Centre Number
Candidate Number
www.studyguide.pk
Name
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
8290/01
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Paper 1
October/November 2003
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
For Examiner’s Use
1
2
3
4
5
If you have been given a label, look at the
details. If any details are incorrect or
missing, please fill in your correct details
in the space given at the top of this page.
6
7
Stick your personal label here, if
provided.
8
Total
This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.
MML 3666 6/02 S42685/2
© CIE 2003
UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE
Local Examinations Syndicate
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Examiner’s
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2
Answer all questions.
1
Fig. 1.1 shows how the velocities of P and S waves vary from the Earth’s surface to its centre.
15
14
13
P waves
velocity / km s–1
12
11
10
9
8
S waves
7
6
5
4
500 1000
2000
3000
depth / km
4000
surface
of the Earth
5000
6000
6371 centre
of the Earth
Fig. 1
(a) Explain why P and S waves accelerate as they travel from the Earth’s surface to a
depth of 2900 kilometres.
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(b) Describe and explain the changes to the velocity of P waves at depths greater than
2900 kilometres.
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(c) Explain why S waves do not travel to depths greater than 2900 kilometres.
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Fig. 1.2 shows the distribution of those areas of the world likely to suffer from a combination
of earthquake and volcanic activity. These areas lie over the boundaries of tectonic plates.
A
B
key
areas of earthquake and volcanic activity
Fig. 1.2
(d) What type of plate boundary occurs
(i) at A,
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(ii) at B?
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(e) Using Fig. 1.2 outline the evidence for sea floor spreading and continental drift.
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2
The triangular diagram Fig. 2.1 serves as a method of classifying soils according to texture.
100
0
10
90
20
80
30
70
% particles < 0.002 mm
40
60
% particles 0.002 to 0.02 mm
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50
60
40
70
30
80
20
90
10
100
0
100 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
particles 0.02 to 2.00 mm
Fig. 2.1
(a)
(i) Write the labels sand, clay and silt into the correct boxes on the diagram.
[3]
(ii) On Fig. 2.1 place a letter C to indicate a loam soil.
[1]
(b) Name and describe the role of one biotic and one abiotic soil component.
biotic ................................................................................................................................
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abiotic ..............................................................................................................................
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(c) Fig. 2.2 shows a profile of a soil which has formed under moist conditions in a tropical
climate.
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Examiner’s
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humus
eluviated
horizon
red clay layer
silica
removed
illuviated
horizon
strongly
weathered
rock
Fig. 2.2
(i) Describe and explain the characteristics of the illuviated and eluviated horizons
shown in Fig. 2.2.
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(ii) Explain why soils of this type are often regarded as infertile.
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10
25
8
20
6
15
4
10
2
5
0
temperature /°C
rainfall / mm
Fig. 3.1 shows the temperature and rainfall characteristics for two cities. The cities are in
different climatic regions but at similar latitudes in the Southern hemisphere.
0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
city A
250
25
200
20
150
15
100
10
50
5
0
0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
city B
Fig. 3.1
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O
N
D
temperature /°C
30
rainfall / mm
3
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(a) State the temperature range for each city.
city A = .............................................................................................................................
city B = ....................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Contrast the pattern of rainfall for the two cities.
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(c) Suggest a location for each city.
city A = .............................................................................................................................
city B = ....................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest reasons for the differences between the two cities in temperature and rainfall.
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4
Fig. 4.1 shows how temperature varies with altitude in the atmosphere.
120
100
80
altitude / km 60
40
20
troposphere
0
– 100
– 80
– 60
– 40
– 20
–0
20
40
temperature / °C
Fig. 4.1
(a) Label Fig. 4.1 to show the stratopause, mesopause and stratosphere.
[3]
(b) Describe the variations in composition, temperature and density that occur between
sea level and 100 km.
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(c)
(i) Using the following equations, explain how ozone is formed in the Earth’s
stratosphere.
O2
→
O + O,
O + O2
→
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O3
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(ii) Explain the role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the depletion of stratospheric
ozone.
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(d) Outline two damaging effects caused by the depletion of upper atmosphere ozone.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
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2. ......................................................................................................................................
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5
Fig. 5.1 shows the electromagnetic radiation that is received from the Sun and emitted from
the Earth.
incoming solar radiation
daily
radiation /
arbitrary
units
outgoing terrestrial radiation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
wavelength / 10–6 m
Fig. 5.1
(a) What is electromagnetic radiation?
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(b) Describe how incoming electromagnetic radiation is utilised to heat the troposphere.
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(c) Explain the difference between incoming radiation and outgoing radiation shown in
Fig. 5.1.
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(d) Fig. 5.2 shows the effect of latitude on incoming radiation.
edge of
atmosphere
incoming solar
radiation
in parallel
equator
waves
Fig. 5.2
Use Fig. 5.2 to explain why it is warmer at the equator than in polar regions.
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(e) Describe and explain how the length of day and night differ during the year between
the equator and polar regions.
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6
Fig. 6.1 shows a food web.
eagle
stoat
rabbit
hare
adder
grouse
bee
beetle
heather
plant
shrew
Fig. 6.1
(a) Distinguish between a food web and a food chain.
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(b) Explain how plants produce the energy needed to supply a food web.
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15
(c) Use a single food chain from Fig. 6.1 and complete the table below.
trophic level
example
tertiary consumer
secondary consumer
primary consumer
producer
[4]
(d) Fig. 6.2 is a pyramid of biomass based on an oak tree.
3 tertiary consumers
500 secondary consumers
10 000 herbivores (primary consumers)
1 oak tree
Fig. 6.2
Why does biomass decrease at each trophic level?
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7
Fig. 7.1 shows how the interaction of birth rates and death rates can produce variations in
population growth over a period of time.
key
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4
births
deaths
total
population
number
of
individuals
time
Fig. 7.1
(a) Which stage would represent
(i) a developing nation,
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(ii) a developed nation?
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(b) Describe how the changes to the birth and death rates influence population growth.
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(c) State one factor, other than birth and death rates, that would lead to population
growth.
For
Examiner’s
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(d) Describe two social or cultural factors that might hinder the regulation of the birth rate
by family planning.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
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2. ......................................................................................................................................
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(e) Using information from Fig. 7.1 sketch outlines of population pyramids that would be
typical of a country in stage 2 and a country in stage 4. Use the axes given below for
your sketches.
male
female
male
country in stage 2
female
country in stage 4
[4]
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8
Fig. 8.1 shows part of the water cycle.
rain
cloud formation
runoff
drainage
plants
vaporisation
lake
swamp
infiltration
sea
Fig. 8.1
(a) Using Fig. 8.1
(i) name two areas in which water is stored;
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
(ii) name two processes by which water flows between the stores.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................ [4]
(b) Outline two different processes that would lead to the formation of the rain in Fig. 8.1.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
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2. ......................................................................................................................................
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(c) Briefly describe two situations that would lead to an increase in surface runoff.
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8290/01 Oct/Nov 03