United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
2010
PUBLIC SYMPOSIUM
10 -11May 2010
Palais des Nations - Geneva
Responding to Global Crises:
New Development Paths
con
- En colaboración
In collaboration with tion avec
En collabora
Report of
the Public Symposium
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
2010
PUBLIC SYMPOSIUM
10 -11May 2010
Palais des Nations - Geneva
Responding to Global Crises:
New Development Paths
con
- En colaboración
In collaboration with tion avec
En collabora
Report of
the Public Symposium
NOTE
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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this
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number. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should
be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH-1211, Geneva
10, Switzerland.
UNCTAD/OSG/CIO/2010/2
Copyright © United Nations, 2010
All rights reserved
i
Foreword
UNCTAD’s first Public Symposium took place
in 2009 just after the meeting in London where
the G-20 agreed on a number of coordinated
measures to rescue the global economy. And
yet, more than a year later, the world has little
to show for a more inclusive approach to global
governance. At the time of our second Public
Symposium, some 53 million people in the
Supachai Panitchpakdi
developing world have fallen below the poverty
Secretary-General,
line, more than 100 million additional people
UNCTAD
are going hungry, and unemployment across
the world has increased. These figures are not
moving in the right direction, even though we are hearing a succession of
optimistic commentators, journalists, economists and others pointing to the
strength of the recovery.
This year, the Public Symposium provided an opportunity for UNCTAD and
its stakeholders to have a frank and dynamic discussion on the continuing
effects of the global economic, food, energy and climate crises, on emerging
threats and challenges, and on the need to identify alternative development
strategies that can better support key development objectives. Deliberations
at the Symposium reiterated UNCTAD’s contention that the recovery is
geographically variable, remains weak, and is susceptible to threats from
asset bubbles, fiscal contraction, a double-dip recession, and debt crises
in several regions.
This publication moves the 2010 UNCTAD Public Symposium agenda
forward. It aims to provide an extended platform for engaging our multiple
stakeholders on the most pressing issues on the global agenda today,
particularly as we approach the United Nations High-Level Plenary Meeting
on the Millennium Development Goals (the MDG Summit) being held in
September 2010.
In a world in which the global economy is changing rapidly and profoundly,
this publication is a unique appraisal of ideas that draws upon observations
from a great diversity of countries. The observations and interpretations
will be of significant value for our stakeholders and those of us who are
exploring the multiple dimensions of the recent crises. This publication
identifies both contemporary and innovative ideas. For some, it will contain
familiar material, but it may also offer new insights. For others, who have
ii
broad concerns for changing the way our economy works and who are
committed to equitable and sustainable development, this compilation
contains useful recent findings and examples of the ways in which some
countries are addressing their development concerns.
The economic crisis has caused major setbacks for the achievement of the
MDGs. Prior to the crisis, the chances of achieving the goals were already
deteriorating; now, after the crisis, it will be near to impossible to achieve all
of the MDGs, without a change of course in policy. The world needs to begin
charting New Development Paths. We need to act to support those countries
– the poorest and the least developed – that have been innocent bystanders
in the crisis. “Business as usual” cannot continue, and developing countries
must learn to be masters of their own destiny.
It is my hope that the MDG Summit, in September 2010, will present us
with one of those rare opportunities when a new direction could be
taken. We need deeper reform of the existing financial architecture, new
modalities of cooperation, and a more active role for the State in terms of
setting industrial and macroeconomic policy, of supporting investment in
structural transformation, and of strengthening social protection. We live in
an interdependent world in which the economy is not a zero-sum game,
and therefore international cooperation must be supported by an effective
multilateral system. I hope this publication will contribute to the change that
we are all looking for and that the world clearly needs at this time.
I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank all those who
so enthusiastically participated at the Symposium, and to thank the many
civil society networks and other international organizations that have joined
us in this effort.
Supachai Panitchpakdi
Secretary-General,
UNCTAD
iii
Message from the President of
UNCTAD’s Trade and Development
Board
Today we live in a world where multi-faceted crises
have emerged – crises related to climate change,
energy, food, finance and the economy. The
second UNCTAD Public Symposium took place
at a fitting time, providing us with an opportunity
to examine the interrelationships between these
crises and the conclusions that can be drawn from
them. More importantly, the Symposium discussed
how best to move forward in the fight for a global
response, and reaffirmed that combining all our
efforts is crucial for real sustainable development.
H:E. Jean Feyder,
Ambassador of Luxembourg
to the United Nations and
President, UNCTAD Trade
and Development Board
Economic growth is needed to overcome the current financial and economic
crisis. But whatever the prospects for growth are, the fact remains that the
social cost of the crisis, in particular in terms of unemployment, is huge,
and might take years to overcome. In order to prevent similar crises from
happening in the future, there is also a need for robust regulation of the
financial markets, but this is slow in coming.
The financial and economic crisis has shown the necessity in the North for a
dynamic State capable of saving key financial companies, relaunching the
economy and regulating the market. In the South, too, the State has a major
role to play in development, in the creation of productive capacities, in the
financing of those productive capacities, and in the regulation of markets. All
States must, at the same time, respect the basic rules of good governance:
participation, transparency, justice, responsibility and efficiency.
At the MDG Summit being held in September 2010 in New York, a major
step forward could be achieved and the Millennium Project could be put on
a more solid and sustainable basis if countries recognized the importance
of productive capacity in the different economic sectors, including industry
and agriculture. This needs to be achieved in such a way as to generate as
much employment and income as possible.
If new investment in productive capacities is key, then the creation of an
adequate trade environment for these capacities must also not be forgotten.
Productive capacity, often fragile to begin with, cannot develop if it has to
iv
face international competition right from the start. Such competition would
nip this capacity in the bud, especially in the poorest countries. We must,
therefore, give these countries a higher level of special and differential
treatment, and we must protect budding capacity.
We have seen, over the last 20 or 30 years, the liberalization of markets
throughout the world, particularly in the poorest countries which today have
the lowest tariffs. The result has been the loss of many industries and small
farms, while deficits in food products have been rising fast. At UNCTAD, we
recently examined the case of Haiti, during the run-up to the reconstruction
conference held in late March. Haiti reduced its tariffs from 50 to 3 per cent,
and it now has the most liberalized economy in the world. The result is that
the country, which had always been self-sufficient in rice production, today
produces no more than about 20 per cent of the rice it needs. Eighty per
cent is imported from third countries, mainly from the United States, where
rice production is heavily subsidized. Many rice producers in Haiti have
thus lost any prospect of subsistence and survival. Last March, Bill Clinton
told a United States Senate committee that this policy, which he supported
when he was President of the United States, had ruined rice production
in Haiti. The policy, he recognized, was a mistake. He concluded that we
have to help Haiti to return to self-sufficiency in rice production. Bill Clinton’s
message deserves serious consideration as regards Haiti and also many
other developing countries.
I wish to pay tribute to all the civil society participants at the Symposium,
including those from trade unions, non-governmental organizations,
universities and farmers’ organizations. Their contact with the real world
and the real economy, their information, their experiences and their analysis
constitute an indispensable and complementary contribution for the work
of Governments and international organizations such as UNCTAD. Effective
cooperation between Governments, international organizations and
organized civil society is a prerequisite for reaching constructive and practical
solutions to the myriad problems facing the world. I applaud UNCTAD for
having organized this Symposium and for having made possible such a rich
exchange of experiences, knowledge and ideas.
This compilation is a collection of the secretariat’s summaries of the
discussions and outcomes of the Symposium. It is a combination of
our different strengths that I hope will create new insights and that will
tremendously benefit all those involved in the debate on reforming the
international economy in order to achieve more sustainable development.
v
Contents
Foreword......................................................................................................ii
Message from His Excellency Ambassador Jean Feyder..........................iv
Introduction................................................................................................. 1
I. Plenary session 1..................................................................................... 1
A. Opening............................................................................................... 1
B. Round table: Responding to global crises:
New development paths..................................................................... .2
II: Plenary session 2:................................................................................... 6
Rethinking global economic governance:
Towards trade and financial reforms to support development
III. Plenary session 3:................................................................................ 12
Alternative development strategies:
Towards more inclusive and sustainable development paths
IV. Plenary session 4:................................................................................ 17
Closing
Summary of the breakout sessions.......................................................... 21
Breakout session 1: The global economic crisis and developing
countries: Impact and response............................................................ 21
Breakout session 2: Innovative financing mechanisms
(e.g. special drawing rights, new reserve systems and financial
transaction taxes).................................................................................. 22
Breakout session 3: Is there development in trade agreements?
A look at the Doha Development Agenda and free trade
agreements............................................................................................ 23
Breakout session 4: Is there a role for the LDCs in reshaping
global economic governance?.............................................................. 25
Breakout session 5: Improving food security in the face
of climate change.................................................................................. 26
vi
Breakout session 6: To green or not to green: Challenges
and opportunities for development and decent work........................... 27
Breakout session 7: Responsible investment in agriculture:
Sustainable and people-centred approaches....................................... 27
Breakout session 8: Too hot to handle? How to bridge
the climate justice and global economic reform agendas?.................. 29
Annexes..................................................................................................... 31
Programme............................................................................................ 31
Breakout Sessions Programme............................................................. 34
List of participants..................................................................................... 37
vii
Introduction
UNCTAD’s second Public Symposium, organized in cooperation with
the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS) and other
partners, took place in Geneva on 10 and 11 May 2010. The Symposium
discussed the enduring effects of the global economic and financial crises
with a view to exploring new development paths, anchored on the premise
that responding to global crises relies on the advancement of new thinking
and new approaches.
The event brought together over 300 representatives from around the world,
including top thinkers from civil society, the private sector, parliaments,
United Nations agencies and other international organizations, to discuss
and debate the most important interrelated challenges facing developing
countries in the global economic and financial crises, and to explore and
expand towards more inclusive and sustainable development paths.
I. Plenary session 1
A. Opening
Opening the Symposium, Mr. Jean Feyder (Luxembourg), President of the
Trade and Development Board, said that the event should produce concrete,
practical ideas for moving onto new development paths, drawing on lessons
learned from the financial, food, energy and climate crises. In defining those
paths, and in formulating a United Nations system-wide strategy for meeting
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), it was important for the State
to have a major role in development, financing, and productive capacitybuilding; the latter was especially vital for job and income generation.
In his introductory remarks, the Secretary-General of UNCTAD, Mr.
Supachai Panitchpakdi, said that one year after the eruption of the financial
crisis, the world had little to show for a more inclusive approach to global
governance. The G-20 did not represent the peoples and countries of the
entire world; a truly inclusive multilateralism must be based on the G-192, he
said. Mr. Panitchpakdi went on to say that the United Nations was the sole
institution with the legitimacy to represent the wishes and needs of a global
community, and should therefore be more significantly involved in decisions
about systemic reform of the global economy. The future stability of the
international financial system, and the prosperity that such a system could
help deliver, depended on the inclusion of all countries in the decisionmaking, monitoring and regulatory processes, he emphasized.
1
Mr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of UNCTAD, delivers his opening remarks,
next to Ambassador Jean Feyder, President of the Trade and Development Board.
It would be near to impossible to achieve all the MDGs, he said, partly
because they focused on financing temporary gaps, rather than on enabling
the economic transformation needed for long-term sustainability. Moreover,
the MDGs took a primarily sectoral view of development problems, rather
than a comprehensive and integrated or holistic approach; this could lead to
dysfunctional outcomes. Efforts to achieve the MDGs should be integrated
within a broader economic development strategy, as focusing on specific
MDG targets in a compartmentalized way was unlikely to be sustainable.
B. Round table meeting:
Responding to global crises: New development paths
After the opening remarks, the Symposium moved to a round table meeting
of eminent persons on the main themes. This was then followed by
interactive debate and focused breakout sessions, to debate key aspects
of new development paths.
The round table was moderated by Mr. Jonathan Lynn, correspondent on
world trade and chief correspondent for Reuters in Geneva. The panellists
included Mr. Supachai Panitchpakdi; Mr. Jean Feyder (Luxembourg),
President of the UNCTAD Trade and Development Board; Mr. David Nabarro,
Special Representative on Food Security and Nutrition, United Nations HighLevel Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis; Mr. Olivier De Schutter,
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Office of the High
2
Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva; Ms. Makhotso Magdeline Sotyu,
Chair, Parliament of South Africa; Mr. Rehman Sobhan, Chair, Centre for
Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh; and Ms. Anne Jellema, International Policy
and Campaign Director, ActionAid International, South Africa.
To the moderator’s first question, namely, was the worst of the crisis over, or
was there a risk of a new crisis or a debt crisis, participants concurred that
while some financial and statistical recovery was apparent, human recovery
was not, despite the difficulty of estimating the full impact of the crisis on
the poor. The banks were recovering financially, but despite having been
rescued by the public sector, they were taking care of their own needs and
not investing in the productive sectors. Participants said that speculation
continued to be a cause for concern. At the same time, developing countries,
which were on the receiving end of the crisis, were not getting the aid they
needed in order to respond, and would have to learn to be the masters of
their own destiny.
Participating member states listen in during the first plenary session.
Participants stated that at least Europe was getting a wake-up call, which
would probably make it easier to implement stringent financial regulation, as
the crisis had proved that the markets were wrong. One speaker suggested
that the best solution would be to close the financial markets outright, as they
were no longer helping to create wealth. An alternative, which had already
been proposed by a major world leader, was to separate those parts of the
market that had a social function from those that were purely casino-driven.
3
The response to the continuing crisis – which should draw on the lessons
from it – should consider how the financial market could be better harnessed,
and what systemic changes would be required to reduce potential future
risks to that market. Participants went on to say that the financialization of
food via commodity speculation, and increasing cross-border land deals,
were drivers of major risks and vulnerability in developing countries. Curbing
unregulated financial transactions, and promoting taxation on capital flight
fuelled by the offshore economies, would provide better domestic resource
mobilization and reduce unregulated risk-taking in the economy.
Mr. Olivier De Schutter, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, speaks during
the round table portion of Plenary session 1.
Several speakers also recommended automatic tax-information exchange,
country-by-country financial reporting by multinationals, and global taxation
– such as carbon taxes and financial transaction taxes – as this would
promote sustainability in the global economy and free up resources for
productive investment in countries with low income. Allowing special drawing
rights (SDRs) to be used for cheaper borrowings in the financial market and
conversion to hard currencies without building up more debt should also
be considered, especially for the least developed countries (LDCs). Global
monetary system reforms were also required to prevent currency speculation
and trade distortion. In addition, it was emphasized that regional financial
and monetary initiatives – such as the three pillars of the new financial
architecture being developed in Latin America, which included a type of
“regional SDR” known as the Sistema Unitario de Compensación Regional
de Pagos (SUCRE) – were an essential complementary “bottom-up” avenue
4
to monetary reform, in which global SDRs could essentially fulfil the function
of lender of last resort to support regional monetary frameworks. It was
argued that effective regional monetary initiatives were essential to avoid a
geopolitical development whereby the countries whose currencies formed
the global SDR basket (the United States dollar, the euro, pound sterling
and the yen) would have undue ascendency in global monetary reform
discussions, with the associated risk of unbalanced outcomes. The recent
build-up of massive reserves in developing countries reflected a lack of trust
between countries, and should be addressed in tackling global imbalances.
An early warning system was needed, but one with the “teeth” to make
itself heeded. The response to the crisis should also include more structural
changes, which, although destroying some jobs, would create other jobs
elsewhere, contributing to a more sustainable type of growth.
With regard to the food crisis, participants generally agreed that it had not
yet really ended, as an estimated 1 billion people were hungry worldwide,
despite last year’s near-record total cereal production. The food crisis, the
financial crisis and the world economic contraction had made structural
weaknesses apparent to a much larger group of decision-makers, who
now recognized that more action was needed on infrastructure, information,
and investment, in order to promote rural development, reduce mass
unemployment and alleviate the burden on women in farming households.
The future of food security depended on partnerships between smallholder
farmers, governments, businesses and civil society, and also on country-led
coordinated action, especially in rural areas. Developing nations would be
the catalysts for better food security for all.
Some positive steps – including the emergence of green initiatives in
Africa – were being hindered by the realities of the need for more funds
and more investment in agriculture, especially given the continually low
productivity rates of sub-Saharan Africa, speakers said. Overall, about $44
billion annually needed to be invested in agriculture in developing countries
in order to successfully relaunch agriculture – a tiny sum compared to
defence spending. At the same time, there was sometimes a contradiction
between investment in agricultural policies and efforts to combat climate
change. However, producing more was not necessarily incompatible with
the development of small-scale, family-run agricultural firms. Investment
in agriculture should be diversified, with the paramount goal of delivering
public goods that would ease the lives of rural farmers. It was, moreover,
imperative to confront the problem of “land grab” – a phenomenon too often
associated with investment in agriculture.
5
Participants recommended a non-linear approach to agriculture. Agricultural
development strategies should include more than just the objective of
growing more food; they should also promote increases in rural incomes, a
reduction in rural poverty, and the creation of linkages with other productive
sectors. Agricultural policies should focus on peri-urban agriculture and on
protecting urban areas from agricultural price shocks and food insecurity,
for example by creating smaller urban centres able to satisfy local demand,
and “de-concentrating” food production to increase the resilience of urban
areas to price volatility and fluctuating supply.
On the related subject of climate change and its links to the concurrent
financial, food and energy crises, several participants commented that
the world was not behaving as though climate change were its greatest
challenge, and would pay the price. Resource commitments on climatechange mitigation and adaptation had fallen far short of what developing
countries needed. It was stated that those sums – about $30 billion by 2012
and $100 billion by 2020 – were minuscule compared to the $8 trillion used
in industrialized countries in the space of 16 months to rescue their banks
and as military spending. The United Nations should become the sole forum
to guide the process, rather than the international financial institutions.
Millennium Development Goal 8 – which deals, inter alia, with official
development assistance (ODA), debt, technology transfer and trade –
had failed its role, said several participants. Also, gender issues had been
inadequately addressed by the MDGs. New development paths should
address employment, poverty reduction, and investment in agriculture
targeted towards smallholders. Participants called for an inclusive, more
social-based growth model, one that sought to correct the knowledge
divide between rich and poor. Democratization, they contended, was key to
reconstructing the State; growth alone would not suffice.
The round table set the scene for the plenaries that followed.
II: Plenary session 2:
Rethinking global economic governance:
Towards trade and financial reforms to support development
The second plenary session was moderated by Mr. Ram Etwareea, a
journalist from Le Temps, Geneva. Introductions to the debate were delivered
by panellists Mr. Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Assistant Secretary-General,
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) and
Ms. Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics, and Chair, Centre for Economic
Studies and Planning, India. Prior to the floor being opened for debate,
Mr. Pedro Páez, President, Ecuadorian Technical Commission for a New
6
Ms. Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics and Chairperson, Centre for Economic Studies
and Planning, India, and Mr. Heiner Flassbeck, Director of the Division on Globalization and
Development Strategies at UNCTAD, during Plenary 2.
Regional Financial Architecture and Former Minister of Economic
Coordination of Ecuador, and Ms. Nuria Molina, Director, European Network
on Debt and Development (EURODAD), Belgium, were asked for their
reactions to the initial thoughts put on the table.
Participants discussed whether the existing global architecture of
governance was appropriate, or whether more was required. It was noted
that while global economic governance was not a new issue, in the current
crisis it had acquired a much greater importance than before. The formation
of a G-20 was a move in the right direction, it was said, however while the
G-20 countries represented 65 per cent of the world’s population, this left
the other 35 per cent with no voice. Participants thus called for a G-192,
including all United Nations Member States.
It was stated that the existing global governance system was outdated and
biased towards the interests of developed countries. The basic problem
of the current system of global governance had remained unchanged
since the time that the system was constructed. When it was constructed,
developed countries had structural surpluses and developing countries
had deficits. Participants said that the current situation was fundamentally
different. There were reverse capital flows, from developing to developed
countries. The cost of funds had increased, and there were new sources of
volatility. The liberalization of capital flows did not contribute to development,
but rather created asset bubbles and overinvestment in some economies,
while the high cost of sterilization negated some of the potential benefits of
financial liberalization, participants elaborated. The crisis had shown that
global imbalances could not go on forever, it was mentioned.
7
One speaker noted that the current system was, in some respects, a
“dictatorship of finance”, which did not allow developing countries to run
trade deficits, unlike, for example, developed countries in the eurozone.
Developing countries hoarded foreign currency reserves in order to protect
themselves against capital flight and market volatility at high opportunity
costs. The surpluses were not invested in productive capacity. Developing
countries, too, had to rethink their internal financial architectures, which
were focused on export-led growth at the expense of wage-led, domesticconsumption-led growth. This was, in essence, a self-defeating strategy.
Participants said that demand from the United States and Europe was
unsustainable, therefore developing countries should rebalance their
growth strategy with an emphasis on internal and regional demand.
Developing countries should, furthermore, consider growth strategies that
aimed at providing their billions of people with employment, decent salaries,
opportunities to educate their children and a brighter future.
Participants concurred that the widening gap between the capabilities of
the North, with bailouts of their financial systems surpassing $1.5 trillion,
and the much-reduced policy capabilities of the South, had to be urgently
redressed. It was noted that there was a clear need to provide more policy
space, especially to LDCs, which were unable to have the same type of
policies that developed countries had. This was notoriously clear in the
current crisis, where the North had adopted countercyclical policies while
the South often could not.
The crisis had opened up the opportunity to reform the system of global
governance, according to some. The reform should have been along the lines
of the original Bretton Woods concept and ideas, involving development,
reconstruction, full employment, productive capacities and non-reciprocity,
and not just the monetary and financial issues, as had been the case.
The global economy needed greater macroeconomic coordination to
mitigate global imbalances. In that respect, a global economic coordination
council, along the lines proposed by various actors – such as the German
Chancellor, Ms. Angela Merkel, or the Commission of Experts of the
President of the General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary
and Financial System (the “Stiglitz Commission”) – should be established. In
addition, a macroeconomic advisory capacity (MAC) should be established,
since the work of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was not enough and
did not provide the kind of advice that developing countries needed. The
MAC should put development at the centre of policymaking, rather than the
IMF’s narrow focus on inflation and fiscal deficits.
8
It was stated that the moment there were data available indicating a possible
recovery, financial actors went back to “business as usual”. This had created
the sentiment of a lost “Bretton Woods moment” – a lost opportunity to
implement reform policies. But in fact, the spirit of Bretton Woods had been
lost earlier, at the end of the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1971. For nearly
four decades since, the liberalization of capital accounts and financial flows
arising out of liberalization had caused damage to developing countries.
Ms. Zharkin Kakimzhanova, Head of the WTO Unit at the Permanent Mission of Kazakhstanin
Geneva, listens to the panel debate.
Instilling the “Bretton Woods spirit” demanded greater coordination among
countries, and more policy space for putting in place prudential regulation;
in short, a better and more equitable financial system. To achieve this, the
United Nations should focus on five core issues: (a) debt sustainability; (b)
better tax cooperation; (c) the creation of a global economic coordination
council, to achieve global rather than only G-20 leadership; (d) developing a
macroeconomic advisory capacity (MAC) to deal with challenges and policy
priorities; and (e) a global green new deal, which could provide incentives for
climate change adaption and mitigation, and for adequate food production.
The question remained whether the Bretton Woods institutions could be
reformed in a meaningful way or not. Either the IMF or the World Bank could
be reformed in accordance with the original Bretton Woods ideas whereby
both creditors and debtors were represented, or developing countries
should look for alternative arrangements.
9
New regional financial and monetary initiatives could be a way for
governments to regain some lost policy space. In the case of Latin America,
a group of countries was in the process of constructing a regional financial
and monetary cooperation framework, which, it was suggested, would not
result in tighter fiscal and monetary restrictions of the type associated with the
eurozone experiment. The European monetary construction was said to be
heavily influenced by neoclassical and monetarist theories, which reduced
domestic sovereignty and policy space. Instead, new regional and monetary
initiatives should serve a new concept of sovereignty geared to serving the
democratic aspirations of people and aiming at opening new degrees of
manoeuvrability in financial and macroeconomic terms. The new regional
financial architecture under construction by a group of Latin American
countries was composed of three pillars: (a) a regional development bank;
(b) a common reserve fund; and (c) a regional settlements clearing system
based on a new currency unit called the Sistema Unitario de Compensación
Regional de Pagos (SUCRE). In contrast to the euro, the SUCRE would not
replace national currencies, but rather coexist with them and support them.
It would also enable a lessening of the use of hard currencies in intraregional
trade. The three pillars taken together could thus help shield national
economies from the vagaries of global financial markets, while enabling
public policy to better direct finance towards supporting local productive
investment initiatives and goals of full employment.
Many developing countries, as well as some developed countries, were in
debt distress. This time, the epicentre of the sovereign debt crisis was not
in Asia, Africa or Latin America, but in advanced countries. The Bank for
International Settlements had warned that the sovereign debt crisis was at
“boiling point”. Some economists had warned that what was happening
in Greece was only the tip of the iceberg, as debt/GDP ratios and other
indicators in some major developed countries outside the eurozone were
the same, if not worse, and that another stage of the global financial crisis
was being entered.
Comparing the debt problems of advanced countries with the debt
problems of developing countries, in particular LDCs, was like comparing
heavyweight and lightweight boxers: there were huge differences in their
abilities to service debt, and their debt-tolerance levels varied tremendously.
Some developing countries, though negatively affected, were relatively
“resilient”, whereas others had been hit hard. A sad joke at a conference
organized by the World Bank and the African Development Bank in April
10
2010 was that “everyone has suffered from the financial crisis, except for
the debt managers.”
According to an IMF and World Bank paper released in April 2010, among
low-income countries, 11 were in debt distress (2 more than in 2009) and
16 were at high risk of debt distress; some small middle-income Caribbean
countries were said to be on the verge of bankruptcy. It was noted that the
future was equally gloomy, because when advanced economies started to
put their fiscal houses in order and the effects of stimulus policies fizzled
away, the negative impacts would be further spread to the developing
countries via trade, remittances and other channels.
Speakers noted that UNCTAD XII had mandated the secretariat to put
forward policy recommendations in the area of debt and ODA. The outcome
document from the June 2009 United Nations Conference on the World
Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Development, negotiated
by all the United Nations Member States, had listed: (a) a debt moratorium,
as a last resort in times of emergencies and catastrophes; (b) exploring,
together with development partners, the feasibility of a more structured
framework for international cooperation in the restructuring of sovereign debt;
(c) in the intermediate period, working on a set of guidelines for promoting
responsible sovereign lending and borrowing to introduce behavioural
change and reduce reckless, irresponsible lending and borrowing, with the
aim of reducing the occurrence of debt crises (UNCTAD started such a
project in 2009); and (d) honouring commitments and pledges of ODA.
The food crisis was ongoing, despite the fact that food prices had come down
somewhat from the high prices recorded in 2008. In the two years since,
the food crisis had been exacerbated by the financial crisis. Commodity
market volatility had caused a 15 to 20 per cent rise in food prices. The
financialization of food and commodity prices had turned them into vehicles
for financial speculation, and prices no longer reflected conditions of supply
and demand. For example, the largest production of grain in history was
achieved last year, but grain prices remained high. Six large corporations/
organizations were said to control not only the grain market, but also
voters and banks etc. This posed a challenge to global governance in
agriculture. The United Nations had a role to play in regulation and control of
commodities futures markets. It was stated that civil society, and especially
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), had a role to play in any reform of
global governance.
11
Participants also discussed the following issues:
Fiscal consolidation: The recent call by the IMF and the World Bank for
fiscal consolidation was premature. If fiscal support were to be reversed
prematurely, the possibility of a double dip (a second recession) would
increase. Any increase in capital for the IMF and the World Bank should not
go to the old-style, conditionality-driven structural programmes, since they
had built-in anti-developmental effects;
Innovative finance mechanisms: Innovative finance mechanisms to
be considered were the adoption of a financial transaction tax that could
generate over $100 billion a year, which could be used for financing
development and which would also curb financial volatility;
The Doha Development Round negotiations: It was stated that there
was “not much development” in the Doha Development Round negotiations,
and even less in negotiations for free trade agreements. Overall, the current
multilateral trading system was felt not to be well suited to the interests of
developing countries;
The role of LDCs in global governance: LDCs had to have a seat at the
table where financial issues were discussed. Private aid had plummeted,
and ODA was not meeting the goals of the Gleneagles Summit. Lack of
financing of LDCs could worsen their problems;
Diversification of LDCs’ economies: This demanded good
macroeconomic policies and good institutions. The international community
should expressly take into account the interests of LDCs and should provide
them with access to finance, as they are excluded from international markets;
The role of Africa on the world scene: This was mainly related to reform
of the Security Council, the international financial institutions, and other
global institutions. Powerful countries wanted to maintain the status quo,
while Africa was trying to increase its negotiating power.
III. Plenary session 3:
Alternative development strategies:
Towards more inclusive and sustainable development paths
This session was moderated by Ms. Anne Jellema, International Policy and
Campaign Director, ActionAid International, South Africa. The discussants
included Mr. Richard Kozul-Wright of UNCTAD; Mr. Mouhamady Cissokho,
President, Réseau des Organisations Paysannes et de Producteurs de
l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Senegal; Mr. Biraj Patnaik, Principal Adviser, Office of
12
the Commissioners to the Supreme Court, India; and Mr. Pradeep S. Mehta,
Secretary-General, CUTS International, India.
Participants concurred that the recent waves of crises had highlighted the
need to move away from the conventional wisdom premised on an unfaltering
belief in unleashing free markets. Economic liberalization, with its combined
elements of privatization, stabilization, rolling back the State, and trade
openness, had come to dominate development thinking, underpinned by a
sophisticated analytical framework and an identification of state intervention
as the main impediment to sustained development. However, not only had
liberalization failed to deliver on its promise, but it had also exacerbated the
magnitude of the crises. Development could not be achieved by assuming
that markets worked efficiently. Markets could fail, and had indeed failed, as
the recent global economic and financial crises had shown.
It was noted that economic growth in rich countries had historically originated
not from unrestrained international free trade, but from consciously framed
industrialization policies that had progressively shaped particular economic
structures. The State played a critical role in supporting the industrialization
process. Such policies created dynamic synergies that served the double
purpose of bolstering the economy’s productive capacities and advancing
the social agenda.
The starting point for improving productive capacities would be to target
sectors that have strong market potential with investments in human
resources and in the required basic infrastructures. Implementing alternative
development strategies would be difficult without reforming the international
set-up, which would require a reconceptualization of international public
goods, among other challenges. A “global new deal” was needed to tackle
the interrelatedness of challenges transcending the jurisdiction of individual
states. Only a big shift in the international economic architecture could
produce a fairer and more inclusive and democratic world order.
Proactive policies, particularly those geared to creating industrial capacity,
were the key to sustainable development. There was a need for a “big push”,
through large-scale investments, with an emphasis on public investment,
and there was a call for integrated and comprehensive policy packages
that would holistically tackle development constraints. Furthermore, the
development agenda should be refocused on more inclusive national
strategies, with a view to reducing inequalities within countries. This could
be achieved through more progressive tax schemes and the extension of
welfare provisions. This proactive approach called for an enabling framework
at the international level that would not constraint “policy space” at the
13
domestic level. The issue of “policy coherence” also figured prominently;
policies taken across sectors and at different levels should be mutually
reinforcing.
Participants elaborated on the structural constraints that hindered the ability
to implement alternative development strategies in developing countries.
Attention was brought to the “massive lack of finance”, especially in LDCs. In
the face of stagnating aid flows, the rising debt burden, narrowing tax bases,
Mr. Mouhamady Cissokho, President of Réseau des Organisations Paysannes et de
Producteurs de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (ROPPA), addresses Public Symposium participants during
Plenary 3.
and price and exchange-rate volatility, there was a pressing need to mobilize
new resources for development, both domestically and internationally. Some
innovative tools were enumerated: blended schemes, such as combined
grant and loan instruments; concessions, including build-operate-transfer
(BOT) schemes; debt-for-equity and debt-for-environment swaps; a closer
alignment of aid with domestic industrial policies, including through budget
support and support to sectoral policies; and enhanced access to credit for
small and medium-sized enterprises, including by strengthening banks’ risk
assessment.
Some speakers emphasized the need for increased focus on clean
growth poles, arguing that they served the dual purpose of supporting
industrialization and addressing the challenges associated with climate
14
change. It was stated that the Trade and Environment Review 2009/2010 had
recommended that developing countries should focus on three promising
poles: (a) energy efficiency; (b) sustainable agriculture, including organic
agriculture; and (c) renewable energy technologies. These poles could
generate positive spillover effects, but in order to be implemented, they
would require economic incentives and the removal of perverse incentives,
as well as leadership and political commitment, and human, business and
technological capacities. It was also acknowledged, however, that there
could be a trade-off between environmental sustainability and poverty
eradication.
Particular attention was paid to institutional and governance issues, where
important lessons could be drawn from innovations at the national level.
Many speakers depicted a reluctant State, detached from its citizens and
their daily problems. Central to this state of affairs was the dependence of
governments on aid, which rendered them accountable to Western donors
and the Bretton Woods institutions. Monitoring and evaluation systems were
designed by donors, leaving citizens in the dark as to the ways in which
the ODA was spent and the results it achieved. The issue of accountability
was raised vigorously by some participants from Africa, who pointed to the
perceived failure of policymakers to implement policies that would respond
to local needs, particularly in the food security area. It was acknowledged
that there was a need to restore trust between governments and the people
through enhanced multi-stakeholder involvement in policymaking, and also
in monitoring the implementation of policies.
The food security issue figured prominently. Despite the abundance
of resources in terms of land, water and manpower, famine continued
to threaten the lives of large population segments. Some civil society
organizations had taken it upon themselves to pressure the state into action
by advancing the right to food. This was the case of India, where the right
to food had been translated into a legal entitlement, enforceable before
the courts. Since then, the State had been investing heavily in ensuring the
right to food, with a total budget of over $10 billion and a comprehensive
programme involving over 2,000 civil society organizations.
With reference to Africa, it was emphasized that the underlying causes of
the recent food crisis had been the legacy of export-oriented development
strategies, which had prompted a shift from producing staple foods
for local needs to exporting cash crops, coupled with long-standing
underinvestment in rural areas. There was a need to refocus on the
production of staple foods and on food self-sufficiency, but this would
15
involve an exemption of food security–related policies from the ongoing
trade negotiations. Attention was also drawn to public sector procurement
initiatives. India had managed to reduce its exposure to the global food
crisis, as the Government was the largest procurer of food and provider
of subsidized food to the poor. Agricultural development was critical
for improving food security conditions, kick-starting industrialization,
and establishing relations of trust between the State and society.
Mr. Biraj Patnaik, Principal Adviser in the Office of the Commissioners to the Supreme Court in
India, addresses Public Symposium participants next to Mr. Richard Kozul-Wright of UNCTAD.
Some speakers took issue with the notion of “alternative development
strategies”, pointing out that this could only lock the debate into state versus
markets terms. The focus should be on establishing “pragmatic policies” to
allow for greater emphasis on “experimenting”. Yet others stressed moving
towards a human rights–based approach to development, as a way of
capturing the interlinkages between the competing social and economic
policy issues.
The long list of issues to be tackled raised the need for sequencing and
prioritization. A strong case was made for prioritizing food security and food
self-sufficiency, as these were matters of human dignity and identity, and
were of paramount importance. Effective policies on food security would
also contribute to restoring public trust in governments. Finally, it was
16
noted that, if people were involved in decision-making, this question would
not matter: once you have mobilized people, you have prioritized issues,
reflecting their needs.
IV. Plenary session 4:
Closing
The closing plenary was chaired by Mr. Jean Feyder, President of the
UNCTAD Trade and Development Board. The keynote address was
delivered by Ms. Mary Robinson, President of Realizing Rights: The Ethical
Globalization Initiative, and former United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights. Following the closing address, Mr. Debapriya Bhattacharya,
Special Advisor on LDCs, UNCTAD, summarized the discussions of the
Symposium. Concluding remarks were then made by Mr. Jean Feyder, and
by Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD.
In opening her address, Ms. Robinson recalled the last 12 months, during
which global trade had fallen sharply and the world had stood on the
verge of a depression. She said that while a fragile recovery was under
way, focus was still lacking on the “people at the centre of these crises”.
The lack of progress by many countries in addressing persistent problems
of inequality and social exclusion meant that the most vulnerable would
continue to face poverty. As a result, many countries would not reach the
Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Accordingly, ways had to be found
to hold governments to the commitments made to the MDGs, in the Paris
Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, and in the Accra Agenda for Action.
Ms. Robinson emphasized the need to examine development policies that
would respond to global economic turmoil, lack of food security, and climate
change. There needed to be a much sharper focus on what really constitutes
sustainable development, and there was a need to tackle inequality, end
discrimination and exclusion, and strengthen meaningful participation by
all stakeholders in development decision-making. Ms. Robinson stated
that trade and investment policies needed to reflect an orientation towards
empowering the poor, and that the work of the Commission on Legal
Empowerment of the Poor pointed the way to empowerment through four
pillars, namely, access to justice, labour rights, land rights, and business rights.
Ms. Robinson drew attention to the importance of women and girls within
development, and to the importance of women in the informal sector. Giving
women’s agencies a voice in development was a key factor in enabling
breakthroughs in all of the MDGs. However, there were too many examples
of discrimination against women. Too many countries undervalued women in
17
society, despite women being such a force for beneficial change in society.
Ms. Robinson stated that positive changes could ensue when women’s and
girls’ rights were protected in society.
Ms. Mary Robinson, President of Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative and
former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and former President of Ireland,
and UNCTAD Deputy Secretary-General Mr. Petko Draganov, at the closing plenary of the
Public Symposium.
Ms. Robinson stressed that accountability was critical to the achievement
of development goals. Developed countries must deliver on their aid
promises, and governments should be held accountable for creating
and spending budgets that support development priorities. Holding all
governments accountable would mean that the $20 billion pledged for
supporting agriculture would materialize, and that foreign investment in
Africa would be translated into real improvements at the level of people and
households. In addition to investment, of key importance to development
was an emphasis on policies to encourage the rule of law, which was crucial
from an investment point of view.
The notion of shared responsibilities was also a key factor in global
development. This involved recognition that there were shared
responsibilities across national boundaries, especially in the areas of trade
and climate change. Bridging the climate and economic reform agendas
was challenging. Nonetheless, there was a need to learn from the many
success stories where local economies were growing in ways that were
18
based on sustainable agriculture and forestry and on the use of low-carbon
technologies to expand energy provision for domestic and industrial use.
Access to electricity could be said to be one of the missing MDGs, since 1.6
billion people worldwide had no access to electricity.
The human rights principles of accountability, participation, nondiscrimination and transparency were the building blocks of lasting and
people-centered development. Discussions throughout the final plenary
were focused around the need for job creation, the need for countries to
achieve food sovereignty, and the need to address unfair trade policies
prioritizing consumers rather than producers. The importance of the
distinction between the economic crisis and the food crisis was highlighted.
It was observed that a new, increased interest in food and agricultural
production was in evidence at UNCTAD, which could address the serious
issue of food security and the right to food.
The Symposium stressed the need to create a closer link between the
development agenda and a rights-based approach in order to achieve
the MDGs. Policies should prioritize the right to work, rather than being
solely focused on the need to contain inflation. Massive capital flow
speculation was a driver of vulnerability and should be regulated, while
from the perspective of the real economy, production capacity should be
enhanced. Funding could be strengthened towards meeting the enormous
needs of developing countries, thereby creating employment, wealth and
new prospects for trade. Job creation remained a serious challenge in
developing countries, even after the implementation of trade liberalization
policies that were intended to contribute positively to employment.
The closing plenary summarized the Symposium with reference to the two
principal elements of the meeting: the global crises and new development
paths. It noted that the crisis was far from over, and that although the
long-term implications of the crisis were still unknown, its immediate
consequences were apparent. Among these, the Symposium noted that
the MDGs would not be achieved, ODA flows were declining, banks were
lending less to productive sectors, the food crisis would persist, commodity
price volatility would resume, remittances were more resilient, protectionist
tendencies were increasing, and no consensus had been found on
global warming. As far as the response was concerned, the Symposium
emphasized the importance of giving a voice to the G-192 in containing the
crises. It deplored the fact that no reform of global economic governance
had been achieved, and that the United Nations, as the most representative
body to undertake a global governance debate, was sidelined. The role of
19
active civil society, especially NGOs, was emphasized in discussions about
ways to bring about changes to the system.
Some of the strongest messages from the Symposium were that the
conventional development model had shown its inadequacy to ensure
stability and growth, and that there was a need for alternative paths based
on in-depth reforms. The importance of the United Nations as a prime
multilateral platform was emphasized, while civil society organizations also
had a major role to play.
Elements of this new development path may include an enabling
macroeconomic framework, an agriculture policy focused on assisting
producers to secure their livelihoods, the promotion of wage-based
processing activities, infrastructure-building with effective use of
public–private partnerships, sustainable growth with access to clean
technology, universal social protection, and the enhancement of South–
South cooperation. Furthermore, in order to address global economic
governance, the Symposium recommended making the multilateral
system more effective and inclusive, changing the international financial
architecture, and promoting international tax cooperation. Emphasis was
also placed on a coordinated exchange rate management, the inclusion of
productive capacities-building and rights-based issues in the MDGs, and
the importance of a coherent architecture for climate change.
20
Summary of the breakout sessions
Breakout session 1:
The global economic crisis and developing countries:
Impact and response
Oxfam International presented the findings of its research on the global
economic crisis. This research had involved 12 countries, 2,500 individuals,
and studies by a range of universities and international organizations.
According to the research, the crisis had affected poor people and people
in developing countries worldwide with a depth and complexity and in a
diversity of ways that made it impossible to make easy generalizations about
the impacts of the crisis and about patterns of resilience and vulnerability.
The research also showed that countries and households had been dealing
with the economic crisis better than expected, with families supporting each
other, sharing food, information and money, and keeping children in school.
In view of the results of the research, the session explored the limits of
resilience for families and nations, in the context of ongoing shocks. The
findings on fiscal impacts in poor countries showed that budgets in 2010
were being cut on average by 0.2 per cent of gross domestic product
(GDP); two thirds of the countries for which social spending details were
available were cutting budget allocations in one or more of the priority
social sectors of education, health, agriculture and social protection; and
education and social protection were being particularly badly affected, with
average spending levels in 2010 lower even than those in 2008.
Oxfam stated that the policy implications and lessons from the research
showed that Governments should plan for crises before they occurred
and should monitor their impacts; they should support local-level coping
mechanisms and initiatives to support equality; and post-crisis, they
should replenish resilience and ensure sustained support from donors and
international financial institutions.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) called on Governments to
maintain, as a priority, the focus on social spending in essential services and
agriculture, and proposed that this be done by increasing the fiscal space of
Governments through taxation on natural resources and the financial sector.
This taxation should be progressive, and not regressive. The International
Labour Organization (ILO) noted that the top priority to get out of the crisis
should be job creation through structural investment in social protection,
agriculture, social security, health and education.
21
H.E. Matern Y. C. Lumbanga, Ambassador of United Republic of Tanzania to the United
Nations, moderates the session on “Is there development in trade agreements? A look at the
Doha Development Agenda and free trade agreements”.
Breakout session 2:
Innovative financing mechanisms (e.g. special drawing rights,
new reserve systems and financial transaction taxes)
This session examined proposals for innovative finance. Many of the
suggestions were for new taxes, such as a financial transaction tax (FTT),
the financial activities tax (FAT) proposed by the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), and special drawing rights (SDRs) – reserve assets created
without cost by IMF and distributed to member countries in proportion to
their quotas.
The session noted that an FTT could be a good source of funds and a
disincentive to excessive financial speculation. An FTT could be applied to
all financial transactions (including purchases of stocks, bonds, derivatives
etc.) at a low rate, such as 0.05 per cent, and could be collected by
Governments with the proceeds devoted to public goods, split between
domestic and international funds. Concerns about FTT proposals included
how it would affect developing-country markets and banks, its impact on
Caribbean “tax haven” countries, and whether consumer transactions such
as remittances would be exempted.
On the subject of SDRs, it was pointed out that a general allocation worth
$250 billion was made in April 2009 in response to a call from the G-20.
22
Countries could maintain SDRs as reserves bolstering their creditworthiness,
freeing up other reserves for expenditures, or could convert them to cash at
the cost of a small recurring interest fee. The reforms suggested for SDRs
included targeted allocations which would go to countries on the basis
of need rather than quota, or donations of rich countries’ “idle” SDRs to
countries with greater need.
At the session, Mr. Pedro Páez, former Ecuadorean Minister of Economic
Coordination, offered a wide-ranging response which included calls for the
use of SDRs at the regional level to strengthen new regional architectures,
immediate bans on short selling, and limits on speculative positions on
credit default swap (CDS) contracts, hedge funds etc. It was noted that the
emergence of the “G-192 process” at last year’s United Nations conference
on the financial crisis had succeeded in rupturing the traditional approaches
both of IMF and of the United Nations. One of the early results had, in fact,
been the call for the SDR allocation.
Breakout session 3:
Is there development in trade agreements? A look at the Doha
Development Agenda and free trade agreements
This session was led by the South Centre, by Third World Network and by
3D Trade–Human Rights–Equitable Economy. The objective of the session
was to exchange views on whether the Doha Round and international
trade agreements were leading to effective development outcomes, and
to recommend strategies for the way forward. The session focused on the
areas of non-agricultural market access (NAMA), services, implementation
issues and human rights.
It was noted that NAMA tariff cuts were higher than those in agriculture, and
that developing countries had higher tariff cuts than developed countries
due to the Swiss formula. It was stressed that the adoption of the Swiss
formula was part of a broader package that contained other elements vital to
ensuring that results in NAMA negotiations were respectful of the principles
of special and differential treatment and of less than full reciprocity. It was
stated that some countries had complicated the Round further by putting
more issues on the table that were not originally in the Doha mandate.
With regard to services, it was recognized that the General Agreement on
Trade in Services (GATS) had some ingredients conducive for development,
such as recognizing least developed country (LDC) concerns, and the
positive list approach. Conversely, the domestic regulation negotiations,
which aimed to prescribe the way to regulate, did not conform to most
developing-country interests and would in fact negate the developmental
23
content of GATS. The session cautioned that liberalization would not work if
domestic services capacity was limited, and recommended monitoring and
operationalizing article IV of GATS.
With regard to issues of implementation, speakers noted the many
outstanding issues from the former Round, while stressing the importance
of local content requirements to create intra-industry linkages and/or
domestic supplier networks. Such requirements could in fact attract foreign
direct investment (FDI) as foreign manufacturers sought to “jump the
fence”. Other issues highlighted were Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS), antidumping, safeguards, and implementation of
the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
agreements. Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) were called
upon to opt for an “early harvest” of the implementation issues.
On human rights, cotton subsidies by developed countries were cited as the
reason for the cotton sector in West and Central Africa slowly disappearing,
threatening the livelihoods of almost 20 million cotton farmers and their
families. Given that WTO negotiations and litigation had not engendered
the required policy change, the way forward was to continue promoting a
human rights approach to trade. Applied to trade agreements, this included
assessing the distributional gains and losses from trade liberalization, and
the development of a normative framework to judge the effects of trade
rules and to ensure that the policy space offered in WTO was actually being
used by WTO members.
Mr. Pradeep S. Mehta, Secretary-General of CUTS International, speaks at the breakout
session titled “Improving food security in the face of climate change”.
24
Breakout session 4:
Is there a role for the LDCs in reshaping global economic
governance?
The session was led by the Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS
International) in collaboration with UNCTAD. The session looked at the role
that the least developed countries (LDCs) could and should play in the
debates on the reform of global economic governance and in reshaping it
to better reflect their own development needs and aspirations.
The session identified two formidable challenges faced by LDCs in relation
to global crises and global economic governance: (a) the lack of capacity
and resources in LDCs to absorb the severe shocks emanating from failures
of international policy and institutions, which could wipe out their scarce
development gains; and (b) their marginalization in all the debates related to
global economic governance reforms. While LDCs were the most vulnerable
to the adverse effects of the crises, they remained the least represented in
the forums and mechanisms responsible for dealing with them.
Speakers highlighted the need to formally consider issues affecting LDCs
and low-income countries by providing them with a seat in such forums
as the G-20. They called for the impact of G-20 policies to be taken into
consideration, including by emerging markets, and highlighted the need to
consider the development impact on LDCs and low-income countries when
deciding on or implementing global policies. With regard to issues related
to climate change, speakers stressed the need to move beyond needs
assessments to a more dynamic framework that would ensure technological
transfer to LDCs in support of action on adaptation and mitigation.
The discussion noted that the gap between aid commitments and aid
disbursements was getting wider, and was tied up with security issues.
Geographical allocation of aid had also resulted in the most needy getting
less aid. It was pointed out that the free market philosophy favoured the
strongest, who prospered while the weaker nations become worse-off. A
call was made for a prioritized and concerted effort with a holistic approach,
which would ensure that all issues affecting LDCs would be effectively
addressed by the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed
Countries (UNLDC IV).
25
Breakout session 5:
Improving food security in the face of climate change
This session, led by CUTS International, focused on the challenges that
food security and climate change presented for developing countries.
It was stated that the food crisis of 2007–2008 was not due to a lack of
food, but to a lack of purchasing power on the part of the poor. The world
food system – made up of actors dealing with food production and with
national and international rules setting the framework for their actions – was
not providing food for all. Speakers noted that climate change would impact
on food security due to changes in agricultural productivity and extreme
weather events. It was expected that there would be further pressure on
food security due to increasing populations and changing food habits
resulting from economic growth in developing countries.
It was noted that trade policies could be critical in providing incentives
and disincentives for investment in agriculture, and similarly, climate
change policies could improve or distort trade flows and investments.
Agriculture could contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon
sequestration and reducing emissions. Reformed land practices could lead
to more production, and would be good for climate change adaptation
and mitigation. However, substantial increases in agricultural production,
productivity, and investment were needed. Furthermore, a systemic reform
of global agricultural trade was needed to discipline the subsidization by
developed countries.
In the ensuing discussion, participants discussed how focusing on
enhancing soil fertility would be beneficial, and how African countries could
not be asked to ensure food security by increasing their food imports, due
to their large trade
deficits, adverse terms of trade and limited foreign exchange reserves.
Participants agreed that top priority should be given to food security
and to promoting sustainable agriculture, and that policy coherence and
coordinated processes across trade, food security and climate change
were needed.
In the concluding remarks, two main points from these discussions arose:
firstly, that a large part of the action agenda related to these issues was
national, and secondly, that the issues were complex and required in-depth
discussions among all stakeholders.
26
Breakout session 6:
To green or not to green: Challenges and opportunities for
development and decent work
It was stated that as the climate crisis was advancing, it was also providing
an opportunity for the creation of green jobs, which would mitigate and
reverse its effects. This new sector of the economy should not be allowed
to develop structural deficiencies in terms of workers’ rights and women’s
representation. These jobs, however, would not arrive automatically.
The session identified the need for a major investment plan in green
infrastructure, technology, human resources development, and production,
in order to materialize decent green jobs and guarantee a just transition to
a low-carbon economy, after full consultation with the social partners. More
research on the impact of greening existing jobs and the creation of new
green jobs was needed.
The session referred to some of the research that had already been carried
out in that area. It was thus pointed out that in Germany, the assessments
showed that if the country invested in renewable sources, then by 2020, 12.7
per cent of the working population would be employed in such positions.
If not, then the green private sector would account for 8.3 per cent of total
jobs. Research in the United Kingdom showed that many jobs would be
created there; however the GDP would be between 0.25 and 0.82 per cent
lower per year. Nonetheless, this investment was necessary as the costs and
consequences of climate change exceeded the costs of investing in it.
The session concluded that in order to put the decent work and green jobs
agendas forward, UNCTAD could provide regional platforms for developing
decent green jobs, as well as best practices that would help countries
to implement them. WTO could also contribute by eliminating tariffs on
environmental products and by initiating an environmental dimension in the
negotiations. Finally, the countries should provide incentives in the form of subsidies,
tax breaks and other supportive measures for the rising green economy.
Breakout session 7:
Responsible investment in agriculture: Sustainable and peoplecentred approaches
This session was moderated by 3D Trade–Human Rights–Equitable
Economy and by the International Institute for Sustainable Development.
The session heard that private investors, transnational corporations and
governments had been leasing tracts of arable land in Africa and Asia to
produce food and biofuels for export back home. These deals were often
arranged in secrecy and without the participation of the local communities
27
who owned or used the land being negotiated. The consequence of this
situation was that often, such agreements neither benefited local farmers
nor contributed to domestic food security.
To address some of the concerns that had arisen in that context, the World
Bank, together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
and UNCTAD had formulated principles for responsible investment in
agriculture. Similarly, the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food had
proposed a set of principles based on international human rights law,
alongside other international initiatives.
The session noted that applying a human rights framework to investment
in agriculture could help improve people’s livelihoods. The proposed
guidelines were voluntary and did not protect the rights of small-scale
farmers and others affected. While investors could rely on hard law and
enforceable rights to protect their investments, local people’s land rights
were often ignored or non-existent. Moreover, the World Bank (through the
International Finance
Mr. Boris Engelson from Partage International intervenes at the breakout session titled
“Investing in Farmland: Sustainable and People-centered Approaches”.
Corporation (IFC) and the Foreign Investment Advisory Service (FIAS)) and
the governments of developed countries were promoting foreign investment
in agriculture and liberalization of domestic land markets, contradicting the
principles.
As a way forward, a moratorium should be considered for countries where
large tracts of land are negotiated. The principles should be operationalized
and model contracts and other tools should be established for Governments,
based on the existing work carried out by IFAD and FAO. Development
funding for agriculture should be tied explicitly to the principles, and impact
assessments with regard to human rights and social and environmental
standards should become mandatory before land deals are negotiated or
28
implemented. National policies to protect the land rights and other rights of local
peoples must be ensured. Finally, Governments should play a predominant
role in developing agriculture and should allocate public resources to the
sector, rather than supporting export-oriented agricultural production.
Breakout session 8:
Too hot to handle? How to bridge the climate justice and global
economic reform agendas?
This session was led by UNCTAD and the United Nations Non-Governmental
Liaison Service (NGLS) and explored the political complexities and strategic
opportunities presented in balancing a fair climate deal with the systemic
economic reform agenda articulated at the United Nations since 2009.
The urgent need to finance large investments to meet interrelated socioeconomic and climate threats provided the basis for a shared dialogue.
The lead speaker noted that in light of the disappointing results of the
Copenhagen Summit, there were three possible bargaining models for
future climate talks:
(a) A grand coalition by the G-192 (operating through the framework of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)):
An inclusive intergovernmental model that was disrupted in the build-up
to Copenhagen.
(b) A coalition of the willing (based on the Copenhagen Accord): A
framework signed by a very small number of powerful countries which
may also serve as an instrument by stronger countries to coerce weaker
ones into agreement.
(c) A “truly grand bargain”: The third scenario brought together reform
of the international financial architecture and a climate change deal. It
could be less politically costly than options a and b, while dramatically
scaling up the capacity of the international community to mobilize the
level of resources required for a fair climate deal.
The third option was based primarily on the much more extensive and
equitable use of special drawing rights, as had been discussed in the
context of the United Nations global economic reform agenda since 2009.
SDRs provided the possibility of issuing an international reserve currency
that could act as a backup for increased emission of domestic currency to
finance the “great leap” investments needed for transition to high-growth
low-carbon development paths.
An alternative perspective advocated the use of “global SDRs” to play the
role of “lender of last resort” to back regional currencies (“regional SDRs”),
which, among other things, could fulfil similar functions of providing liquidity
for local investments in climate-change adaptation and mitigation.
29
Annexes
Programme
Monday, 10 May 2010
10:00–10:30 PLENARY I: OPENING Room XVIII
Welcoming remarks by H.E. Ambassador Jean Feyder, President, UNCTAD
Trade and Development Board
Introductory remarks by Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of
UNCTAD
Followed by ROUND TABLE:
10:30–13:00 Theme: Responding to Global Crises: New Development Paths
ModeratorMr. Jonathan Lynn, World Trade Correspondent and Chief Correspondent,
Reuters News, Geneva
PanelMr. David Nabarro, Special Representative on Food Security and Nutrition,
United Nations High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis
Mr. Olivier De Schutter, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to
Food, OHCHR, Geneva
Ms. Makhotso Magdeline Sotyu, Chairperson, Parliament of South Africa
Mr. Rehman Sobhan, Chair, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh
Ms. Anne Jellema, International Policy and Campaign Director, ActionAid
International, South Africa
Followed by
INTERACTIVE DEBATE
14:00–15:30 BREAKOUT SESSIONS
Room XXIIThe Global Economic Crisis and Developing Countries: Impact and
Response
Led by Oxfam International
Room XXIII
Innovative Financing Mechanisms (e.g. Special Drawing Rights, New
Reserve Systems and Financial Transaction Taxes)
Led by Third World Network and ActionAid International
Room XXVII
Is There Development in Trade Agreements? A Look at the Doha
Development Agenda and Free Trade Agreements
Led by South Centre, Third World Network and 3D -> Trade–Human Rights–
Equitable Economy
Room XVIII
Is There a Role for the LDCs in Reshaping Global Economic Governance?
Led by UNCTAD and CUTS International
15:45–18:00 PLENARY II: Room XVIII
Theme: Rethinking Global Economic Governance: Towards Trade and
Financial Reforms to Support Development
Moderator
Mr. Ram Etwareea, Journalist, Le Temps, Geneva
Mr. Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Assistant Secretary-General, United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA)
31
Ms. Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics, and Chair, Centre for Economic
Studies and Planning, India
Mr. Pedro Páez, President, Ecuadorian Technical Commission for a
New Regional Financial Architecture, and former Minister of Economic
Coordination of Ecuador
Ms. Nuria Molina, Director, European Network on Debt and Development
(EURODAD), Belgium
Followed by INTERACTIVE DEBATE
32
Tuesday, 11 May 2010
10:00–13:00 PLENARY III: Room XVIII
Theme: Alternative Development Strategies: Towards More Inclusive and
Sustainable Development Paths
ModeratorMs. Anne Jellema, International Policy and Campaign Director, ActionAid
International, South Africa
Mr. Richard Kozul-Wright, Officer-in-Charge, Economic Cooperation and
Integration Among Developing Countries Unit, UNCTAD
Mr. Mouhamady Cissokho, President, Réseau des Organisations Paysannes
et de Producteurs de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (ROPPA), Senegal
Mr. Biraj Patnaik, Principal Adviser, Office of the Commissioners to the
Supreme Court (right to food cases), India
Mr. Pradeep S. Mehta, Secretary-General, CUTS International, India
Followed by
INTERACTIVE DEBATE
14:00–15:30 BREAKOUT SESSIONS
Room XXII
Improving Food Security in the Face of Climate Change
Led by CUTS International
Room XXIIITo Green or Not to Green: Challenges and Opportunities for Development
and Decent Work
Led by International Trade Union Confederation
Room XXVIIResponsible Investment in Agriculture: Sustainable and People-centered
Approaches
Led by 3D -> Trade–Human Rights–Equitable Economy, and the International
Institute for Sustainable Development
Room XVIII
Too Hot to Handle? How to Bridge the Climate Justice and Global
Economic Reform Agendas?
Led by UNCTAD and the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service
15:45–18:00 PLENARY IV: Room XVIII
CLOSING
Chaired by H.E. Ambassador Jean Feyder, President, UNCTAD Trade and
Development Board
Special Address:
Ms. Mary Robinson, President, Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization
Initiative, and former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Summary by Mr. Debapriya Bhattacharya, Special Advisor on LDCs, UNCTAD
Final comments from the floor
Concluding remarks:
Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD
H.E. Ambassador Jean Feyder, President, UNCTAD Trade and Development
Board
33
Breakout Sessions
Monday, 10 May 2010
14:00–15:30
Room XXII
BREAKOUT SESSIONS
The Global Economic Crisis and Developing Countries:
Impact and Response
Led by Oxfam International
Moderator
Esther Busser, Assistant Director, ITUC-CSI Geneva Office
DiscussantsUma Amara, Senior Development Economist, ILO Institute
Isabel Ortiz, Associate Director, and link to the “Recovery with a Human
Face” network, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Richard King, Economic Justice Research, Oxfam, United Kingdom
RapporteurIsabel M. Mazzei, Senior Policy Advisor, OXFAM International
Room XXIII
Innovative Financing Mechanisms (e.g. Special Drawing Rights,
New Reserve Systems and Financial Transaction Taxes)
Led by Third World Network and ActionAid International
ModeratorSoren Ambrose, Development Finance Coordinator, ActionAid International
DiscussantsBhumika Muchhala, Finance and Development Programme, Third World
Network (TWN)
Soren Ambrose, Development Finance Coordinator, ActionAid International
RapporteurSoren Ambrose, Development Finance Coordinator, ActionAid International
Room XXVII
Is There Development in Trade Agreements? A Look at the Doha
Development Agenda and Free Trade Agreements
Led by South Centre, Third World Network and 3D -> Trade–Human Rights–
Equitable Economy
ModeratorH.E. Matern Y. C. Lumbanga, Ambassador and Permanent Representative
of United Republic of Tanzania to the United Nations and Other International
Organizations in Geneva
PresentationsPablo Obregón, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Argentina,
byGeneva
Sanya Reid Smith, Legal Advisor, Third World Network
Violette Ruppanner, Director, 3D -> Trade–Human Rights–Equitable Economy
Offah Obale, Programme Officer, South Centre
Rapporteur
Peter Lunenborg, South Centre
Room XVIIIIs There a Role for the LDCs in Reshaping Global Economic Governance?
Led by UNCTAD and CUTS International
ModeratorDebapriya Bhattacharya, Special Adviser on LDCs, Office of the SecretaryGeneral, UNCTAD
PresentationsH.E. Dr. Anthony Mothae Maruping, Ambassador of Lesotho to the
by
United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva
Ahmed Abdel Latif, Intellectual Property and Technology Programme
Manager, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD)
Dirk Willem te Velde, Director of Programmes, Overseas Development
Institute, United Kingdom
RapporteurDebapriya Bhattacharya, Special Adviser on LDCs, Office of the SecretaryGeneral, UNCTAD
34
Tuesday, 11 May 2010
14:00– 15:30 BREAKOUT SESSIONS
Room XXIIImproving Food Security in the Face of Climate Change
Led by CUTS International
Moderator
Pradeep S. Mehta, Secretary-General, CUTS International
PresentationsIsabel Mazzei, Senior Policy Advisor, OXFAM International, Geneva
by Jonathan Hepburn, Agriculture Programme Officer, ICTSD
Luisa Bernal, Trade and Development Specialist, and Massimiliano Riva,
Trade and Capacity Development Specialist, United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), Geneva
CommentsSamuel Gayi, Chief, Commodities Research and Analysis, Special Unit on
Commodities, UNCTAD
RapporteurPradeep S. Mehta / Atul Kaushik / Rashid Kaukab, CUTS International
Room XXIIITo Green or Not to Green: Challenges and Opportunities for Development
and Decent Work
Led by International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Moderator
Georgios Altintzis, ITUC-CSI Geneva Office
DiscussantsSally Jeanrenaud, Green Economy Coalition Programme Director, International
Institute for Environment and Development
David Kucera, Senior Research Economist, Integration/Policy Coherence
Group, International Labour Organization
Rapporteur
Esther Busser, Assistant Director, ITUC-CSI Geneva Office
Room XXVIIResponsible Investment in Agriculture: Sustainable and People-centered
Approaches
Led by 3D -> Trade–Human Rights–Equitable Economy, and the International
Institute for Sustainable Development
ModeratorViolette Ruppanner, Director, 3D-> Trade–Human Rights–Equitable Economy
DiscussantsMamadou Cissokho, Co-founder, Réseau des Organisations Paysannes et
des Producteurs d’Afrique de l’Ouest (ROPPA)
Hafiz Mirza, Economic Affairs Officer, Investment Analysis Branch, Division
on Investment and Enterprise, UNCTAD
Carin Smaller, Advisor, International Institute for Sustainable Development
RapporteurViolette Ruppanner, Director, 3D-> Trade - Human Rights - Equitable
Economy
Room XVIII
T oo Hot to Handle? How to Bridge the Climate Justice and Global
Economic Reform Agendas?
Led by UNCTAD and the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service
ModeratorHamish Jenkins, United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service
DiscussantsMichael Clark, former Senior Adviser for Economic and Security Affairs to the
President of the sixty-third United Nations General Assembly
Soren Ambrose, Development Finance Coordinator, ActionAid International
Richard Kozul-Wright, Officer-in-Charge, Economic Cooperation and
Integration among Developing Countries Unit, UNCTAD
RapporteurRichard Kozul-Wright, Officer-in-Charge, Economic Cooperation and
Integration among Developing Countries Unit, UNCTAD
35
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Member States
Albania
Mr. Pistoli Miranda, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Angola
Mr. Almeida Luzitu, Delegate, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Austria
Ms. Brigette Lüth, Attaché, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Bahrain
Ms. Muna Radhi, Deupty Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Bangladesh
Mr. Md. Nazrul Islam, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mr. Md. Ruhul Amin, Intern, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Barbados
Ms. Marion Vernese Williams, Ambassador, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Ms. Corlita Babb-Schaefer, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Brazil
Mr. Thiago Costa Dias, Trainee, Permanent Mission of Brazil to the World Trade
Organization (WTO), Geneva
Bulgaria
Mr. Volodya Bojkov, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Burkina Faso
Mr. Ambroise Balina, Economic Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Cambodia
Mr. Sun Suon, Ambassador, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Cameroon
Ms. Sylvie Marie-Louise Eyeffa Ekomo, Head of Division, Ministry of Finance, Yaoundé
China
Mr. Chen Jianping, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Congo
Mr. Lambert Bisseyou, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Côte d’Ivoire
M. Kouadio Kouakou, Chargé d’affaires, Mission permanente, Genève
M. Kobou Jérôme, Sous Directeur à la Direction générale de l’économie au Ministère de l’économie et des
finances
M. Gabriel Kohou, Conseiller économique, Mission permanente, Genève
M. Animan Ettkan, Conseiller commercial, Mission permanente, Genève
Mme Caroline Niangoran, Chargée d’études à la Direction des affaires économiques extérieures et de
l’intégration
M. Bamba N’Vadro, Premier secrétaire, Mission permanente, Genève
M. Bamba Bakary Junior, Attaché, Mission permanente, Genève
M. Kouakou Félix, Attaché, Mission permanente, Genève
M. Adingra Yao Kouman, Attaché, Mission permanente, Genève
M. Zagbayou Joel, Attaché, Mission permanente, Genève
Czech Republic
Ms. Andrea Petrankova, Third Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Dominican Republic
Mr. Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh, Ambassador, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Sra. Magaly Bello de Kemper, Ministro Consejero, Misión Permanente, Ginebra
37
Ecuador
Mr. Pedro Páez, President of the Ecuadorian Technical Commission for a New Regional Financial
Architecture, and former Minister of Economic Coordination of Ecuador
Mr. Carlos Santos, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
El Salvador
Ms. Carmen Elena Castillo-Gallandat, Minister Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Finland
Ms. Heli Niemi, First Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Ms. Reettasisko Pakkala, Intern, Permanent Mission, Geneva
France
Mme Louise Burdloff, Direction générale de la mondialisation, Ministère des Affaires étrangères et
européennes
M. Moncef Follain, Direction générale de la mondialisation, Ministère des Affaires étrangères et
européennes
Mme Delphine Lida, Conseillère (Affaires économiques et Développement), Mission permanente, Genève
M. Etienne Polle, Stagiaire, Mission permanente, Genève
Germany
Mr. Wolfgang Rechenhofer, Counsellor, Economic Affairs, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Greece
Ms. Andriani Falconaki-Sotiropoulos, First Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Haiti
Mr. Frantz Dorsainville, Minister Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Holy See
Mr. Jean Tardieu, Permanent Mission, Geneva
India
Mr. Biraj Patnaik, Principal Advisor, Office of the Commissioners to the Supreme Court of India in the
Right to Food Cases, New Delhi
Mr. Manharsinh Laxmanbhai Yadav, Third Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Indonesia
Mr. Joannes Tandjung, Third Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Iraq
Mr. Razaq Mashkoor, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Jordan
Ms. Ghadeer El-Fayez, Advisor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Kazakhstan
Ms. Zharkin Kakimzhanova, Head of WTO Unit, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Lesotho
Mr. Mothae Anthony Maruping, Ambassador Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Mr. Abdulmonem Burawi, Economic Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Luxembourg
Mr. Jean Feyder, Ambassador Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Madagascar
Mr. Julien Rakotomalala, Attaché, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Malaysia
Mr. Ismail Mohamad Bkri, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mauritius
Ms. Tanya Prayag-Gujadhur, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
38
Mexico
Ms. Judith Arrieta, Consejero, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Ms. Yara Fosado, Consejero, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mr. Ismael Ortíz, Consejero, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mr. Victor Genina, Advisor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Ms. Miriam Romero, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Morocco
Mr. Omar Hilale, Ambassador, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mr. Anas Alami-Hamedane, First Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Nepal
Mr. Ravi Bhattarai, Deputy Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mr. Dev Prasad Thapaliya, WTO Mission Intern, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Nigeria
Ms. Jola Orimolote, Minister Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Romania
Ms. Octavia Cerchez, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Russian Federation
Mr. Efim Stroev, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Senegal
Mr. Mboup Ndiaga, First Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Serbia
Mr. Uglješa Zvekić, Ambassador, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Ms. Olivera Jocic, First Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
South Africa
Mr. Johan van Wyk, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Spain
Mr. Ignacio de las Cuevas, Technical Assistant, ILO Affairs, Ministry of Labour and Immigration
Ms. Myriam Herrero Couto, Intern, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Sudan
Mr. Mohamed Adam Ibrahim, Intern, Mission to WTO, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Sweden
Ms. Maria Nordwall Liungman, Senior Advisor, National Board of Trade, Stockholm
Switzerland
Mr. Alexandre Ghelew, Programme Officer, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Berne
Tajikistan
Mr. Nasimjon Hakimov, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission of Tajikistan, Geneva
Timor-Leste
Mr. Joaquim da Fonseca, Ambassador, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Thailand
Ms. Thararut Hanlumyuang, First Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Turkey
Mr. Sezai Bayrakli, Ministry of Agriculture, Turkey
Ms. Gulzade Kaplan, Ministry of Agriculture, Turkey
Ms. Pervin Karahocagil, Ministry of Agriculture, Turkey
Mr. Sabri Topbas, Ministry of Agriculture, Turkey
Ms. Irem Akkaya, Head of Department, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Turkey
Ms. Ozge Akpinar, Expert, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Turkey
Mr. Emrah Karakilic, Economic Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mr. Hüsnü Ada, Foreign Trade Expert, Undersecretariat of the Prime Ministry for Foreign Trade, Ankara
Ms. Serife Yildirim, Junior Foreign Trade Expert, Undersecretariat of the Prime Ministry for Foreign
Trade, Ankara
Ukraine
Ms. Nataliya Fedyora, Senior Economist, Permanent Mission, Geneva
39
United Arab Emirates
Ms. Rita Sayah, Coordinator, Permanent Mission of the United Arab Emirates to WTO, Geneva
United Republic of Tanzania
Mr. Matern Y. C. Lumbanga, Ambassador Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission, Geneva
United States of America
Mr. Jonathan Peccia, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Uzbekistan
Mr. Badriddin Obidov, First Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Mr. Nodir Nurmatov, Third Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Yemen
Mr. Fadhl Al-Maghafi, Deputy Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission, Geneva
Zambia
Ms. Lillian Bwalya, First Secretary (Trade), Permanent Mission, Geneva
Observers
Palestine
Ms. Samah Atout, Second Secretary, Permanent Observer Mission, Geneva
Ms. Deema Asfour, Third Secretary, Permanent Observer Mission, Geneva
Intergovernmental and international organizations
African Union
Ms. Elisabeth Tankeu, Commissioner, Trade and Industry, Addis Ababa
Mr. Festus Fajana, Expert, International Trade Negotiation, Addis Ababa
Mr. Jacob Nyoyo, Special Assistant of the Commissioner, Addis Ababa
Ms. Khadija R. Masri, Permanent Representative of the African Union in Geneva
Mr. Faouzi Gsouma, Trade Officer, Geneva
European Commission
Mr. Andrea Mogni, RELEX Policy Analysis, Brussels
European Union
Ms. Iveta Pychova, Intern, Delegation of the European Union, Geneva
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Mr. Juan Simon, Project Manager, Geneva
Organization of Islamic Countries
Mr. Mojtaba Amiri Vahid, Deputy of Mission, Geneva
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
M. Hervé Cronel, Conseiller spécial chargé de l’économie et du développement durable, Paris
Mme Cécile Léqué, Conseiller (Affaires économiques et Développement), Genève
Permanent Delegation of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States
Mr. Marwa J. Kisiri, Permanent Observer/Head of ACP Office, Geneva
Mr. Alejandro Gómez, ACP/WTO Intern, Geneva
Ms. Lessie Nava Dore, ACP/WTO Intern, Geneva
South Centre
Ms. Roshni Dave, Researcher, Geneva
Ms. Aileen Kwa, Coordinator, Trade for Development Programme, Geneva
Mr. Peter Lunenborg, Geneva
Mr. Offah Obale, Programme Officer, Geneva
Mr. Vicente Paolo Yu, Programme Coordinator, Global Governance for Development Programme
Ms. Xuan Zhang, Associate Research Officer, Geneva
Parliamentarians
Inter-Parliamentary Union
Mr. Serguei Tchelnokov, Programme Manager, Grand-Saconnex, Geneva
Ms. Elisabete Azevedo, Programme Officer on Development Issues, Grand-Saconnex, Geneva
40
Parliament of the Republic of South Africa
Ms. Makhotso Magdeline Sotyu, Chair, Committee on Safety and Security, Cape Town
Ms. Shereen Banu Dawood, Content Advisor, Cape Town
Parliament of the Republic of South Africa and African National Congress
Mr. Sisa James Njikelana, Member of Parliament, Cape Town
United Nations agencies, funds and programmes
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Mr. Josef Schmidhuber, Senior Economist, United Nations Liaison Office, Geneva
International Labour Organization
Ms. Uma Amara, Senior Development Economist, International Institute of Labour Studies, Geneva
Ms. Valentina Beghini, Geneva
Mr. Thomas Debrouwer, Consultant, Vernier, Geneva
Mr. David Kucera, Senior Research Economist, Integration/Policy Coherence Group, Geneva
Mr. Pierre Laliberté, Research Officer, Geneva
Mr. Vital Nero, Geneva
Mr. Ian Orton, Social Security Analyst, International Social Security Association, Geneva
Mr. Aurelio Parisotto, Senior Economist, Policy Integration Department, Geneva
Mr. Stephen Pursey, Geneva
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO
Ms. Luisa Cassaro, Associate Corporate Communications Officer, Geneva
Ms. Micaela Daniel, Chief, Communications and Events, Geneva
Ms. Riefqah Jappie, Strategic Planning Advisor, Office of the Executive Director, Geneva
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
Mr. Olivier De Schutter, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Geneva
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Ms. Isabel Ortíz, Associate Director, Policy and Practice, New York
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Mr. Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Assistant Secretary-General, New York
United Nations Development Programme
Ms. Cécile Molinier, Director, Geneva
Ms. Emefa Attigah, Policy Analyst, Trade and Capacity Development, Geneva
Ms. Luisa Bernal, Policy Specialist, Geneva
Mr. David Luke, Senior Advisor, Geneva
Mr. Massimiliano Riva, Policy Specialist, Geneva
Ms. Hyun Young Song, Geneva
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
Ms. Laura Altinger, Geneva
Mr. Magdi Farahat, Principal Advisor on Trade, Geneva
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Mr. Luis Tiburcio, Director, Geneva
Mme Cecilie Golden, Spécialiste de Programme du Secteur des Sciences sociales et humaines, Paris
Mr. Favier Myriam, Geneva
United Nations Environment Programme
Ms. Anna Autio, Associate Legal Officer, Geneva
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Mr. Jean-Marc Deroy, Director, and UNIDO representative to the United Nations and other
international organizations in Geneva
Mr. Gaelle Okio, Intern, Geneva
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
Ms. Sarah Cook, Director, Geneva
41
United Nations Secretariat
Mr. David Nabarro, Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Food Security
and Nutrition; Coordinator of the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis; Senior
United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Pandemic Influenza, Geneva
Mr. Michael Clark, Former Senior Advisor for Economic and Security Affairs to the President of the
sixty-third session of the United Nations General Assembly
World Intellectual Property Organization
Mr. Victor Owade, Geneva
World Trade Organization
Ms. Beatriz Alvarez Castillo, Translator/Reviser, Geneva
Mr. Hakim Ben Hammouda, Director, Geneva
Ms. Janaina Borges, Geneva
Ms. Stefania Gallo, Consultant, Information and External Relations Division, Geneva
Mr. S.I.M. Nayyar, Counsellor, Development Division, Geneva
Ms. María Pérez Esteve, Counsellor, Geneva
Ms. Jennifer Schenk, Intern, Geneva
Civil society, academia, media and private sector organizations
3D-> Trade–Human Rights–Equitable Economy
Ms. Violette Ruppanner, Director, Geneva
Ms. Katia Aeby González Hernández, Programme Officer, Geneva
Mr. Claudio Brenni, Programme Assistant, Geneva
Action Jeunesse pour le Développement
M. Edmond Ernest Mampouya, Chargé de Mission, Brazzaville, Congo
ActionAid International
Mr. C. Soren Ambrose, Development Finance Coordinator, Nairobi
Ms. Anne Jellema, International Policy and Campaign Policy Director, Rosenbank, South Africa
African Commission of Health and Human Rights Promoters
Ms. Ana Leurinda, Geneva
African Peace Network
Mr. Alex Adu Appiah, Executive Director, Accra
Mr. Joseph Amoah, Project Officer, Accra
Mr. Emmanuel Tei-Fio, Youth Cordinator, Accra
Al-Hakim Foundation
Mr. Abdul Amier Hashom, Main Representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva
Alliance for Freedom and Dignity
Mr. Houssein El Ouariachi, Secretary, Barcelona, Spain
Alliance Sud
Ms. Isolda Agazzi, Trade Policy Officer, Lausanne, Switzerland
Association congolaise d’education et de prévention contre les maladies et la drogue
M. Philippe Sylvestre Boudzoumou, Chargé de programmes, Brazzaville
Association Femmes et Actions pour le développement
Ms. Camara Mariam Mansa, Preoisente, Conakry, Guinea
Association for Women’s Rights in Development
Ms. Alejandra Scampini Franco, Toronto, Canada
Association pour l’Action sociale et le développement
Ms. Monkam Siewe Claire, Représentant, UNECE Genève, Douala, Cameroon
Birkbeck College
Ms. Aikaterini (Catharine) Titi, London
Business and Professional Women International
Ms. Karin Kausch, Cully, Switzerland
42
Business and Investment Management
Mr. Erik Bjertnes, Geneva
Catholic Agency for Overseas Development
Ms. Christina Weller, Economic Policy Analyst, London
Centre for International Environmental Law
Mr. Marcos Orellana, Director, Human Rights and Environment Programme, and Trade and
Sustainable Development Programme, Washington, D.C.
Centre for Sociocultural Development
Mr. Alpha Grace, Executive Director, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Centre du Commerce international pour le Développement
Mr. Biro Diawara, Representative, Geneva
Centre Europe - Tiers Monde
Mr. Florian Rochat, Representative, Geneva
Centre for Policy Dialogue
Mr. Rehman Sobhan, Chair, Dhaka
Centre for Socio-economic Development
Mr. Raymond Saner, Director, Geneva
Ms. Lichia Saner-Yiu, President, Geneva
Mr. Mario Filadoro, Geneva
Centre for Trade Policy and Development
Mr. Savior Mwambwa, Executive Director, Lusaka
Centre indépendant de recherches et d’initiative pour le dialogue
Mr. Alfred Gondo, Vernier, Switzerland
CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation
Ms. Renate Bloem, Past President of the Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the
United Nations (CONGO), and United Nations representative in Geneva, Veigy-Foncenex, France
Collectif des femmes pour la protection de l’environnement et de l’enfant
Ms. Dora Ngo Ndjeng Epse Sende, President, Douala, Cameroon
Company of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul
Ms. Price Germaine, NGO Main Representative, New York
Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations
Ms. Yejin Kim, Geneva
Ms. Beatriz Schulthess, Senior Associate, Advocacy, Finance and Administration, Geneva
Consortium for Trade and Development
Mr. Linu Mathew Philip, Executive Director and Fellow, New Delhi
Coordination des ONG africaines des droites de l’homme
Mr. Claude Citon, Research and documentation, Geneva
Mr. Emmanuel Nduwayezu, Geneva
Coordination nationale des organisations paysannes du Mali
Mr. Ibrahima Coulibaly, President, Bamako
CUTS Geneva Resource Centre
Mr. Atul Kaushik, Director, Geneva
Mr. Rashid Kaukab, Deputy Director, Geneva
Mr. Julian Mukiibi, Research Officer, Geneva
Ms. Josiane Rufener, Administrative Officer, Geneva
CUTS International
Mr. Pradeep S. Mehta, Secretary-General, Jaipur, India
Dominicans for Justice and Peace (Order of Preachers)
Mr. Olivier Poquillon, Director, Geneva
Ms. Claire Monnet, Geneva
Mr. Guy Musy, Geneva
Ms. Evelyn von Steffens, Geneva
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Espace Afrique International
M. Gerard-Claude Camara, Administrateur-Délégué, Genève
European Network on Debt and Development
Ms. Nuria Molina, Director, Brussels
Fair Trade Advocacy Office
Mr. Sergi Corbalan, Coordinator, Brussels
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
Mr. Amit Mitra, Secretary-General, New Delhi
Femmes Africa Solidarité
Ms. Loraine Mfegue, Coordinator, Geneva
Finnish United Nations Association
Ms. Helena Laukko, Executive Director, Helsinki
FOCSIV - Volontari nel Mondo
Mr. Sergio Marelli, Secretary-General, Rome
Fondation des oeuvres pour la solidarité et le bien-être social
Mr. Tony Ndefru Frachaha, Training and Research Manager, Kinshasa
Mr. Guillaume Okitotete Andjadjumi, Development and Studies Manager, Kinshasa
Foundation for Gaia
Ms. Vita de Waal, Executive Director, Southampton, United Kingdom
Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES)
Mr. Winfried Veit, Director of FES, Geneva
Mr. Berron Gonzalo, Project Director, São Paulo, Brazil
Mr. Nikolai Sonnenberg, Geneva
Geneva Social Observatory
Ms. Elena Iannaccone, Intern, Grand-Saconnex, Geneva
Global Traders’ Conference
Mr. Basant Raj Bhandari, Chief Consultant, Geneva
Grain and Feed Trade Association
Ms. June Arnold, Head of Policy, Geneva
Gulf Research Centre Foundation
Ms. Rachida Amsaghrou, Project Manager, Geneva
Hagen Resources International
Ms. Katherine Hagen, CEO, Grand-Saconnex, Geneva
Ingénieurs du monde
M. François Ullman, Président, Divonne, France
M. Raymond Ullman, Directeur, Divonne, France
Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement
Mr. Slobodan Djajic, Professor, International Economics, Geneva
Ms. Danielle Ecoffey, Director, Global Issues and NGO Programme, Geneva
Ms. Krista Joosep, Student, Geneva
Ms. Hao Li, Geneva
Mr. Nathanael Ojong, Doctoral Student, Geneva
Mr. Yorbana Seign-goura, Student, Geneva
Institute of Economic Affairs
Ms. Mary Odongo, Programme Officer, Trade Information Programme, Nairobi
Ms. Miriam Walo Oiro Omolo, Trade Programme Officer, Nairobi
Instituto de Relaciones Económicas Internacionales
Mr. Umberto Mazzei, Director, Echenevex, France
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development
Mr. Ahmed Abdel Latif, Geneva
Mr. Christophe Bellmann, Programmes Director, Geneva
Ms. Cecile de Gardelle, Dialogue Coordinator, Geneva
Mr. Paolo Ghisu, Junior Programme Officer for Trade-supported Strategies for Development, Geneva
Mr. Jonathan Hepburn, Agriculture Programme Officer, Geneva
44
Ms. Ingrid Jegou, Research Fellow, Geneva
Mr. Ricardo Meléndez-Ortíz, Chief Executive, Geneva
Ms. Adriana Verdier, Projects Manager, Chief Executive’s Office, Geneva
International Corporate Governance Network
Mr. André Baladi, Geneva
International Federation of University Women
Ms. Réka Fogarasi Musso, Geneva
International Institute for Environment and Development
Ms. Sally Jeanrenaud, Green Economy Coalition Programme Director, London
International Institute for Sustainable Development
Ms. Carin Smaller, Advisor, Geneva
International Movement ATD Fourth World
Ms. Megumi Furubayashi, Geneva
International Trade Union Confederation
Mr. Georgios Altintzis, Trade and Globalization Assistant, Brussels
International Volunteering Organization for Women, Education, Development
Ms. Maria d’Onofrio, Veyrier, Switzerland
Istituto Internazionale Maria Ausiliatrice
Ms. MariaGrazia Caputo, Permanent Representative, Veyrier, Switzerland
Mr. Giancarlo Caputo, Veyrier, Switzerland
Ms. Ana Maria Matoso Rodrigues, Veyrier, Switzerland
Ms. Valentina Neri, Veyrier, Switzerland
Ms. Lorenza Pastore, Veyrier, Switzerland
Ms. Francesca Scanziani, Veyrier, Switzerland
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Ms. Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics and Chair of the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning,
School of Social Sciences, New Delhi
Kanuri Development Association
Mr. Babagana Abubakar, Vice-President, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt
Mr. Daniel Schwenger, Ingolstadt, Germany
Le Temps
Mr. Ram Etwareea, Journalist, Geneva
Les Roches-Gruyère University of Applied Sciences
Mr. Ian Jenkins, Director of Research, Bulle, Switzerland
Ms. Ruth Rios-Morales, Deputy Director of Research, Bulle, Switzerland
Lifeworth Consulting
Mr. Jem Bendell, Chester, United Kingdom
Medical Care Development International
Ms. Joyce Jett, International Representative, Geneva and New York
Mouvement des entreprises de France
Ms. Catherine Minard, International Director, Paris
The New School, Graduate Programme in International Affairs
Mr. Barry Herman, Visiting Senior Fellow, New York
Nova - Centre for Social Innovation
Ms. Gisele Iecker de Almeida, Barcelona Consensus Coordinator, Barcelona, Spain
Observatoire de la Finance
M. Nelson Vera Buechel, Genève
Organisation Camerounaise de promotion de la cooperation internationale
Ms. Micheline Makou Djouma, Présidente, Geneva
Mr. Olivier André-Marie, Geneva
Ms. Mireille Marie-Claude Barbier, Geneva
Mr. Denis Sapin, Geneva
45
Overseas Development Institute
Mr. Dirk Willem te Velde, Director of Programmes, London
Mr. Christian Kingombe, London
Oxfam International
Mr. Richard King, Policy Researcher, Oxford, United Kingdom
Ms. Isabel Morales-Mazzei, Senior Policy Advisor, Geneva
Partage International
Mr. Luc Guillory, Saint-Etienne, France
Quaker United Nations Office
Ms. Caroline Dommen, Geneva
Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative
Ms. Mary Robinson, President, New York
Mr. Scott Jerbi, Senior Special Advisor, Geneva
Réseau des organisations paysannes et de producteurs de l’Afrique de l’ouest
M. Cheikh Mouhamady Cissokho, President d’honneur, Ouagadougou
Reuters News
Mr. Jonathan Lynn, World Trade Correspondent and Chief Correspondent, Geneva
Rivkine Projects Engineering
Mr. Jacques Rivkine, Private Consultant, Geneva
Mr. Olivier Wege, Geneva
Safe Observer International
Ms. Garance Upham, General Secretary, Prevessin, France
Mr. Jean-Jacques Monot, Treasurer, Prevessin, France
Sanu - Training for Sustainable Development
Ms. Patricia Recordon, Bassins, Switzerland
Social Observatory Institute
Mr. Alexandre Barbosa, Director, Brazil
Sustainable Development Policy Institute
Mr. Gulbaz Khan, Research Associate, Islamabad
Third World Institute/Social Watch
Mr. Robert Bissio, Executive Director, Montevideo
Third World Network
Ms. Bhumika Muchhala, Geneva
Ms. Sanya Reid-Smith, Geneva
Ms. Raksha Muchhala, Geneva
Mr. Pradip Muchhala, Geneva
Tunisian Mothers’ Organization
Ms. Souade Beguelin-Amdouni, Geneva
Ms. Saida Wolf, Geneva
Union mondiale des organisations féminines catholiques
Ms. Jocelyne Meyer de Stadelhofen, Cologny, Switzerland
Ms. Zina Rassam, Geneva
United Nations Foundation
Ms. Dulce Benke, International Policy Consultant, Geneva
Universal Peace Federation
Mr. Alan Sillitoe, Web and IT Specialist, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva
Università Cattolica di Milano
Ms. Chiara Pierazzi, Researcher in Development Affairs, Geneva
Université Paul Cézanne - CERIC Aix-en-Provence
Mme Catherine Rosso, Marseille, France
Village Suisse ONG
Mr. Adalbert Nouga, Administrateur Fondateur, Grand-Lancy, Switzerland
Ms. Amanah Ahmed, Membre, Grand-Lancy, Switzerland
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Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
Ms. Edith Ballantyne, Special Advisor on United Nations Matters, Geneva
Ms. Jeanne Vickers, Member, Geneva
World Association of Former United Nations Interns and Fellows
Mr. Jose Fernando Ruiz, Permanent Representative, Gaillard, France
World Circle of the Consensus
Ms. Roswitha Grass, Committee Member, Geneva
World Federation for Mental Health
Ms. Myrna Lachenal, Lead representative to the United Nations in Geneva
World Federation of Trade Unions
Ms. Osiris Oviedo de la Torre, Permanent Representative, Geneva
World Movement of Mothers
Ms. Valerie Bichelmeier, United Nations representative, Collex, Switzerland
World Vision International
Mr. Philippe Guiton, Director, Geneva
Worldwide Organization for Women
Ms. Afton Beutler, Main Representative, United Nations, Geneva
Ms. Ruth Kobia, Geneva
Ms. Dania Samawi, Middle East Representative, Geneva
Individual participants
Ms. Juana Paola Bustamante, Geneva
Mr. Juan Carlos Bossio Rotondo, Ornex, France
Ms. Christina do Paco, Consultant, Grand-Saconnex, Geneva
Ms. Eva Hanfstaengl, Consultant, Global Governance, Leipzig, Germany
Ms. Gabriele Koehler, former UNCTAD staff member, Munich, Germany
Ms. Marie-Thérèse Klein, Former WHO staff member, Geneva
Ms. Anna Pizzolante, Switzerland
Mr. Ataollah Shafii, Consultant, Geneva
Participants from the Programme de formation en gestion
de la politque économique
Mr. Salim Abdelli, Banque de Développement Local, Algérie
Mr. Zoheir Hadjou, Ministère des Finances, Algérie
Mr. Belkacem Mabed, Banque d’Algérie, Algérie
Mr. Camarou Bello, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Bénin
Mr. Anoh Gnimassoun, BCEAO-Agence Bénin, Bénin
Mr. Victor Dakissaga, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Burkina Faso
Ms. Marie-Jeanne Kabore, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Burkina Faso
Mr. Bernabé Ollo Kambou, Conseil Economique et Social, Burkina Faso
Ms. Dévote Nimpagaritse, Vice-Ministère chargée de la Planification, Burundi
Ms. Dionésie Nkurunziza, Ministère des Finances, Burundi
Mr. Rostand Kouonang Njohou, Ministère de l’Economie, de la Planification et de l’Amgt. Terr., Cameroun
Mr. Malaquias Gomes Lopes, Ministère des Finances, Cap-Vert
Mr. Jean-Jackson Massengue, Ministère des Finances et du Budget, Centrafrique
Mr. Bertrand Blaise Nzanga, Ministère de l’Environnement et de l’Ecologie, Centrafrique
Mr. Sinclair Tendet, Ministère des Finances et du Budget, Centrafrique
Mr. Saandi Islam Ali, Commissariat Général au Plan, Comores
Mr. Ali Soule Mhadjiri, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Comores
Ms. Frédéric Ngolele, Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et du Budget, Congo
Ms. Florence Ossebi, Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et du Budget, Congo
Mr. Benjamin Kakanda Selemani, Banque centrale, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mr. M’Boua Paul Michel Aka, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Côte d’Ivoire
Mr. Bogui Adam Pierre Legret, ANADER, Côte d’Ivoire
Mr. Klotioloma Silue, BCEAO-Agence Côte d’Ivoire, Côte d’Ivoire
47
Mr. Kekoura Beavogui, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Guinée
Mr. Ibrahima Bongono, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Guinée
Ms. Baïlo Diallo, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Guinée
Mr. Moribape Pierre Olemou, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Guinée
Mr. Lordis Bernard, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Haïti
Mr. Pierre-Orel Dalexis, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Haïti
Mr. Catex Stamar, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Haïti
Mr. Saminirina Andriambelosoa, Banque centrale, Madagascar
Mr. Onésime Randrianantenaina, Ministère des Finances et du Budget, Madagascar
Mr. Boucadary Doumbia, Ministère de l’Economie, de l’Industrie et du Commerce, Mali
Ms. Halima Kalali, Ministère Habitat, Urbanisme, Aménagement Espace, Maroc
Mr. Mostafa Zouida, Ministère de la Santé, Maroc
Mr. Yacoub Mohamed Ould Cheikh, Ministère des Affaires Eco. et du Développement, Mauritanie
Ms. Tatiana Voloh, Academy for Education Development (USAID), Moldavie
Mr. Oumarou Mahaman, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Niger
Ms. Angélique Umubyeyi, CHF International, Rwanda
Mr. Oumar Diop Diagne, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Sénégal
Ms. Awa Ndiaye, Ministère des Collectivités Locales et Décentralisation, Sénégal
Ms. Biféi Kombate, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Togo
Mr. Komlan Kossi, Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Togo
Mr. Mohamed Sahbi Miled, Ministère des Finances, Tunisie
Mr. Tuan Pham Anh, Ministère de l’Industrie et du Commerce, Viet Nam
Panellists, chairpersons and moderators
(Listed in chronological order)
Mr. Jean Feyder, President, UNCTAD Trade and Development Board, Ambassador of Luxembourg to
the United Nations, Geneva
Mr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of UNCTAD
Mr. Jonathan Lynn, World Trade Correspondent and Chief Correspondent, Reuters News, Geneva
Mr. David Nabarro, Special Representative on Food Security and Nutrition, United Nations High-level
Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, Geneva
Mr. Olivier De Schutter, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, OHCHR, Geneva
Ms. Makhotso Magdeline Sotyu, Chair, Parliament of South Africa
Mr. Rehman Sobhan, Chair, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh
Ms. Anne Jellema, International Policy and Campaign Director, ActionAid International, South Africa
Mr. Ram Etwareea, Journalist, Le Temps, Geneva
Mr. Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Assistant Secretary-General, United Nations Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, New York
Ms. Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics, and Chair, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, India
Mr. Pedro Páez, President, Ecuadorian Technical Commission for a New Regional Financial
Architecture and Former Minister of Economic Coordination of Ecuador
Ms. Nuria Molina, Director, European Network on Debt and Development, Belgium
Mr. Richard Kozul-Wright, Officer-in-Charge, Economic Cooperation and Integration among
Developing Countries Unit, UNCTAD
Mr. Mouhamady Cissokho, President, Réseau des Organisations Paysannes et de Producteurs de
l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Senegal
Mr. Biraj Patnaik, Principal Advisor, Office of the Commissioners to the Supreme Court (right to food
cases), India
Mr. Pradeep S. Mehta, Secretary-General, CUTS International, India
Ms. Mary Robinson, President, Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative, and former
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, New York
Mr. Debapriya Bhattacharya, Special Advisor on LDCs, UNCTAD
Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD.
48