Centre Number Candidate Number www.studyguide.pk Name CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level 8290/01 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Paper 1 October/November 2003 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer all questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. For Examiner’s Use 1 2 3 4 5 If you have been given a label, look at the details. If any details are incorrect or missing, please fill in your correct details in the space given at the top of this page. 6 7 Stick your personal label here, if provided. 8 Total This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page. MML 3666 6/02 S42685/2 © CIE 2003 UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE Local Examinations Syndicate http://www.xtremepapers.net [Turn over www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 2 Answer all questions. 1 Fig. 1.1 shows how the velocities of P and S waves vary from the Earth’s surface to its centre. 15 14 13 P waves velocity / km s–1 12 11 10 9 8 S waves 7 6 5 4 500 1000 2000 3000 depth / km 4000 surface of the Earth 5000 6000 6371 centre of the Earth Fig. 1 (a) Explain why P and S waves accelerate as they travel from the Earth’s surface to a depth of 2900 kilometres. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 www.studyguide.pk 3 (b) Describe and explain the changes to the velocity of P waves at depths greater than 2900 kilometres. For Examiner’s Use .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Explain why S waves do not travel to depths greater than 2900 kilometres. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 4 Fig. 1.2 shows the distribution of those areas of the world likely to suffer from a combination of earthquake and volcanic activity. These areas lie over the boundaries of tectonic plates. A B key areas of earthquake and volcanic activity Fig. 1.2 (d) What type of plate boundary occurs (i) at A, .................................................................................................................................. (ii) at B? ............................................................................................................................ [2] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 5 (e) Using Fig. 1.2 outline the evidence for sea floor spreading and continental drift. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 6 2 The triangular diagram Fig. 2.1 serves as a method of classifying soils according to texture. 100 0 10 90 20 80 30 70 % particles < 0.002 mm 40 60 % particles 0.002 to 0.02 mm 50 50 60 40 70 30 80 20 90 10 100 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 particles 0.02 to 2.00 mm Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Write the labels sand, clay and silt into the correct boxes on the diagram. [3] (ii) On Fig. 2.1 place a letter C to indicate a loam soil. [1] (b) Name and describe the role of one biotic and one abiotic soil component. biotic ................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... abiotic .............................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 7 (c) Fig. 2.2 shows a profile of a soil which has formed under moist conditions in a tropical climate. For Examiner’s Use humus eluviated horizon red clay layer silica removed illuviated horizon strongly weathered rock Fig. 2.2 (i) Describe and explain the characteristics of the illuviated and eluviated horizons shown in Fig. 2.2. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ [4] (ii) Explain why soils of this type are often regarded as infertile. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ [2] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 8 10 25 8 20 6 15 4 10 2 5 0 temperature /°C rainfall / mm Fig. 3.1 shows the temperature and rainfall characteristics for two cities. The cities are in different climatic regions but at similar latitudes in the Southern hemisphere. 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D city A 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 0 J F M A M J J A city B Fig. 3.1 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 S O N D temperature /°C 30 rainfall / mm 3 For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 9 (a) State the temperature range for each city. city A = ............................................................................................................................. city B = ....................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Contrast the pattern of rainfall for the two cities. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Suggest a location for each city. city A = ............................................................................................................................. city B = ....................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Suggest reasons for the differences between the two cities in temperature and rainfall. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [6] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 10 4 Fig. 4.1 shows how temperature varies with altitude in the atmosphere. 120 100 80 altitude / km 60 40 20 troposphere 0 – 100 – 80 – 60 – 40 – 20 –0 20 40 temperature / °C Fig. 4.1 (a) Label Fig. 4.1 to show the stratopause, mesopause and stratosphere. [3] (b) Describe the variations in composition, temperature and density that occur between sea level and 100 km. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 www.studyguide.pk 11 (c) (i) Using the following equations, explain how ozone is formed in the Earth’s stratosphere. O2 → O + O, O + O2 → For Examiner’s Use O3 .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ [2] (ii) Explain the role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ [2] (d) Outline two damaging effects caused by the depletion of upper atmosphere ozone. 1. ...................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... 2. ...................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 12 5 Fig. 5.1 shows the electromagnetic radiation that is received from the Sun and emitted from the Earth. incoming solar radiation daily radiation / arbitrary units outgoing terrestrial radiation 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 wavelength / 10–6 m Fig. 5.1 (a) What is electromagnetic radiation? .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Describe how incoming electromagnetic radiation is utilised to heat the troposphere. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 13 (c) Explain the difference between incoming radiation and outgoing radiation shown in Fig. 5.1. 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[2] (d) Fig. 5.2 shows the effect of latitude on incoming radiation. edge of atmosphere incoming solar radiation in parallel equator waves Fig. 5.2 Use Fig. 5.2 to explain why it is warmer at the equator than in polar regions. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] (e) Describe and explain how the length of day and night differ during the year between the equator and polar regions. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 14 6 Fig. 6.1 shows a food web. eagle stoat rabbit hare adder grouse bee beetle heather plant shrew Fig. 6.1 (a) Distinguish between a food web and a food chain. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Explain how plants produce the energy needed to supply a food web. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 15 (c) Use a single food chain from Fig. 6.1 and complete the table below. trophic level example tertiary consumer secondary consumer primary consumer producer [4] (d) Fig. 6.2 is a pyramid of biomass based on an oak tree. 3 tertiary consumers 500 secondary consumers 10 000 herbivores (primary consumers) 1 oak tree Fig. 6.2 Why does biomass decrease at each trophic level? .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk 16 7 Fig. 7.1 shows how the interaction of birth rates and death rates can produce variations in population growth over a period of time. key stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 births deaths total population number of individuals time Fig. 7.1 (a) Which stage would represent (i) a developing nation, .................................................................................................................................. (ii) a developed nation? ............................................................................................................................ [2] (b) Describe how the changes to the birth and death rates influence population growth. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 17 (c) State one factor, other than birth and death rates, that would lead to population growth. For Examiner’s Use .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) Describe two social or cultural factors that might hinder the regulation of the birth rate by family planning. 1. ...................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... 2. ...................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) Using information from Fig. 7.1 sketch outlines of population pyramids that would be typical of a country in stage 2 and a country in stage 4. Use the axes given below for your sketches. male female male country in stage 2 female country in stage 4 [4] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 [Turn over www.studyguide.pk For Examiner’s Use 18 8 Fig. 8.1 shows part of the water cycle. rain cloud formation runoff drainage plants vaporisation lake swamp infiltration sea Fig. 8.1 (a) Using Fig. 8.1 (i) name two areas in which water is stored; 1. ...................................................................................................................................... 2. ...................................................................................................................................... (ii) name two processes by which water flows between the stores. 1. ...................................................................................................................................... 2. ................................................................................................................................ [4] (b) Outline two different processes that would lead to the formation of the rain in Fig. 8.1. 1. ...................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... 2. ...................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 www.studyguide.pk 19 (c) Briefly describe two situations that would lead to an increase in surface runoff. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03 For Examiner’s Use www.studyguide.pk 20 BLANK PAGE 8290/01 Oct/Nov 03