contain one or more dwelling/land
(U.S.D.P.)
systems.
(RDTCST 45-7,1953)
LAMPHOLE. A vertical pipe or shaft leading from the
surface of the ground to a sewer, for admitting light
(U.S.D.P.)
for purposes of inspection.
LANDCOST. Price: the amount of money given or set as
the amount to be given as a consideration for the
sale of a specific thing (the site).
(MerriamWebster, 1971)
LANDDEVELOPMENTCOSTS. The costs of making raw land
ready for development through the provision of utilities, services, accesses, etc.
(U.S.D.P.)
LAND LEASE. The renting of land for a term of years
for an agreed sual leases of land may run as long as
99 yeers.
SEGMENT.A 400mx 400marea taken from and
LOCALITY
LAND SUBDIVISION.
Ths division of the land in blocks,
lots and laying out streets.
(U.S.D.P.)
NATURAL UNDISTURBEDSOIL. Soils that have not been
Although natural,
process.
disturbed by artificial
they depend greatly on local conditions, environment,
and past geological history of the formations.
(U.S.D.P.)
NEIGHBORHOOD. A section lived in by neighbors and
(U.S.D.P.)
having distinguishing characteristics.
The ratio of
NETWORKEFFICIENCY (LAYOUT EFFICIENCY).
the length of the network to the area(s), contained
(U.S.D.P.)
within, or tangent to it.
LOCATION. Situation: the way in which something (the
site) is placed in relation to its surroundings (the
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
urban context).
NEUTRAL WIRE.
and a ground.
LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed boundaries and access to public circulation.
(U.S.D.P.)
Wire carrying no voltage between itself
(EiTC ST 45-7, 1953)
NOISE. Any sound (affecting the site) that is undesired (such as that produced by: traffic, airports,
industry, etc.)
LOT CLUSTER. A group of lots (mwned individually)
around a semipublic common court (owned in condomi-
nia).
(U.S.D.P.)
OT COVERAGE.The ratio of building area to the total
lot area.
(U.S.D.P.)
LOT PROPORTION. The ratio of lot width to lot depth.
(U.S.D.P.)
In highway lighting, a complete lighting
IJMINAIRE.
device consisting of a light source, plus a globe,
reflsctor, refractor, housing and such support as is
I
LAND OWNERSHIP. The exclusive right of control and
possession of a parcel of land. (U.S.D.P.)
NATURALFEATURES. Prominent objects in
(U.S.D.P.)
nature.
integral with the housing.
(DePina.,
1972)
sized
for a man to enter,
MANHOLE. An access hole
and atom drainage pipe systems
particularly in
sewer
for cleaning, maintenance and inspection.
(Merriam-Webster,
MATRIX (OF BASIC REFERENCEMODELS).
1971)
ODOR. A quality of something that affects the sene
of smell.
(Merriam-Webster. 1971)
OHMs(electrical). The unit of resistance to the
flow electricity. The higher the number of ohms, the
When resistance is constant,
greater the resistance.
amperage (and wattage) are in direct proportion to
Resistance varies inversely with the crossvoltage.
sectional area of the wire. Ohms - volts/amperes.
The practical iks unit of electrical resisR - E/I.
tance that is equal to the resistance of a circuit in
which a potential difference of one volt produces a
current of one ampere or to the resistance in which
one watt of power is dissipated when one ampere flows
through it and that is taken as standard in the U.S.
ST 45-7, 1953, merriam-Webster, 1971)
(U.S.D.P.,
ROTC
(U.S.D.P.)
To bring to a peak of economic
OPTIMIZE/OPTIMALIZE.
LAND TENANCY. The temporary holding or mode of holding a parcel of land of another. (U.S.D.P.)
or produced by
representing the residential character and layout of
a locality. (U.S.D.P.)
IU.S.D.P.)
LAND-MARKETVALUE. Refers to: 1) the present mone2) the present
tary equivalent to replace the land:
tee based value of the lands or 3) the present commercial market vale of the land.
(U.S.D.P.)
Private land ownership shared by
two or more persons and their heir under mutual agree(U.S.D.P.)
ment.
A met of
"Odels
of urban layouts arranged in rows and columns.
responsiblity.
PUBLIC (streets,
walkways,open
spaces): user -anyone/unlimited, physical controls
-minimua:responsibility
-public sector. SEAIPUBLSC
(open spaces, playgrounds. schools): user -limited
groupof people,physicalcontrols-partialor com-
MASTERPLAN.
methods.
A comprehensive,
long range plan intend-
ed to guide the growth and developsment of a city, town
or region, expressing official contemplations on the
course its transportation, housing and community facishould take, and making proposals for induslities
trial
settlement, commerce, population distribution
(Abrama,
plete: responsibility -public sector and user. PRIVATE (dwellings. lots): user -owner or tenant or
squatter; physical controls -completes responsibility
-user. SENI-PRIVATE (cluster courts): user -group of
and other aspects of growth and development.
(Mrriam-Nebster,
1971)
owners and/ortenants:physical controls -partial or
oplete: responsibility
-user. (U.S.D.P.)
median or island dividing two adjacent roadways.
Pine, 1972)
LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICALCONTRMLS. The physical/
legal meansor methods of directing, regulating, and
RESHING BOUNDARIES. Characterized by continuing.
homogeneous land uses or topography, expressed as:
coordinating the use and maintenance of land by the
owners/users.
(U.S.D.P.)
LINES: property lines, political or municipal divisions, main streets, etc.; AREAS: similar residential
LAND UTILIZATION, RESPONSIBILITY.
uses, compatible uses (as parks with residential).
(U.S .D.P.)
The quality/state
of being morally/legally responsible for the use and
maintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.)
LATERAL SEWER. A collector pipe receiving sewage
from building connection only.
(U.S.D.P.)
A double-faced guard rail in
the
ment
A method of sewage treat-
using action of bacteria and algae to digest/
decompose wastes.
Manner of moving from one place
The fraction of income allo-
(U.S.D.P.)
PIT PRIVY/LATRINE.
A simple hole in
the ground,
usually hand dug, covered with slab and protective
superstructure, for disposal of humanexcreta.
(U.S.D.P.)
PLANNING. The establishment of goals, policies, and
procedures for a social or economic unit. i.e. city.
(U.S.D.P.)
(the
POPULATION DENSITY. It is the ratio between the population of a given area aed the area. It is expressed
It can be: CROSS DENSTTY: inin people per hectare.
eludes any kind of land utilisation, residential, circulation, public facilities, etc. NET DENSITY: includes only the residential land and does not include
land for other use.
(U.S.D.P.)
POSITION. The point or area in space actually occupied by a physical object (the site). (MerriamWebster, 1971)
PRIMER. A Small introductory book on a specific subject. (U.S.D.P.)
PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP. The absolute tenure of land
to a person and his heirs without restriction of time.
(U.S.D.P.)
A small, often detached building having a
PRIVY.
bench with one or more round or oval holes through
which the user may defecate or urinate (as into a pit
or tub) and ordinarily lacking any means of automatic
(Merriam-Webster,
deposited.
discharge of the
1971)
matter
PROJECT. A plan undertaken:
sign. (U.S.D.P.)
a specific plan or de-
PUBLIC CIRCULATION. The circulation network which is
owned, controlled, and maintained by public agencies
of a coamunity.
and is accessible to all
(U.S.D.P.)
members
Facilities such as schools, playPUBLIC FACILITIES.
grounds, parks, other facilities accessible to all
members of a community which are owned, controlled,
and maintained by public agencies. (U.S.D.P.)
Includes:
PUBLIC SERVIES AND COIIUNITY FACILITES.
public transportation, police protection, fire protection, refuse collection, health, schools, and
playgrounds, recreation and open spaces, other conmunity facilities, business, commercial, small indus(U.S.D.P.)
tries, markets.
A system which is owned and
PUBLIC SYSTEM (general).
operated by a local governmental authority or by an
capany which I conestablished public utility
trolled and regulated by a governmental authority.
(HUD/AID. Minimran Standards, 1966)
PLOT/LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed
boundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.)
POLICE PEITECTION.
and
men
Includes: water supply, sanitary
PUBLIC UTILITIES.
Sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, telephone, circulation networks. (U.S.D.P.)
PUMP. A device or machine that raises, transfers, or
compresses fluids or that attenuates gases especially
by auction or pressure or both. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
(U.S.D.P.)
PERCENTRENT/NRTGAGE.
income.
MICROCLIMATE.The local climate of a given site or
habitat varying in eise from a tiny crevice to a
large land area, but being usually characterised by
considerable uniformity of climate. (Merriam-Webster,
MODEOF TRAVEL.
OXIDATION POND (LAGOON).
(De-
1971)
LATRINE. A receptacle (as a pit in the earth or a
watr closet) for use in defecation and urination, or
Soils camposed mostly of plant mateORGANIC SOILS.
(U.S.D.P.)
rial.
cated for dwelling rental or dwelling mortgage payments, expressed as a percentage of total family
1972).
MEDIAN BARRIER.
Webster, 1971)
efficiency, specially by the use of precise analytical
(U.S.D.P.)
LAND UTILIZATION. A qualification of the land around
a dwelling in relation to user, physical controls and
55
Police force: a body of trained
womenentrusted by a government with the maintenance of public peace and order, enforcement of
laws, prevention and detection of crime. (Merriam-
REFUSECOLLECTION. The service for collection and
the solid wastes from a community.
disposal of all
(U.S.D.P.)
RESERVOIR. Large-scale storage of water: also functions to control fluctuations in supply and pressure.
(U.S.D.P.)
RESIDENTIAL AREA. An area containing the basic
activities: housneeds/requirements for daily life
ing, education, recreation, shopping, work. (U.S.D.P.)
RESISTANCE. The opposition to electrical flow. (Resistance increases as the length of wires is increased and decreases as the cross-sectional area of
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
wires is increased).
RIGHT-OF-WAY. A legal right of passage over another
person's ground (land), the area or way over which a
right-of-way exists such as: a path or thorough-fare
which one may lawfully use, the strip of land devoted
to or over which is built a public road, the land
56
APPENDIX
occIpied by a ruilroad, the land used by a public
utility. Rights-of-way may be shared (as streets;
pedestuins sd automobiles) or exclusive (as rapid
transit routes; subways, railroads, etc.) (NerriamWebster, 1971; U.S.D.P.)
SITE AND SERVICES. The subdivision of urban land and
the provision of services for residential use and complementary commercial use. Site and services projects
are aimed to improve the housing conditions for the
low income groups of the population by providing:
SITE: the access to a piece of land where people
can build their own dwellings; b) SERVICES: the
seropportunity of access to eeployeent, utilities,
vices and comunity facilities, financing and communications. (U.S.D.P.)
a)
(HIGHWAY).
ROADWAY
Portion of the highway included
between the outside lines of gutter or side ditches,
including all slopes, ditches, channels, and appurtenances necssary to proper drainage, protection, and
1972)
use.
IDePina.
HOUSING. Dwelling units grouped together
HDW/GROUPED
linearly or in clusters. (U.S.D.P.)
SIZE. Physical magnitude or extent (of the site),
relative or proportionate dimensions (of the site).
(Herriam-Webster, 1971)
RUNOFF. That part of precipitation carried off from
the ares upon which it falls. (DePina, 1972)
SLOPE. Degree or extent of deviation (of the land
surface) from the horizontal. (Merria.-Webster, 1971)
RUNOFF-RAINFALL RATIO. The percentage (ratio) of
storowater runoff that is not reduced by evaporation,
depression storage, surface wetting, and percolation;
with increased rainfall duration, runoff-rainfall
ratios rise increasing runoff flow.
(U.S.D.P.)
SMOKE. The gaseous products of burning carbonaceous
materials made visible by the presence of carbon particles. (Herrim-Webster, 1971)
SAND. Loose, distinguishable grains of quartz/feldspar, mica (ranging from 2mm to O.02m in diameter).
(U.S.D.P.)
SANITARY SEWERAGE. The system of artificial usually
subterranean conduits to carry off sewage composed of:
excreta: waste matter eliminated from the human body;
domestic wastes: used water fIom a hose/cremnity
containing 0.14 total solids: and same industrial
wastes, but not water free ground, surface, or atom.
(U.S.D.P.)
SENI-DETACHED DWELLING. Two dwelling anite sharing a
common wall (duplex). (U.S.D.P.)
SEPTIC TANK. A tank in which the organic solid matis deposited and
ter of continuously flowing
retained until it has been disintegrated by anaerobic
bacteria.
(Herriam-Webster, 1971)
sewage
SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil particles In various aggregates differring in shape, esia,
stability, and degree of adhesion to one another.
(Herriam-Webster, 1971)
It is the process to find the
SOIL INVESTIGATION.
soil structure and other characteristics. It may
include the following stages: initial soil survey,
exploratory boring, construction boring.
(U.S.D.P.)
SOIL PIPE.
The pipe in a dwelling which carries the
pipe discharge free water closets.
(U.S.D.P.)
SOIL SURVEY (INITIAL).
An on-site examination of
surface soil conditions and reference to a GENERAL
TAX EXEMPTION. A grant by a government of immunity
from taxes; (a ten-year tax exemption on new housing
in New York stimulated new construction in the 1920's,
to ease its housing shortage, Turkey granted a tenyear tax exemption on new buildings). (Abrams, 1966)
group that can afford housing without subsidy, by
cash purchase, through mortgage payments, or by rent:
VERY HIGH (10 . subsistence evel): the income group
TAX INCENTIVE.
Favorable tax treatment to induce the
beneficiary to do something he would not otherwise he
likely to do.
(U.S.D.P.)
USUFRUCT.
TELEPHONE. An electrical voice communication network
interconnecting all subscribing individuals and
transmitting over wires. (U.S.D.P.)
TENURE. Two situations of tenure of the dwelling
emits and/or the lot/land are considered: LEGAL:
having formal status derived from law
EXTRALEGAL:
not regulated or sanctioned by law.
Four types of
tenure are considered. RENTAL: where the users pay a
fee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land:
LEASE: where the users
pay a fee for long-termuse (generally for a year)
for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner
SETTLENENT. Occupation by settlers to establish a
residence or colony.
(U.S.D.P.)
SEWAGE.
The
effluent in a sewer network.
(U.S.D.P.)
SEWER. The conduit in a subterranean network used to
carry off water and waste matter.
(U.S.D.P.)
The instrmoent
(as a deed)
that constitutes a
esp.
TOPOGRAPHY. The configuration of a (land)
SEWERBUILDING CONNECTION. The pipe connecting the
dwelling with the sewernetwork. (U.S.D.P.)
surface
TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance or travel from
tablished by authority as a rule for the measureof
one place (the site) to another (otherparts of the
quantity, weight,
Webster, 1971)
urban context).
(Harria-Webster,
TRAP.
that provides a water seal to pre-
STREET.LIGNTING.
SEWERAGE. SewerageSystem: the systeeof sewers in
city, town or locality. (Herriam-Webster, 1971)
a
SHAPE. Form/configuration of the site surface as
(U.S.D.P.)
defined by its perimeter/boundaries.
SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, inspecting,
or buying available goods or services.
SILT.
cles
(U.S.D.P.)
Loose, unconsolidated sedimentary rock parti-
(ranging
free 0.02m
in diameter).
to O.O2mem
(U.S.D.P.)
Illumination to improve vision at
night for security and for the extension of activities.
(U.S.D.P.)
SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS. Regulations governing the
development of raw land for residential or other pur-
poses.
SITE AREAS. Two types are considered, GROSSAREA: includes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground.
USAsLE AREA. includes only the portion of the site
that can be fully utilised for buildings, streets.
playgrounde, recreation facilities, gardens, or other
structures. (U.S.D.P.)
and
vent
A fitting
features.
sewer gases and
fixtures.
(Merriam-Webster,
odors
(10TC ST 45-7.
1971)
1971)
being discharged through
1953)
TREATMENTWNRKS. Filtration plant, reservoirs, and
all other construction required for the treatment of
a water supply.
(IYTC ST 45-7, 1953)
iNIT.
A determinate
quantity adopted as a standard
of measurementfor other quantities of the samekind.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
gers or goodsfrom one place to another along ways,
routesof circulation in a metropolitan context.
(U.S.D.P.)
(Abrams, 1972)
Soil
SUBGRADE. The layer of natural
or fill
(cconpacted soil) upon which the pavement structure including curbs is constructed. (DePina, 1972)
SURNAIN or
BRANCH
SEWER.
URBANIZATION.The quality or state of being or becoming urbanised, to cause to take on urban characteristics.
USE
A collector pipe receiving
it.
(U.S.D.P.)
TAX. The tax on land aimed primarily at enforcing
se or improvement. (U.S.D.P.)
(U.S.D.P.)
sesistence (minimeewage) income per year, five incoom groups are
distinguished: VERY iO (below subsistence level):
the income group with no household income available
for housing, services,or transportation LOW (I x
subsistence level): the income group that can afford
no or very limited sebsidized housing, MODERATE (3
USER INOME GROUPS. Based upon the
The minimm amount of money required for the purchase of food and fuel for an average family to survive. (U.S.D.P.)
SUBSISTENCE INCOME.
fro a house,
SULLAGE.Drainage or refuse especially
farmyard,
or street.
VENT. A pipe opening to the atmosphere, which provides ventilation for a drainage system and prevent
trap siphonage or back pressure.
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
VIEWS. That which is revealed to the vision or can be
the site).
(Norriam-Webster, 1971)
WALK-UP. Dwelling unite grouped in two to five storise with stairs for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.)
A pipe (in a dwelling) which carries
water from wash basins, sinks, and similar fixtures.
(BOTCST 45-7, 1953)
WATERSUPPLY. Source, means, or process of supplying
water, (as for a
munity) usually involving reservoirs, pipelines, and often the watershed from which
the water is ultimately drawn. (Harriam-Webster,
1971)
WATERSHED.The catchment area or drainage basin from
which the waters of a stream or stream system are
drman. (Kerrim-Nebster, 1971)
The whole system of reservoirs, channels,
nd peeping and purifying equipment by which
a water supply is obtained and distributed to consumers. (Norriam-Webster, 1971)
WATERWORKS.
mains,
MATT.
Matte (w) measure
the power of the flow of
energy through a circuit. Wattage is the product of
volts times mperes. Both watts sod hosepower denote
the rats of work being done.
45-7,1953)
746w- ShP. (YDTCST
URBAN TRANSPORTATION. Neans of conveyance of passes-
sewagefrom lateral sewer only.
Land (that could be) made suitable for building
SITE.
purposes by dividing into lots, laying out streets and
providing facilities. (Herriam-Webster, 1971)
man-made
STANDARD. 1) Something that is established by authorIty. custom or general consent as a model or example
to be followed. 2) Something that is set up and as-
Storm sewers a sewer (system) designed to carry water wastes except sewage (eluIively storm water, surface runoff, or street wash).
(Herriam-Nebste, 1971)
VALVE. A water supply distribution component which
interrupts the supply for maintenance purposes.
(U.S.D.P.)
WASTE PIPE.
A fixture for defecation and urination,
(7th Collegiate Mebster, 1963)
water closet.
STORMDRAINAGE.
The organization and/or infrastrucUTILITY/SERVICE.
tore for meeting the general need (as for water supply, wastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in the
public interest. (U.S.D.P.)
seen (fro
TITLE.
TOILET.
STANDPIPE. A pipe riser with tap used as a source of
water for domestic purposes.
(HUD/AID, Minimum Standards, 1966)
(U.S.D.P.)
UTILITIES.
Include: water supply, sanitary sewerage,
storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, gas,
telephone. (U.S.D.P.)
for services. I.e. domestic live-in servant. (U.S.D.P.)
legally just cause of exclusive possession (of land,
dwellings, or both).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
extent, value or quality. (Harrim-
or control of a parcel of land without becoming the
owner or formal leases; legal possession by decree
VIBRATION.
A quivering or trembling motion (such as
that produced by: heavy traffic, industry, aircraft,
etc. (Herriam-Webster, 1971)
including its relief and the-position of its natural
SERIES CIRCUIT. Fixtures connected in a circuit by a
single wire. When one fixture is out, the circuit is
broken.
Fixtures with different amperages cannot be
used efficiently in the samecircuit. (HOTC ST 45-7,
1953)
(U.S.D.P.)
The right to profit from a parcel of land
(an individual, a public agency, or a private organiaation),
ONRERSHIP. where the users hold in freehold
the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unit
occupies, EMPLOYER-PROVIDED: where the users are
provided a dwelling unit by an employer in exchange
rstrictions/haards for early planning consideration. (U.S.D.P.)
The vertical pipe in a dwelling of the soil-,
or vent-pIpe systems.
(ITC ST 45-7, 1953)
of the population.
without charge.
TAR STRUCTURE - TAXATION. The method by which a
nation (state, municipality) implements decisions to
transfer resources from the private sector to the
public sector.
(U.S.D.P.)
SOIL NAP. It is used to reveal obvious limitations/
STACK.
waste-,
that represents the most econcmically mobile sector
(Harriam-Webster,
1971)
TAP (also FAUCET). A fixture for drawing a liquid free
a pipe, cask, or other vessel. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
x
subsistence level): the income group that can
afford limited housing and rent only with government
assistance
NIGH (S m subsistence level)sthe income
ZONING ORDINANCE.
nance
The demarcation of a city by ordi-
into zones (areas/districts) and the establishmat of regulations so govern the use of land and the
location, bulk, height, shape, use, population density, and coverage of structures within each sone.
(U.S.D.P.)
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
EXPLANATORY
Baldwin, John M.; GUIDE FOR SURVEY-EVALUATION OF URBAN
QUALITY OF INFORMATION
57
NOTES
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS, MIT Thesis, Cambridge, 1974.
The quality of information given in drawings, charts and
descriptions has been qualified in the following manner:
Caminos, Horacio; Goethert, Reinhard. URBANIZATION PRIMER,
Approximate
MIT press, Cambridge, USA 1978.
Accurate
Tentative
Caminos, Horacio; Turner, J.F.C.; Steffian, J. URBAN
: when deducted from different and/or not
completely reliable sources.
: when taken from reliable or actual sources.
: when based upon rough estimations of limited sources.
DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA 1969.
QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIES
Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
None
NATIONAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, BANGLADESH, HABITAT,
Limited
United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver,
May 31 -
June 14, 1976.
Khan, Aminul Haq.
Adequate
POPULAR HOUSING IN DACCA: URBANIZATION
ALTERNATIVE INTEGRATING PUBLIC & POPULAR RESOURCES.
MIT
: when the existence of services, facilities
and utilities are unavailable to a locality.
: when the existence of services, available
to a locality in a limited manner due to
proximity
: when the existence of services, facilities
and utilities are available to a locality.
METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS
Linear Measures
Thesis, Cambridge, USA 1982
Parker, George Robert. PHYSICAL GUIDELINES FOR POPULAR
URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
Cambridge,
USA,
MIT Thesis,
1970.
Shankland & Cox Partnership,
1 centimeter
1 meter
= 100 centimeter
1 kilometer = 1,000 meters
1 inch
1 foot
1 mile
DACCA METROPOLITAN AREA
= 0.397 inches
= 39.37 inches
or 3.28 feet
= 3,280.83 feet
or 0.62137 miles
= 2.54 centimeters
= 0.3048 meters
= 1.60935 kilometers
INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, Draft Final Report;
Square Measures
Vol. I & II, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1980.
Buteau of Statistics, Government of Bangladesh. STATISTICAL YEARBOOK OF BANGLADESH,
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1979.
1 square meter
= 1,550 square inches
1 hectare = 10,000 sq. meters
1 square foot
= 2.4711 acres
= 0.0929 square meteres
= 0.4087 hectares
or 10.7639 square feet
1 acre
Studio work.
HEURISTICS OF URBAN DESIGN.
Participants:
Navroz Dabu, Faieda Atto, Humberto Rodriguez, Trevor
Davis, Mayeedur Rahman. Instructor: Prof. Horacio Caminos;
Reinhard Goethert. Spring 1982, MIT.
All income, cost and rent/mortgage data have been expressed
in terms of the U.S. equivalent; 1 US Dollar = Tk 21.00(1982)