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www.studyguide.pk UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *2260722538* 8291/01 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2007 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. SP (SC/CGW) T26803/5 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 Slope stability is a result of natural processes and human activity. (a) (i) Name one physical weathering process that produces angular fragments of rock. ..............................................................................................................................[1] (ii) Name one chemical weathering process that produces fine grains of sediment. ..............................................................................................................................[1] (iii) Describe the role of water in one of the weathering processes you have named in either (i) or (ii). .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (b) Fig. 1.1 shows a hill slope in which weathered angular fragments of rock rest on the surface. limestone cliff fine limestone sediment large angular limestone sediment shale Fig. 1.1 © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 3 (i) Describe and explain the distribution of fine and large sediment on the slope shown in Fig. 1.1. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[4] (ii) State and explain one situation in which the sediment resting on the slope in Fig. 1.1 would become unstable. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[3] © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 4 (c) Soil erosion is a problem in many parts of the world. Erosion rates vary widely according to land use, slope angle and the extent of the surface covered by vegetation. The data contained in Table 1.2 were obtained from research into slope failure in the middle hills of Southern Nepal. Table 1.2 Category of land use forest Soil loss / tonnes per hectare Slope angle Extent of surface covered by vegetation / % of the area within the category. 0.1 all slope angles 95 partly cleared forest 5.0 steep slopes 50 grassland site 1 0.1 gentle slopes 90 grassland site 2 0.5 medium slopes 75 rice terraces upper slopes 8.0 steep slopes rice terraces lower slopes 0.2 gentle slopes to flat bare ground 18.0 most slope angles 8 0.2 5 Describe and explain how land use, slope angle and the percentage cover of vegetation have produced the variations in soil loss shown in Table 1.2. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 5 .................................................................................................................................. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[9] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 6 2 (a) (i) What is meant by the terms low atmospheric pressure and high atmospheric pressure? low atmospheric pressure ......................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. high atmospheric pressure ....................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................[2] (ii) Explain how variations in atmospheric pressure at sea level will cause a horizontal movement of air across the Earth’s surface. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (iii) For either the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere, describe how the Earth’s rotation will influence the horizontal direction in which air moves between areas of different atmospheric pressure. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (b) Fig. 2.1 is a cross-section between two places, X and Y, showing the likely passage of weather events associated with a temperate cyclonic weather system. warm air altitude/m 0 cirrus cumulo-nimbus 10 000 cold air cold air stratus X A B C Fig. 2.1 © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net Y For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 7 Fig. 2.2 is a barometric chart of the temperate cyclonic system. coldest air low barometer rising quickly X warm nt ld co fro cool air of ion nt t c dire veme mo air barometer falling quickly wa rm fro nt Y ly g slow t eter s barom r fallin eady o Fig. 2.2 (i) Mark the positions A, B and C from Fig. 2.1 onto their correct positions along line X–Y on the barometric chart (Fig. 2.2). [3] (ii) Describe and explain the weather conditions occurring at points A, B and C. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 8 .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[6] (iii) Explain why charts such as Fig. 2.2 are useful in making short term weather forecasts. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................[2] (iv) Outline and justify one method that could be used to make reasonably accurate long term weather forecasts. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [3] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 9 Section B Answer one question from this section. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. 3 (a) Describe the trends in Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source between 1970 and 2025 that are shown in Fig. 3.1. [10] Primary Energy Consumption / equivalent million barrels oil. 1500 oil 1200 natural gas 900 coal 600 renewables 300 nuclear 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2025 Year Fig. 3.1 (b) To what extent do developing countries find it more difficult than developed countries to conserve non-renewable resources? Illustrate your answer using examples you have studied. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 10 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 contains data on emissions of CO2, per person and from the country as a whole, for selected countries in 1995. Emissions of CO2 for selected countries in 1995 / tonnes per person / million tonnes per country 22149.6 19.6 World USA 5228.5 16 USA Canada 3006.8 10.4 China Russia Russia 1547.9 UK 9.7 9.2 Japan 1150.9 Japan India 803 Poland 8.7 UK 564.8 Iceland 7.8 Canada 470.8 South Africa 7.7 Poland 336.1 World 3.9 South Africa 320.9 China 2.5 Brazil 287.5 Brazil 1.8 Nicaragua 2.6 India 0.9 Nicaragua 0.6 Iceland 2.3 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Fig. 4.1 Outline three different ways in which CO2 emissions per country compare or contrast with emissions per person for selected countries. [10] (b) Outline the extent to which current trends in global warming are a product of human activity. Describe and explain the possible impact of global warming upon agricultural activity and human settlement. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 11 5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the pattern of the tsunamis generated by the Indonesian earthquake of 26th December 2004. Explain how and why the impact of these tsunamis varied between places A, B and C on Fig. 5.1. [10] BANGLADESH INDIA MYANMAR (BURMA) B THAILAND SRI LANKA SOMALIA MALDIVES A MALAYSIA KENYA INDONESIA C TANZANIA SEYCHELLES MADAGASCAR Indian Ocean SOUTH AFRICA Fig. 5.1 (b) With reference to examples you have studied, describe and explain the measures that countries might adopt in order to reduce the damaging effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2007 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net www.studyguide.pk 12 BLANK PAGE Copyright acknowledgements: Question 4 Fig. 4.1 © http://maps.grida no/go/graphic/emissions of co2 selected countries 1995 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 8291/01/M/J/07 www.xtremepapers.net
