Centre Number
Candidate Number
Name
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
5014/01
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1
October/November 2005
2 hours 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler (cm/mm)
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
All questions in Section A carry 10 marks.
Both questions in Section B carry 40 marks.
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This document consists of 23 printed pages and 1 blank page.
SPA (CW/CGW) S90852/3
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2
Section A
1
(a) The diagram shows a wind turbine.
A
A
up to
100 m
A
support structure
cable
transformer
output
ground level
(i)
What is shown by the arrows lettered A?
...................................................
[1]
(ii)
What is the output from the transformer?
...................................................
[1]
(b) The map shows where it is planned to build new wind turbines in the U.K.
N
A
North
Sea
Irish
Sea
Key:
planned wind turbine
areas for further
development
B
N
C
W
E
S
English Channel
0
100
Km
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3
(i)
Describe the location of the wind turbines.
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(ii)
Local people often disagree with energy providers about where wind turbines
should be located. Why?
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(c) Why are some countries reducing their production of nuclear power?
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4
2
(a) The graphs show information about world fish catches.
million
tonnes
total weight of
fish caught
million
tonnes
A
120
120
90
90
60
60
30
30
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
0
2000
year
B
Kg
25
average
world fish
catch per
person
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
1950
(i)
Kg
25
1960
1970
year
1980
1990
By approximately how much did the total weight of fish caught increase between
1950 and its peak in 1989?
...................... million tonnes
(ii)
0
2000
[1]
Compare the general trend in total weight of fish caught with the average catch per
person between 1970 and 1985.
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...............................................................................................................................[1]
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(iii)
Why should the trend shown by graph B after 1990 be a cause for concern?
...................................................................................................................................
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(b) (i)
Describe measures being used to try to conserve and increase marine fish stocks.
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...............................................................................................................................[4]
(ii)
Suggest why attempts to conserve marine fish stocks are not always successful.
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6
3
(a) The climate graph is for a Tropical savanna area in the northern hemisphere.
Temperature
°C
35
Temperature
°C
35
30
30
25
25
Rainfall mm
200
Rainfall mm
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
J FMAMJ J ASOND
0
(i)
Complete the graph to show the rainfall of 210 mm in August.
(ii)
Describe the rainfall distribution at this weather station.
[1]
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The savanna vegetation in the area is grassland with scattered trees.
(i)
How and why does the grass change during a year?
...................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
State one way in which the trees are adapted to survive between October and
April.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
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(c) Some areas of Tropical savanna grassland are used by nomadic pastoralists. Suggest
how and why their way of life could damage the vegetation and soils in the areas they
use.
For
Examiner’s
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4
(a) The diagram shows the carbon cycle.
carbon dioxide in
atmosphere
X
gradual production of
fossil fuels
coal, oil
and gas
(i)
Where does the carbon in plants come from?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Name the process shown by the arrow labelled X. ...............................................[1]
(iii)
With the help of the diagram, explain how carbon dioxide is transferred to the
atmosphere by human activity.
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(b) (i)
Strategies are being used to reduce the rate at which carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere are rising. Describe two of these strategies.
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
Suggest why some governments do not support international attempts to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions.
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9
Section B
5
Composition of the lower atmosphere
1
Nitrogen
78.0%
2
Oxygen
20.9%
3
Argon (an inert gas)
4
Small and variable amounts of water vapour and carbon dioxide
5
Solid particles – dust, smoke and salt crystals
(a) (i)
0.9%
0.2%
Complete the divided bar graph and key to show the composition of the lower
atmosphere.
Key:
Nitrogen
Oxygen
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Others
Atmosphere (%)
[3]
(ii)
Which gas is present in the atmosphere as a result of evaporation?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii)
Choose one of the solid particles in the atmosphere.
Name a source for this type of particle. State where its concentration in the
atmosphere is likely to be greater than average.
Source ......................................................................................................................
Greater concentration ...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iv)
Amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere are small, but they
are very important. Explain why.
Carbon dioxide
...................................................................................................................................
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Water vapour
...................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................[4]
(b) More information about the Earth’s atmosphere is given below.
30 000
30000
97% of
atmosphere
below this level
Ozone
layer
Stratosphere
20 000
Height (metres)
Height (metres)
20000
17 000
Tro
p
opa
use
10000
10 000
CumuloCumulus
nimbus
clouds
Troposphere –
(Lower atmosphere)
8000
Lowest and
densest part
of the
atmosphere
0
0
0°
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90°
° Latitude
(i)
How much thicker is the lower atmosphere at the Equator than at the Poles?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Where is the ozone layer found?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
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(iii)
Explain why the ozone layer is important to life on Earth.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(c) (i)
What is meant by the ‘ozone hole’?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Why are international strategies needed to reduce the pollution that has caused the
hole in the ozone layer?
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12
(d) Motor vehicles are a major cause of atmospheric pollution, especially in big cities.
Traffic pollution
Total emissions from traffic in one large city during one year (tonnes)
Emission
Tonnes per year
A
Carbon dioxide
2 800 000
B
Carbon monoxide
641 000
C
Nitrogen oxides
112 000
D
Black smoke and soot particles
E
Sulphur dioxide
19 000
6000
Complete the graph below.
[2]
0
0 00 000
0
8
2
641
120000
110000
100000
90000
Tonnes per year
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
© UCLES 2005
A
B
C
D
Emission
E
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13
(e) The sketch below shows some of the effects of these emissions.
Traffic pollution
(i)
Name the two emissions that cause acid rain.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Describe the evidence from the sketch which shows that traffic pollution damages
peoples’ health.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii)
Which one of the emissions shown is not usually a danger to health? Explain your
answer.
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14
(f)
Look again at the graph in part (d) and the sketch in part (e).
In your view, which one of the five emissions is the worst for
(i)
people living in large cities
emission ..........................................
(ii)
people living elsewhere in the world?
emission ..........................................
(iii)
[1]
Explain your choices.
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(g) Some of the world’s big cities are known for high levels of air pollution. Many have
locations and weather conditions similar to those shown on the diagram below.
For
Examiner’s
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Location and weather conditions that favour air pollution
Strong
sunlight
High pressure
Sinking
air
18°C
Change in air
temperature with
height
20°C
22°C
Mountain
range
18°C
20°C
City
Coastal
range
(i)
Main
wind
direction
25°C
Choose three features shown on the diagram. Explain how each increases the
chances of high levels of air pollution in big cities.
1 ................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................
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3 ................................................................................................................................
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16
(ii)
Describe two strategies for reducing air pollution in large cities.
1 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii)
Why is it difficult to reduce levels of air pollution in large cities? Explain as fully as
you can.
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[Total: 40]
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For
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17
6
(a) Look at the world map showing total fertility rates.
Total fertility rate is the number of children for each woman.
World total fertility rates
N
NORTH
Tropic of Cancer
SOUTH
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Key: Total fertility rate
(i)
7.0 – 8.5
4.0 – 5.4
Less than 2.5
5.5 – 6.9
2.5 – 3.9
North-South divide
Where are most of the countries with high fertility rates (5.5 and above) located?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
The North-South divide, which is the line that separates developed and developing
countries, is marked on the map.
State the main difference in fertility rates shown between the developed North and
developing South.
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...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
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(iii)
Explain why fertility rates are very high in some countries and low in others.
Refer to named countries in your answer.
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For
Examiner’s
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19
(b) Look at the graph below which shows the results of world urbanisation.
Urban population in developed and developing countries
Urban population (millions)
5000
4000
Key:
Developed
countries
Developing
countries
3000
2000
1000
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
(i)
Expected
Describe what the graph shows about changes in urban population in developed
countries.
...................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
The graph shows that a major change occurred in 1975. What was it?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii)
Describe what the graph shows about expected urban population in developing
countries from 2005 onwards.
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(c) One of the causes of urban growth is rural to urban migration.
Look at the examples below of differences between rural and urban areas in the year
2000.
Egypt
Cairo
(capital city)
Rural areas
3500
2400
50
68
Urban areas
Rural areas
People with access to safe supplies of
drinking water (%)
95
53
People with access to improved sanitation (%)
84
43
Average income per year (£ Egyptian)
Infant mortality rate (per 1000)
Brazil
(i)
State an economic reason why people migrate from rural areas to Cairo.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
In both countries people living in urban areas are likely to be more healthy than
those living in rural areas.
Using evidence from the table above, describe and explain this.
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21
(d) Many new migrants into cities in developing countries live in housing similar to that
shown in sketch A below.
For
Examiner’s
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Sketch A
Describe how sketch A shows that people living here are
(i)
newcomers to the city;
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)
short of money.
...................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................[3]
(iii)
This type of housing is found most often around the edges of cities. Why?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv)
Describe one problem resulting from a location around the edge of a big city.
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...............................................................................................................................[2]
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(e) Sketch B shows housing in an area where people have lived for more than twenty years
since migrating from rural areas.
Sketch B
(i)
What improvements can be seen compared with the housing on sketch A?
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
State two reasons why improvements like these are made.
1 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................
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23
(f)
Housing is only one of the many urban problems caused by rural to urban migration.
Some people believe that it would be better to improve farming in rural areas and
reduce the numbers wanting to migrate to the cities.
New agricultural techniques to increase output
• A Irrigation
• B New seeds (e.g. the Green Revolution)
(i)
Choose one of these new agricultural techniques and name an area where it is
used by farmers.
Technique ................................................Area......................................................[1]
(ii)
Explain how it has increased output in the area named.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(iii)
Is it ever going to be possible to reduce the numbers of people migrating from rural
to urban areas in developing countries? Explain your views about this.
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[Total: 40]
[Total for paper: 120]
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24
BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1 (b)
© Telegraph Group Limited 15/07/03.
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