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www.studyguide.pk UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *2620848229* 8291/01 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2008 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. SPA (KN) T49767/2 © UCLES 2008 [Turn over www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all questions in this section 1 Soil texture can be determined by the method shown in Fig. 1.1 and represented on the triangular diagram in Fig. 1.2. dry soil stones 2.00 mm mesh class A particles 0.02 mm mesh class B particles 0.002 mm mesh class C particles shaker Fig. 1.1 100 0 10 90 20 ar t icle s 50 icle s 60 40 ar t Cp Bp 40 60 50 cla ss ss 30 70 cla % % 80 70 30 80 20 90 10 100 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 % class A particles Fig. 1.2 © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net 0 www.studyguide.pk 3 (a) (i) What is meant by the term soil texture? .................................................................................................................................. For Examiner’s Use .............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Describe how the apparatus in Fig. 1.1 separates a soil into textural classes. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (iii) A 100 g sample of dry soil was separated into 20 g of class A particles, 60 g of B particles and 20 g of C particles. Locate the composition of the soil by marking an X on Fig. 1.2. [1] (iv) Write the labels sand and clay into their correct positions within the triangle shown in Fig. 1.2. [2] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 4 (b) Fig. 1.3 shows a profile of a soil that has formed under moist temperate conditions. O A 1 metre B C Fig. 1.3 (i) Describe and explain the characteristics of layers A and B in Fig. 1.3. layer A ...................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. layer B ...................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] (ii) Outline three ways in which the soil profile in Fig. 1.3 might change as a result of the removal of the overlying cover of vegetation. 1 ............................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. 2 ............................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. 3 ............................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. [3] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 5 (c) (i) Explain how a combination of human activity and natural processes caused the soil erosion shown in Fig. 1.4. For Examiner’s Use Fig. 1.4 .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] (ii) Outline one strategy that could be adopted in order to prevent soil erosion to the extent shown in Fig. 1.4. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 6 Fig. 2.1 is a barometric chart showing weather conditions across part of Europe. For Examiner’s Use N 2 16 10 Z 00 1020 10 992 X 1004 T 100 8 2 101 1016 Y Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Write the labels anticyclone, cyclone and cold front in their correct positions on the barometric chart (Fig. 2.1). [3] (ii) Draw an arrow to indicate surface wind direction at position T on Fig. 2.1. [1] (iii) Describe the weather conditions that are likely to occur at positions X and Y in Fig. 2.1. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 7 (iv) Use Fig. 2.1 to forecast how the weather conditions at position Z are likely to change over the following 24 hours. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Fig. 2.2 contains a satellite photograph of Hurricane Ivan and a map to show its path and development from a tropical storm into a hurricane. area of hurricane force winds tropical storm Hurricane Ivan satellite image start of tropical storm Tracking Hurricane Ivan Fig. 2.2 (i) State two conditions that encourage a tropical storm to intensify into a hurricane. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Why are wind speeds in excess of 100 km per hour characteristic of hurricane conditions? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 8 (iii) Describe the weather conditions in the eye of the hurricane. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (iv) Storm surges are one of the damaging effects produced by hurricanes. A storm surge is caused by the rise in sea level generated by a hurricane. Explain why this rise in sea level occurs and why it can be damaging. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] (c) Explain one way in which nations can limit the damaging effects of hurricanes. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 9 Section B Choose one question from this section 3 (a) Levels of atmospheric pollution can vary from place to place in the urban area shown in Fig. 3.1. Fig. 3.1 Outline three reasons for these variations. [10] (b) With reference to one or more urban areas, with which you are familiar, evaluate the measures that have been used to reduce atmospheric pollution. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 10 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a scatter plot of energy consumption and wealth for a number of nations. These nations can be grouped into three general types (labelled A, B and C in Fig. 4.1). Give reasons for the relationship between energy consumption and wealth for the three types of nations. [10] line of best fit energy consumption C B A 0 poor rich wealth of nations Fig. 4.1 (b) Assess the extent to which More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) have different attitudes and policies towards the sustainable use of fossil fuels than Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs). [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 11 5 (a) Seismic zonation involves mapping areas that are most vulnerable to seismic activity. Suggest reasons for the distribution of severe, moderate and weak seismic activity shown on the map of the San Francisco region in Fig. 5.1. [10] S W W S S S lt au df M oo yw Ha S W bridge bridge Pacific ocean S S S S S S S S M S M S San Francisco Bay S Sa nA S S lt au sf rea nd M Pacific ocean S W S × × × × × × S× × × × × × Key S W S M S M × × W M S × S × Weak shaking Moderate shaking Severe shaking Landfills and soft muds Loose soils, fairly stable Unstable rock Stable bedrock Fig. 5.1 (b) Assess the methods that can be adopted to limit the damaging effects of earthquakes in densely populated areas. Use examples from both developed countries (MEDCs) and developing countries (LEDCs) in your answer. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2008 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 12 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 8291/01/M/J/08 www.xtremepapers.net
