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Centre Number Candidate Number Name
8291/02
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, table or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
If you have been given a label, look at the details. If any details are incorrect or missing, please fill in your correct details in the space given at the top of this page.
Stick your personal label here, if provided.
SP (SM/CGW) S83776/4
© UCLES 2005
This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.
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For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
TOTAL
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2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the transfers and stores within the global hydrological cycle.
biomass
A ice and snow moisture in soil lakes atmosphere evaporation rivers
B oceans
C
Key: stores transfers
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Identify components A, B and C in Fig. 1.1.
A .......................................................
B .......................................................
C .......................................................
[3]
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For 3
(ii) Describe how water is lost from the land.
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Examiner’s
Use
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(iii) Explain the processes by which water is returned to the land.
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(iv) Name and describe one atmospheric process that would cause either a long term increase or a long term decrease in the volume of water stored in the oceans.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a geological structure in which water is stored naturally.
water table water table porous chalk
Fig. 1.2
(i) Name the geological structure shown in Fig. 1.2.
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(ii) Explain why urban and rural areas would find such structures a useful source of water.
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(iii) Describe how the water contained in structures such as Fig. 1.2 can become polluted.
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[20 marks]
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For
Examiner’s
Use
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows part of a food web for an English woodland ecosystem.
fox owls hawks woodmouse grey squirrel blackbird spiders carnivorous insects slugs woodpecker hedgehog shrew earthworms centipedes beetles caterpillars aphids woodlice millipedes oak bark oak fruits oak leaves dead plant material
Fig. 2.1
(i) Explain the term foodweb.
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(ii) Give one example, from Fig. 2.1, of
• a primary producer, .........................................................................................
• a primary consumer, .........................................................................................
• a detritivore.
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[3]
(iii) How would the ecosystem be affected by a reduction in the population of foxes?
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For
Examiner’s
Use
(iv) Fig. 2.2 shows a pyramid of biomass for the woodland ecosystem.
oak tree tertiary and higher consumers secondary consumers herbivores
Fig. 2.2
Why does the biomass decrease at each trophic level?
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(b) Fig. 2.3 shows the effects of the farming system of bush fallowing upon an area of rain forest.
low secondary forest stage 4 different vegetation stages or seres stage 3 land farmed then left fallow for 8/10 years stage 2 primary forest cleared for agriculture stage 1
Fig. 2.3
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For
Examiner’s
Use
(i) Describe one way in which the ecosystem would be affected by the clearance of the primary forest.
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(ii) Explain the changes that would be taking place to the soil and vegetation cover between stages 2 and 4 in Fig. 2.3.
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(iii) Outline two ecological differences between the secondary forest in stage 4 and the primary forest in stage 1.
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(iv) What would be the impact of an increase in the human population in an area similar to that depicted in Fig. 2.3?
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[20 marks]
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8
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
3 (a) The Aral Sea is located in the lowlands of Turan, occupying land in the Republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. From ancient times it was known as an oasis. Traders, hunters, fishers, and merchants populated this fertile site littered with lagoons and shallow straits that characterized the Aral landscape.
Use Fig. 3.1 (opposite) to suggest reasons for the changes which have taken place to the surface area of the Aral Sea.
[10]
(b) For one named environment with which you are familiar, describe and explain the methods that have been used to conserve and restore its ecosystems.
To what extent have these methods been successful?
[30]
[40 marks]
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9
A Changes to the surface area of the Aral Sea
1960 1971 1976 1993 www.studyguide.pk
2000
KEY area of water
B Irrigated areas in Central Asia
Kazakhstan
Scale
0 km 400
Caspian
Sea
Aral
Sea
Syr-Dar ya Ri ver
Turkmenistan
Kar a K um canal
Ashkhabad
Nukus
Uzbekistan
Am u-Dar ya Riv er
Karshi steppe
Kyrgyzstan
Tashkent
Fergana
Valley
Tajikistan
Keys: irrigated areas urban areas rivers canals
C Climatic chart for Nukus
75
50
25 temp /°C
30
20
10
0
Nukus total annual rainfall = 186mm
© UCLES 2005
0
J F M A M J J A S ON D
Fig. 3.1
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10
4 (a) Suggest how human activity can introduce changes to the supply and quality of water within the drainage basin shown in Fig. 4.1. [10]
Fig. 4.1
(b) With reference to one or more rivers you have studied, describe and evaluate the strategies that have been adopted for long and short term management of pollution and flooding.
[30]
[40 marks]
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11
5 (a) In 1972 the Club of Rome published its landmark report, Limits to Growth. This dramatically predicted the inevitable collapse of civilization unless economic growth was halted immediately.
Some predictions made in the report are summarized in Fig. 5.1.
1900 industrial output per capita pollution
2000
Fig. 5.1
population food per capita resources
2100
Outline one reason why you would agree with the predictions made in Fig. 5.1 and one reason why you would disagree with them.
Give an example in each case.
[10]
(b) Using examples with which you are familiar, describe and evaluate the strategies that have been adopted to achieve a more sustainable use of agricultural land whilst increasing food production.
[30]
[40 marks]
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