TITLE PAGE
Establishment Record for
Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest
within
Hawai‘i County, Hawai‘i
Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest
A. Purpose of Establishment............................................................................................... 1
B. Area by Cover Types...................................................................................................... 1
1. Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit: Map 2.................................................................... 3
2. Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit: Map 3................................................................. 6
C. Physical and Climate Conditions ................................................................................. 10
D. Description of and Impact upon Land and Resource Values....................................... 14
1. Timber................................................................................................................... 14
2. Watershed ............................................................................................................. 14
3. Forage ................................................................................................................... 15
4. Minerals ................................................................................................................ 15
5. Recreation ............................................................................................................. 15
6. Water Use.............................................................................................................. 15
7. Cultural Values ..................................................................................................... 15
E. Accessibility ................................................................................................................. 16
F. Existing Facilities ......................................................................................................... 16
G. Arrangements for Management, Administration, and Protection ................................ 17
H. Reference List .............................................................................................................. 18
I. Appendices .................................................................................................................... 21
A. Hawai‘i Tropical Forest Recovery Act (1992) .................................................... 21
B. Plant list of Laupāhoehoe Unit ............................................................................. 21
C. Bird Species List of Laupāhoehoe Area ............................................................... 21
D. Native plants of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003).......................................... 21
E. Land snails of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003)............................................. 21
F. Arthropods of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003)............................................. 21
G. Bird species of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003) ........................................... 21
Maps
Map 1
Map 2
Map 3
Map 4
Map 5
Map 6
Map 7
Map 8
Map 9
Map 10
Map 11
Location of Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit and Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest
Unit
Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest: Subunits and Geography
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest: Subunits and Geography
Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest: Soil Type
Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest: Vegetation
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest: Vegetation
Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest: Life Zone
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest: Life Zone
Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest: Substrate Age
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest: Soil Type
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest: Substrate Age
A. Purpose of Establishment
The establishment of Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest was authorized to the Secretary of
Agriculture in 1992 by the Hawai‘i Tropical Forest Recovery Act (Public Law 102-574, 1992,
Appendix A). On signing the Act, President George H. W. Bush stated, “this Act authorizes the
establishment of the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest. This experimental forest will serve as a
center for long term research and a focal point for developing and transferring knowledge and
expertise for the management of tropical forests.” Section 606 of the Hawai‘i Tropical Forest
Recovery Act stated that the Hawai‘i Experiment Tropical Forest shall be managed as a: (1) model
of quality tropical forest management where harvesting on a sustainable basis can be demonstrated
in balance with natural resource conservation; (2) site for research on tropical forestry, conservation
biology, and natural resource management; and (3) center for demonstration, education, training, and
outreach on tropical forestry, conservation biology, and natural resources research and management.
Hawaiian forests provide many ecosystem services for Hawai‘i; most importantly they supply fresh
water and provide habitat for wildlife. Hawaiian forests are also significant for recreational,
aesthetic, and culture values. As other forests in the United States and around the world, Hawaiian
forests are degrading because of wildfires, the invasion of exotic species, and unmanaged recreation.
Establishment of the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest will be able to provide a site for
research, demonstration, and education and provide information and tools for managers to:
• Restore and sustainably manage tropical forests
• Understand linkages of forests to water resources
• Quantify, restore, and sustainably manage the ecosystem services and forest products that
arise from tropical forests
• Control invasive and exotic species that diminish forest productivity, biodiversity, and
values.
The vision of the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest is a research, demonstration, and
educational forest focusing on ecological, economical, and cultural values important to all
Hawaiians. The experimental forest will not only provide research opportunities for scientists, but
also provide learning opportunities for school children of all ages. Demonstration and educational
opportunities for future generations of landowners, land managers, and scientists are just as
important as providing the public with relevant research results.
Objectives for establishing Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest, therefore, are: (1) to provide
lands for conducting research that serves as bases for the restoration, conservation and management
of forests in Hawai‘i and across tropical areas served by the Pacific Southwest Research Station; (2)
to provide education facilities for the general public, University and Forest Service staffs; and (3) to
serve as a site providing local, regional, and global long-term environmental monitoring data.
B. Area by Cover Types
The Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest is on the Island of Hawai‘i (Ecological Section M423A)
and is divided into two units: Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit and Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit
(Maps 1, 2, and 3). Flora and fauna of both units have been well studied. Six major vegetation
cover types (or plant communities) occur in the Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit and five vegetation
cover types in Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit (Map 5, and 6).
1
Table 1 summarizes each vegetation cover types’ acreage; following Table 1 are brief descriptions of
the vegetation cover types.
Table 1: Vegetation cover of the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest (Maps 5 and 6)
Vegetation Cover Type
Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit
Agriculture
Alien Forest
Alien Grassland
Closed Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (hāpu‘u)
Closed Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (native shrubs)
Closed Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (strawberry guava)
Closed ‘Ōhi‘a Forest (hāpu‘u)
Closed Strawberry Guava Forest
Open Koa-Māmane Forest (native shrubs)
Open Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (hāpu‘u)
Open Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (mixed grasses)
Open Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (native shrubs)
Open Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (uluhe)
Open ‘Ōhi‘a Forest (hāpu‘u)
Open ‘Ōhi‘a Forest (native shrubs)
Uluhe Shrubland
Open-Sparse Vegetation/Grassland/Pasture
Sub-Total
Acres
Hectares Percent
4
574
13
6051
1258
1930
1528
19
<1
12
262
207
<1
463
4
60
2
12,387
1
232
5
2450
509
781
618
8
<1
5
106
84
<1
187
2
24
<1
5015
<1
5
<1
49
10
16
12
<1
<1
<1
2
2
<1
4
<1
<1
<1
100
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit
Alien Forest
45
Closed Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (hāpu‘u)
211
Closed Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (native shrubs)
735
Closed ‘Ōhi‘a Forest (native shrubs)
430
Kiawe Forest and Shrubland
1972
Māmane / Naio / Native Trees
655
Native Shrubland / Sparse ‘Ōhi‘a (native shrubs)
9670
Open Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (hāpu‘u)
37
Open Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (mixed grasses)
879
Open Koa-‘Ōhi‘a Forest (native shrubs)
722
Open ‘Ōhi‘a Forest (mixed grasses)
197
Open ‘Ōhi‘a Forest (native shrubs)
259
Open-Sparse Vegetation / Grassland /Pasture
19727
35,541
Sub-Total
Total
47,928
18
85
298
174
798
265
3915
15
356
292
80
105
7987
14389
19,404
<1
<1
2
<1
6
2
27
<1
2
2
<1
<1
56
100
100
2
1. Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit: Map 2
The Laupāhoehoe Unit contains five primary native communities, as well as areas of non-native
dominated vegetation covers (Map 5). The native forest communities contain rare plants and
provide important forest bird habitat, though none of the communities are considered rare.
Within this unit are two sub-units, the Makai Subunit - Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve and
the lower part of the Hilo Forest Reserve, and the Mauka Subunit – the upper part of Hilo Forest
Reserve (Laupāhoehoe Section).
The Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources is currently developing a new
management plan for the Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve. Most of the following information
is from an earlier version of a management plan (Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural
Resources 1989). A small portion of the Hilo Forest Reserve is under consideration for
reforestation and survey results for fauna and flora in the project area are available.
a. Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Lowland Wet Forest
This forest type dominates in the lowest elevation area up to about 3,000 feet (914 m) elevation,
where the Montane Wet Forest takes dominance. Some mixed non-native tree plantings occur at
the lower boundary of the area in the east corner.
Under the 80-foot (24-m) tall closed to open canopy of koa and ‘ōhi‘a, is a secondary tree layer
in which olomea (Perrottetia sandwicensis), mehame (Antidesma platyphyllum var.
platyphyllum), alani (Pelea clusiifolia), and kōpiko (Psychotria hawaiiensis, varieties
hawaiiensis and hillebrandii) are common. Other trees, such as ‘ōlapa (Cheirodendron trigynum
ssp. trigynum) and kāwa‘u (Ilex anomala) are present, but not as common.
Hāpu‘u is present, but of lower stature than in the Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Montane Wet Forest, and forms a
discontinuous layer. Common shrubs include manono (Hedyotis terminalis), pū‘ahanui
(Broussaisia arguta), ‘ōhelo kau lā‘au (Vaccinium calycinum), and saplings of kāwa‘u and
‘ōlapa. The vines ‘ie‘ie (Freycinetia arborea) and maile (Alyxia oliviformis) are present, and
‘ie‘ie is sometimes abundant. Native ferns include wahine noho mauna (Adenophorus spp.),
Lycopodium cernuum, Athyrium spp., Elaphoglossum spp., Odontosoria chinensis, and others.
Many rare plants were observed in this forest type. The rare mint, Stenogyne scrophularioides,
was seen in Kaiwilahilahi Gulch. Cyrtandra giffardii was observed near Kīlau Stream. Cyanea
tritomantha was seen along Kaiwilahilahi Stream and covering a large area along Kīlau Stream.
One Gardenia remyi tree of poor vigor was seen in Pāhale Gulch. Two populations of
Platydesma remyi were observed. One was near Kaiwilahilahi Stream and the other near Pāhale
Stream. The Pāhale Stream population consisted of only one plant, while the other population is
known from previous surveys to extend from 2,400 to 3,400 feet elevation.
At the lower edge of the unit, below 3,000 feet (914 m) elevation, the understory of the
Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Lowland Wet Forest is heavily invaded by several non-native plants including
strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), thimbleberry (Rubus rosifolius), and various grasses.
One critically invasive weed seen in this area is Koster’s curse (Clidemia hirta), which is
observed at three locations along hunting trails below 2,800 feet (853 m). Forestry plantings
along the lower boundary and in the east corner include non-native trees such as toon (Toona
ciliata), Ficus rubiginosa, and tropical white ash (Fraxinus uhdei).
3
b. Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Montane Wet Forest
This montane wet forest distributes in areas from about 3,000 feet (914 m) elevation up to 4,500
feet (1372 m) elevation. It differs from the Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Lowland Wet Forest on its subcanopy
species composition. Koa and ‘Ōhi‘a form an open to closed canopy (about 100 feet, 30 m, in
height) with a very well-developed subcanopy of tree ferns (Cibotium glaucum, C. chamissoi,
and C. hawaiiense). Several large, emergent individuals are observed. Trees in the secondary
tree layer include ‘ōlapa, kāwa‘u, kōlea (Myrsine lessertiana), and pilo (Coprosma rhynchocarpa
and C. pubens).
In the understory, native shrubs include ‘ōhelo kau lā‘au, ‘ākala (Rubus hawaiinsis), Cyrtandra
spp., Clermontia parviflora, māmaki (Pipturus albidus), manono, and saplings of ‘ōlapa, ‘ōhi‘a,
pilo, and kāwa‘u. Ferns are often the prevalent ground cover, including Asplenium spp.,
Dryopteris wallichiana, ‘ākōlea (Athyrium microphyllum), Ophioglossum pendulum var.
falcatum, and Pleopeltis thunbergiana. The rare mint, Stenogyne macrantha, was seen in
Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Montane Wet Forest, between Kaiwilahilahi Stream and the Reserve's western
boundary. Mosses are more abundant in areas with lighter pig damage, and are generally seen as
epiphytes.
c. ‘Ōhi‘a/Hāpu‘u Montane Wet Forest
This vegetation cover type occurs on the east side between 3,500 and 4,500 feet (1067-1372 m)
elevation, almost bisects the upper area of Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Montane Wet Forest. A tall
(approximately 80-foot, 24 m) open to scattered canopy of ‘ōhi‘a with a secondary layer of
native trees such as olomea, mehame, ‘ōlapa , and pilo grow over a variable tree fern layer
composed largely of hāpu‘u. Under the hāpu‘u layer is a mix of native shrubs, such as manono,
young ‘ōlapa, pilo, Cyrtandra spp., and Clermontia parviflora. Hō‘i‘o (Athyrium
sandwichianum) is the most abundant native fern, although Asplenium spp., Vandenboschia
davallioides, wahine noho mauna, Elaphoglossum spp., and Pleopeltis thunbergiana are also
present. Near Kīlau Stream a small population of Stenogyne scrophularioides, a rare mint, was
observed.
d. Carex alligata Montane Wet Grassland
Much of the mid elevation area in the Laupāhoehoe Unit, approximately between 4,000 and
4,500 feet (1220-1370 m) elevation, is poorly drained, and several low-lying, very wet sections
are dominated by Carex alligata. This community was often associated with standing water.
Carex alligata often dominated the vegetation nearly to the exclusion of other species. Species
from the surrounding natural communities, such as scattered ‘ōhi‘a, ‘ōlapa, and ‘ōhelo kau lā‘au,
are also present.
e. Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Montane Forest
Compared to the Montane Wet Forest, the Montane Forest receives less rainfall; the annual
rainfall is about 100-190 cm (39.3-74.7 inches).
The forest consists of scattered-to-open uneven canopy of 35 m (115 feet) tall koa emergent
above 25 m (82 feet) tall ‘ōhi‘a . The tall-stature trees tend to grow along the ridge formations.
Swales between the ridges and open areas are dominated primarily by thick patches of ‘ākala
(Rubus hawaiiensis) ranging in height from 4 to 6 feet (1.2-2 m).
4
The understory has many species in common with Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Montane Wet Forest, but the
distinct hāpu‘u tree fern layer of the latter is absent. Species more characteristic of drier areas
may also be components here. Ground cover is often dominated by native ferns, especially the
shuttlecock shaped laukahi (Dryopteris wallichiana). Species found in this forest type include:
Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma spp., Ehrharta stipoides, Hedyotis terminalis, Holcus
lanatus, Ilex anomala, Myoporum sandwicense, Myrsine lessertiana, Nothocestrum breviflorum,
Pelea spp., Pittosporum spp., Ranunculus hawaiiensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Styphelia
tameiameiae and ‘ōhelo (Vaccinium sp.).
Non-native grasses and herbs are primarily pasture species (e.g., kikuyu grass). Banana poka
(Passiflora mollissima), an introduced vine, often forms thicket in the swales. A prominent stand
of tropical ash (Fraxinus uhdai) is located in this forest type.
A total of 234 vascular plants have been identified in the Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve
(Appendix B). Among them, 12 are considered rare (known from fewer than 20 locations
worldwide or less than 3,000 individuals, or being listed as endangered), but none are Federallylisted endangered species. Of the 12 rare plants seen within the Reserve (Table 2), all were seen
recently (since 1972), and 6 were observed during a November 1988 survey. One rare plant,
Asplenium schizophyllum, was seen outside the southwest boundary of the Reserve in the Hilo Forest
Reserve in 1937, and could be discovered during future surveys.
Information regarding the flora and fauna of Mauka Subunit is not available, since no survey has
been conducted for the Hilo Forest Reserve.
Table 2: Rare plants of Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve
Current
Scientific Name1
(Historic)
2
(former name )
Common Name Occurrences3
*Cyanea tritomantha
‘ōhā, hāhā, ‘ōhā
2 (0)
wai
*Cyrtandra giffardii
ha‘iwale,
1 (0)
kanawao
ke‘oke‘o
ha‘iwale,
2 (0)
Cyrtandra tintinnabula
kanawao
ke‘oke‘o
*Gardenia remyi
nānū, nā‘ū
1 (0)
1 (0)
Huperzia mannii
(Lycopodium mannii)
Joinvillea ascendens ssp.
‘ohe
1(0)
ascendens
Phyllostegia floribunda
3 (0)
(P. floribunda var. forbesii)
2 (0)
Phyllostegia longipes
(P. brevidens var. longipes)
1 (0)
Phyllostegia vestita
*Platydesma remyi
2 (0)
*Stenogyne macrantha
1 (0)
Federal
(former)
Status4
C1
HHP
Rank5
2
C2
1
-
1
(C1)
-
2
1
(C1)
(C1)
C1
C1
1
1
1
2
1
2
5
1
Current
(Historic)
Occurrences3
3 (0)
0 (1)
Federal
(former)
Status4
C2
-
Scientific Name
HHP
(former name2)
Common Name
Rank5
*Stenogyne scrophularioides
2
1
Asplenium schizophyllum
* Observed during 1988 survey.
1 Taxonomy follows Wagner and Wagner (1987), Wagner, et al. (1990)
2 Following taxonomy used in 1985 Federal Register (USFWS)
3 Current occurrences reported since 1972
4 Key to Federal Status (USFWS 1985, 1987):
C1 Candidate for endangered or threatened status
C2 Candidate for endangered or threatened status, more data needed
- No federal status; described as rare by Hawaiian botanists and confirmed by Heritage data
5 Key to Hawai‘i Heritage Program Ranks:
1 - Critically imperiled globally (typically 1-5 occurrences)
2 - Imperiled globally (typically 6-20 occurrences)
Twenty two bird species are observed in the Makai (Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve) Subunit
(Appendix C), including four Federally-listed endangered bird species: Koloa maoli or Hawaiian
duck (Anas wyvilliana), ‘Io or Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius), ‘Akiapōlā‘au (Hemignathus
munroi), and Hawai‘i Creeper (Oreomystis mana). Mosquitoes are abundant in the lower elevations
and range up to 3,300 feet (m) elevation. Native invertebrates, including insects, spiders, and snails
are observed along with many non-native invertebrates, feral pigs and cattle.
2. Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit: Map 3
Starting on the upper slopes of Hualālai and proceeding downward, the following zones can be
recognized: Subalpine (generally above 6,000 feet, 1829 m), Montane (2,500-6,000 feet, 7621829 m), Lowland (below 2,500 feet, 762 m), and Coastal (sea level) (Map 8). A variety of
vegetation communities occur within each zone. At mid elevations, Montane Dry Woodlands
dominate the eastern side while moister Montane Mesic Forests lie to the west.
a. Subalpine Zone – ‘Ōhi‘a Subalpine Forest:
This zone is found at upper elevations on Hualālai and other high volcanoes in Hawai‘i. Plants
growing here are adapted to relatively dry conditions and dramatic temperature fluctuations.
Days are typically hot and nights cold. These forests at Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a are characterized by
open, low stature ‘ōhi‘a trees and scattered stands of native shrubs and grasses. Dominant
understory species are pūkiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae), ‘ōhelo (Vaccinium spp.), ‘a‘ali‘i,
sedges, and rushes. Native mints, lilies, and ferns often grow abundantly in shaded areas like
lava tube openings.
One endangered plant is found in this subalpine zone. Laukahi kuahiwi (Plantago hawaiinsis) is
a member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae). This plant is a perennial herb with leathery
leaves. It has only been seen near the upper boundary of the forest bird sanctuary. Very little is
known about the abundance or distribution of this rare species. ‘Ākala (Rubus macraei), mau‘u
lā‘ili (Sisyrinchium acre), and Eragrostis deflexa also grow in this zone. All three are species of
concern (SOC).
b. Montane Dry Forest Zone – ‘Ōhi‘a Montane Dry Forest:
6
This zone is found directly below the subalpine zone on the eastern side of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit.
Many rare and endangered plant species are found in this habitat type. Vegetation damage by
feral ungulates, particularly goats and sheep, is widespread.
The forests are dominated by ‘ōhi‘a, naio (Myoporum sandwicense), and ‘a‘ali‘i (Dodonaea
viscosa). Scattered stands of māmane (Sophora chrysophylla), sandalwood (Santalum
paniculatum) and ‘akoko (Chamaesyce sp.) are also present. Non-native grasses, especially the
invasive fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum),
have replaced most native understory species.
Endangered plants of the montane dry forest are Asplenium fragile, Portulaca sclerocarpa,
Stenogyne angustifolia, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Portulaca sclerocarpa occurs on the 1859
lava flow while a few individuals of the mint (Stenogyne angustifolia) and a‘e (Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense) grow on nearby a‘a lava flows. A native grass, Eragrostis deflexa, (SOC) is
scattered throughout the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a area at above 4,000 feet (1,219 m) elevation. This
species is notable because the type specimen was collected by Hitchcock (1922) in August, 1916
"in open woods on hillside, Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a, Hawai‘i ".
c. Montane Mesic Forest Zone – Koa/‘Ōhi‘a Montane Mesic Forest:
This zone is relatively moist, but not as wet as rain forests. The mesic forest supports a rich
assemblage of vascular plant species. It is best developed in the forest bird sanctuary. Koa and
‘ōhi‘a are the dominant tree species in the overstory layer. Kōlea (Myrsine lessertiana)
dominates the mid-story layer while native short-stature trees and shrubs vegetate the understory.
Introduced grasses, primarily kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum), native ferns, and especially the
shuttlecock shaped laukahi (Dryopteris spp.), cover the ground in forest openings. Other ferns
such as hō‘i‘o (Athyrium sandwichianum), ‘ākōlea (Athyrium microphyllum) and palapalai
(Microlepia setosa) are common in wetter, shaded areas. No tree fern stratum exists although
hāpu‘u (Cibotium glaucum) are scattered throughout the forest.
Endangered plants found in the upper mesic zone are Vicia menziesii, hāhā (Cyanea
stictophylla), and Phyllostegia velutina. At least four endangered plants occur in the lower mesic
forest. They are aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum), hau kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis),
kāwa‘u (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum), and Delissea undulata ssp. undulata. Several
sensitive species, which may be candidates for endangered species listing, are found in the lower
mesic forest at Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a. These include ‘akoko, alani, ‘ānunu (Sicyos macrophyllus) and
‘ohe mauka (Tetraplasandra oahuensis). Only about ten Melicope hawaiiensis trees exist at
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a. Their current distribution is restricted to a narrow band of forest between 3,220
and 3,760 feet (981-1146 m) in elevation.
The montane mesic forest at Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a changes from a koa/‘ōhi‘a community to an opencanopied ‘ōhi‘a/māmane community at about 4,200 feet (1280 m) elevation. This latter
woodland is a transitional vegetation type that descends to about 3,000 feet (914 m) elevation.
Although greatly altered, it is still an important conservation link between the moist montane and
dry forest types. The ‘ōhi‘a/māmane woodland supports many rare and unique plants and is still
one of the most botanically diverse sections at Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a. Trees that characterize this zone
include koa, ‘akoko, ‘iliahi (Santalum paniculatum), kōpiko (Psychotria hawaiiensis), pāpala
(Charpentiera obovata), pāpala kēpau (Pisonia brunoniana), po‘olā (Claoxylon sandwicense),
a‘ia‘i (Streblus pendulinus), olopua (Nestegis sandwicensis), and hō‘awa (Pittosporum hosmeri).
7
The understory is composed primarily of non-native pasture grasses, but scattered stands of
kulu‘ī (Nototrichium sandwicense), mint (Stenogyne rugosa), and ferns (Dryopteris, Pteris,
Asplenium) still persist.
d. Lowland Dry Forest Zone:
This zone occurs below the montane forests. Native plant communities in this zone are among
the most diverse in Hawai‘i, containing many rare and endangered species. These woodlands
have been greatly damaged by fire and feral animals during the past 150 years. Lama (Diospyros
sandwicensis) and ‘ōhi‘a are the dominant tree species and occur in both mixed and pure stands.
Other less common trees include alahe‘e (Psydrax odoratum), wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis),
‘ohe makai (Reynoldsia sandwicensis), and kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia). The rare lama and
lama/kauila plant communities are restricted to this zone at Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a. Descriptions of
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a’s lowland dry forests and information on their floristic composition were
presented in detail by W. Takeuchi (1991) and The Nature Conservancy (l992).
Endangered plants of the lowland dry forest are ma‘o hau hele (Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
brackenridgei), uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis), koki‘o (Kokia drynarioides), kauila, and hala
pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis). Koai‘a (Acacia koaia) is a species of concern.
e. Coastal Zone:
This zone extends from the high water mark for a short distance inland.
Vegetation is strongly influenced by salt water from ocean spray and brackish springs. Nonnative trees, especially coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) are commonly associated with this area.
Native plants include ‘aki‘aki (Sporobolus virginicus), naupaka (Scaevola sericea), and
pōhuehue (Ipomoea pes-caprae spp. brasiliensis). A reconnaissance survey of coastal lands at
Kīholo Bay was conducted by The Nature Conservancy (1992). No endangered plants have been
found in the coastal zone. Many rare plants are only represented by a few individuals or a single
colony at Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a. These include Kauai a‘e (Zanthoxylum kauaense), alani, ‘ohe mauka,
Phyllostegia stachyoides, Phyllostegia ambigua, Stenogyne macrantha, Phytolacca
sandwicensis, and Sicyos macrophyllus. All of these species are prime candidates for in situ
germplasm conservation through cultivation and outplanting. This action is crucial in order to
prevent their extirpation on Hualālai.
Giffin (2003) of the Department of Land Natural Resources prepared a biological assessment for the
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a unit. The report listed 189 native vascular plants, 36 land snails (2 introduced), 264
native arthropods, 35 cave arthropods, 104 non-native arthropods, 15 native birds, and 38 non-native
bird species (Appendix D-G).
At least 40 rare plant taxa have been reported from the area. Of these, 17 are Federally-listed
endangered. Also listed are eleven endangered bird species and one insect (Table 3). Botanical
surveys reveal that a great number of plants have been extirpated at Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a in recent years.
These include the endangered Bonamia menziesii, Diellia erecta, Gardenia brighamii, Ochrosia
kilaueaensis, Dissochondrus biflorus, Exocarpus gaudichaudii, Hesperocynide sandwicensis,
Mariscus fauriei, Neraudia ovata, Nesoluma polynesicum, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and Solanum
incompletum. Many of these species still exist on adjacent lands, particularly at Pu‘u Anahulu and
Ka‘ūpūlehu. Some rare plants have only been found in lava tube openings where they are protected
8
from wild herbivores. These include Delissea undulata, Zanthoxylum kauaense, Stenogyne
angustifolia, Phyllostegia ambigua, and Asplenium fragile.
Other than the above-mentioned endangered plants, there are many botanically unusual plants and
interesting fungi in the area (see Department of Land and Natural Resources [2003] for details).
Table 3: Federally listed endangered species found in Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit
Taxon
Common Name
Plant:
Asplenium fragile
Uhiuhi
Caesalpinia kavaiensis
Kauila
Colubrina oppositifolia
Hāhā
Cyanea stictophylla
Delissea undulata ssp. undulata
ma‘o hau hele
Hibiscus brackenridgei
hau kuahiwi
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis
koki‘o
Kokia drynarioides
‘aiea
Nothocestrum breviflorum
Mint
Phyllostegia velutina
laukahi kuahiwi
Plantago hawaiiensis
hala pepe
Pleomele hawaiiensis
po`e
Portulaca sclerocarpa
Mint
Stenogyne angustifolia
Hawaiian vetch
Vicia menziesii
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var.
kāwa‘u
Mammal:
‘Ōpe‘ape‘a or Hawaiian hoary bat
Lasiurus cinereus semotus
Bird:
‘Io or Hawaiian Hawk
Buteo solitarius
Nēnē
Branta sandwicensis
‘Alalā or Hawaiian Crow
Corvus hawaiiensis
Hawai‘i ‘Ākepa
Loxops coccineus coccineus
Hawai‘i Creeper
Oreomystis mana
Ae‘o or Hawaiian Stilt
Himantopus mexicanus knudseni
Pueo or Hawaiian Owl
Asio flammeus sandwichensis
Insect:
Blackburn hawk moth
Manduca blackburni
picture-wing pomace fly (Candidate for listing)
Drosophila heteroneura
moth (Candidate for listing)
Omiodes monogona
9
C. Physical and Climate Conditions
The two units of Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest occupy distinct climate zones representing
the two major climate conditions of the island. The Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit, 19.80528 N /
155.26917 W, is about 12,343 acres (5,134 ha) and the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit, 19.73194 N
/ 155.88611 W, is about 38,885 acres (14,383 ha). Together the total acreage is 51,228 acres (19,356
ha).
The Laupāhoehoe Wet Forest Unit is located on the eastern, windward flanks of Mauna Kea from
about 1,700 feet to 6,100 feet (518–1860 m) elevation. Moisture regimes in the area are caused by
the upslope movement of orographic cloud formations generated by moist winds from the ocean that
blow upslope during the day. The suppressed clouds account for the higher rainfall rates and the
afternoon fogs that occur in the area. Average annual rainfall in the lower part of the unit, the
Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve, is about 160 inches (418 cm) and the upper part of the
Laupāhoehoe Unit, the Hilo Forest Reserve, is approximately 60 to 100 inches (157 to 261 cm).
The Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit is located across the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a ahupua’a on the western,
leeward side (Kona coast) of the Big Island. The term “ahupua‘a” pertains to a traditional Hawaiian
land designation similar in concept to a watershed. It lies on the northern flank of Hualālai volcano,
extending from sea level to within a mile (1.6 km) of the mountain summit, approximately 6,300 feet
(1920 m) elevation.
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a often receives afternoon convectional rainfall. The Halepiula rain shed area (4,600
feet, 1402 m, elevation) is the wettest part of the ahupua‘a. From 1938 to 1974, the median annual
rainfall was 46.7 inches (121.9 cm). Median annual rainfall varies from less than 10 inches (25.5
cm) at the sea level at Kīholo Bay to near 50 inches (131 cm) on the mid-slopes rain shed area (Juvik
and Tango 2003). Months of greatest rainfall were March through July with a peak in precipitation
during May (Division of Water Resource Management 1991).
Temperatures in the Experimental Forest vary by elevation with the western side, Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a
Unit, being slightly (one or two Fahrenheit degrees) warmer. The temperature lapse rate in Hawai‘i
Island is about -4 oF per 1,000 feet (-7 oC per 1,000 m) (Juvik and Tango 2003). At highest
elevations the temperature could be more than 20 oF (13 oC) colder than lowlands. At sea level the
average monthly day time temperatures range from 79 to 82 oF (26-28 oC) and the night time
temperatures range from 62 to 70 oF (17-21 oC).
Four weather stations with both temperature and precipitation data near the two units of
experimental forest (one at higher and another at lower elevation) have been located. For reference,
their monthly summaries are list in Table 4.
10
Table 4: Summarized climate data of weather stations near Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical
Forest (from Western Regional Climate Center, wrcc@dri.edu )
‘O‘ōkala, Hawai‘i
Lat. 20°01′, Long. 155°17′
Elevation: 430 feet (131 m)
Period of Record: 10/1/1949 to 9/30/1993
Distance from Laupāhoehoe Unit: Approximately 15 miles
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Nov
Dec Annual
Average oF
Max.
Temp. oC
76.9
76.5
76.6
77.1
78.7 80.4 80.7 81.3 82.0 81.1 79.1 77.4
79.0
24.9
24.7
24.8
25.1
25.9 26.9 27.1 27.4 27.8 27.3 26.2 25.2
26.1
Average oF
Min.
Temp. oC
63.9
63.2
64.0
64.6
65.9 67.5 68.2 69.0 69.1 68.4 67.1 65.0
66.3
17.7
17.3
17.8
18.1
18.8 19.7 20.1 20.6 20.6 20.2 19.5 18.3
19.1
Average in.
Total
Precip. cm
9.94 10.68 13.86 15.19
8.87 4.71 8.21 9.56 5.11 7.42 12.17 11.85 117.58
26.0
23.2 12.3 21.4 25.0 13.3 19.4 31.8 30.9
27.9
36.2
39.7
307.0
Kūlani Camp 79, Hawai‘i
Lat. 19°33′, Long. 155°18′
Elevation: 5,190 feet (1582 m)
Period of Record: 10/1/1949 to 9/30/1993
Distance from Laupāhoehoe Unit: Approximately 40 miles
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Nov
Dec Annual
Average oF
Max.
Temp. oC
62.5
62.0
61.1
61.7
62.6 64.3 65.3 66.0 66.0 65.9 63.9 62.7
63.7
16.9
16.7
16.2
16.5
17.0 17.9 18.5 18.9 18.9 18.8 17.7 17.1
17.6
Average oF
Min.
Temp. oC
43.0
43.4
44.4
46.1
47.2 48.2 49.8 50.0 49.9 49.2 47.8 45.0
47.0
6.1
6.3
6.9
7.8
Average in.
Total
Precip. cm
9.09
9.35 13.27 11.75
6.90 4.18 7.46 7.90 6.08 6.46 12.75 11.59 106.76
23.7
24.4
18.0 10.9 19.5 20.6 15.9 16.9 33.3 30.3
34.6
30.7
8.4 9.0 9.9 10.0 9.9
9.6
8.8
7.2
8.3
278.7
11
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a, Hawai‘i
Lat. 19°47′, Long. 155°51′
Elevation: 2,750 feet (838 m)
Period of Record: 10/1/1949 to 4/30/1978
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Nov
Dec Annual
insufficient data
Temperature
Average in.
Total
Precip. cm
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
3.72
2.22
3.21
2.80
9.7
5.8
8.4
7.3
2.86 1.82 1.84 1.65 2.08 2.16 2.00 2.16
7.5 4.8 4.8
4.3 5.4
5.6
5.2
5.6
28.53
74.5
Kainaliu, Hawai‘i
Lat. 19°32′, Long. 155°56′
Elevation: 1,500 feet (457 m)
Period of Record: 10/1/1949 to 12/31/2005
Distance from Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit: Approximately 30 miles
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Nov
Dec Annual
Average oF
Max.
Temp. oC
76.6
76.6
76.7
76.7
76.7 77.1 78.5 79.5 79.8 80.0 78.9 77.3
77.9
24.8
24.8
24.8
24.8
24.8 25.1 25.8 26.4 26.6 26.7 26.1 25.2
25.5
Average oF
Min.
Temp. oC
58.7
58.6
59.1
60.2
61.5 62.7 63.2 63.8 63.4 62.9 61.5 59.7
61.3
14.8
14.8
15.1
15.7
16.4 17.1 17.3 17.7 17.4 17.2 16.4 15.4
16.3
Average in.
Total
Precip. cm
4.32
2.65
4.30
5.43
6.20 6.66 7.89 7.28 7.17 4.81 3.58 2.94
63.21
11.3
6.9
11.2
14.2
16.2 17.4 20.6 19.0 18.7 12.6
165.0
9.3
7.7
12
Mauna Loa Slope OBS, Hawai‘i
Lat. 19°33′, Long. 155°35′
Elevation: 10,970 feet (3343 m)
Period of Record: 1/1/1955 to 12/30/2005
Distance from Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit: Approximately 30 miles
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Nov
Dec Annual
Average oF
Max.
Temp. oC
49.8
49.6
50.2
51.8
53.9 57.2 56.4 56.3 55.8 54.7 52.6 50.6
53.2
9.9
9.8
10.1
11.0
12.2 14.0 13.6 13.5 13.2 12.6 11.4 10.3
11.8
Average oF
Min.
Temp. oC
33.3
32.9
33.2
34.6
36.6 39.4 38.8 38.9 38.5 37.8 36.2 34.3
36.2
0.7
0.5
0.7
1.4
Average in.
Total
Precip. cm
2.48
1.52
1.75
1.33
6.5
4.0
4.6
3.5
2.6 1.3 3.0
3.9 3.6
3.0
4.6
5.2
45.8
Average in.
Total
Snow
cm
Fall
0.0
1.0
0.3
1.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
3.7
0.0
2.6
0.8
3.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
2.6
9.7
2.6 4.1 3.8
3.8 3.6
3.2
2.3
1.3
2.3
1.00 0.51 1.16 1.50 1.36 1.16 1.78 2.01
17.56
The Island of Hawai‘i is relatively young on a geological time scale. Laupāhoehoe Unit is located
on the eastern slope of Mauna Kea, which is a dormant volcano and the second oldest volcano on the
island. Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit is on the northern flank of Hualālai, an active shield volcano and the
third oldest of the five volcanoes on the Island.
The terrain and soils found within the Laupāhoehoe Unit varies with the age and type of surface lava
flows and the depth of volcanic ash deposited over these flows (Wolf and Morris 1996). The terrain
in the highest elevation area is the roughest. These surface flows are grouped with the youngest of
Mauna Kea’s post-shield formation flow series (i.e., Laupāhoehoe Volcanics; Younger Member).
They are characterized as predominantly a‘a or blocky a‘a flows which are generally free of the
eolian volcanic ash deposits that mantle the older Mauna Kea flow series (Wolf and Morris 1996:
13; Sheet 2). These younger a‘a flows were not only very rocky, but they formed a series of
pronounced ridges that gave the area a distinct ridge and swale topography. Soils on these flows are
described as very stony loam (Sato, et al. 1973: 15, Sheet 40). Map 4 and 10.
In the upper mid-elevation of Laupāhoehoe Unit, the surface lava flows are older (i.e., Laupāhoehoe
Volcanics; Older Member) but are still grouped with those erupted during the younger, post-shield
phase of Mauna Kea’s development (Wolf and Morris 1996: 13; Sheet 2). These flows are also
predominantly a‘a or blocky a‘a flows but are partially mantled by volcanic ash deposits. Soils on
these flows are described as silt loam formed from volcanic ash (Sato et. al. 1973: 14 and 50, Sheets
33 and 40). These ash-derived soils are more weathered in the lower elevations where rainfall is
slightly greater. Some areas can also be rocky where volcanic ash deposits are discontinuous.
13
Numerous streams are found in the Laupāhoehoe Unit, including two first order tributaries of
Ka‘awali‘i Stream, Laupāhoehoe Stream, Kīlau Stream, Kiwilahiahi Stream, Ha‘akoa Stream, and
Pāhale Stream.
Hualālai is generally considered the most dangerous Hawaiian volcano. The last eruption was in
1801 and it is highly likely to erupt again in the next 200 years. The last major earthquake at Pu‘u
Wa‘awa‘a occurred in 1929. Two historic lava flows dominate the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a region. They are
the 1859 flow from Mauna Loa and the 1800-1801 Ka‘ūpūlehu flow from Hualālai. Both flows
covered large areas of native forest and have been poorly re-vegetated. Most lava between these two
historic flows originated on Hualālai. These vary greatly in age and intermingle to form a mosaic
pattern in the lava bed. Lava tubes are important geological systems in the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a area.
Biologically, the openings are habitats of many unique plant and animal species, and hydrologically,
they have created complex undersurface channel systems. (Maps 9 and 11.)
D. Description of and Impact upon Land and Resource Values
Land use history of the area includes grazing and (koa) logging. However, currently the principal
activity in the Experimental Forest area is restoration and conservation. Koa used to be logged from
the Hilo Forest Reserve, which is the Mauka Subunit of the Laupāhoehoe Unit and ranching had
been the major activity in the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a area until 2000. Illegal logging of koa trees also
occurred in the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit. The Laupāhoehoe Unit is currently managed by the Hawai‘i
Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) as Natural Area Reserve and Forest Reserve. In the
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit, the Kīholo Subunit is managed by State Parks and will be developed as a State
Park; the Mauka Subunit is the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Forest Bird Sanctuary which, along with the Makai
Subunit, is managed by the DOFAW.
Establishing Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest will have minimal impact on the land and
resource values of the area, since conservation and restoration have been the major activity in the
area. The Hawai‘i Department of Forest and Wildlife and State Parks have developed and are
implementing a management plan that outlines restoration, public hunting and recreation, research,
pasture management, nature education, and eco-tourism activities
(http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/puuwaawaa/planv6.pdf).
1. Timber
The management emphasis for timber resource of Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest is to
promote conservation of biodiversity, restoration of native forest cover, and sustainable timber
management. Timber resources in the area include both native overstory species and the
plantations of introduced species such as tropical ashes and eucalyptus. While the value of the
timber resource is high in parts of the experimental forest, active management of this resource
has been and will be for their conservation and research value. Establishment of the
experimental forest will have no impact on the timber resource value of the area.
2. Watershed
Establishment of the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest will enhance the watershed values of
the area by protecting the watershed, and providing monitoring data and research results for the
management of other watersheds in Hawai‘i and the tropics.
14
3. Forage
Grazing occurs in the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry Forest Unit. The grazing use is for fuel management.
Grazing, as a tool to reduce fuel, will not be impacted by the establishment of Experimental
Forest.
4. Minerals
There are no mines in the area and the mineral potential in the area is low. Establishment of
Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest will have no impact on the mineral values of the area.
5. Recreation
Currently hunting is allowed within the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest. The Mauka
(upper part of Hilo Forest Reserve) Subunit of the Laupāhoehoe Unit is within State Game
Mammal Hunting Unit C, which allows the hunting of wild pigs and wild sheep. The Makai
(Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve and the lower part of Hilo Forest Reserve) Subunit is within
State Hunting Unit K and B, both allow the hunting of wild pigs, wild goats, and wild sheep,
daily, year-round.
The whole Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit, except the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Forest Bird Sanctuary, is within
Mammal Hunting Unit J, which allows hunting of wild pigs, wild goats, and wild sheep with
undetermined methods and season.
Except the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Forest Bird Sanctuary, game bird hunting is allowed throughout the
experimental forest, weekends and holidays from the first Saturday of November through the
third Sunday in January.
The effects of hunting on the restoration of native vegetation may be a fertile topic for research.
Establishment of Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest may have minimal impact on the hunting
activities of the area. Restriction or extension of hunting may be required for some research.
Other recreational use of the area will not be affected by the establishment of experimental
forest. The Department of State Parks manages the Kīholo Subunit of the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Dry
Forest Unit, and primitive camping is being planned for this portion of the experimental forest.
Along with the primitive campsite, the State Park is also planning improvements to parking areas
and a toilet facility. This use would occur regardless of the establishment of Hawai‘i
Experimental Tropical Forest.
6. Water Use
Establishing the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest will not change the water yield of the
area. The establishment will protect the watershed and ensure the water quality of the two
subunits area.
7. Cultural Values
There are many known cultural sites within the area. The area is rich in trails and lava tube
caves. Establishment of the Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest will have no impact on the
cultural value of the area. These sites will be protected under the full extent of the law.
15
E. Accessibility
The Hawai‘i Experimental Tropical Forest has good road access for both scientists and the public.
The Laupāhoehoe Unit is in close proximity to Hilo. From Hilo Airport it takes about 45 minutes,
and from Kona Airport it takes about 1.5 hours, to reach the Laupāhoehoe Unit. The Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a
Unit is located 1 hour from the Kona airport and about 1.5 hours from Hilo.
Access to the Laupāhoehoe Unit is through Highway 11, running north out of Hilo, to Pāpa‘aloa
Home Stead Road, just past the town of Pāpa‘aloa (mile marker 23). Travel about 3 miles (4.8 km)
uphill to a Mauka crossroad, a dirt road that contours along the base of the Laupāhoehoe Unit.
Travel northwest to the Natural Area Reserve Access Road. There is a single road that runs up
through the Natural Area Reserve and Hilo Forest Reserve, eventually exiting through the top of the
Hilo Forest Reserve where the access road meets Mānā Road, which can be taken south to the
Saddle Road (Map 1). All access roads are unpaved, require 4-wheel-drive vehicles with high
clearance, and access can be difficult during heavy rains.
Access to Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit is through Highway 190 (mile marker 20), running south out of
Waimea. The Mauka Subunit is accessed by the gated, unimproved Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Cone Access
Road, running uphill at mile marker 20, and by the 25-mile Marker Road, running uphill at mile
marker 25. The Makai Subunit is accessed by the unimproved Old Kīholo Road, running downhill
off Highway 190 at mile marker 22. The Kīholo Subunit is accessed from Highway 11 at mile
marker 82.5, through the gated Kīholo Bay Access Road, which is locked during evening hours (7
p.m. to 7 a.m.).
Within the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit, trails and unimproved roads exist, and these are important
management tools that provide access for fire suppression, hunting, resource monitoring and
research, recreational use, and the potential for commercial ecotourism activities. Current trail
management efforts in this ahupua‘a involve the identification of mauka-makai (towards the
mountain and toward the sea) trails that qualify as non-vehicular rights-of-way trails under the 1892
Highways Act, and inventory of other trails. Such identification will help ensure protection of
historic trails from development, and documents the existence of these features for cultural value and
potential public use.
F. Existing Facilities
Currently, the Laupāhoehoe Unit has no facilities and no monitoring equipment installed.
However, an area near the northern corner of the boundary is suitable and will likely be the site used
for facilities. The Laupāhoehoe Unit is close to the USDA Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands
Forestry Headquarters, and the University of Hawai‘i-Hilo campus where the administrative,
greenhouse, and laboratory support would be located.
Infrastructure of roads, houses, and water supply, in various conditions, already exist in the Pu‘u
Wa‘awa‘a Unit. Most of the facilities and infrastructure (hereafter referred to as improvements)
within Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a were constructed to support grazing operations. Existing improvements in
the area include 16 structures, approximately 133 miles (214 km) of roads, 4 water sources,
approximately 30 miles (48 km) of waterlines, many miles of fences and rock walls, and an airplane
landing strip. These improvements exist in various states of repair, though most require immediate
repairs or upgrades. Most of the existing structures within Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a do not have valid
building permits and require immediate repairs or upgrades.
16
Existing water sources and transmission systems within Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a have the potential to support
all of the proposed experimental forest activities. Two reservoir sites, a water catchment site, and
two wells exist within Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a. The Meeting House and Poohoohoo reservoirs are currently
operable at only a fraction of their capacity due to disrepair. The Halepiula catchment site is
currently inoperable. Most existing waterlines are old galvanized pipe in need of replacement. The
standpipe at the hunter check station is essential for filling tankers participating in fire suppression
activities.
The existing road system within Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a is sufficient to support all management needs at this
time. Approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) are paved and 129 miles (207.7 km) are unimproved fourwheel drive surfaces. While no additional roads are currently needed, existing roads will require a
continual maintenance program. The airplane landing strip is currently operational.
Research and monitoring equipment installed at the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a Unit include: (1) a remote
access weather station, managed by the Bureau of Land Management; and (2) weather stations,
collecting climate equivalent data.
G. Arrangements for Management, Administration, and Protection
Based on the 1990 and 1992 Acts, the state agencies (Department of Land and Natural Resources)
and the USDA Forest Service – Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (IPIF) both will have
responsibilities in the management of the experimental forest. The USDA Forest Service – IPIF will
administer research activities and the research/education infrastructure, while land management and
protection responsibilities will remain with the State.
Natural Area Reserves (NAR) and Forest Reserves (FR) within the boundaries of an experimental
forest will continue to be managed under relevant State laws and regulations. Research on NAR and
FR lands will have to be conducted following existing statutes and rules and for the benefit of their
management.
IPIF shall also establish and maintain a system for archiving data and reports from the experimental
forest in a manner that will facilitate the exchange and transfer of information among Federal, State
government, Forests, academics, scientists, and private landowners.
17
H. Reference List
Abbott, L.; Anderson, S.; Buck, M.; Gon III, S.; Lau, J.; Perlman, S. Laupahoehoe Natural Area
Reserve Transect Specifications.
Bailey, R.G.; Avers, P.E.; King, T.; McNab, W.H. (ed.) 1994. Ecoregions and subregions of the
United States (map). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. Scale 1:7,500,000; colored.
Accompanied by a supplementary table of map unit descriptions compiled and edited by
McNab, W.H. and Baley, R.G. Prepared for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service.
Chang, D.L. 2002. Two historic Hawaiian trails in Pu‘u Anahulu and Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a North Kona,
Hawai‘i. Rivers, trails and conservation assistance program, U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service; 33 p.
Clark, J. 1996. Beach and ocean recreation study, Kīholo bay area, Hawai'i. Division of State
Parks, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘I; 34 p.
Commission on water resource management, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of
Hawai‘i and Rivers, trails and conservation assistance program, National Park Service,
Western Region. 1993 Hawai‘i Streams.
Conservation Council for Hawai‘i. 2005. Mauna Kea Kuahiwi Kūha‘o I Ka Mālie, Mauna Kea,
Mountain that stands alone in the calm; (www.conservehi.org); 4 p.
Friday, J.B.; Scowcroft, P.; Gleason, S. 2006. Tropical ash invasiveness in Hawai‘i: rate,
environmental control, and impact on native biodiversity, College of Tropical Agriculture and
Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i (www.ctahr.hawaii.edu); 4 p.
Giffin, J.G. 2003. Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a biological assessment, Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a, North Kona, Hawai‘i.
State of Hawai‘i, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and
Wildlife; 92 p.
Gruner, D.S. 2003. Arthropods from ‘Ōhi‘a Lehua (Myrtaceae: Metrosideros polymorpha), with
new records for the Hawaiian islands. University of Hawai‘i; 33-50.
Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu. 2003. Management plan for the
Ahupua‘a of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a and the Makai lands of Pu‘u Anahulu. State of Hawai‘I; 87 p.
Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1989. Laupāhoehoe Natural Area Reserve
management plan. Natural Area Reserve System, State of Hawai‘i.
Hawai‘i Division of State Parks, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘i .
1993. Biological database and reconnaissance survey of the coastal lands of the Kīholo bay
area, Island of Hawai‘I; 100 p.
18
Hawai‘i Division of Water Resource Management 1991. Monthly and annual rainfall summary of
the Hawai‘i Islands. Unpublished data. Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of
Hawai‘i.
Juvik, J.O.; Tango, L.K. 2003. Climate and water resources of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a, North Kona,
Hawai‘i. Report prepared for the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of
Forestry and Wildlife.
Kauffman, J.B.; Conry, P.; Imoto, R. 2006. Report of findings for the establishment of the Hawai‘i
Experimental Tropical Forest: suggested sites and infrastructure needs. Presented to: The
Honorable Michael Johanns, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. From: The Honorable Linda
Lingle, Governor of Hawai‘i, March 1, 2006.
Kelly, M. 1991. A brief history of the Ahupua‘a of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a and its neighbors in North Kona,
Island of Hawai‘I; 40 p.
Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory Source Catalog, Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a.
(www.sourcecatalog.com/hi/hi_puuwaa.html); 3 p.
Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory Source Catalog, Geologic map of the Pu‘u
Wa‘awa‘a Region, Hawai‘i .(www.sourcecatalog.com/hi/hi_puuwaa_map.html); 2 p.
Pyle, R.L. 2002. Checklist of the birds of Hawai‘i -- 2002; 'Elpepaio: 62(6): 137-148.
Sato, H.H., et al., 1973. Soil Survey of Island of Hawai‘i, State of Hawai‘i, U.S.D.A. Soil
Conservation Service; 115 p.
Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
Official soil series descriptions [online WWW]. Available URL:
"http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/osd/index.html" [Accessed 5 August 2005].
Takeuchi, W. 1991. Botanical survey of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a; final report. State of Hawai‘i, Division of
Forestry and Wildlife; 32 p.
The Nature Conservancy. 1992. Botanical survey of selected portions of the Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a game
management and lease area, Island of Hawai‘i. State of Hawai‘i, Division of Forestry and
Wildlife; 36 p.
United States Public Law 102-574. 1992. Hawai‘i Tropical Forest Recovery Act; 5 p.
Wagner, W.L.; Herbst, D.R.; Sohmer, S.H. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawai‘i. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawai‘i.
Wagner, W.J., Jr.; Wagner, F.S. 1993. Revised checklist of Hawaiian Pteridophytes. Unpublished.
19
Western Regional Climate Center. Hawai‘i climate summaries [Online www]. Available URL:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/climsmnca.html [Accessed 23 June 2006].
Wolf, E.W.; Morris, J. 1996. Geologic map of the Island of Hawai‘i. U.S. Department of the
Interior. U.S. Geological Survey. Miscellaneous Investigations Series. Map I-2524-A.
Wong-Smith, H. 1991. Kīholo. Earl Bakken biographical website (www.earlbakken.com); 6 p.
20
I. Appendices
A. Hawai‘i Tropical Forest Recovery Act (1992)
B. Plant list of Laupāhoehoe Unit
(from: Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1989)
C. Bird Species List of Laupāhoehoe Area
(from: Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1989)
D. Native plants of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003)
E. Land snails of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003)
F. Arthropods of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003)
G. Bird species of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (from: Giffin, 2003)
21
PL 102-574, 1992 S 2679
Page 1 of 5
PL 102-574, October 29, 1992, 106 Stat 4593
UNITED STATES PUBLIC LAWS
102nd Congress - Second Session
Convening January 3, 1992
COPR. © WEST 1992 No Claim to Orig. Govt. Works
Additions and Deletions are not identified in this document.
PL 102-574 (S 2679)
October 29, 1992
HAWAII TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY ACT
An Act to promote the recovery of Hawaii tropical forests, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled,
<< 16 USCA § 4501 NOTE>>
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the "Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act".
SEC. 2. HAWAII TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY.
(a) IN GENERAL.--The International Forestry Cooperation Act of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4501 et seq.) is
amended-(1) by redesignating sections 605, 606, and 607 as sections 609, 610, and 611, respectively; and
(2) by inserting after section 604 the following new sections:
<< 16 USCA § 4503a >>
"SEC. 605. INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC ISLANDS FORESTRY.
"(a) EXPANSION.--The Secretary shall expand the capabilities of and construct additional facilities, as
funds are appropriated for the expansion and construction, at-"(1) the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry; and
"(2) tropical forests in the State of Hawaii.
"(b) TROPICAL FORESTRY P'LAN.-"(1) IN GENERAL--Not later than 1 year after the date of receipt by the Secretary of the action plan
required by section 5(b) of the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act, the Secretary shall prepare and
submit to the Committee bn Agriculture and the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the
House of Representatives, the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate, and to
the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and Senate, a tropical forestry
plan to expand the capabilities of and construct additional facilities under subsection (a).
"(2) ELEMENTS.--The plan shall provide for-"(A) the establishment of a model ce·1ter for research, demonstration, education; training, and
outreach activities suitable for transr .rring scientific, technical, managerial, and administrative
assistance to governmental and non-governmental organizations seeking to address problems
associated with tropical forests within and outside the United States;
-·
"(B) the acquisition or construction of facilities for research·, classroom instruction, and housing near
an experimental tropical fore~t in tl]e State of Hawaii;
"(C) the acquisition or construction of facilities for the study and recovery of endangered tropical
wildlife, fish, and plant species and the restoration of their habitats;
"(D) the study of biological control of non-native species that degrade or destroy native forest
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ecosystems;
<<PUB#PG=l000457,4594>>"(E) achieving a better understanding .of global climate change and the
significance of achieving a reduction of greenhouse gases through research associated with the
unique atmospheric conditions found in Hawaii and the Pacific Ocean;
"(F) a review of the extent to which existing Federal forestry programs can be utilized to achieve the
purposes of the plan; and
"(G) the establishment of experimental tropical forests in the State of Hawaii as authorized by section
606.
.
"(3) CAPABILITY.--In preparing elements of the plan that address paragraph (2)(F), the Secretary
shall identify the capability of the plan-"(A) to promote a greater understanding of tropical forest ecosystem processes, conservation biology,
and biodiversity management;
"(B) to demonstrate the various benefits of maintaining a tropical forest reserve system;
"(C) to promote sound watershed and forest management;
"(D) to develop compatible land uses adjacent to protected natural areas; and
"(E) to develop new methods of reclaiming and restoring degraded lands.
<< 16 USCA § 4503b >>
"SEC. 606. HAWAII EXPERIMENTAL TROPICAL FOREST.
"(a) DEFINITIONS.--As used in this section:
"(1) FOREST.--The term 'Forest' means the Hawaii Experimental Tropical Forest.
"(2) GOVERNOR.--The term 'Governor' means the Governor of Hawaii.
"(3) LANDS.--The term 'lands' means lands, waters, and interests in lands and waters.
"( 4) STATE.--The term 'State' means the State of Hawaii.
"(b) ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT.--At the request of the Governor, the Secretary shall
establish and administer within the State a Hawaii Experimental Tropical Forest. The Forest shall be
managed as-"(1) a model of quality tropical forest management where harvesting on a sustainable yield basis can
be demonstrated in balance with natural resource conservation;
"(2) a site for research on tropical forestry, conservation biology, and natural resource management;
and
"(3) a center for demonstration, education, training, and outreach on tropical forestry, conservation
biology, and natural resources research and management.
"(c) DELINEATION OF THE LOCATION OF THE FOREST.-"(1) IDENTIFICATION OF LANDS.--The Governor and the Secretary shall identify one or more suitable
sites for tlie Forest in lands within the State. The identification of each site shall be b<lsed on
s.cientific, ecological, administrative, and such other factors as the Governor and Secretary consider to
be necessary or desirable to achieve the purposes of this section. Each site identified pursuant to the
preceding sentence shall be of sufficient size and lpcated so that the site can be effectively managed
for Forest purposes.
<<PUB#PG=l000457,4595>>"(2) EXTERIOR BOUNDARIES.--The" exterior boundaries of the Forest,
including the boundaries of all sites identified for Forest purposes, shall be delineated on an official
map. The map shall be available for public inspection in the office of the Administrator of the Dfvision
of Forestry and Wildlife of the Department of Land and Natural Resources of the State. The Governor
and the Secretary may from time to time, by mutual agreement, amend the official·map to modify
the boundaries of the Forest.
"(d) AUTHORITIES OF THE S'ECRETARY.-"(1) IN GENERAL--To carry out the purposes of this section, the Secretary is authorized-"( A) to administer the Forest in cooperation with the Governor and affected State <9encies;
"(B) to make grants and enter into contracts and cooperative agreements with the Federal
·Government, the government of the State, local governments, corporations, nonprofit ot:ganizations
and individuals;
"(C) to exercise existing authority with respect to cooperative forestry and research for Forest
purposes; and
"(D) to issue necessary rules and regulations or apply existing rules and regulations applicable to
areas administered by the Forest Service that are necessary or desirable to administer the Forest--
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PL 102-574, 1992 S 2679
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"(i) for the purposes described in subsection (b);
"(ii) to protect persons within the Forest; and
"(iii) to preserve and protect the. resources in the Forest.
"(2) LAND ACQUISITION.--The authority in section 4 of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable
Resources Research Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 1643) shall be available to the Secretary to carry out this
section.
"(3) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.--Nothing in this section is intended to affect the jurisdiction of the
State, both civil and criminal, over any person within the Forest by reason of the establishment of the
Forest under this section, except in the case of a penalty for an offense against the United States.
<< 16 USCA § 4503c >>
"SEC. 607. ANNUAL REPORT ON INSTITUTES OF TROPICAL FORESTRY.
"The Secretary shall make annual reports to Congress on the progress, needs, and long-range plans
of the Institutes of Tropical Forestry in meeting the requirements of section 2407 of the Global
Climate Change Prevention Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6706). Such reports shall be submitted by the
Secretary pursuant to section 8(c) of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of
1974 (16 u.s.c. 1606(c)).
<< 16 USCA § 4503d >>
"SEC. 608. DEFINITIONS.
"As used in this title (unless the context otherwise requires):
"(1) INSTITUTES OF TROPICAL FORESTRY.--The term 'Institutes of Tropical Forestry' means the
Institute of Tropical Forestry in Puerto Rico and the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry established
under section 2407 of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6706).
"(2) SECRETARY.--The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Agriculture.
<<PUB#PG=l000457,4596>>"(3) STATE.--The term 'State' means each of the 50 States, Guam,
American Samoa, the Republic of Palau (until the Compact of Free Association enters into effect),
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.".
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.-<< 16 USCA § 4501 >>
(1) Section 602(b) of the International Forestry Cooperation A~t of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4501(b)) is
amended by striking "(hereinafter referred to in this title as the Secretary)".
<< 1.6 USCA § 4503 >>
(2) The heading of section 604 of such Act (16 U.S.C. 4503) is amended to read as follows':
"SEC. 604. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL FORESTRY IN PUERTO RICO.".
<< 16 ·USCA § 4502a >'>.
SEC. 3. TROPICAL FORESTRY RESEARCH AND ASSISTANCE.
(a) ASSISTANCE.--To promote sound management and conservation of tropical forests of the United
States and to promote the develop~ent and transfer of technical, managerial, edu~ational, and
administrative skills to managers of tropical forests within or outside the United States; t.be Secretary
of Agriculture is authorized to provide -assistance through the Forest Service to eligible entities in
•
.
.
States with tropical fore~ts to-~
(1) develop, promote, and demonstrate sustainable harvesting of native woods and other forest
products on a sustainable yield basis in balance with natural resource conservation;
(2) promote habitat preservation and species protection or recovery;
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(3) protect indigenous plant and animal species and essential watersheds from non-native animals,
plants, and pathogens;
(4) establish biological control agents for non-native species that threaten natural ecosystems;
(5) establish a monitoring system in tropical forests to identify baseline conditions and determine
detrimental changes or improvements over time;
(6) detect and appraise stresses affecting tropical forests caused by insect infestations, diseases,
pollution, fire, and non-native animal and plant species, and by the influence of people;
(7) determine the causes of changes that are detected through experimentation, intensive
monitoring, and data collection at affected tropical forest sites; and
(8) engage in research, demonstration, education, training, and outreach that furthers the objectives
of this subsection.
(b) FORM OF ASSISTANCE.--Assistance provided to eligible entities under this section may be in the
form of grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements.
(c) DEFINITIONS.--As used in this section:
(1) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.--The term "eligible entity" means a State forester or equivalent State official,
State, political subdivision of a State, Federal agency, private organization, corporation, or other
private person.
(2) STATE.--The term "State" means each of the 50 States, Guam, American Samoa, the Republic of
Palau (until the Compact of Free Association enters into effect), Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and
the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
<< 16 USCA § 4503a NOTE>>
<<PUB#PG=1000457,4597>>SEC. 4. HAWAII TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY TASK FORCE.
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.--There is established the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force (hereafter
in this section referred to as the "Task Force") to advise the Secretary of Agriculture with respect to
tropical forests and related ecosystems in the State of Hawaii.
(b) ACTION PLAN.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the first meeting of the Task Force, the
Task Force shall submit to the Committees, Secretaries, and Governor referred to in subsection (k) an
action plan that contains findings and recommendations for rejuvenating Hawaii's tropical forests,
including findings and recommendations on-(1) methods of restoring the health of declining or degraded tropical forest land;
(2) compatible uses within tropical forests, particularly agroforestry and the cultivation of scarce or
valuable hardwoods and other forest products in Hawaii's tropical forests;
(3) actions to encourage and accelerate the identification and classification of unidentified plant,
animal, and microbe species;
( 4) actions to-( A) promote public awareness of tropical forest preservation;
(B) protect threate·ned and endan"gered species;
(C) improve forest ma11agement and planning; and
(D) promote public awareness of the harm caused by introduced species;
(5) the benefits of fencing or other management activities for the protection of Hawaii's native plants
and animals from non-native species, including the identification and priorities for the areas where
·
·
these activities are appropriate;
(6) traditibnal practices, uses;.and needs of native Hawaiians in tropical forests;
(7) means of improving the he;Jith of tropical forests and related ecosystems in the State of Hawaii
through programs administered by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior;
(8) the capability of existing Federal, State, and private forestry programs for rejuvenating Hawaii's
tropical forests; and
(9) such other issues relating to tropical forests in Hawaii as the Task Force considers appropriate.
(c) COMPOSITION.--The Task Force shall be composed of 12 members, of whom-(1) three members shall be· appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture, two of whom shall be
representatives of the Forest Service and the Soil Conservation Service, respectively;
(2) two members shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior as representatives of the United
States Fish and Wildlife Service 'and the National Park Service, respectively;
(3) six members shall be appointed by the Governor of Hawaii, of whom-(A) two members shall be private owners of tropical forest lands;
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(B) two members shall be experts in the field of tropical forestry; and
< <PUB#PG=1000457 ,4598>>(C) two members shall be representatives of Hawaii conservation.
organizations that have demonstrated expertise in the areas of tropical forest management, habitat
preservation, and al.ien species control or have demonstrated effective advocacy in the areas; and
(4) one member shall be the Administrator of the Department of Land and Natural Resources, State
of Hawaii, or the designated representative of the Administrator.
(d) INITIAL APPOINTMENTS.--Appointments under this section to the Task Force shall be made not
later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act.
(e) CHAIRPERSON.--The Task Force shall select a Chairperson from among its members.
(f) VACANCIES.--A vacancy on the Task Force shall not affect its powers and shall be filled in the
same manner as the original appointment.
(g) COMPENSATION.-(!) IN GENERAL--A member of the Task Force shall not receive compensation as a result of the
performance of services for the Task Force.
(2) TRAVEL EXPENSES.--The members of the Task Force shall be allowed travel expenses, including
per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of
chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code, while away from their homes or regular places of business
in the performance of services for the Task Force.
(h) MEETINGS.--The Task Force shall meet not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this
Act and shall meet at the call of the Chairperson.
(i) VOTING.--The Task Force shall act and advise by majority vote.
(j) ASSISTANCE.--The Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior shall provide such
assistance and support as are necessary to meet the objectives of the Task Force. The assistance
shall include making Federal facilities, equipment, tools, and technical assistance available on such
terms and conditions as the appropriate Secretary considers necessary.
(k) REPORT.--The action plan required under subsection (b) shall be submitted to-(1) the Committees on Agriculture and Interior of the House of Representatives;
(2) the Committees on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry and Energy and Natural Resources of the
Senate;
(3) the Secretary of Agriculture;
( 4) the Secretary of the Interior; and
(5) the Governor of Hawaii.
(I) NONAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF LAW.--Sections 7(d), lO(f), and 14 of the
Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C.App. 2) shall not apply to the Task Force.
< <PUB#PG=1000457,4599> >(m) TERMINATION.--The Task Force and authority to carry out this
section shall terminate 180 days after submitting the report required by subsection (b).
<< 16 USCA § 4502a NOTE>>
SEC. 5. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out sections 3 and 4.
.
Approved October 29, 1992.
.
.
PL 102-574, 1992 S 2679
END .OF DOCUMENT
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16 USCA s 1643
Page 1 of2
16 U.S.C.A. § 1643
United States Code Annotated Currentness
Title 16. Conservation
'lfl_CtEmtec_3_6 •. Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning (Rgts__S,._Aon9.s)
'lfl Subchapter II. Research
-+§ 1643. Implementation of provisions
(a) Establishment and maintenance of research facilities; acquisition, expenditures, etc., for property
In implementing this subchapter, the Secretary is authorized to establish and maintain a system of
experiment stations, research laboratories, experimental areas, and other forest and rangeland
research facilities. The Secretary is authorized, with donated or appropriated funds, to acquire by
lease, donation, purchase, exchange, or otherwise, land or interests in land within the United States
needed to implement this subchapter, to make necessary expenditures to examine, appraise, and
survey such property, and to do all things incident to perfecting title thereto in the United States.
(b) Acceptance, holding, and administration of gifts, donations, and bequests; use and investment of
gifts, proceeds, etc.; funding requirements
In implementing this subchapter, the Secretary is authorized to accept, hold, and administer gifts,
donations, and bequests of money, real property, or personal property from any source not otherwise
prohibited by law and to use such gifts, donations, and bequests to (1) establish or operate any forest
and rangeland research facility within the United States, or (2) perform any forest and rangeland
renewable resource research activity authorized by this subchapter. Such gifts, donations, and
bequests, or the proceeds thereof, and money appropriated for these purposes shall be deposited in
the Treasury in a special fund. At the request of the Secretary, the Secretary of the Treasury may
invest or reinvest any money in the fund that in the opinion of the Secretary is not needed for current
operations. Such investments shall be in public debt securities with maturities suitable for the needs of
the fund and bearing interest at prevailing market rates. There are hereby authorized to be expended
from such fund such amounts as may be specified in annual appropriation Acts, which shall remain
available until expended.
(c) Cooperation with international, Federal, State, and other governmental agencies, public and private
agencies, etc.; funding requirements for contributions from cooperators
In implementing this subchapter, the Secretary may cooperate with international, Federal, State, and
other governmental agencies, with public or private agencies, institutions, universities, and
organizations, and with businesses and individuals in the U,nited States and in other countries. The
Secretary may receive money and other contributions from cooperators under such conditions as the
Secretary may prescribe. Any money contributions received under this subsection shall be credited to
·the applicable appropriation'or fund to be used for the same purposes and shall remain available until
expended as the Secretary may direct for use in conducting research activities authorized by this
subchapter and in making refunds to contributors.
·
CRE1 IT(S)
(Pub.L. 95-307. § 4(<ll::..(_c;;)_, June 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 354; Pub.L. 101-513, Title VI,_§ 611Cal(2),
formerly§ 607(a)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2072, renumbered § 611(al(2). Pub.L. 10;<-574, § 2(al
ill, Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4593.)
.
HISTORICAL AND STATUTORY NOTES
Revision Notes and Legislative Reports
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16 USCA s 1643
Page 2 of2
1978 Acts. S~IEtt~_ReJ:LorLNQ",_g_!i_:llliQ, see 1978 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 951.
References in Text
This subchapter, referred to in text, in the original read "this Act", meaning the Forest and Rangeland
Renewable Resources Research Act of 1978, which enacted this subchapter, repealed sections 581 to
581i of this title, and enacted provisions set out as a note under section 1641 of this title. For
"
complete classification, see Short Title note set out under section 1600 of this title and Tables.
Amendments
1990 Amendments. Subsec. (c). Pub.L. 101-513 inserted provisions relating to international agencies.
UBRARY REFERENCES
American Digest System
United States <t:=55.
Key Number System Topic No. 39.3.
Woods and Forests <t=5, l).
Key Number System Topic No. 411.
16 U.S.C.A. § 1643, 16 USCA § 1643
Current through P.L. 108-421 (excluding P.L. 108-357, 108-375,
108-419) approved 11-30-04.
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END OF DOCUMENT
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.
Appendix B: Plant list of Laupahoehoe Unit (from Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1989)
APPENDIX 3
Laupahoehoe Area
Vascular Plant Species List
This species list was compiled from available literature sources,
personal communication with botanists familiar with the area
(backed by specimen verification for rare plants), and field
identification during this NARS field survey. Rare plants (less
than 3,000 individuals, or known from fewer than 20 locations
worldwide) with specific location information are noted by '+'
and are either in the Reserve or its adjacent area (see the rare
plants table for those confirmed in the Reserve).
Rare plants
thought to occur in the Reserve but which lack specific location
information are noted by '#' in the status column.
Due to subjective location information, some plant species
included on this list may not actually be present in the Reserve.
Plants reported for the area without an associated vegetation type
are assigned to the natural community they would most likely occur
with a '1'.
Descriptions of natural communities are in the text.
Taxonomy
follows Wagner et al. (in press) and Wagner and Wagner (1987).
::l
Q)
>'tl
...ca ca
...;
Status
Q)
~
Taxon
c1...;c
c Ei
0 0
ZQ
E
E
E
E
I
N
N
N
N
E
N
E
N
E
N
N
E
Acacia koa
Adenophorus hyrnenophylloides
Adenophorus pinnatifidus
Adenophorus tamariscinus
Adenosternrna lavenia
Adiantum raddianum
Ageratina riparia
Ageratum conyzoides
Albizia sp.
Alyxia oliviformis
Andropogon virginicus
Anoectochilus sandvicensis
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Antidesma platyphyllum var.
platyphyllum
Araucaria heterophylla
Arundina graminifolia
Asplenium contiguum
= Rare
* = Confirmed
+
1
=
N
= Non-native
*
*
*
..,
en
...;
Q)
.C'tlloo
oco
•..........ca""
<11)~
0 0 Q)
:X:~3:
ca
•...;
..,
enQ)
.CQII-o
a co
::l
c.
ca
en
Ql
-...co
... ...
. ..."'"" ....;c:
"'"'""
......
<IIC.j.J
0 0
Q)
:X::£3:
.COal
0:£3:
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
E
= Endemic
= Indigenous
...
:l:<Dioo
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
ca
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
in NARS field study
Cited in literature sources; needs confirmation in natural community
B-1
'
~
.j.J
'0
.,.,,....
~
c<a
<a
al
>'0
Status
Taxon
..... (IJ
.j.J..j.J
<a <a
cI ....c
c e
0 0
ZQ
I
I
I
E
I
I
+ E
I
E
N
E
E
N
N
E
N
E
N
E
N
E
E
E
E
E
N
E
N
N
E
N
N
E
E
N
N
E
N
E
E
E
+ E
N
Asplenium horridum
Asplenium kaulfussii
Asplenium lobulatum
Asplenium macraei
Asplenium nidus
Asplenium norm ale
Asplenium schizophyllum
Asplenium unilaterale
Astelia menziesiana
Athyrium japonicum
Athyrium microphyllum
Athyrium sandwichianum
Axonopus·fissifolius
Blechnum occidentale
Broussaisia arguta
Buddleia asiatica
Callistopteris baldwinii
Cardamine flexuosa
Carex alligata
Castilleja arvensis
Charpentiera ovata
Cheirodendron trigynum ssp.
trigynum
Cibotium chamissoi
Cibotium glaucum
Cibotium hawaiiense
Cirsium vulgare
Clermontia parviflora
Clidemia hirta
Commelina diffusa
Coniogramme pilosa
Conyza bonariensis
Conyza canadensis var. pusilla
Coprosma pubens
Coprosma rhynchocarpa
Cordy line fruticosa
Crassocephalum crepidioides
Ctenitis rubiginosa
Cuphea carthagenensis
Cyanea degeneriana
Cyanea pilosa ssp.
longipedunculata
Cyanea pilosa ssp. pi los a
Cyanea tritomantha
Cyperus halpan
rn
,....
rn
<a al <a
C H
~,<a~
(IJ.j.J
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*
*
*
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N = Non-native
I = Indigenous
= Rare
* = Confirmed in NARS field study
? = Cited in literature sources; needs confirmation
+
:I
<a
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
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*
*
*
*
'*
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*
*
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E
=
Endemic
in natural community
B-2
....
Gl
Status
Taxon
.ca
ca ca
c: c:
I~
c: e
oc:o
• cac..
~
QJ
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<GC:.j.J
0 0 Gl
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N
+ E
E
E
E
E
E
+ E
I
N
E
N
E
E
I
N
E
E
E
E
I
E
N
N
E
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
+ E
N
E
E
E
N
N
N
N
E
E
N
+ E
+
= Rare
Cyperus sp.
Cyrtandra giffardii
Cyrtandra hawaiensis
Cyrtandra kohalae x platyphylla
Cyrtandra lysiosepala
Cyrtandra platyphylla
Cyrtandra sp.
Cyrtandra tintinnabula
Dicranopteris linearis
Digitaria ciliaris
Diplopterygium pinnatum
Drymaria cordata var. pacifica
Dryopteris fusco-atra
Dryopteris glabra
Dryopteris wallichiana
Ehrharta stipoides
Elaphoglossum crassifolium
Elaphoglossum hirtum var. micans
Elaphoglossum parvisquameum
Elaphoglossum wawrae
Eleocharis obtusa
Embelia pacifica
Enterlobium cyclocarpum
Epidendrum x obrienianum
Eragrostis grandis
Erechtites valerianifolia
Eucalyptus robusta
Ficus macrophylla
Ficus rubiginosa
Flindersia breyleyana
Fraxinus uhdei
Freycinetia arborea
Gardenia remyi
Geranium homeanum
Gnaphalium sandwicensium
Grammitis hookeri
Grammitis tenella
Grevillea robusta
Hedychium coronarium
Hedychium flavescens
Hedychium gardnerianum
Hedyotis hillebrandii
Hedyotis terminalis
Holcus lanatus
Huperzia mannii
N = Non-native
I
* = Confirmed in NARS field study
= Cited in literature sources; needs
?
=
~.
>'0Gl
~
:0:::!:3:
?
*?
*
*
*
*
·*
*
*
?
*
*
*
?
*
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*'
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
?
*
*
*
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*?
*
*
*
Indigenous
E
*
*
*
?
*
?
= Endemic
confirmation in natural community
B-3
'·
:I
cu
Ql
>'0
Status
cu cu
0 c 0
' <Uio.
+
=
Rare
N = Non-native
*?
*
*
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
* = Confirmed in NARS field study
? = Cited in literature sources; needs
=
Indigenous
?
*
*?
?
?
?
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
*
?
?
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
E
= Endemic
?
*
*
?
*
*
?
*
*
*
*
*?
I
O:EJ:
*
*?
*
*
*
?
?
J:OQl
:0:..:13:
?
?
0
CU!Uio.
CU:l+'
0 0 II)
*
Cll
..... c
....
....c ...
..... ....
0 0
ZQ
...
c.
Ql
J:'OI-I
,
Huperzia phyllanthum
E Huperzia polytrichoides
E Huperzia serrata
Hydrocotyle bowlesioides
N
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides
N
N Hydrocotyle verticillata
E Hypericum degeneri
Hypericum mutilum
N
N Hypochoeris radicata
Hypolepis hawaiiensis
E
Ilex anomala
E
Isachne distichophylla
E
N Jahlna indicus
+ E Joinvillea ascendens ssp.
ascendens
N Juncus effusus
N Juncus planifolius
N Juncus tenuis
Korthalsella complanata
E
N Kyllinga brevifolia
Lapsana communis
N
N
Lotus uliginosus
I
Lycopodium cernuum
Machaerina mariscoides
I
E
Marattia douglasii
E
Mecodium recurvum
N Melastoma candidum
Metrosideros polymorpha
E
Microlepia strigosa
I
N Musa xparadisica
E
Myrsine lessertiana
Myrsine sandwicensis
E
Nephrolepis cordifolia
I
I
Nephrolepis exaltata
E
Nertera granadensis
E
Nothocestrum longifolium
Odontosoria chinensis
I
Ophioglossum pendulum var.
I
falcatum
Oplismenus hirtellus
N
N Oxalis corniculata
N Paspalum conjugatum
Paspalum sp.
N
Paspalum urvillei
N
N Passiflora edulis
cu Ql
:I:Ql!-1
.....
c .....c
c e
I
:I
Cll
'
..... Ql
+'+'
Taxon
...
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
?
*
confirmation in natural community
B-4
:
a!
"'
>'0
¥i a!
Status
Taxon
ceo
c c
"'"'
"'"'
'-...-IJ
<UC-IJ
0 0 a!
1-.-i
ce
0 0
ZQ
N
N
E
E
N
E
E
I
E
E
E
E
E
+ E
+ E
E
+ E
N
E
E
E
E
+ E
I
N
N
N
E
N
N
I
I
E
E
I
E
I
N
N
E
N
N
E
+
=
Passiflora ligularis
Passiflora mollissima
Pelea clusiifolia
Pelea pseudoanisata
Pennisetum clandestinum
Peperomia cookiana
Peperomia hypoleuca
Peperomia leptostachya
Peperomia ligustrina
Peperomia macraeana
Peperomia membranacea
Peperomia tetraphylla
Perrottetia sandwicensis
Phyllostegia floribunda
Phyllostegia longipes
Phyllostegia macrophylla
Phyllostegia vestita
Physalis peruviana
Phytolacca sandwicensis
Pipturus albidus
Pisonia sandwicensis
Pisonia umbellifera
Platydesma remyi
Pleopeltis thunbergiana
Pluchea symphytifolia
Poa annua
Polygonum punctatum
Polypodium pellucidum
Psidium cattleianum
Psidium guajava
Psilotum complanatum
Psilotum nudum
Psychotria hawaiiensis var.
hawaiiensis
Psychotria hawaiiensis var.
hillebrandii
Pteris excelsa
Pteris irregularis
Pycreus polystachyos
·Rubus argutus
Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus
Rubus hawaiensis
Rubus rosifolius
Rumex crispus
Rumex giganteus
Rare
N = Non-native
I
=
-IJ
en
a!
.Calk
¥i
-IJ-IJ
::O::EJ:
*
?
*
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
*
*
*'
*
*
*
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*~
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Indigenous
E
*
*
*
*
*
*
=
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
Endemic
* = Confirmed
?
=
in NARS field study
Cited in literature sources; needs confirmation in natural community
B-5
·"
CD
Ill
>'0
Status
Taxon
'"
Ql
.CCDI-<
oc:o
Ill Ill
c: c:
1-.i
c: e
• Ill"'
-...+I
IIIC:+I
0 0 CD
0 0
zc
,N
Sacciolepis indica
E
Sadleria cyatheoides
E
Sadleria pallida
Sadleria souleyetiana
E
E
Selaginella arbuscula
Senecio sylvaticus
"N
... N Setaria gracilis
... N Setaria palmifolia
Smilax melastomifolia
E
N Solanum americanum
Sphaerocionium lanceolatum
E
E
Sphaerocionium obtusum
Sporobolus africanus
""N
-..N
Sporobolus indicus
'N Stachytarpheta sp.
E
Stenogyne calaminthoides
+ E Stenogyne macranth~
+ E Stenogyne scrophularioides
Sticherus owhyensis
E
E
Strongylodon ruber
Styphelia tameiameiae
I
'N Syzygium jambos
Terminalia myriocarpa
"'N
'N Thelypteris dentata
'N Thelypteris parasitica
E
Thelypteris sandwicensis
'N Toona ciliata
E
Touchardia latifolia
E
Trematolobelia sp.
I
Uncinia uncinata
E
Urera glabra
E
Vaccinium calycinum
E
Vaccinium reticulatum
-N Vanda sp.
E
Vandenboschia davallioides
-N Verbena litoralis
"'N Veronica plebeia
"N Veronica serpyllifolia
I
Vittaria elongata
Xiphopteris saffordii
E
Xylosma hawaiiense
E
'N Youngia japonica
..... N Zingiber zerumbet
+
= Rare
N = Non-native
:.::::;:3:
*?
*?
*
?
?
*
*
*
?
*
*
*
*
*
*?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*
?
?
?
*
?
?
*
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*
*
*
*
?
.
?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
'
?
?
?
?
*
*
*
I
* = Confirmed in NARS field study
= Cited in literature sources; needs
?
.j.J·
Ul
' " Ql
+I
+I
=
Indig~nous
E
= Endemic
confirmation in natural community
B-6
Appendix C Laupahoehoe Area Bird Species List
The birds listed have been reported from visual and audio identification in or near the Reserve.
The list includes information on rare birds, compiled from the literature. Taxonomy follows the
Checklist of the Birds of Hawaii by Pyle (1988).
Status
N
N
+E
E
+E
N
N
E
N
+E
E
E
N
N
N
N
E
+E
N
N
E
N
+ = Rare
Species
Acridotheres tristis
Alauda arvensis
Anas wyvilliana
Asio flammeus sanwichensis
Buteo solitarius
Cardinalis cardinalis
Carpodacus mexicanus
Chasiempis sanwichensis sandwichensis
Garrulax canorus
Hemignathus munroi
Hemignathus virens virens
Himatione sanguinea sanguinea
Leiothrix lutea
Lonchura punctulata
Lophura leucomelana
Meleagris gallopavo
Myadestes obscurus
Oreomystis mana
Phasianus colchicus
Streptopelia chinensis
Vestiaria coccinea
Zosterops japonicus
E = Endemic
N = Non-native
Common Name
Common Myna
Eurasian Skylark
Hawaiian Duck, Koloa Maoli
Short-eared Owl, Pueo
Hawaiian Hawk, 'Io
Northern Cardinal
House Finch
'Elepaio
Hwamei
'Akiapola'au
'Amakihi
'Apapane
Red-billed Leiothrix
Nutmeg Mannikin
Kalij Pheasant
Wild Turkey
Hawaii Thrush, 'Oma'o
Hawaii Creeper, 'Alauahio
Ring-necked Pheasant
Spotted Dove
'I'iwi
Japanese White-eye
I = Indigenous
x = Cited inliterature
* = Confirmed during NARS field study
? = Cited in literature; needs confirmation in Reserve
Source
?
?
*
?
*
*
x
*
*
x
*
*
*
x
*
*
*
x
x
?
*
*
Appendix D. Native plants of Puu Waawaa (from: Giffin, 2003)
Plants are listed in groups and then alphabetically by family, genus and species. Taxonomy
follows the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii by Wagner et al. (1990) and Revised
Checklist of Hawaiian Pteridophytes by Wagner and Wagner (1993).
STATUS CODES:
E = endangered species
S = species of concern
R = rare species with no formal listing
X = extirpated
I = indigenous
* = endemic
TAXON
COMMON NAME
STATUS
THALLOPHYTES (Algae, Fungi & Lichens)
SPONGE MUSHROOMS (Morels)
MORCHELLACEAE
Morchella esculenta
common morel
I?
PORE FUNGI (Polypores)
POLYPORACEAE
Laetiporus sulphureus
Trametes versicolor
sulphur shelf
turkey-tail fungi
I?
I?
GILL FUNGI (Agarics)
TRICHOLOMATACEAE
Pleurotus cystidiosus
Marasmiellus spp.
oyster mushrooms
pinwheel mushrooms
I?
I?
moss
I?
thallose liverwort
I?
lo‘ulu
lau-kahi, cliffbrake
owali
waimakanui
-
*
*
I
I
I
*
BRYOPHYTES (Mosses & Liverworts)
NECTARACEAE
Homaliodendron flabellatum
MARCHANTIACEAE
Dumortiera hirsuta
PTERIDOPHYTES (Ferns & Fern Allies)
ADIANTACEAE
Coniogramme pilosa
Doryopteris decora
Pellaea ternifolia
Pteris cretica
Pteris excelsa
Pteris irregularis
D-1
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum
Asplenium contiguum
Asplenium cookii (A. polyodon)
Asplenium fragile
Asplenium trichomanes
Asplenium unilaterale
Asplenium praemorsum
Diellia erecta
BLECHNACEAE
Sadleria cyatheoides
CYATHEACEAE
Cibotium glaucum
Pteridium decompositum
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Hypolepis punctata ssp. hawaiiensis
Microlepia strigosa
Pteridium decompositum (P. aquilinum)
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Athyrium microphyllum
Athyrium sandwichianum
Cyrtomium caryotideum
Cyrtomium falcatum
Diplazium sandwichianum (Athyrium)
Dryopteris fusco-atra
Dryopteris glabra
Dryopteris hawaiiensis
Dryopteris unidentata
Dryopteris wallichiana
Elaphoglossum paleaceum (E.hirtum)
Elaphoglossum wawrae
Nothoperanema rubiginosa (Ctenitis rubiginosa)
Polystichum hillebrandii
Tectaria cicutaria ssp. gaudichaudii
GLEICHENIACEAE
Dicranopteris linearis
GRAMMITIDACEAE
Grammitis hookeri
LINDSAEACEAE
Sphenomeris chinensis
POLYPODIACEAE
Lepisorus thunbergianus (Pleopeltis)
Polypodium pellucidum
PSILOTACEAE
Psilotum nudum
iwa‘iwa
owali
pamoho
-
I
*
*
E*
I
I
I
X*
ama‘u
*
hapu‘u
-
*
*
palapalai
kilau, bracken fern
*
I
*
‘akolea
ka‘ape‘ape
ho‘i‘o
kilau
‘akole
laukahi
‘ekaha-ula
‘ekaha-ula
-
*
*
I
?
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
R*
*
uluhe
I
-
I
pala‘a
I
‘ekaha, akolea
‘ae
I
*
moa
I
D-2
THELYPTERIDACEAE
Pseudophegopteris keraudreniana
Thelypteris stegnogrammoides
(Pneumatopteris sandwicensis)
SPERMATOPHYTES (Flowering Plants)
MONOCOTYLEDONS
AGAVACEAE (Agave Family)
Pleomele hawaiiensis
CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)
Carex alligata
Carex macloviana
Carex wahuensis
Gahnia gahniiformis
Mariscus fauriei
Mariscus hillebrandii ssp. hillebrandii
Uncinia uncinata
IRIDACEAE (Iris Family)
Sisyrinchium acre
JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)
Luzula hawaiiensis
LILIACEAE (Lily Family)
Astelia menziesiana
PANDANACEAE (Screwpine Family)
Freycinetia arborea
POACEAE (Grass Family)
Agrostis sandwicensis
Deschampsia nubigena
Dissochondrus biflorus
Eragrostis deflexa
Sporobolus virginicus
SMILACACEAE (Catbrier Family)
Smilax melastomifolia
DICOTYLEDONS
AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family)
Charpentiera obovata
Nototrichium sandwicense
APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)
Alyxia oliviformis
Ochrosia kilaueaensis
AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family)
Ilex anomala
ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family)
Cheirodendron trigynum
Reynoldsia sandwicensis
waimaka-nui
-
*
*
halapepe
E*
alligator sedge
-
*
I
*
I
X*
*
I
mau‘u la‘ili
S*
wood rush
*
pa‘iniu, kaluaha
*
‘ie‘ie
IX
grass
grass
grass
‘aki‘aki
*
*
X*
S*
I
hoi kuahiwi
*
papala
kulu‘i
*
*
maile
holei
*
EX*
kawa‘u
I
‘olapa
ohe makai
*
S*
D-3
Tetraplasandra oahuensis
ASTERACEAE (Sunflower Family)
Bidens menziesii
Bidens menziesii ssp. filiformis
x Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla
Dubautia ciliolata
Dubautia linearis
Dubautia plantaginea
Dubautia scabra
ASTERACEAE (continued)
Gnaphalium sandwicensium
Lipochaeta subcordata
Tetramolopium humile
CAMPANULACEAE (Bellflower Family)
Clermontia clermontioides
Cyanea stictophylla
Delissea undulata ssp. undulata
CAPPARACEAE (Caper family)
Capparis sandwichiana
CELASTRACEAE (Bittersweet Family)
Perrottetia sandwicensis
CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family)
Chenopodium oahuense
CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning Glory Family)
Bonamia menziesii
Ipomoea indica
Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis
Ipomoea tuboides
CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family)
Sicyos lasiocephalus
Sicyos macrophyllus
Sicyos pachycarpus
EBENACEAE (Ebony Family)
Diospyros sandwicensis
EPACRIDACEAE (Epacris Family)
Styphelia tameiameiae
ERICACEAE (Heath Family)
Vaccinium calycinum
Vaccinium reticulatum
EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Chamaesyce sp.
Claoxylon sandwicense
FABACEAE (Pea Family)
Acacia koa
Acacia koaia
ohe mauka
*
ko‘okoolau, ko‘olau
*
na‘ena‘e, kupaoa
na‘ene‘e, kupaoa
na‘ene‘e, kupaoa
na‘ena‘e, kupaoa
R*
*
*
*
*
‘ena‘ena
nehe
-
*
*
*
oha wai
haha
-
*
E*
E*
caper bush
*
olomea
*
‘aheahea
*
morning glory
pohuehue
Hawaiian moon flower
EX*
I
I
*
‘anunu
-
*
S*
*
lama
*
pukiawe
I
‘ohelo, ‘ohelo kau la‘au
‘ohelo, ‘ohelo ‘ai
*
*
‘akoko, koko, kokomalei
‘akoka, koko, kokomalei
po‘ola
S*
*
*
koa
koai‘a
*
S*
D-4
Caesalpinia kavaiensis
Canavalia hawaiiensis
Erythrina sandwicensis
Senna gaudichaudii
Sophora chrysophylla
Vicia menziesii
FLACOURTIACEAE (Flacourtia Family)
Xylosma hawaiiense
GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family)
Geranium cuneatum
GESNERIACEAE (African Violet Family)
Cyrtandra menziesii
GOODENIACEAE (Goodenia Family)
Scaevola sericea
LAMIACEAE (Mint Family)
Phyllostegia ambigua
Phyllostegia stachyoides
Phyllostegia racemosa
Phyllostegia velutina
Plectranthus parviflorus
Stenogyne angustifolia
Stenogyne macrantha
Stenogyne microphylla
Stenogyne rugosama
Stenogyne sessilis
MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis
Kokia drynarioides
Sida fallax
MENISPERMACEAE (Moonseed Family)
Cocculus trilobus
MORACEAE (Mulberry Family)
Streblus pendulinus
MYOPORACEAE (Myoporum Family)
Myoporum sandwicense
MYRSINACEAE (Myrsine Family)
Myrsine lanaiensis
Myrsine lessertiana
MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family)
Metrosideros polymorpha
NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-O'Clock Family)
Pisonia brunoniana
Pisonia sandwicensis
OLEACEAE (Olive Family)
Nestegis sandwicensis
uhiuhi
wiliwili
kolomona
mamane
Hawaiian vetch
E*
*
*
I
*
E*
maua
*
nohoanu, hinahina
*
ha‘iwale
S*
naupaka
I
mint
mint
kiponapona
mint
‘ala‘ala wai nui
mint
mint
‘ohi‘ohi
mint
*
*
EX*
E*
I
E*
S*
EX
*
*
ma‘o hau hele
hau kuahiwi
kokio
ilima
E*
E*
E*
I
huehue
I
a‘ia‘i
I
naio, bastard sandalwood
I
kolea
kolea lau nui
*
*
‘ohi‘a, ‘ohi‘a lehua
*
papala kepau
papala
I
*
olopua
*
D-5
PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)
Argemone glauca
pua kala
PHYTOLACCACEAE (Pokeweed Family)
Phytolacca sandwicensis popolo, pokeberry S*
PIPERACEAE (Pepper Family)
Peperomia cookian
‘ala‘ala wai nui
Peperomia leptostachya
‘ala‘ala wai nui
Peperomia macraeana
‘ala‘ala wai nui
PITTOSPORACEAE (Pittosporum Family)
Pittosporum hosmeri
ho‘awa
Pittosporum terminalioides
ho‘awa
PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family)
Plantago hawaiensis
laukahi kuahiwi
PLUMBAGINACEAE (Plumbago or Leadwort Family)
Plumbago zeylanica
‘ilie‘e
POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family)
Rumex giganteus
pawale
PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)
Portulaca sclerocarpa
‘ihi
RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family)
Alphitonia ponderosa
kauila
Colubrina oppositifolia
kauila
ROSACEAE (Rose Family)
Fragaria chiloensis
‘ohelo papa
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
‘ulei
Rubus hawaiensis
‘akala
Rubus macraei
‘akala
RUBIACEAE (Coffee Family)
Canthium odoratum
alahe‘e
Coprosma ernodeoides
kukaenene
Coprosma menziesii
pilo
Coprosma montana
pilo
Coprosma rhynchocarpa
pilo
Gardenia brighamii
na‘u
Hedyotis terminalis (Gouldia)
manono
Psychotria hawaiiensis
kopiko ‘ula, ‘opiko
RUTACEAE (Rue Family)
Melicope clusiifolia
alani
Melicope hawaiensis
alani
Melicope volcanica
alani
Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum
kawa‘u
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
a‘e
Zanthoxylum kauaense
a‘e
SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood Family)
Exocarpus gaudichaudii
hulumoa
Santalum paniculatum
‘iliahi, sandalwood
*
*
I
*
*
*
E*
I
*
EX*
S*
E*
I
I
*
S*
I
*
*
*
*
EX*
*
*
*
S*
*
E*
EX*
RX*
RX*
*
D-6
SAPINDACEAE (Soapberry Family)
Dodonaea viscosa
Sapindus saponaria
SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family)
Nesoluma polynesicum
Pouteria sandwicensis
SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family)
Nothocestrum breviflorum
Nothocestrum longifolium
Solanum americanum
Solanum incompletum
STERCULIACEAE (Cacao Family)
Waltheria indica
THYMELAEACEAE (Akia Family)
Wikstroemia sandwicensis
Wikstroemia phillyreifolia
URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)
Pipturus albidus
Urera glabra
VISCACEAE (Mistletoe Family)
Korthalsella complanata
Korthalsella cylindrica
Korthalsella remyana
‘a‘ali‘i
a‘e, manele
I
I
keahi
ala‘a
IRX
*
‘aiea
‘aiea
popolo
popolo ku mai
E*
*
I?
EX*
‘uhaloa
I?
‘akia
‘akia
*
mamaki
opuhe
*
*
hulumoa
-
I
*
*
Literature cited:
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii.
University of Hawaii Press and Bishop M:useum Press. 1,853 pp.
Wagner, W.H. Jr. and F.S. Wagner. 1993. Revised Checklist of Hawaiian Pteridophytes.
Unpublished.
D-7
E. Land snails of Puu Waawaa (from: Giffin, 2003)
Code Data Source
1
C.C. Christensen. 1983. Analysis of land snails. In J.T. Clark and P.V. Kirsh
(eds.). Archaeological investigations of the Mudland-Waimea-Kawaihae road
corridor, Island of Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, HI.
2
Subfossils collected by J. Giffin and R. Covington and identified by Robert
Cowie.
3
Snails live-collected by J. Giffin, identified by Robert Cowie.
4
Chung D.J.D. and R.H. Cowie, 1991. An archival inventory of the land snails of
the state of Hawaii natural area reserves system. B. P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu,
HI.
5
Specimens in B.P. Bishop Museum Collection.
*
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a is the type locality for these species.
Taxonomy follows R.H. Cowie, N.L. Evenhuis and C.C. Christensen. 1995. Catalog of
the native land and freshwater molluscs of the Hawaiian islands. Backhuys Publishers,
Leiden. 248 pp.
NATIVE SPECIES
TAXON
SOURCE
LOCATION and ELEVATION
(feet)
ACHATINELLIDAE
Partulina confusa
2
Tornatellaria abbreviata hawaiiensis
1
Tornatellides sp.
Elasmias fuscum
Lamellidea sp.
3
3
3
Henahena, Waihou, Kileo, Puu Iki:
3,440-4,260
Open forest in Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a
region
Halepiula Waimea paddock: 5,200
Halepiula Waimea paddock: 5,200.
Halepiula Waimea paddock: 5,200
AMASTRIDAE
Amastra sp.
Amastra conica
Amastra flavescens
Amastra fragosa
Amastra modicella
Amastra umbilicata pluscula
Amastra viriosa
Amastra pagodula
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
Leptachatina (Angulidens) anceyyana
Leptachatina spp. (at least 4 species)
1
2
Henahena paddock: 3,600-4,260
Kileo and Henahena paddocks:
3,800-4,500
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a region
Kileo and Henahena paddocks:
3,440-4,500
E-1
Leptachatina konaensis
ENDODONTIDAE
Endodonta sp.
Cookeconcha sp.
5
2
2
Inside Poohohoo crater
Inside Poohohoo crater
HELICARIONIDAE
Euconulus sp.
Philonesia cicercula
Philonesia sp.
Philonesia (Waihoua) kaliella
2
4
1
1*
Summit of Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a cone
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a region
HELICINIDAE
Pleuropoma laciniosa konaense
1*
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a near Pu‘u
Hinahina (PotatoHill)
PUPILLIDAE
Lyropupa (Lyropupilla) Hawaiiensis
Lyropupa (Mirapupa) ovatula kona
1
1
Lyropupa sp.
Nesopupa (Nesopupilla) dispersa
Nesopupa (Infranesopupa)subcentralis
Nesopua (Nesodagys) wesleyana
Nesopua (Limbatipupa) newcombi
2
1
1
1
1
Inside Poohohoo crater
Puu Iki crater & Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a
cone: 3,100
Inside Delissea exclosure
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a cone: 3,100-3,350
Mt. Hualalai: 6,000-7,000
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a region
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a region: 3,200
SUCCINEIDAE
Succinea spp.
2
Succinea konaensis
5
ZONITIDAE
Striatura meniscus
Nesovitrea hawaiiensis
1
1
Near Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a cone: 3,250
Near Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a cone
ZONITIDAE
Oxychilus alliarius (garlic snail)
3
Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a forests: 3,4405,400
BRADYBAENIDAE
Bradybaenea similaris
2
Kileo and Henahena Paddocks:
3,440-4,500
Kileo and Henahena paddocks:
3,340-4,500
INTRODUCED SPECIES
E-2
Appendix F. Arthropods of Puu Waawaa (from: Giffin, 2003)
1. Native arthropods of Puu Waawaa
Taxonomy follows the Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Checklist (second edition) by G.M Nishida (ed.). Bishop Museum, 1994.
Taxonomic expertise for identifying arthropods was provided by the following individuals: Al Samuelson (Coleoptera), James
Liebherr (Carabidae), David Foote (Drosophila), Dan Polhemus (Heteroptera), Hannelore Hoch and Manfred Asche (Homoptera),
Karl Magnacca (Colletidae), Mandy Heddle, Steven Montgomery and Francis Howarth (Lepidoptera), Maurice and Catherine
Tauber (Neuroptera), Jonathan Brown (Tephritidae), Rosemary Gillespie and Jessica Garb (Araneae), Diana Percy (Psyllidae), and
Francis Howarth and Keri Williamson (cave species).
STATUS CODES:
E = endangered species
C = candidate for endangered listing
S = species of concern
N = new Big Island record
R = rare species with no formal listing
TAXON
INSECTS:
COLEOPTERA (Beetles)
AGLYCYDERIDAE
Proterhinus spp.
ALLECULIDAE
Labetis hawaiiensis
ANOBIIDAE
Holcobius granulatus
Holcobius cf. hawaiiensis
Holcobius sp. undet. #1
Holcobius sp. undet. #2
Mirosternus sp. undet. #1
Xyletobius sp. undet. #1
ANTHRIBIDAE
Araecerus varians
COMMON NAME
NOTE / HOST PLANT / CITATION
primitive weevils
reared from Sophora, Clermontia
comb-clawed beetle
Sicyos macrophyllus foliage (plant in flower)
death-watch beetle
death-watch beetle
death-watch beetle
death-watch beetle
death-watch beetle
death-watch beetle
Acacia koa
Myrsine lessertiana
Santalum paniculatum
Sophora chrysophylla
Ilex anomala bark
Myoporum, Pittosporum, Myrsine, Acacia, and Ilex
fungus weevil
reared from Clermontia clermontioides wood
STATUS
R
F-1
CARABIDAE
Blackburnia kilauea
Mecyclothorax gracilis
Mecyclothorax pele
Mecyclothorax proximus
Mecyclothorax sp. nr. Proximus
CERAMBYCIDAE
Plagithmysus bishopi
P. blackburni
P. darwinianus
P. davisi
P. debilis
P. elegans (P. decorus)
P. (Neoclytarlus) filipes
P. mezoneuri
P. (Neoclytarlus) montgomeryi
P. (Neoclytarlus) nodifer
P. perkinsi
P. simplicicollis
CIIDAE
Cis sp.
Cis sp.
CUCUJIDAE
Parandrita sp.
CURCULIONIDAE
Dryophthorus squalidus
Oodemus sp. undet. #1
Rhynchogonus giffardi
DERMESTIDAE
Labrocerus sp.
NITIDULIDAE
Nesopetinus spp.
ground beetle
ground beetle
ground beetle
ground beetle
ground beetle
new sp. (reddish) from lava tubes
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
long-horned beetles
Melicope sp. (Koebele, 1901)
Sophora chrysophylla, Santalum paniculatum
Sophora chrysophylla
Diospyros sandwicensis
Acacia koa foliage
Charpentiera obovata
Sophora, Diospyros, Hibiscadelphus
Caesalpinia kavaiensis (Swezey, 1946)
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Acacia koa
Myoporum sandwicense
Nothocestrum brevifolium
minute tree-fungus beetle
minute tree-fungus beetle
small species
S
S
S
Myoporum, Cheirodendron, Myrsine bark
Acacia koa
flat bark beetles
Myrsine lessertiana bark
R
true weevil
true weevil
true weevil
Cheirodendron trigynum wood
mossy log
Acacia koa, Nestegis sandwicensis (Giffard, 1918)
S
dermestid beetle
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Acacia koa
souring beetle
Acacia koa seed pods, Clermontia
F-2
DIPTERA (True flies)
ASTEIIDAE (Asteiid flies)
Asteia Montgomeryi
Asteia sabrosky
CALLIPHORIDAE
Dyscritomyia spp.
DOLICHOPODIDAE
Campsicnemus spp.
DROSOPHILIDAE
Drosophila ciliaticrus
Drosophila clara
Drosophila formella
Drosophila hawaiiensis
Drosophila heteroneura
Drosophila iki
Drosophila imparisetae
Drosophila multiciliata
Drosophila murphyi
Drosophila ochropleura
Drosophila setosifrons
Drosophila silvarentis
Drosophila silvestris
Drosophila sproati
MUSCIDAE
Lispocephala spp.
PHORIDAE
Megaselia sp.
PIPUNCULIDAE
Cephalops sp.
TEPHRITIDAE
Trupanea apicalis
Trupanea arboreae
Trupanea crassipes
fly
fly
Erythrina sandwicensis (Hardy & Delfinado, 1980)
Pisonia, Charpentiera, Urera (Hardy & Delfinado, 1980)
native blow fly
long-legged fly
picture-wing pomace fly
pomice fly
picture-wing pomace fly
picture-wing pomace fly
picture-wing pomace fly
pomace fly
pomace fly
pomice fly
picture-wing pomace fly
pomice fly
picture-wing pomace fly
picture-wing pomace fly
picture-wing pomace fly
picture-wing pomace fly
C
predatory fly
humpbacked fly
big-headed fly
Melicope volcanica foliage
fruit fly
fruit fly
fruit fly
Dubautia linearis
Dubautia linearis
light trap
F-3
TIPULIDAE
Linonia spp.
HETEROPTERA (True bugs)
ANTHOCORIDAE
Lasiochilus sp. undet. #1
LYGAEIDAE
Neseis fasciata fasciata
Nesius ochriasis maculiceps
Neseis sp. undet. #1
Neseis sp. undet. #2
Nysius coenosulus
Nysius delectus
Nysius terrestris
Nysius sp. undet. #1
Oceanides nubicola
Oceanides pteridicola
MIRIDAE
Engytatus sp.
Koanoa sp.undet.
Hyalopeplus pellucidus
Nesiomiris sp. undet. #1
Nesiomiris timberlakei
Nesiomiris hawaiiensis
Opuna sp. undet. #1
Opuna sp. undet. #2
Opuna sp. undet. #3
Orthotylus azalais
Orthotylus diospyri n. sp.
Orthotylus hedyoticola n. sp.
Orthotylus kanakanus
Orthotylus xylosmae n. sp
Orthotylus n. sp. #1 nr. azalais
crane fly
minute pirate bug
Acacia koa bark
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
lygaeid seed bug
Coprosma rhynchocarpa
Sophora chrysophylla
Pipturus albidus foliage
Hedyotis terminalis foliage
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Dubautia plantaginea
Nototrichium sandwicense
Dubautia sp. (hybrid plant)
Myoporum sandwicense foliage
Metrosideros polymorpha flowers
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
Dubautia linearis
various shrubs & trees
Metrosideros, Nestegis, Claoxylon
Cheirodendron trigynum
Reynoldsia sandwicensis
Ilex anomala
Acacia koa
Metrosideros polymorpha flowers
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Metrosideros polymorpha flowers
Diospyros sandwicensis foliage
Hedyotis terminalis foliage
Coprosma rhynchocarpa foliage
Xylosma hawaiiense foliage
black / Metrosideros polymorpha
R
F-4
Orthotylus n. sp. #2
Orthotylus n. sp. #3
Orthotylus n. sp. #4
Orthotylus n. sp. #5
Sarona adonias
Sarona flavidorsum
Sarona hamakua
Sarona kau (?)
Sarona mamaki
Sarona myoporicola
Sarona pittospori
Sarona n. sp. #1
Sarona n. sp. #2
Sarona n. sp. #3
Sarona undet. sp. #4
Sulamita nr. dryas
NABIDAE
Nabis blackburni
Nabis kahavalu
Nabis oscillans
Nabis tarai
PENTATOMIDAE
Oechalia virgula
Oechalia sp. undet. #1
SCUTELLERIDAE
Coleotichus blackburniae
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
mirid leaf bug
green / Sophora chrysophylla foliage
black and white / Nestegis sandwicensis
green / Nestegis sandwicensis
black male, green female / Psychotria hawaiiensis
Metrosideros polymorpha foliage
Korsalla sp. (on acacia koa)
Myrsine lessertiana foliage
Dubautia sp. (hybrid plant)
Pipturus albidus
Myoporum sandwicense foliage
Pittosporum hosmeri foliage (Asquith, 1994)
Ilex anomala foliage
Phyllostegia velutina foliage
Melicope volcanica foliage
Korsalla sp. (on Nestegis sandwicensis)
Claoxylon sandwicense
damsel bug
damsel bug
damsel bug
damsel bug
Dryopteris wellichiana
Sophora chrysophylla (Van Duzee, 1936)
Metrosideros polymorpha leaves
Styphelia tameiameiae
stink bug
stink bug
Dodonaea, Myoporum (Van Duzee, 1936)
Metrosideros polymorpha
R
R
koa bug,
shield bug Acacia koa foliage
S
HOMOPTERA (Hoppers, whiteflies, aphids & scale insects)
CICADELLIDAE
Nesophrosyne eburneola
leafhoppers
Nesophrosyne mabae n. sp.
leafhoppers
Nesophrosyne pluvialis
leafhoppers
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #1
leafhoppers
R
R
Claoxylon sandwicense, Psychotria hawaiiensis
Diospyros sandwicensis
Coprosma rhynchocarpa
grey / Reynoldsia sandwicensis
F-5
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #3
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #4
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #5
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #6
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #7
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #8
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #9
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #10
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #11
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #12
Nesophrosyne sp. undet. #13
CIXIIDAE
Oliarus hevaheva cixiid
Oliarus inaequalis cixiid
Oliarus koanoa cixiid
DELPHACIDAE
Aloha myoporicola
Aloha swezeyi
Nesothoe sp.
Nesosydne ipomoeicola
Nesosydne koae
Nesosydne phyllostegiae
Nesosydne rubescens
Nesosydne sp. undet. #1
Nesosydne sp. undet. #2
PSYLLIDAE
Trioza sp. undet. #1
Swezeyana elongena
Swezeyana n. sp. undet. #2
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
leafhoppers
Lipochaeta subcordata
Myrsine lessertiana
black / Cyanea stictophylla
grey / Coprosma rhynchocarpa
Hedyotis terminalis
Coprosma menziesii (?)
Phyllostegia velutina
Dodonaea viscosa
Myoporum sandwicense
Clermontia clermontioides
Ilex anomala
planthopper
planthopper
planthopper
unknown host
unknown host (Giffard, 1925)
Dodonaea viscosa
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
delphacid planthopper
Myoporum sandwicense (Giffard, 1918)
various plants (Giffard, 1918)
Dodonaea viscosa
Lythrum maritinum (Giffard, 1918)
Acacia koa (Giffard, 1918)
Phyllostegia racemosa (Giffard, 1918)
Acacia koa (Giffard, 1918)
Cyanea stictophylla
Nototrichium sandwicense
psyllids, plant lice
psyllids, plant lice
psyllids, plant lice
Metrosideros polymorpha
Pouteria sandwicensis
Pouteria sandwicensis
HYMENOPTERA (Bees, wasps & ants)
BETHYLIDAE
Sierola aucta
bethylid wasp
R
R
R
R
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
F-6
Sierola konana
Sierola laticeps
Sierola megalognatha
Sierola puuwaawaa
Sierola quadriceps
Sierola spicata hawaiiensis
Sierola streblognatha
COLLETIDAE
Hylaeus akoko (n. sp.)
Hylaeus coniceps
Hylaeus connectens
Hylaeus dimidiatus
Hylaeus difficilis
Hylaeus filicum
Hylaeus hula
Hylaeus inquilina
Hylaeus kona
Hylaeus laetus
Hylaeus ombrias
Hylaeus paradoxicus
Hylaeus pele
Hylaeus pubescens
Hylaeus volcanicus
EUPELMIDAE
Eupelmus sp.
ICHNEUONIDAE
Echthromorpha sp.
SPHECIDAE
Ectemnius polynesialis
Ectemnius rubrocaudatus
VESPIDAE
Odynerus sp. undet. #1
Odynerus sp. undet. #2
bethylid wasp
bethylid wasp
bethylid wasp
bethylid wasp
bethylid wasp
bethylid wasp
bethylid wasp
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
unknown host (Fullaway, 1920)
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
yellow-faced bee
Chamaesyce, Metrosideros, Myoporum
Chamaesyce, Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Acacia
Claoxylon sandwicense
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Cleptoparasitic species from pahoehoe lava
Myoporum sandwicense
Chamaesyce olowaluana, volcanic cinder
Chamaesyce olowaluana
Chamaesyce, Myoporum, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros
Chamaesyce olowaluana, Sophora chrysophylla
Chamaesyce, Myoporum, Metrosideros
volcanic cinder
R
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
wasp
ichneumon wasp
Cibotium glaucum, dead fern fronds
square-headed wasp
square-headed wasp
volcanic cinder
Metrosideros, Cheirodendron
potter wasp
potter wasp
black abdomen / Chamaesyce olowaluana
red abdomen / Chamaesyce olowaluana
S
F-7
LEPIDOPTERA (moths and butterflies)
CARPOSINIDAE
Carposina nigronotata
moth
Carposina olivaceonitens
moth
Carposina sp. undet. #1
moth
Carposina sp. undet. #2
moth
COSMOPTERIGIDAE
Hyposmocoma spp.
moth
CRAMBIDAE
Eudonia (scoparia) spp.
moth
Mestolobes minuscule
moth
Mestolobes sp. undet. #1
moth
Omiodes (Hedylepta) accepta
sugarcane leafroller
Omiodes anastreptoides
moth
Omiodes blackburni
coconut leafroller
Omiodes continualtalis
moth
Omiodes localis
moth
Omiodes monogona
moth
Orthomecyna epicausta
moth
Orthomecyna heterodryas
moth
Orthomecyna metalycia
moth
Orthomecyna sp. undet. #1
moth
Udea calliastra
moth
Udea endopyra
moth
Udea micacea (?)
moth
Udea pyranthes
moth
Uresiphita polygonalis virescens
GEOMETRIDAE
Eupithecia craterias
pug moth
Eupithecia monticolens
pug moth
Eupithecia staurophragma
pug moth
Prognostola cremnopis
pug moth
light trap
light trap
black & white, light trap
small, light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
ferns
Metrosideros polymorpha flowers, ferns
light trap
trap
S
C
R
F-8
Scotorythra arboricolans
Scotorythra artemidora
Scotorythra corticea
Scotorythra demetrias
Scotorythra nr. kuschie
Scotorythra ortharcha
Scotorythra paludicola
Scotorythra rara
LYCAENIDAE
Udara blackburni
NOCTUIDAE
Agrotis aulacias
Agrotis baliopa
Agrotis ceramophaea
Agrotis diplosticata
Agrotis dislocata
Agrotis melanoneura
Agrotis mesotoxa (?)
Agrotis perigramma
Agrotis psammophaea
Agrotis xiphias
Agrotis sp. (undescribed)
Anomis vulpicolor
NOCTUIDAE (continued)
Haliophyle connexa
Haliophyle nr.euclidias
Haliophyle niphadopa
Haliophyle sp. undet. #1
Haliophyle sp. undet. #2
Helicoverpa hawaiiensis
Hypocala velans
Peridroma albiorbis
Peridroma cintipennis
pug moth
pug moth
pug moth
pug moth
pug moth
pug moth
pug moth
pug moth
light trap
light trap
reared from Santalum paniculatum
light trap (M. Heddle, personal communication)
light trap
light trap (M. Heddle, personal communication)
light trap
light trap
Blackburn butterfly
flying
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
cutworm moth
red anomis noctuid
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
fern moth
fern moth
fern moth
fern moth
fern moth
moth
moth
moth
moth
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
R
S
S
R
F-9
Peridroma coniotis
Peridroma selenias
Pseudaletia sp.
Pseudaletia macrosaris
Schrankia sp. undet. #1
Schrankia sp. undet. #2
NYMPHALIDAE
Vanessa tameame
OECOPHORIDAE
Thyrocopa sp. undet. #1
Thryocopa sp. undet. #2
PYRALIDAE
Homoeosoma albosparsum??
SPHINGIDAE
Hyles wilsoni
Manduca Blackburni
TORTRICIDAE
Cydia sp.
Mantua sp.
Spheterista sp.
Pararrhaptica sp.
moth
moth
moth (undescribed)
moth
cave moths
terrestrial moth
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
on roots
light trap
Kamehameha butterfly
Pipturus albidus
moth
moth
hand caught
reared from Clermontia clermontioides
moth
light trap
sphinx or hawk moth
Blackburn hawk moth
light trap
light trap / Nothocestrum brevifolium foliage
moth
light trap
light trap
light trap
light trap
leaf roller moth
NEUROPTERA (lacewings and antlions)
CHRYSOPIDAE
Anomalochrysa hepatica
green lacewing
Anomalochrysa debilis
green lacewing
HEMEROBIIDAE
Micromus vagus
brown lacewing
Micromus usingeri
flightless brown lacewing
Micromus longispinosus
flightless form
MYRMELEONTIDAE
Distolen wilsoni
antlion
E
Cheirodendron trigynum, Acacia koa
light trap
unknown host (M. Tauber, personnal communication)
Ilex, Melicope, Metrosideros
S
R
light trap
F - 10
ODONATA (Damselflies & dragonflies)
AESHNIDAE
Anax strenuous
dragonfly or pinao
breeding in reservoir
ORTHORPTERA (grasshoppers, katydids, crickets)
GRYLLIDAE
Laupala sp.
sword-tail cricket
Sophora, Claoxylon
PSOCOPTERA (barklice and booklice)
PSOCIDAE
Ptycta sp. (?)
psocids
various trees
NON-INSECT ARTHROPODS:
ARANEAE (spiders)
LYCOSIDAE
Lycosa sp.
PHILODROMIDAE
Pagiopalus spp.(?)
SALTICIDAE
Sandalodes sp.(?)
THOMISIDAE
Misumenops anguliventris
Misumenops aridus
Misumenops nigrofrenatus
Synaema naevigerum
TETRAGNATHIDAE
Tetragnatha anuenue
Tetragnatha kea
Tetragnatha kukuhaa
Tetragnatha quasimoto (?)
Tetragnatha sp.
wolf spider
lava flows
philodromid crab spider tree bark
jumping spiders
tree bark
thomisid crab spider
thomisid crab spider
thomisid crab spider
thomisid crab spider
Metrosideros polymorpha
lichens on Acacia koa
Myoporum sandwicense, Melicope volcanica foliage
unknown host
long-jawed spider
long-jawed spider
long-jawed spider
long-jawed spider
long-jawed spider
unknown host
unknown host
unknown host
unknown host
green body, spine on abdomen / unknown host
N
F - 11
THERIDIIDAE
Theridion grallator
happy-face spiders
PSEUDOSCORPIONES (Pseudoscorpions)
Undetermined Taxon
Pseudoscorpion
Undetermined Taxon
Pseudoscorpion
leaves
Claoxylon sandwicense foliage
Acacia koa bark
Literature cited:
Asquith, A. 1994. Revision of the Endemic Hawaiian Genus Sarona Kirkaldy (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae). Bishop Museum
Occasional Papersonal No. 40. Bishop Museum Press. 81 pp,
Fullaway, D.T. 1920. New Species of Sierola with Explanatory Notes. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of
Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History. Vol. VII, No. 7. Bishop Museum Press. 144 pp.
Giffard, W.M. 1918. Notes on Delphacids Collected on a Short Visit to Portions of the Intermediate Forest in Olaa and in North and
South Kona, Island of Hawaii. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. III(5):407-412.
Giffard, W.M. 1925. A Review of the Hawaiian Cixiidae, with Descriptions of Species (Homoptera). Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., VI(1):51157.
Hardy, D.E. and M.D. Delfinado, 1980. Insects of Hawaii. Volume 13, Diptera: Cyclorrhapha III. The University Press of Hawaii,
Honolulu.451 pp.
Koebele, A. 1901. Hawaii’s Forest Foes. Thrum’s Hawaiian Annual. pp. 90-97.
Nishida, G.M. 1994. Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Checklist. Second Edition. Bishop Museum Technical Report No. 4. Bishop
Museum. 287 pp.
Swezey, O.H. 1946. Some New Species of Cerambycidae from the Island of Hawaii (Coleoptersa). Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. Vol. XII, No.
3. Pp. 621-623.
Van Duzee, E.P. 1936. A Report on Some Heteroptera from the Hawaiian Islands, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Haw. Ent.
Soc. IX,(2):219-229.
F - 12
2. Non-native arthropods of Puu Waawaa
Taxonomy follows the Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Checklist (second edition) by G.M.
Nishida (ed.). Bishop Museum, 1994.
TAXON
INSECTS:
COLEOPTERA (Beetles)
ANTHRIBIDAE
Araecerua fasciclatus
BOSTRYCHIDAE
Amphicerus cornutus
CARABIDAE
Colopodes buchanani
CERAMBYCIDAE
Curtomerus flavus
Lagocheirus undatus
Phoracantha semipunctata
Sybra alternans
COCCINELLIDAE
undetermined genus/spp.
CURCULIONIDAE
Oxydema fusiforme
Asynonychus godmanni
DERMESTIDAE
Dermestes vulpinus
ELATERIDAE
Conoderus sp.
SCARABAEIDAE
Copris incertus prociduus
Onthophagus nigriventris
Canthon humectus
SCOLYTIDAE
Hypothenemus eruditus
DIPTERA (True flies)
CULICIDAE
Culex quinquefasciatus
Aedes sp.
STRATIOMYIDAE
Stratiomyia sp.
TEPHRITIDAE
Ceratitis capitata
Dioxyna sorcucula
Eutreta xanthochaeta
Procecidochares utilis
COMMON NAME
HOST
coffee bean weevil
Chamaesyce wood
branch and twig borer
Charpentriera obovata
ground beetle (iridescent green)
long-horn beetle
long-horn beetle
long-horn beetle
long-horn beetle
Colubrina opositifolia
Chamaesyce, Streblus
Metrosideros
Charpentiera obovata
lady beetles
various plants
weevil
Fuller's rose beetle
Charpentiera obovata
Myrsine lessertiana
hide beetle
animal carcass
click beetle
dung beetle
dung beetle
bumblebug
cattle manure
cattle manure
cattle manure
Chamaesyce wood
night mosquito
day mosquito
soldier fly
Mediterranean fruit fly
Cheirodendron wood
Coprosma
Bidens pilosa
biocontrol for lantana
F - 13
HETEROPTERA (True bugs)
MIRIDAE
Coridromius variegatus
Rhinacola forticornis
Stenotus binotatus
Taylorilygus pallidulus
Taylorilygus apicalis
NABIDAE
Nabis capsiformis
LYGAEIDAE
Brentiscerus australis
Graptostethus manillensis
Nysius palor
Pachybrachius vincta
PENTATOMIDAE
Brochymena sp.
Nezara viridula
REDUVIIDAE
Haematoloecha rubescens
Empicoris rubromaculatus
Oncocephalus pacificus
RHOPALIDAE
Niesthrea louisianica
TINGIDAE
Teleonemia scrupulosa
Acacia koa
brochymenas stink bug
southern green stink bug
assassin bug
thread-legged assassin bug
assassin bug
Xylosma hawaiiense
Santalum, Metrosideros
lantana lace bug
HOMOPTERA (Hopper, whiteflies, aphids & scale insects)
CEROPIDAE
Philaeenus spumarius
spittle bug
CICADELLIDAE
Sophonia rufofascia
Acopsis sp.
sharpshooter
FLATIDAE
Siphanata acuta
torpedo bug
HYMENOPTERA (Bees, wasps & ants)
APIDAE
Apis mellifera
European honey bee
COLLETIDAE
Hylaeus albonitens
POMPILIDAE
Anoplius luctuosus
spider wasp
SPECIDAE
Ampulex compressa
emerald cockroach wasp
VESPIDAE
Chamaesyce
F - 14
Paravespula pensylvanica
ISOPTERA (termites)
no data
KALOTERMITIDAE
Neotermes connexus
yellow-jacket wasp
forest-tree termite
Acacia koa, sophora
LEPIDOPTERA (moths & butterflies)
ALUCITIDAE
Alucita objurgatella
many-plumed moth
CRAMBIDAE
Maruca testulalis
bean pod borer moth
Spoladae recurvalis
beet webworm moth
Nomophila noctuella
moth
Hellula undalis
cabbage webworm moth
Herpetogramma licarsisalis
moth
GEOMETRIDAE
Anacamptodes testulslis
moth
Cyclophora nanaria
moth
Cryptophlebia illepida
koa seed borer
Acacia koa seed
Macaria infusata
moth
Disclisioprocta stellata
moth
LYCAENIDAE
Strymon bazochii
smaller lantana butterfly
NOCTUIDAE
Achaea junata
moth
Agrotis ypsilon
black or greasy cutworm moth
Amyna natalis
moth
Ascalapha odorata
black witch moth
Athetis thoracica
moth
Callopistria maillardi
moth
Condica dolorosa
moth
Condica illecta
moth
Elaphria nucicolora
moth
Hypena laceratalis
lantana moth
Hypocala deflorata
moth
Leucania loreyimima?
moth
Leucania striata
moth
Lycophotia porphyrea
variegated cutworm moth
Megalographa biloba
garden looper moth
Melipotis indomita
kiawe or monkey pod moth
Neogalea sunia
moth
Ophiusa disjungens
guava moth
Pandesma anysa
moth
Polydesma boarmioides
moth
Pseudaletia unipuncta
armyworm moth
Spodoptera mauritia
nutgrass armyworm
F - 15
Targalla delatrix
NOTODONTIDAE
Cyanotricha necyria
NYMPHALIDAE
Agraulis vanillae
Danaus plexippus
Vanessa virginiensis
PIERIDAE
Pieris rapae
PTEROPHORIDAE
undetermined genus/species
SPHINGIDAE
Theretra nessus
Hyles lineata
Agrius cingulata
TINEIDAE
Opogona omoscopa
Decadarchis sp.
TORTRICIDAE
Amorbia emigratella
eugenia caterpillar
biocontrol for banana poka
passion vine butterfly
monarch butterfly
painted beauty butterfly
cabbageworm butterfly
plume moth
yam hawk moth
white-lined sphinx
sweet potato hornworm moth
moth
moth
Chamaesyce wood
Mexican leaf-roller moth
NEUROPTERA (Lacewing and antlions)
HEMERODIIDAE
Hemerobius pacificus
brown lacewing
Sympherobius barberi
brown lacewing
ORTHOPTERA (Grasshoppers, Katydids & crickets)
no data
TETRIGIDAE
Paratettix mexicanus
grouse or pigmy locust
CYCLOPTILOIDES
Trigonidomorpha sjostedti
cricket
NON-INSECT ARTHROPODS:
ARANEAE (spiders)
CLUBIONIDAE
Cheiracanthium diversum
pale leaf spider
ISOPODA (isopods, sowbugs, woodlice & pilbugs)
no data
AMPHIPODA (scuds & sandhoppers)
no data
TALIRIDAE
Talitroides sp.
amphipod
DIPLOPODA (millipedes)
no data
PARADOXOSOMATIDAE
Oxidus gracilis
garden millipede
Chamaesyce, ferns
soil
leaf litter
F - 16
3. Cave arthropods of Puu Waawaa
STATUS CODES:
AC = Accidental; an organism that wanders into caves, but cannot survive there.
AD = Adventive; non-native, introduced by humans.
TB = Troglobite or obligate cave species; restricted to caves.
TP = Troglophile or facultative cave species; able to live in damp surface habitats.
TX = Trogloxene; species that commonly use caves for food or shelter.
* = endemic.
Taxonomy follows the Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Checklist (second edition) by G.M.
Nishida (ed.). Bishop Museum, 1994.
TAXON
INSECTS:
COLEOPTERA (Beetles)
CARABIDAE
Mecyclothorax sp. nr. proximus
ELATERIDAE
Conoderus sp.
STAPHYLINIDAE
Nesomedon sp. (undescribed)
Nesomedon sp. (undescribed)
COLLEMBOLA (Springtails)
UNIDENTIFIED FAMILY
Unidentified
DIPTERA (True Flies)
CALLIPHORIDAE
Calliphora vomitoria
DROSOPHILIDAE
Drosophila sp. (unidentified)
Drosophila sp. (unidentified)
KEROPLATIDAE
Tylparua cf. hawaiiensis
MYCETOPHILLIDAE
Leia sp. (unidentified)
PHORIDAE
Megaselia sp. (undescribed)
Megaselia sp. (undescribed)
SCARIDAE
unidentified genus
TIPULIDAE
Linonia sp.
COMMON NAME
STATUS
ground beetle
TB*
click beetle
AC, AD
rove beetle
rove beetle
TB*
AC*
springtail
TP?*
flesh fly
AC, AD
pomace fly
pomace fly
AC?*
TP*
fungus gnat
TP?*
fungus gnat
TP? AD
humpbacked fly
humpbacked fly
TB*
TP*
black fungus gnat
TP?*
crane fly
TP?*
F - 17
HETEROPTERA (True Bugs)
REDUVIIDAE
Haematoloecha rubescens
Scadra rufidens
Nesidiolestes sp.
assassin bug
assassin bug
thread-legged bug
HOMOPTERA (Hoppers, Whiteflies, Aphids & Scale Insects)
APHIDIDAE
Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon
subterranean aphid
CIXIIDAE
Oliarus spp.
planthoppers
Oliarus koanoa
planthopper
Oliarus makaiki
planthopper
Oliarus polyphemus
planthopper
LEPIDOPTERA (Moths and Butterflies)
NOCTUIDAE
Schrankia sp.
cave moth
ORTHOPTERA (Grasshoppers, Katydids & Crickets)
GRYLLIDAE: subfamily oeacanthinae
Thaumatogryllus cavicola
cave cricket
GRYLLIDAE: subfamily nemobiinae
Caconemobius varius
cave cricket
NON-INSECT ARTHROPODS:
AMPHIPODA (Scuds & Sandhoppers)
TALITRIDAE
Spelaeorchestia sp.??
cave amphipod
Talitroides sp.??
terrestrial amphipod
AC, AD
AC, AD
TB*
TP, AD
AC*
TP*
TB*
TB*
TB*
TB*
TB*
TB*
TP,AD
ARANEAE (Spiders)
LINYPHIIDAE
Meioneta sp.
Erigone sp. (unidentified)
LYCOSIDAE
Lycosa howarthi
sheet web spider
sheet web spider
TB*
TP*
wolf spider
TB*
CHILOPODA (Centipedes)
LITHOBIIDAE
Lithobius sp.
Lithobius sp.
rock centipede
rock centipede
TB*
TP, AD
F - 18
DIPLOPODA (Millipedes)
CAMBALIDAE
Nannolene (Dimerogonus) sp.
Nannolene sp. (unidentified)
PARADOXOSOMATIDAE
Oxidus gracilis
cave millipede
surface millipede
TB*
TP*
garden millipede
TP,AD
F - 19
Appendix G. Bird species of Puu Waawaa (from: Giffin, 2003)
A: Past and present native birds of Puu Waawaa
(Derived from Current, Historical and Fossil Records)
STATUS CODES:
P = currently present
X = extirpated
Z = extinct
1 = historical record
2 = fossil record
3 = reintroduced
TAXON
COMMON NAME
PROCELLARIIDAE (shearwaters and petrels)
Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis dark-rumped petrel
Bulweria bulwerii
Bulwer’s petrel
Pterodroma jugabilis
Pterodroma hypoleuca
Bonin petrel
HYDROBATIDAE (storm-petrels)
Oceanodroma castro
band-rumped storm petrel
ANATIDAE (ducks, geese and swans)
Branta sp.
giant flightless goose
Branta sandvicensis
nene or Hawaiian goose
Anas laysanensis
Laysan duck
Anus wyvilliana
koloa duck
RALLIDAE (rails, gallinules and coots)
Porzana sp.
large Hawaiian rail
Porzana sandwichensis
moho or Hawaiian rail
Porzana sp.
tiny Hawaiian rail
Gallinula chloropus
‘alae ‘ula or gallinule
CHARADRIIDAE (plovers, turnstones and surfbirds)
Pluvialis dominica
lesser Golden-plover
ACCIPITRIDAE (hawks, old world vultures & harriers)
Buteo solitarius
i‘o or Hawaiian hawk
STRIGIDAE (typical owls)
Asio flammeus sandwichensis
Pueo or short-eared owl
CORVIDAE (crows, jays and magpies)
Corvus hawaiiensis
‘alala
Corvus sp.
slender-billed crow
Corvus sp.
hammer-billed crow
MUSCICAPIDAE (old world insect-eaters)
Chasiempis sandwichensis
‘elepaio
Myadestes obscurus
‘oma‘o or Hawaiian thrush
STATUS
X,2
X,2
Z,2
X,2
X,2
Z,2
P,1,2
X,2
X,1
Z,2
Z,2
Z,2
X,1,2
P,2
P,2
P,2
X1
Z,2
Z,2
P,2
X,2,3
G-1
MELIPHAGIDAE (honeyeaters)
Moho nobilis
Hawaii ‘o‘o
Chaetoptila angustipluma
kioea
FRINGILLIDAE (Hawaiian honeycreepers)
Telespiza sp.
Hawaiian finch
Hemignathus sp.
long-billed ‘akialoa
Hemignathus sp.
giant nukupu‘u
Hemignathus munroi
‘akiapola‘au
Hemignathus virens
common ‘amakihi
Himatione sanguinea
‘apapane
Oreomystis mana
Hawaii creeper
Loxops coccineus
‘akepa
Vestiaria coccinea
‘i‘iwi
ARDEIDAE (herons)
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli
Black-crowned night heron
LARIDAE (gulls and terns)
Sterna fuscata oahuensis
sotty tern
SCOLOPACIDAE (sandpipers and allies)
Arenaria interpres
ruddy turnstone
Z,2
Z,2
Z,2
Z,2
Z,2
X,1
P
P,2
P
P
P
P
P
P
G-2
B: Birds list from 1990-2002 survey.
STATUS CODES
E = endangered species
I = indigenous
O = non-native
* = endemic
TAXON
ACCIPITRIDAE (hawks and eagles)
Buteo solitarius
ALAUDIDAE (larks)
Alauda arvensis
ANATIDAE (ducks, geese and swans)
Branta sandvicensis
ARDEIDAE (herons)
Nycticorax nyticorax hoactli
CHARADRIIDAE (plovers and lapwings)
Pluvialis fulva
COLUMBIDAE (pigeons and doves)
Columba livia
Geopelia striata
Streptopelia chinensis
Zenaida macroura
COMMON NAME
STATUS
i‘o or Hawaiian hawk
E*
Eurasian skylark
O
nene
E*
black-crowned night heron
I
Pacific golden plover
I
rock dove
zebra dove
spotted dove
mourning dove
O
O
O
O
CORVIDAE (jays, crows and magpies)
Corvus hawaiiensis
‘alala or Hawaiian crow
DREPANIDIDAE (Hawaiian honeycreepers)
Hemignathus virens virens
Hawai‘i ‘amakihi
Himatione sanguinea
‘Apapane
Loxops coccineus coccineus
Hawai‘i ‘akepa
Oreomystis mana Hawai‘i
creeper
Vestiaria coccinea
‘i‘iwi
EMBERIZIDAE (emberizids)
Cardinalis cardinalis
Northern cardinal
Paroaria capitata
Yellow-billed cardinal
Sicalis flaveola
Saffron finch
ESTRILDIDAE (waxbills and mannikins)
Amandava amandava
Estrilda caerulescans
Estrilda troglodytes
Lonchura malabarica
Lonchura punctulata
Uraeginthus bengalus
Padda oryzivora
red Avadavat
lavendar waxbill
black-rumped waxbill
warbling silverbill
nutmeg mannikin
red-cheeked cordon blue
Java sparrow
E*
*
*
E*
E*
*
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
G-3
FRINGILLIDAE (cardueline finches)
Carpodacus mexicanus
house finch
Serinus mozambicus
yellow-fronted canary
LARIDAE (gulls and terns)
Sterna fuscata oahuensis s
otty tern
MIMIDAE (mimic thrushes and allies)
Mimus polyglottos
northern mockingbird
MONARCHIDAE (monarch flycatchers)
Chasiempis sandwichensis
‘elepaio
MUSCICAPIDAE (Insect-eaters)
Cettoa diphone
Japanese bush-warbler
PASSERIDAE (old world sparrows)
Passer domesticus
house sparrow
PHASIANIDAE (francolins, pheasants and quails)
Alectoris chukar
chukar
Callipepa californica
California quail
Coturnix japonica
Japanese quail
Francolinus erckelii
Erckel's francolin
Francolinus francolinus
black francolin
Francolinus pondicerianus
grey francolin
Lophura leucomelana
kalij pheasant
Meleagris gallopavo
wild turkey
Pavo cristatus
common Peafowl
Phasianus colchicus
ring-necked pheasant
PSITTACIDAE (parrots and parakeets)
Aratinga mitrata
mitred parakeet
Aratinga wagleri
Scarlet-fronted parakeet
Cyanoliseus patagonus
Burrowing parrot
PTEROCLIDIDAE (sandgrouse)
Pterocles exustus
Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
RECURVIROSTRIDAE (Avocets and stilts)
Himantopus mexicanus knudseni
Hawaiian stilt
SCOLOPACIDAE (sandpipers and allies)
Arenaria interpres
Ruddy trunstone
STRIGIDAE (typical owls)
Asio flammeus sandwichensis
Pueo
STURNIDAE (Starlings and mynas)
Acridotheres tristis
Common myna
TIMALIIDAE (Babblers)
Leiothrix lutea
Red-billed leiothrix
TYTONIDAE (barn owls)
Tyto alba
Barn owl
ZOSTEROPIDAE (silvereyes)
Zosterops japonicus
Japanese white-eye
O
O
I
O
*
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
E*
I
E
O
O
O
O
G-4
MAP 1. Location
Laupahoehoe
Wet Forest
Puu Waawaa
Dry Forest
Mauna Kea
HILO
Mauna Loa
Island of Hawaii
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
157°0'0"W
156°0'0"W
155°0'0"W
22°0'0"N
22°0'0"N
Kauai
Molokai
21°0'0"N
Oahu
Maui
19°0'0"N
20°0'0"N
20°0'0"N
Lanai
21°0'0"N
160°0'0"W
The State of Hawaii
Major Islands
160°0'0"W
159°0'0"W
158°0'0"W
Hawaii
157°0'0"W
156°0'0"W
19°0'0"N
161°0'0"W
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0669 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
50
00
00
00
15
0
10
Ma
now
aia
lee
o
F.
F.
R.
R.
20
Hil
00
Ma n
ow a
ia
35
lee
F. R
.
MAP 2. Laupahoehoe Wet Forest :
Subunits and Geography
Makai Subunit
40
00
45
00
00
lo
50
600
Hi
e
R
t
s
re Mauka Subunit
Fo
0
e st
na l
e
e
fu g
Re
lo
Hi
F.
R.
300
0
550
0
70
00
au
k al
a
H
F or
tio
Na
d lif
Wi l
00
e
rv
e
s
25
e
e erv
o
h s
oe R e
h
a a
u p Ar e
a
L l
ra
tu
a
N
6500
0
Map Location
Legend
1
2
3
4
Miles
HETF Boundary
Forest Reserve
Natural Area Reserve
Island of
Hawaii
Major Road
Secondary Road
Minor Road and Trail
Stream
500-Foot Contour
Data Source : Landsat; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0670 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
MAP 3. Puu Waawaa Dry Forest :
Subunits and Geography
Co
op
er
at
iv
10
00
Kiloho Subunit
e
P
G uu
am A
e na h
M ul
an u
ag
em
en
t
Ar
ea
a g em
wa na
aa a
W M
u e
Pu am
G
e
iv
at
er
op
Co
Makai Subunit
t
en
250
0
Ar
Mauka Subunit
ea
2000
3000
4000
Puu Waawaa
Forest Bird Sanctuary4500
5000
Sanctuary Subunit
55
00
500
6500
35
0
00
150
Map Location
750
Legend
70
0
600
00
0
8000
0
HETF Boundary
1
2
3
4
Miles
Game Management Area
Bird Sanctuary
Island of
Hawaii
Major Road
Minor Road and Trail
Stream
500-Foot Contour
Data Source : Landsat; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0673 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
MAP 4. Laupahoehoe Wet Forest :
Soil Type
Map Location
10
Island of
Hawaii
200
Makai Subunit
00
00
0
00
35
40
500
15
0
00
25
00
45
00
Mauka Subunit
600
0
00
0
0
300
550
65
Legend
0
Akaka Soils
Honokaa Silty Clay Loam, 10-20% Slopes
Piihonua Silty Clay Loam, 6-20% slopes
Piihonua Extremely Stony Silty Clay Loam, 6-20% slopes
Maile Silt Loam, 6-20% slopes
Puu Oo Silt Loam, 6-12% slopes
Hanipoe Very Stony Loam, 12-20% slopes
Apakuie Very Fine Sandy Loam, 12-20% slopes
Hanipoe Silt Loam, 12-20% slopes
Kaiwiki Silty Clay Loam, 10-20% slopes
Kaiwiki Silty Clay Loam, 20-35% slopes
Kiloa Extremely Stony Muck, 6-20% slopes
Rough Broken Land
Data Source : NRCS; State of Hawaii GIS.
1
2
3
Miles
HETF Boundary
Secondary Road
500-Foot Contour
Stream
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0671 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
4
Map Location
MAP 5. Laupahoehoe Wet Forest :
Vegetation
10
Island of
Hawaii
200
00
Makai Subunit
00
00
35
40
500
15
0
00
0
25
00
45
00
Mauka Subunit
600
0
00
0
0
300
550
65
Legend
0
Closed Ohia Forest
Open Ohia Forest
Closed Koa-Ohia Forest
Open Koa-Ohia Forest
Alien Forest
Native Shrubland
Alien Grassland
Uncharacterized Open-Sparse Vegetation
Very Sparse Vegetation to Unvegetated
Developed land
1
2
3
4
Miles
HETF Boundary
Secondary Road
500-Foot Contour
Stream
Data Source : Hawaii Heritage Program GAP Landcover; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0672 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
MAP 6. Puu Waawaa Dry Forest :
Vegetation
Map Location
00
Kiloho Subunit
10
Island of
Hawaii
Makai Subunit
250
0
Mauka Subunit
2000
3000
4000
4500
5000
Sanctuary Subunit
55
00
500
6500
35
0
00
150
70
0
600
00
0
8000
0
Legend
Closed Ohia Forest
Open Ohia Forest
Closed Koa-Ohia Forest
Open Koa-Ohia Forest
Mamane/Naio/Native Trees
Uncharacterized Forest
Alien Forest
Native Shrubland
Alien Grassland
750
1
2
3
4
Miles
Uncharacterized Open-Sparse Vegetation
Very Sparse Vegetation to Unvegetated
Developed land
HETF Boundary
Major Road
500-Foot Contour
Data Source : Hawaii Heritage Program GAP Landcover; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0675 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
MAP 7. Laupahoehoe Wet Forest :
Life Zone
Map Location
10
Island of
Hawaii
200
Makai Subunit
00
00
0
00
35
40
500
15
0
00
25
00
45
00
Mauka Subunit
600
0
00
0
0
300
550
65
0
Legend
1
2
3
Miles
Subtropical Basal Wet Forest
Subtropical Lower Montane Moist Forest
Subtropical Lower Montane Wet Forest
Subtropical Montane Moist Forest
Subtropical Montane Wet Forest
HETF Boundary
Secondary Road
500-Foot Contour
Stream
Data Source : Tropical Science Center Costa Rica; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0676 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
4
Kiloho Subunit
00
Island of
Hawaii
MAP 8. Puu Waawaa Dry Forest :
Life Zone
10
Map Location
Makai Subunit
250
0
Mauka Subunit
2000
3000
4000
4500
5000
Sanctuary Subunit
55
00
500
6500
35
0
00
150
750
Legend
Subtropical Lower Montane Moist Forest
Subtropical Lower Montane Wet Forest
Subtropical Lower Montane Thorn Steppe
600
00
0
8000
0
1
2
3
4
Miles
Subtropical Basal Thorn Woodland
Subtropical Basal Dry Forest
70
0
HETF Boundary
Major Road
500-Foot Contour
Subtropical Montane Steppe
Data Source : Tropical Science Center Costa Rica; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0677 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
MAP 9. Laupahoehoe Wet Forest :
Substrate Age
Map Location
10
Island of
Hawaii
200
40
00
35
Makai Subunit
00
00
500
15
0
00
0
25
00
45
00
Mauka Subunit
600
0
00
0
0
300
550
65
0
1
2
3
Miles
Legend
4000-14000 Yrs BP
14000-65000 Yrs BP
65000-250000 Yrs BP
HETF Boundary
Secondary Road
500-Foot Contour
Stream
Data Source : USGS; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0678 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
4
MAP 10. Puu Waawaa Dry Forest :
Soil Type
Island of
Hawaii
Legend
00
Kiloho Subunit
10
Map Location
50
0
300
1500
Lava flows, `a`a, 2-20% slopes
Lava flows, pahoehoe, 2-20% slopes
`a`a - pahoehoe, 2-20% slopes
Cinder land, 20-40% slopes
Makai Subunit
Badlands, 2-20% slopes
Pu`uikaaka - pahoehoe complex, 2-10% slopes
Pu`uikaaka - pahoehoe complex, 10-20% slopes
Pahoehoe - Pu`uikaaka complex, 2-20% slopes
Napu`u extrememly cobbly medial muck, 2-10% slopes
Napu`u extremely cobbly medial muck, 10-20% slopes
`a`a - Napu`u complex, 2-20% slopes
Napu`u extremely cobbly medial muck, 40-0% slopes
Pu`uiki - pahoehoe complex, 2-10% slopes
500
Mauka2 Subunit
Pu`uiki - pahoehoe complex, 10-20% slopes
2000
Pahoehoe - Pu`uiki complex, 2-20% slopes
Pu`uiki - pahoehoe complex, 20-50% slopes
Pu`uiki - Kamawai complex, 2-10% slopes
Pu`uiki - kamawai complex, 10-20% slopes
Kamawai - Pu`uiki complex, 2-10% slopes
4000
Kamawai - Pu`uiki complex, 10-20% slopes
Kamawai - Pu`uiki complex, 20-50% slopes
4500
Kamawai extremely cobbly medial muck, 2-10% slopes
5000
Sanctuary Subunit
Kamawai extremely cobbly medial muck, 10-20% slopes
5500
Kamawai extremely cobbly medial muck, 20-50% slopes
272
6500
Auwaiakeakua extremely cobbly silt loam, 2-10% slopes
70
00
600
Auwaiakeakua extremely cobbly silt loam, 10-20% slopes
0
750
0
Pahoehoe - Kiholo complex, 2-20% slopes
Kiholo - pahoehoe complex, 2-10% slopes
320
0
1
2
3
4
Kahaumanu - pahoehoe complex, 2-10% slopes
Pahoehoe - Kahaumanu complex, 2-20% slopes
Miles
Wa`awa`a medial silt loam, 2-10% slopes
Wa`awa`a medial silt loam, 10-20% slopes
HETF Boundary
Wa`awa`a medial silt loam, 40-70% slopes
Major Road
Nanuku extremely cobbly silt loam, 2-10% slopes
Akahipu`u very cobbly medial silt loam, 2-10% slopes
500-Foot Contour
Akahipu`u very cobbly medial silt loam, 10-20% slopes
Nawahine gravelly medial silt loam, 20-50% slopes
Data Source : NRCS; State of Hawaii GIS.
Nenenui - pahoehoe complex, 10-20% slopes
State of Hawaii
Ohianui extremely gravelly ashy loamy sand, 10-20% slopes
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Halekula very cobbly medial silt loam, 2-10% slopes
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Halekula very cobbly medial silt loam, 10-20% slopes
Map No. FW - 0674 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
`a`a - Halekula complex, 2-20% slope
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Halekula very cobbly medial silt loam, 20-50% slopes
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov
0
35
00
MAP 11. Puu Waawaa Dry Forest :
Substrate Age
Map Location
00
Kiloho Subunit
10
Island of
Hawaii
Makai Subunit
250
0
Mauka Subunit
2000
3000
4000
4500
5000
Sanctuary Subunit
55
00
500
6500
0
00
150
35
750
70
0
600
00
0
8000
0
Legend
1
2
3
4
Miles
A.D. 1790 or younger
750-1500 Yrs BP
HETF Boundary
Major Road
500-Foot Contour
1500-3000 Yrs BP
3000-5000 Yrs BP
5000-10000 Yrs BP
>10000 Yrs BP
100000-105000 Yrs BP
Data Source : USGS; State of Hawaii GIS.
State of Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
Map No. FW - 0679 (08/2006)
Contact: Ronald Cannarella
Telephone: (808) 383-3077
Email: Ronald.J.Cannarella@hawaii.gov