ATMOSPHERIC APPARATUS
The Production of Another Comfort Paradigm
by Hung Fai Tang
B.S.Sc (Architectural Studies), 2006
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Submitted to the Department of Architectutre
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
ARCHIVES
Master of Architecture
MASSACHUSETTS IN5T975
OF TECHNOLOGY
at the
FEB 2 1 2013
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
February 2013
L
RA IES
@2013 Hung Fai Tang. All rights reserved
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic
copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.
SignatureDepartment
of Architecture
Jan 17, 2013
Ce rtified b y .........................
. ...............................
..............................................
......
... ....................................
Nader Tehrani
Professor of Architecture
Thesis Supervisor
Acce pted by ..................................
-.--.-- ----- r ------
-..-------------------------------------------
.-------------------- .-----
Takehiko Nagakura
Associate Professor of Design and Computation
Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students
I
2
THESIS COMMITTEE
Thesis Supervisor:
Nader Tehrani
Professor of Architecture
Department Head
Thesis Readers:
Christoph Reinhart
Associate Professor of Building Technology
Joel Lamere
Assistant Professor of Architecture
3
4
ATMOSPHERIC APPARATUS
The Production of Another Comfort Paradigm
by Hung Fai Tang
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 17, 2013
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, being thermal comfort is no longer a challenging problem for modern living. With the aids
of the modern environmental control technologies, a fast, convenient and effective thermal comfort
experience can be easily obtained with less effort than ever before. And due to the technologies'
capabilities, this comfort experience can be universally adopted anywhere regardless of the physical
location and climate condition.
However, this widely adopted comfort experience has been proved to be problematic due to its nature of
producing comfort. The highly technological dependent and the energy reliance approach are not suitable
for a sustainable development.
Therefore, the goal of the thesis is to challenge this modern comfort experience and argue there exists
"another comfort paradigm"in which a new kind of atmospheric experience is obtained by architectural
intervention. And, the thesis proposes Atmospheric Apparatus as a new architectural typology to generate
alternative thermal experiences for new comfort paradigm. In order to define the "another comfort
paradigm," the thesis examines the current modern comfort phenomenon on its production, impacts and
experience. Then, the thesis studies the scientific knowledges of thermal comfort and the thermodynamic
relationship between human body and the atmosphere. Lastly, there are architectural proposal of the
Atmospheric Apparatus for "another comfort paradigm.'
Thesis Supervisor: Nader Tehrani
Title: Professor of Architecture, Department Head of Architecture
5
.............................................................................................................................................................
6
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Here I would like to express my greatest gratitude to all
To the class 2013 for sharing many joys and being
of following people to make my life and thesis possible
supportive during the entire time at MIT
at MIT.
To my parents, sister and aunts, for supporting me with
To Nader Tehrani, my rigorous advisor, for offering me
your generous understanding to pursue my dream.
an unforgettable thesis experience in MIT. Thank for
your critical comments, humorous jokes and motivative
Last but not least, to Kerry Ka Lam Wong, my special one,
encouragements.
for sharing me your joy and smile when I have tough
time. :)
To Christoph Reinhart and Joel Lamere, my thesis
readers, for your design comments.
To Gediminas Urbonas, my inspiring ACT class instructor,
for providing me with many insightful comments and
encouragement.
To Jessica Chia Chie Lee and Li Huang, my best friends
since the beginning of MIT, for offering your greatest
supports during the critical moment of my thesis.
To Cecilia Sze Wai Ho, Jasmine Kwak, Shiyu Appian Wei,
Shaoyi Liang, Aditya Barve, Joshua Choi, Menglin Jiang
and Kui Xue, my professional helpers, for rescuing me to
make my thesis happened.
7
8
CONTENTS
01 NTRODUCTION: TWO COMFORT PARADIGMS
Modern Comfort
Another Comfort Experience
02. PHENOMENON: MODERN COMFORT
..................
Modern Comfort Development
Pursuit of Techno-Comfort
Hermetically Sealed Typology
International Style
Energy Paradigm
03IQU'I R*I E*S:"T'H'ER*MAL,COM ,FO,RT -*-*
Human Comfort and Thermal Comfort
Thermal Equilibrium
Mechanism & Factors
Optimal Atmospheric Condition
Psychometric charts
Domestic Apparatus
.......
041 PROPOSAL: ATMOSPHERIC APPARATUS
HEAT 0C, F
HUMIDITY I%
WIND m/s
......
00thdix ***........-*,-
..........
.........
The.sis Defe nce...............................
PHY................... ...................
'BIBLIOG R"A
9
10
@T INTRODUCTION -- TWO COMFORT PARA-
DIGMS
... .......
.... ....
... .......... ...... ...
...
...
....
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
....
...
...
. 11
Fig.1. 1956 Ad General Electric Air Condition Ads.
Image source: http://www.amazon.com
MODERN COMFORT
In 1902, when Willis Haviland Carrier invented the world's first modern electrical air conditioning
unit', it symbolized the environmental condition technology has entered the modern era. The modern
paradigm guaranteed convenient, effective and fast comfort experience. Actually, the modern comfort
experience is highly constituted of the premises of technologies applications and energy consumption.
While these two premises have gradually transformed the modern lifestyle and eventually reflected on
architecture design, building industry and energy practice.
In the modern comfort, technology plays an important role to maintain a stable and comfortable
living environment. For example, the modern air conditioning regulates the atmospheric condition to
control air temperature, humidity levels and air ventilation.The air conditioning simply resolve the complex
thermal comfort challenge for people. As a result, he modern skyscrapers and shopping malls are specific
architecture typology benefited from the use of air conditioning. And gradually, the modern comfort
became highly reliance on technologies.
In addition to technologies basis, the modern comfort experience is constructed on energy
oriented approach. As a consequence of the employment of the active condition system, high energy
input is required to support the system operation and performance. According to Reyner Banham in
his The Architectureof the well tempered environment, he regards this approach as "power-operated
solution"2 .
12
Fig. 2 Digestable gulf stream by Philippe Rahm
Image source: http://www.designboom.com
ANOTHER COMFORT PARADIGM
The modern comfort promises us with a favorable living environment for comfort's desire.
However, the technological and energy oriented paradigm of modern comfort have become frictional
resistance to pursue a sustainable future. The persistent technological failure, the irreversible energy crisis
technological as well as the severe climate change have revealed the fact that the promises of modern
comfort may fail some days.
Therefore, the goal of the thesis issuggesting there exists another comfort paradigm, in which the
thermal comfort experience is obtained differently from the existing modern approach. The focus of this
another paradigm is shifting from the technological and energy basis towards the inter-relation between
the human body and the situated atmosphere. Thus, the human body, the atmospheric condition and the
accommodating architecture are the critical re-considering subjects of the thesis.
Within the new paradigm, three architectural experimental type are proposed as Atmospheric
Apparatus in responding to the production of another comfort experience.The three experimental types
are designed according to three primary atmospheric factors: temperature, humidity and wind in order to
induce respective atmospheric experiences.
1.Willis Carrier, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WillisCarrier Retrieved 01.23.2013
2.Reyner Banham,The Architecture of the WellTempered Environment (London: The Architectural Press, 1969), 19.
13
14
@2| PHENOMENON -- MODERN COMFORT
15
MODERN COMFORT DEVELOPMENT
0.j
0
1902 -Willis Haviland Carrier invented the world
first electrical air conditioner
1906 -- Stuart W.Cramer used the term "air conc
Carrier received U.S.
patent No. 808897 f
z
1907 - A.H.Barker developed "radiant panel"f
11-
1902 - Dr. John Gorrie's Ice-maker
850
1908- Open School Movement in North A
1900
1906- Larkin Administration Building,
1stoffice building designed for air conditioning
by Frank Lloyd Wright
I1902 - New York Stock Exchange building,
1st building equipped with comfort cooling system
Fig.3. Modern conditioning technology development
16
1950s &60s -Failure of Metal Tube Hydronics
1968 -Thomas Engel developed cross-linked polyethylene tubing (PEX)
DUCTED, FORCED HVAC
itioning" in a patent claim.
or his "Apparatus for treating Air."
or radiant heating system
1937 --"Criticial" System in Switzerland
1950!
1930s - Frank Lloyd Wright's Usonian House Design
1906 - Openluchtschool (Open Air School),
designed by Johannes Duiker
2002 -- Diller Scofidio + Renfro designed
Blur building for Swiss Expo'2002
1986 -"Sick Building Syndrome"was coined
by World Health Organization
2009 -- Philippe Rahm's Domestic Astronomy
Reference: Kiel Moe, ThermallyActive Surfaces in Architecture (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010) 34
17
Fig 4.
Left: People sleeping on trandition Chinese Kang
Middle: Mid Tradition Korean Ondol for floor heating
Right: Ancient Roman Hypocaust for space heating
PURSUIT OF TECHNO-COMFORT
Due to the natural comfort desire, pursuing thermal comfort has become an important cultural
activities. And this pursuit has been significantly influencing architecture and technologies development.
Various thermal comfort technology has been employed and integrate to building construction to favor
interior habitation. For example, the Chinese Kang, the Korean Ondol and the Roman hypocaust3 as well
as many other vernacular architecture around the world. All these architecture were reflecting the their
respective knowledges on thermal comfort technology and actualizing them in building.
Then, until the Industrial Revolution, people began the Industrial Age and followed by Machine
age in history. The science knowledges and technologies advancement have been resulted in a paradigm
shift for the pursuit of thermal comfort and architectural design. In this paradigm, seeking for comfort
has been engineered towards a scientific approach. For example, the Franklin stove, invented in late 18th
century, with better performance and effective solution for smoke problem has dramatically transformed
the heating for domestic living. Thenduring the early 20th century, people were further fascinated
by various spatial conditioning technologies developed and devote to live in a conditioned interior
environment. Due to the desire and technological development, these conditioning technology had been
widely applied to domestic space in which, a well conditioned living was perceived as luxury. As a result,
living in a conditioned interior was regarded as a modern existence.
In the entire 20th century, people were enjoying the thermal comfort achieved by these modern
technology, however, when these conditioning technologies became more widely adapted, various
problems and related consequences emerged. Since these technologies required to maintain a stable
18
condition, much energy were consumed to maintain a steady thermal performance, which results in
energy and economics problem followed with inter-country relations. Since 70s, the over demands
of energy has turned to energy crisis in major industrial nations and eventually developed further to
an international global problem. Meanwhile, these technologies have performance problems which
consequently became various critical issues when these technologies lack of maintenance or even fail.
In recent decays, debate have been started over this technological determinism, the discussion
has related to global sustainable topic in which the more adaption of technology, harder for human's
survival in the future due to climate change, energy shortage, political conflict resulted due to these
impacts. People begin questioning and doubt the necessity on technological solution to condition living
environment, thus various "green" movements, which encourage sustainable technologies or restore to
basic and learn from the tradition and history, emerged to reconsider the technologies application on
conditioning living environment.
In summary, modern conditioning technologies provides many effective and solutions to achieve
thermal comfort in modern time, however, their energy consumptions and inadequate application may
results in un-desirable condition to the users in the building. Thus, regardless users or building industry,
it is requires a new mentality and attitude to re-consider the applications of technology and avoid over
reliance on them in order to foresee a sustainable comfortable future living.
3. Moe, Thermally Active Surfaces, 54 &58
19
ONE HOUSE FOR
ALL COUNTRIES
Sealed Interior Space
Fig 5. One houses for all countires
Centralzed Air Conditioner
"'Everycountry builds its houses in response to its climate. At this moment of generaldiffusion, of international scientific techniques, I propose: only one housefor all countries, the house exact breathing.... I set up
the factoryfor the production of exact air.It is a small establishment,a few small space; I produceair at 18 *C
humidified accordingto seasonalneeds. With a ventilator,I blow this air through carefully laid-out conduits.
Means of expansionfor this air have been invented to avoid drafts.Air comes out. This system at 18oC will be
our arterialsystem. ... The Russian House, the Parisian,at Suez or in Buenos Aires, the luxury liner crossing
the Equatorwill be hermetically sealed. In winter it is warm inside, in summer cool, which means that at all
time there is clean air inside at exactly 18 *C"'
20
HERMETICALLY SEALED TYPOLOGY
As previously mentioned in "Pursuit of (techno) Comfort," the modern conditioning technologies
development provided effective thermal comfort solutions for domestic living. Meanwhile, these technological approach amazed architects and inform the ModernismArchitecture development in the 20th cen-
tury. The sketch on the opposite page issketch once proposed by Le Corbusier during one of his lectures
at Buenos Aires. During the lecture, he once suggested "one house for all countries,"in he would imagine it
acted like a human "breathing pure air, at a constant temperature and a regular degree of humidity"with
the aids of international scientific techniques.5 In the house, it was serviced by modern conditioning technology to provide air at a constant temperature of 18 degree Celsius to operate the interior space. And this
air was continuously circulating within the building with the helps of machine for cooling, humidifying
and purifying.The entire system was regulated with standard and scientific quantity. Furthermore, he even
proposed an architectural intervention called, Neutralizing Wall, when he was questioned how to maintain
the constant temperature when outside temperature were forty degree higher or lower.6 Therefore, his
neutralizing wall, a glass envelope wrapping around the building, would prevent the "air at 18 C"from any
external influence. And in between the glass and building, heated air will circulate to maintain the interior
condition stable. Lastly he provocatively suggested to hermetically seal this house, so it could be build
around the world, such as at Russia, at Parisi and at Bueno Aires with "clean air exactly 18oC."7
In fact, the "one house for all countries" by Le Corbusier has been generally adopted in following
Modernism Movement and become the hermetically sealed typologyreferred here.This universal and
generic architectural proposition consisted of three important notions to shape Modernism Architecture
spatial configuration: 1. Hermetically Sealed: Building istotally isolated from its external climate and environment to maintain an uninterrupted internal space; 2. Constant Interior Condition: A standardized and
universal atmospheric condition was maintained with regulated temperature and humidity, the modernists believed this constant and stable condition will provide the maximum comfort for the occupants; and
lastly, 3. Machinery Servicing Dependent: Intensive mechanical servicing and conditioning machineries are
required to achieve the interior condition, it reflected the Le Corbusier's philosophy of The house isa machine for living in.8
4.Le Corbusier, Precisions (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1991), 64-66
5.Ibid, 64
6.Ibid, 66
7.Ibid, 64
8.Le Corbusier, Toward an Architecture (London: Architectural Press 1946)
21
se4
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e.
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---- - - - - - -
66.50 N
EQUATOR
0
-
TROMM-WRE~ICORN
23.50S
--------- ------ ----------- ANTARTIC CIRCLE_ 66.50S5
Fig.6. Global location map
22
1.NEW YORK
2. CHICAGO
3. LONDON
7. SHANGHAI
8. GUANGZHOU
9. KUALA LUMPUR 10. ABU DHABI
4. HONG KONG
5. TAIPEI
6. TORONTO
11. DUBAI
12. KUWAIT CITY
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
As a result of this hermetically sealed typology, international style has benefited from the technology and
energy base modern condition approach. And the skyscrape typology has spread all over the world.
23
Fig.7. US Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Soource, 1775-2011
Quadrillion Btu
50
40
-
30
20
10
0
1780
1790
1800
-
1810
1820
Petroleum -
1830
Coal -
1840
1850
1860
Natural Gas -
1870
1880
Hydroelectric Power
ENERGY PARADIGM
According to the Building Data Book from US
Department of Energy, the energy consumption
for thermal comfort conditioning including heating
OTHER
and cooling in domestic context have been
over 50% of total residential energy use, and this
percentage is equivalent to 11.6% of total energy
consumption in United States annually.
40%
RUSSIA
us
6%
15%
20%
OECD EUROPE
CHINA
World Energy Consumption
24
18
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Energy Perspectives 2011, September 27, 2012.
2010
-
Nuclear Electric Power -
COMMERICAL
42
QQ
19
SPORTATION
29%
Wood
Other Renewable Energy'
OTHER 3% ADJUST TO SEDS
WET CLEANING 3%
4
COMPUTERS 2%
COON'
CK
ELECTRONICS
THERMAL COMFORT
SPACE HEATING
:RIGERATION
RESIDENTIAL
30%
LIGHTING
WATER HEATING
INDUSTRIAL
SPACE COOLING
US Energy Consumption
Residential Site Enerav Consumntion bv End Use
Source: U.S. Department of Energy: Building Energy Data Book
25
26
oB
INQUIRIES --THERMAL COMFORT
27
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT
PHYSICAL COMFORT
HUMAN COMFORT
Basically, human comfort is referring to both physical and psychological ease, and these comforts can be
easily achieved through various means, psychological comfort can be achieved by recalling of previous
experience from seeing an object, the appreciation of an art piece and the intake of food. And the body
physical comfort ismore related to the situated environment and its corresponding atmosphere including
temperature, humidity, lighting and odor.These various conditioning factors will create stimulation on body
sensation system and developed aoverall perception of comfort.
28
COMFORT
1. "Asense ofphysical or psychologicalease,
often characterized as a lack of hardship.
Persons who are lacking in comfort are
uncomfortable,or experiencing discomfort."
(Wikipedia of Comfort)
2. "Comfort isbest defined as the absence of
discomfort."
(Bradshaw, Vaughn, and Vaughn Bradshaw. 2006. The
building environment: active and passive control
systems. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.)
THERMAL COMFORT
1. Not too hot or not too cold
(Spontaneous Human senseation)
2. "The state of mind in humans that expresses
satisfactionwith the surroundingenvironment."
(ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55)
THERMAL COMFORT
Human body has an amazing sensibility for thermal comfort, it isa simple and reliable sensational ability
to tell body its physiological feeling within a thermal condition. However, this sensation is always rather
4
difficult to describe and define. For example, "Comfortisbest defined as the absence ofdiscomfort,"
for example; human will tend to describe it as not too hot or not cold when defining the comfort state.
In other words, positive comfort conditions are not distracted by causing unpleasant sensations of
5
temperature, drafts, humidity, or other aspects of the environment. According to Bradshaw in his The
building environment, an ideal thermal is that state of mind that is satisfied with the thermal environment.
4Vaughn Bradshaw, The building environment: active and passive control systems (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2006), 4
5 Ibid, 5
29
THERMAL COMFORT
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
HEAT GAIN = HEAT LOSS
M =C ±R ±E ±S*
30
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
According to"Design with Climate written by Olgyay Victor, he stated that the human thermal comfort can be
understood according to thermodynamics principles to maintain a thermal equilibrium between the body
and the environment. And their respective thermodynamics relations can be translated mathematically into
aThermal Equilibrium Formula, in which the previous mentions comfort parameters are integrate in various
heat exchange mechanism in the formula:
HEAT GAIN = HEAT LOSS
or
M = C ± R± E± S*
*where:
M = metabolic rate,
E= the rate of heat loss by evaporation,
R= radiation rate,
C= conduction and convection rate, and,
S= the body heat storage rate.
At the point when heat generated (or heat gained) by body metabolism isequal to the overall heat gained
or loss by convection, conduction, radiation and evaporation, a thermal equilibrium state is established
within the body. Inorder word, at this equilibrium point, ahuman thermal comfort isobtained.
Inall, the body thermal comfort give ainteresting architectural proposition to relate to spatial configuration in order to induce above influencing thermal exchange mechanisms in order to provide human body
a thermally comfortable habitation environment.
6. Wikipeida of Thermal Comfort
31
150
-
ME
117
100
0
0
0j
50
0
z
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
LU
-50
-
50
60
Fig.8. Relation of thermal exchange
32
70
-
-
-
BODY TEMPERATURE
E QUILIBRIUM POINT
TABOLISM RATE (M)
-----------------------TABOLIqM RAT (M)
vow
-
I
lko e'N
'q le
-.
Ile
~%
1%
98.6
80
90
100
110
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE / OF
Source: Vaughn Bradshaw, Building Control Systems, (New York: Wiley 1993), 12
33
RADIATION / R
CONVECTION / C
CONDUCTION / C
EVAPORATION /E
MECHANISMS & FACTORS
In order to maintain the thermal equilibrium within the body, there are four thermodynamic mechanisms
for the body to have heat exchange between the environment:
Radiation isthe radiant energy transferred mechanism due to the heat content of an object. Human
body isconstantly undergoing radiation exchange by gaining heat from or losing heat to its surrounding
environment.
Convection occurs when air passes over the body skin surface and brings sensible heat to or away from
the body.
Conduction happens when the body has direct contact to any surface which has temperature difference
from the body.
Evaporation isthe only cooling process for human body to lose heat through perspiration, sweating and
respiration by converting liquid to gas.
34
FACTORS
%N
HEAT LOSS
HEAT GAIN
la) Basal Processes
1b) Activity
1c) Digestive, etc. processes
1d) Muscle tensing and shivering in
response to cold
2a) From Sun directly or reflected
2b) From glowing radiators
2c) From non-glowing hot objects
5a) To "sky"
5b) To colder surroundings
0
0
6a) To air below skin temperature
(hastened by air movement-convection)
6b) By contact with colder objects
3a) From air above skin temperature
3b) By contact with hotter objects
- - - - -- -- -- --
- - -
- - -
- - - -
- - -
4) Condensation of atmospheric moisture
(occasional)
- - -i - -
7a) From respiratory tract
7b) From skin
Fig.9. Atmospheric Factors
Reference: Victor Olgyay. Design with climate. (New York: Princeton University Press 1963), 16
35
BODY
TEMPERATURE
Hair
I
89-93* F
Forehead.
) 90-94*F
Cheek
.......
Neck
Front of clothing
Back of clothing
F79-83F
I
76-83*F
Palm of hand
Back of hand-
NJ
S0 84F
FRONT
Fig.10. Human Body Temperature
Reference: Moe, ThermallyActive Surfaces in Architecture, 71
36
Sleeves
Ankles
Shoes
78-90F
79-i
BACK
Atmosphere
Body content
50-60%
Core
BODY
OPTIMAL
TEMPERATURE / OF
BODY
OPTIMAL
HUMIDITY / %
Fig.1 1. Human Body and Optimal Condition
Reference: JOrgen Mayer and Neeraj Bhatia, -arium: Weather + Architecture, (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010) 59
OPTIMAL ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
Due to the complexity of the body structure and the dynamic atmospheric condition, it is impossible to
achieve a definite thermal equilibrium, thus, there is optimal temperature and humidity range in which
the body obtain maximum thermal comfort. Meanwhile these optimal atmospheric conditions are also
important for human body normal function.
37
PSYCHOMETRIC CHART
40
50
60
80
70
Air Temperature, *F
100
-71
60
50
4C
60
40
Reatv Humdt %
Image Source: Charlie Wing, How Your House Works, (New Jersey: Wiley 2012) 93 & 97
38
90
100
DOMESTICS APPARATUS
DOMESTIC HEATING
Thermostat
Radiator
Air heater
Space Heater
Franklin Stove
DOMESTIC COOLING
Dehumidifier
Ceiling Fan
Stand Fan
Air Conditioner
39
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THERMAE
42
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ATMOSPHERIC APPARATUS
THE PRODUCTION OF ANOTHER COMFORT PARADIGM
The architectural proposal of the thesis are three experimental prototypes of Atmospheric Apparatus.
The major idea of three prototypes is to induce an alternative atmospheric experience for thermal comfort.
Thus, each prototype's design is driven by a specific atmospheric factor and they are Temperature I C,
Humidity I % and Wind I m/s respectively. In addition to the atmospheric factors, the program, site
location and material choices of each apparatus prototype are differently decided in order to further
enhance the unique experiences.
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M
A
M
J
J
81
------------------------
A
S
0
N
D
-
55.8
49.1
45
49.8
-------------- 7-4175
-44-44.8
42.8
33.6
30
2
22.1
15
35.1
- --23.5
- --
Ii'
.--
--
-36.7
38.3
36.1
35.8
4
425
42
26.6
22.8
2.
24.4
- ---
34.3
3t3
-
--
-
-
- -
0
Average max. and min. temperature / *F
Source: Hong Kong Observatory
GEOTHERMAL
Volcanic landscape
Image sources:
Left: http://www.wallcoo.net, Right: http://www.evwind.es
46
Geothermal power plant
THERMAE
RE-EXPERIENCING TEMPERATURE
THERMAE is the first prototype designed to provide opportunity for re-experiencing the "forgotten"
temperature. Nowadays, our living envirionment is constantly regulated with standard temperature level
according to the pre-defined comfort zone derived from modern engineering knowledge. However, the
pre-determined have been always proved to be not suitable for everyone's comfort desire, Thus, THERMAE
is designed as a device to produce a spectrum of diverse thermal experience.
Site and Climate'
Akureyri, a fishing town in the northern part of Iceland, has a subpolar oceanic climate of cold winter and
mild summer. The average temperature of the region is relatively low throughout the year.The average
maximum summer temperature is only 58.1 OF, while the average minimum winter temperature is 22.1 F.
Resource
Due to Iceland's geological condition, the abundance geothermal power resources from below ground
become the major energy source for the country. In 2010, 26.2% of the nation's energy isgenerated by
the geothermal power, and 87% of the heating and hot water supply are produced by the geothermal
heat source.6 Therefore, THERMAE will take adavantage of this abundance resources to generate another
thermal experience.
5. Akureyri, Wikipeida Retrived Jan 13, 2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akureyri
6. Landsvirkjun Power Station Retrived Jan 13, 2013 http://www.landsvirkjun.com/Company/PowerStations/
47
THERMAL
EXPERIENCES
MEDIA
MECHANISMS
Stone state suana--
looc
10200
ulJ
U
drysamu:156-21ZF
U-
212
F
Solarium
D
- ----------------------
Radiation
ude
140
- *140F
Smoke Sauna
-- - - - - - - - - - - - - 120
I115
-
suisawialtt
n:100-
*on
40
body
temperahan
37C
1~0
-
Dry Sauna
Owbet:i I
10F
F
4104
lebO 96 F
12D
wamb*:80
95F
-------------------
Convection
--- -- ------
20
-
-75F
coldbalh: 50 60 F
Hot Bath
swaWSW.
49F
40
%RN point
OC
0
m.6F
20
Ui
Steam Bath
.IT0l
Conduction
48
THERMAL MAP
Program
The programatic idea of THERMAE isto produce
rich and diverse thermal experiences through
various heat exchange mechanisms: radiation,
convection and conduction. These heat
exchange mechanisms will occur between the
human body with specific experience media of
surface, air and water respectively.
Radiation
Surface - Radiation
The radiation process occurs through heated
surfaces with hot water hydronic tubes embedded.
They are the stone sauna with a single flat stone
slate surface and the solarium with six surfaces
inside an enclosed chamber.
Convection
While another thermal experience isobtained
through the convection process by passing heated
Air - Convection
air over the body in dry sauna and smoke sauna.
Because of difference in air heating methods, the
experienced air temperature in dry sauna ishigher
than the smoke sauna one.
Conduction
Lastly, the conduction process happens when the
body is in direct contact to the warm water in the
hot bath, cooled water in cool shower and steam
Water - Conduction
vapor in the steam bath. Due to the direct body
contact, the temperature of the thermal experience
will be relatively lower.
49
FLOOR PLANS
1.Solarium
2. Dry sauna
3. Stone slate sauna
4. Hot bath
5. Steam bath
6. Smoke sauna
7. Cool shower
Roof plan
4A'
A
B
-
- -- - -
- -
Ground plan
51
AXONOMETRIC
DRAWING
ROOF
ELEMENTS
SPACE
52
.......
....
SECTIONS
1.Solarium
2. Dry sauna
3. Stone slate sauna
4. Hot bath
5. Steam bath
6. Smoke sauna
7. Cool shower
Section BB'
53
1I
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......
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56
.............................................................................................................................................................
57
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SITE
9
ALICE SPRING
AUSTRALIA
CLIMATE
J
100
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
--92.7
90.7
87.6
82.8
81
I
75
70.7
69.3
676
63.5
67.5
1
64
58.6
54.7
50
- -
-
83.7
734 - - - - - - - - - - -71j -
-----
-
-
-
--
5
55.8
.-
46.8
25
42.8
39.4
41
---- ------ --- ---------- --- -- - -------- --------
-
1.53
1.46
0.043
0
1
j
1
1
05
0.5
5
0o
7
0
85
0
Above: Average max. and min. temperature / *F
Below: Rainfall / mm
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology
66
STRATUS
RE-EXPERIENCING HUMIDITY
In addition to temperature, the atmospheric humidity also plays an important role to induce comfort
thermal experience. Thus, STRATUS, the second aaparatus prototype, isdesigned to articulate the
presence of humidity within the atmosphere for comfort. At the same time, the STRATUS will help tp to
recall the human sensation of the importance of humidity.
Site and Climate
Alice Spring locates in the center of Australia, where it situats within an arid area surrounded by
several deserts. Due to its inland location, Alice Spring has hot and dry desert climate with relatively
high temperature throughout the year, the limited annual average rainfall of 285.9 mm' and high
evapotranspiration rate prohibit any cloud formation to prevent excessive solar radiation gain during
daytime and heat loss during nighttime, therefore, the area also suffers from dramatic diurnal temperature
variation everyday.
7 Alice Springs, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AliceSprings Retrieved 01.23.2013
67
DAYTIME
*Hot
and dry air penetrates In (30%)
(3)eIncoming dry contacts with water
.
eee
*e
& wet curtain (50%)
ebodies
**
Cooled and humidified air is dispensed
by fan
'' e 'Air is further cooled down and
humidified (80%)
(3)eWhen air is saturated, cloud of mist
forms (100%)
X...........
30%
I.G...H. T.I..
.e..e...*...*......*..s
... ..-
3 0N
. ..
....
NIGHT-TIME
Moisture evaporated Into the air
aD
during day time
The humidied air iscarried away
j
.U3
bywind
()Wet air condenses when contact
t
with the water tower
Condensed moisture Is collected
and stored
Stored water become water supply
0
0
68
Wet air
Hot& D
40
50
60
70
so
,,* rAannpa. T
90
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology
ATMOSPHERIC APPARATUS
The design ambition of STRATUS isto produce an ecological apparatus with multiple functions in order
to create a unique comfort experience related to humidity.Thus, in order to reflect this intention, the
programatic idea of STRATUS isdecided to be water related, a water storage, water supply center, water
collector and air humidifier are the primary programatic frameworkfor the design of STRATUS.The major
goal of SRATUS is to induce decent comfort experience through the water related programs to achieve
cooling effect.Actually, the Unitimate aspiration of STRATUS is to transform the perception of the place by
mimicking the cloud formation to create a new atmospheric condition for the area.
69
FLOOR PLANS
I)
I~
70
|
SECTIONS
WATER COLLECTION TOWER:
AXONOMETRIC
DRAWING
Met.Mlalinisi
prokieslargecondensation
surfacefor wet ar
2.age watertankstores andcollectcondensed
waterandpovidewaterfor Otheruses.
TOWER STRUCTUER:
S
3.Threetowerhegtto captuewatermoistureatvariousewel
Is
4.Thetower supportedwithcomposite
columns
systm madeof
Ibam
5.Underneath
sprnklersprovidewate mist dudng evn andhotday
POIUM:
5. Fanstofurther enhances
aircurrentto whenairmovementIslow
fom themst dispensedby thespdnker
6. Meshfloors
collectswater
7. louverfinstoallowhot anddryar penetrates
PLATFORM:
8Dfmet typeof waterbodiesprovidevadousexperienceaend
function
. AirHurmildincation
SbYWater
fountain
Sc.Water
wel
72
......
................
COMPONENTS
STRATUS is basically constituted of three major components: tower, podium and platform, which enables
STRATUS to perform as a ecological apparatus at respective levels.
Water Collection Tower:
The superstructure of STRATUS is dominated by three water collecting tower with various height. The
major function of these tower is to provide sufficient cooling surfaces are for air moisture condensation
happens during the nighttime. Due to the high thermal conductive property of the surface material, the
tower will have lower temperature than the atmospheric air, thus, condensation occurs when the hot
air moisture is in direct contact with the surfaces. Moreover, the different tower heights provide enough
exposure to each tower for a non-obscured air current. Meanwhile, a water tank is installed withing the
taller tower for water collection purpose.
Podium:
The podium of STRATUS provides an decent outdoor space with the aids of the sprinklers system to
regulate the humidity level to a comfortable level. During daytime, the sprinkler system will dispense
cloud of mist to induce cooling effect for the air, while the mist clouds can reduce radiant temperature
by blocking some solar radiation from heating up the surface. As a combine effect of cooling effect and
radiation reduction, the podium become a decent outdoor event space even during the hot and arid day
at Alice Spring.
Platform:
The platform of STRATUS accommodates mainly the water center program to serve as a public facility and
community gathering space for people who come here for water. The covered interior provides shaded to
protect from the direct solar radiation of heating up. The interior experience is also further enhanced by
the present of water bodies and good ventilation by openeness of the peripheral supporting structure.
73
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Above: Average max. and min. temperature / *F
Below: Rainfall / mm
Source: BBC Weather
86
MONSOON
RE-EXPERIENCING WIND
MONSOON isthe third proposed apparatus prototype. Its design intends to induce the comfort sensation
through air movement - wind. In addition to temperature and humidity, air movement also plays a
critical role to affect the human comfort perception. According to the thermodynamic knowledge, both
convection and evaporation processes and their respective processes rate are influenced by the degree
of air movement. Thus, the MONSOON isdesign based on the idea of air movement to induce unique
experience..
Site and Climate
Jaipur, a city at the northwestern India, ischosen to be the experiment site for MONSOON. According to
the Kdppen Climate Classification, the climate at Jaipur is hot semi-arid. During the monsoon period in
summer time, the average temperature will rise to over hundred degree Ferinheight and the condition will
become relatively humid.
8 Jaipur, Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur Retrieved 01.23.2013
87
ACTIVITIES
LEVEL
CLOTHING
-
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BEAUFORT
WIND SCALE
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Hurricane
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Violent storm
-
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24.7-28.3
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20.8-24.4
Gale, fresh gale
17.2-20.6
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IndoorClothing
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High wind, moderate gale,
near gale
13.9-16.9
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10.8-13.6
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APPARATUS PERFORMANCE
The comfort experience induced by MONSOON istotally different from the previous apparatus prototypes.
In MONSOON, human body becomes the active agent for obtaining comfort experience by physical
exercise. The program of MONSOON is an urban fitness center with a spiral track consisting of multiple
ramps.The programatic intention is to offer people with comfort experience at different activity levels. A
person who walk up the track will experience differently compared to a person who jogs or runs. When
that person walk down the track the experience will be totally different again. Meanwhile the proliferated
facade encourages good natural ventilation to provide steady air movement for minimum cooling. Apart
from the spiral, there are four contained wind chambers with active mechanics ventilation system for more
intensive exercises. As result, the comfort experience obtained in MONSOON is uniquely correlating to the
respective body activities levels.
89
SECTION
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91
AXONOMETRIC
DRAWING
SPIRAL > URBAN RUNNING TRACK
STRUCTURE > COLUMNS & STEEL CAGE
WIND CHAMBERS > VENTILATION CHAMBER
-
FACADE> EXO-SKELETON SKIN -.
92
Components
The basic components of Monsoon consists a facade system, a spiral ramp system, four contained wind
chambers and a structural frame system.
Facade
As mentioned above, the proliferated facades on MONSOON's long elevations ensure steady natural cross
ventilation. At the same time, the higlhly permeable facades also create shading for the building to prevent
over heating during sunnny day.
Spiral
The spiral system provides an active exercise surface for experiencing difference body's activity levels.
Contrasting to flat surface walking, navigating on the spiral required high amount of body exercise and
energy input. As a result, it alerts the body metabolism rate and affects the thermal equilibrium. Thus, the
thermal comfort experience is not perceived passively at a constant condition.
Wind Chambers
The contained wind chambers are dedicated for more intensive physical exercises of higher activity levels.
Therefore, each chamber is equipped with mechanical ventilation for high thermal comfort requirement.
93
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BOOKS
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