Science and Technology Journal,
Vol. 3
Issue: 1
ISSN: 2321-3388
IntelligentTransportSystem:ASurvey
RashmiChoudhury1,*,VaskarDeka1andLalhmingliana2
1
DepartmentofComputerEngineering,MizoramUniversity,Aizawl,India
E-mail:*
Abstract—Withtherapidincreaseinrateofurbanization,thenumberofvehiclesontheroadsarealsoincreasing
congestion,environmentalpollution,etc.Severeaccidentsattimesmayalsoleadtohugelossofpropertyandlife.
networkswithsomeaddedintelligencewherenodesactasvehicles.Twotypesofcommunicationarepossiblein
has led to the development of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). In this survey paper, we introduce the basic
concepts,characteristicsandapplicationsof IntelligentTransportSystem(ITS).Wehavealsoincludeddifferent
proposedsolutions.
Keywords:
INTRODUCTION
Withtherapidincreaseinrateofurbanization,thenumbers
of vehicles on t
Asaresultofthis,transportationandtravellingfacesalotof
with real life transportation has led to the development
ofIntelligentTransportSystem(ITS).Inthissurveypaper,
we introduce the basic concepts, characteristics and
applications of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). We
havealsoincludeddifferentworks,researchescarriedout
pollution, etc. Severe accidents at times may also lead to
hugelossofpropertyandlife.Assuch,researcheshavebeen
problemsdetectedandtheirproposedsolutions.
Ad-hoc networks,a newnetworkwasdeveloped specially
ofinterestfrombothacademicaswellasindustrialpoint
of view. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) aims to
In recent years, researches for implementation of
assist drivers with safety and other information. Prime
of mobile ad-hoc networks with some added intelligence
wherenodesactasvehicles.Twotypesofcommunicationare
systems, driver assist systems and other information
rangeofrelative speedsbetweennodes, real-timenature
I). In recent years, many new concepts have emerged for
beconsidered as the main problem areasof ITS. A lot of
study is going on where different researchers proposed
IntelligentTransportSystem:ASurvey
differentapproachestotackletheseproblems.Someofthe
papersarebasedonITSapplications,someonsecurityand
someontheroutingprotocols.Inthissurveypaperwetry
toincludeasummaryoftheimportantworkscarriedoutin
differentareasofIntelligentTransportSystems.
vehicle density is low, the probability of network
gettingdisconnectedishigh.
:
haveampleenergyandcomputingpowerandthis
whichsufferfromshortageofenergy.Thisisbecause
MANETsnodesaresmallhandhelddevices.
MobilityModellingandPrediction:Duetohighly
mobile node movement and dynamic topology,
mobility model and prediction play an important
Moreover, vehicular nodesareusuallyconstrained
byprebuilthighways,roadsandstreets,sogiventhe
speedandthestreetmap,thefuturepositionofthe
vehiclecanbepredicted.
:
ic scenario and the other is the city
scenario. Communication patterns differ widely
as in highways, communication is simple and
FollowingarethedifferentgenerationsofITSwiththeir
periodandtechnologyused:
notalwaysdirect.
Generations of Intelligent Transportation System ITS:
: It is
1. First Generation (ITS1.0) 2000:
infrastructurebased
on-board sensors to provide information
which can be used to form communication
SecondGeneration(ITS2.0)2000–2003:Twoway
communicationtechnology
becoming
commonincarswhichhelptoprovidelocation
informationforroutingpurposes.
ThirdGeneration(ITS3.0)2004–2005:Automated
vehicle operations and automated, interactive
systemoperationsandsystemmanagement
4. ITS (ITS 4.0) 2006–2011: Multi-modal
Incorporating personal mobile devices, vehicles,
infrastructureandinformationnetworksforsystem
APPLICATIONS
Ap
solutions
CHARACTERISTICS
Dynamic Topology:
vehiclesmoveathighspeedandchangesdirection
atrandom.
Frequently Disconnected Network: Due to the
87
Active Road Safety Applications: These
applicationsareemployedtoreducethenumberof
accidentsandlossof lifeassociatedwithit.Active
roadsafetyapplications aimtoprovide assistance
todriversaboutincomingvehicleorotherrelevant
informationwhichhelpstoreduce the occurrence
betweenthevehiclesandtheroadsideunitsisused
to locate hazardous locations on roads, such as
slipperysectionsorpotholes.
Choudhury,DekaandLalhmingliana
:
localinformation,maps,etc.Theseapplicationscan
bedividedintwogroups:
1.
Speed Management: Speed management
applications helps in regulating the speed of
long cluster head duration and instead of broadcasting of
headstherebymanagingroutingthroughtheclusterheads
and cluster gateways. This effectively reduced the total
numberofcontrolpacketsandthetotalnumberofunused
routesgeneratedduringtheroutediscoveryprocess.
Co-Operative Navigation: These types of
of driving by encouraging inter vehicular
communication and communication among
vehiclesandroadsideunits.
Infotainment Applications: [10] Co-operative
local services: This type of applications focus on
infotainment that can be obtained from locally
localelectroniccommerceandmediadownloading.
Global Internet Services:Focusisondatathat can be
Theroutingoverheadofthenetworkwasreducedandasa
Direction and mobility of the nodes were not considered
in this approach. If these factors were also taken into
considerationtherewouldhavebeenmuch moreincrease
inperformanceoftheprotocol.
are Communities services, which include insurance and
management, and ITS station life cycle, which focus on
softwareanddataupdates.
cluster formation algorithm to be run on the vehicular
network so as to achieve stable form of communication
headduration,longclustermemberdurationandlowrate
ofclusterheadchange.Itusesthisclusteringalgorithmwith
LITERATUREREVIEW
system.
most important aspect to be considered for the proper
implem
methodsfor solvingtheproblems andhave comeupwith
differentwaystooptimizetheroutingprotocols.Proactive,
Performanceanalysisoftheseroutingprotocolshavebeen
carriedoutinthevanetenvironmentandithasbeenfound
that the performance of reactive routing protocols like
densityandmobilitytheperformanceofthisnetworkwill
bereduced.
We present a literature review for few of the different
routing protocol for implementing Intelligent transport
environment.
88
IntelligentTransportSystem:ASurvey
graphs are obtained by using tracegraphs for evaluation.
passengerpreferencesanddelivercontentoftheirinterest.
Theytried toimprove theenergyconsumption byplacing
parameters like throughput, packet size, packet drop,
delay,etc.
Simulation is carried out on simulators which allow
environment.
to choose direct communication between two vehicles or
throughroadsideunits.Thisapproachwillhelpinincreasing
theoverallperformanceofthesystembyremovingtheneed
forcomputation.
Simulationiscarriedoutfor verysmallnumberofnodes.
Distanceandenergyarethetwoparametersonwhichthe
concern as there is a constant supply of energy but more
than that direction of the nodes is more important which
hasnotbeenconsideredinthisalgorithm.
willnotbepossiblebasedonthissimulation.
I
et.al. proposes a novel cluster based topology discovery
scheme based on both vehicle connectivity and vehicle
mobility.Itisafastconvergentmethodwithloadbalancing
It utilizes the advantage of k-hop cluster architecture to
improvethenetworktopologyscalability.Italsoconsiders
thefactorofvehiclemobilitytoreducetheoverheadandthe
latencycausedbyroutepathrecovery.
Thisisaverycosteffectiveapproachwhichisalsoableto
supressthepassiveeffectofvehiclemobilityonthecontrol
overhead.
This is a mathematical proposal and simulation of the
proposed algorithm is not carried out. And real life
inferencescan’tbedrawnwithouttheaidofsimulation.
in terms of numberof packetsbroadcasted, percentage of
packetsdelivered, andpercentage of packets divertedand
incomputernetworks.
Satisfactoryresultswereobtainedinthehighwayscenario
wherenodedensitywaslow.
The load on the network originating from the naïve
congestion.
KapilBhagchandaniet.al
Protocol” proposed a cluster based routing protocol for
They have proposed a location based routing solution
89
Choudhury,DekaandLalhmingliana
routingprotocols.Inthiscluster basedapproachcarsthat
move on roads are selected as dynamic node that behave
as source or intermediate node and on the basis of these
node’s communication range. The network is divided as
groups of nodes that are directly in the communication
rangeofthemoranothernodesgroupthatareintheroad
sideunitcommunicationrangetoreducereclusteringrate.
CONCLUSION
markandalltheemergencymessagespropagateinnetwork
byonlyheadoftheclusterknownasclusterheadinthesubnetwork.Wheneveranodegoesoutfromthecommunication
rangeofclusterheadsthanthatjoinanotheroneoranew
clusterisformed.
have been developed to improve vehicle-to-vehicle or
vehicle-to infrastructure communications. The literature
reviewofthispapershowsthatthehighlydynamicnature
ITSinvolvedalotofareasbutthispaperincludesonlythose
areaswhichwereabsolutelyrelevantanduseful.Thepaper
grasp the overall idea of Intelligent Systems in terms of
vehiculartechnology.
ofITSandresearchersareconstantlytryingtoproposeor
adapt new algorithms and concepts so as to tackle these
This approach showed better results in comparison with
currentproblemssoastocompletelyoptimizethesystem.
REFERENCES
The low speed vehicles in cluster with high speed vehicle
make reason of high end to end delay and loss of data
packets.
1.
4.
performanceoftheprotocolwithrespecttopacketdelivery,
packet drop and throughput. When an intermediate node
between source and destination receives a packet from a
different node, it pushes the node’s IP into the generated
stackinsteadofdiscardingthepacket.Againduringunicast
ifthereisanylinkbreakageinthenetworkthenodewillpop
outthenodeIP’swhicharenotinuseandwillagainperform
re-unicastofnodes.
5.
InternationalConferenceonAmbientSystems,Networksand
6.
7.
8.
9.
city scenarios. Inte. J. Emerging Technol. Comp. Appl. Sci.
in terms of packet delivery but in terms of throughput
Performanceofthisalgorithmisslowandasaresultdelay
willbemoreandhencepacketswillbedropped.
90
10.
Abhinaya,E.andS