I
Di P.
1/
/1
.
r
'
p.1.'"
I
1 '1St;
SpCoI\
"ihesrS
~.D
!\~-~I,:)
,]\ ; r.,
II
'~~>t"1'
"'T'~G v'i S'Ji1] art- s :)Y0 ;1 r""':ean r ·wherpl');/ rnan attempts :(""
Si vp forms to '1i s i neAc; ,m(l f"p~ i.ngs ,ma t:) g.'1 i.n per'":0:1.?l:
.~.:)ti~fA
.... t~O'!1 thr'}1!~J"'! inni\"iJl~1r11
tlcrn:--:1p1js:l"T!P!1t~"(~>~ATi'}\
(T\]"=::k :r=':Jrce:~q77).
"""0t'1 v·,rr>n he ]'"1r()ch .... p<"; "Tork:- nf Clrt <'Ind when he
contE''''01 ''It-p,, thr>m, ''1''1'"1 '1<";('0; thp ilrts to '1p1 P hi!1'1 llnder~t;ma ";""c;e'f And +-he ~,,()rln Clr()und "1"1. One cf ":':1(>
tradi·i~n21 ,-:~'!r1 un~lr.J(l -:· __~:l.('"'~i:~ns of the ,1.rr.5 ha~ l')ecn
to (1:np~ .:"1 ,'=' i '7 \. .: ni-~ i -o:.Tj ~l 1],1.] .; :1 ~- .::- .rpr(·~" a t' ~ .,")t; ,,:1~ expr!"":l~~ j oh"
{~:J\~2\ T",~~ P~~~c:~>;1n7:') .
hu~·.
con :-crne-i •
providi.ng activities in '''hich
with materials he
ha~
i'l.
chosen himsplf.
Art· education ShOlllo n0t h0
Task
chilo can succeed at. his own spepo, ,")f+-pn
rnr~fuspd
wi th art therapy. Art '-h,;r.'lPY
Porce;1~72).
i~portant
;~
re~Jr~
appreciate, 'nrl
.~
~n
~he c~pacitj
lca~~
of people
0~
~11
lcvcl~
t~
from I.he successful experiences that
enjoy,
~r~
C~~
.. 'ith '-h'" :,assage of PI ()4-142 in lenS, i t is rpqujred
that h~noir~pperl yo~nssteYs from ~nfancl through ~ge twentyon'? r0c n j VP-:; f~'pp 'lppropriate education a!:d aD E'qua} pcbca-
tiona' 0ppo~tU~~ty. Rec~~se of thi~ law, c'asses ~ave hce~
up in ['u':)l:k sc},oo1s f,::>!" the s('vcrely rr'enta}ly handicapped,
C;ome childrc;:}~:ten-:1 tb:ose c'.'l~~."e" in th(' public 'Ochoo1s,
~et
~'!hereas
others becallse of hea 1 th , poor adaptive hchavi or,
or other reason~, m~y be in day treatment centers or
i n ~:t: 1 t '.It ion", ..• Ba sed OJ; surveys of the Amer i can A ssoc ia.t i (~n
of ~en~al nef~cienCJ'the ~ajnr ~rganjzation of prn~0ssinnals
in the f101d), j t 1-; detcn~i nr.c! tr'at" aoollt 1~ of ':1:('
popu 1 ,"'tti·':)r. can be c)nsidere(1 +n r:ave an TQ that falls
withl:-' +-he !-an']0 of ~er~1.' r(,~i1nlatioY1"'Ul;!in and (1(' ('h"araj1()84).
skills. Art can
a~so
be he1pful jn
bu~lding
decision-making
ah~'ities.
development''' IP rithjlc)83 1 •
a rate one-!1a1 f ':0 tl;rec-follrths '-ha!- nf m'nTlAl chi laren. "'herp is an
4
!1hysir.al .3ges. The sequence of their development may he r.omp1etel v
nor~a1,
hut the aae 1evel f0r rearhina the various sta0es of npve 1 0pment
does not: matrh that of the averaap nOr"laJ child.
"r,lany types of me:1+-.,l ret-ardat jon can occur 'vi thO'ltany !1hysjcal disahilit:' ann i+- is llnnerstandablp that
hunnn naturp has be~n sl,.,,\\,pr ; n "'hml7i.ng the same sympat'hy
to,,'aros this category CIS ; t ("xtend'" to thosp who are
phy<dca11 y handi rapnPd. "'hi s i. s prohAbly hecause +-he effects
cannot- easi 1 y bp ilsc;essen in oh:lnllC: terms 1 i 1.::('> A. defoP1pd
a!""!l or 1 ea. and sinre the +-r-?JTi C' i '~pl i r:-ati ':'ns of c;~lch
a handicap arp nnt- ~asi1y un~pr~tood. a physlca'ly ahI€,bodif">(l htl:nan b('~ng ,.,'10 C,)]; ',,'1":(' r-'lt inadeqlvlte or
Clbno!"':t1al :n?~;ponc;e;: ':'0 ordinary C',i,t,uatio:1:'" ('hes not
nec0s~a!"i ~\" c'\"oke t·1C :-3;::(' :;e:l:1 '":1cnt" (T. !n0.r:ay;ln?~).
other':" "'DO Lmction at a slower pare
.incidences
~:J
chronol :>gica 1 and mental ages.
bcca'.ls(~
of
S01:1(,
emct.iona:
s
"l'!hat is thE' :r.ini:nuI:' ] p'lcl of inte11 igencc of "child below Hhich it "'QuId be impractica1 to '~ry to
~cvelop artistic expression? And what deviations fron thc
norma' ~10des ryf 0y.prpssion :night one expect to Ei:-1('1 in
the Oc!tput of :nen ta: 1 y retarded en i Idrcn, ,"lnd how much
de',''iation co111<'1 0rH? allo"'! for the G~_;tp:Jt to rerrain ',\':'::hin
Ihc defini'ion or art?"'Ga;t::kf:'1l1C'10 ('aits'kell;1C),)1~.
A
st~dv
~q~O's(Gaitskrl1
in the
children vith
TQ'~
a~d
r'aitske11;1C)S3)
found that
lower than 40 appear to derive little nr no benefit
"The slo\" ] eiln~er 1 1 i k0 .1 norrral chi,l'j, begin~ his
career by :laniFJL,tirr; art :naterialc;, rath"'T tha!"
hy drawing or modelli.ng recogniz"b'e objC'cts. He i c;
:,o'nctl;:',ps slo'd("Y- ~() play 'v.' t:-' t:~,f' 'n3ter Ll~ ~ 'Tiven to hi.m,
and '11"lY not explny-e thei'" p0s~ihi1 itiee:
f~Jl1y ,'" lip
mi.rrht ••. o!")C'E' he hac: hefj'l1n scrihbli.ng he :is often
reluctA.nt to branch 011t into the llse of svrrbnls. If qive!"
a seconri t.ype of '1'al:erial, he frequently prefers tn
'Tlanipu1ate the 0r:igLnal merlium, in the m:e of wliich "Ie
feE'1s More c;e("l1re"~"a'itc;kell .3nn raits'k:el1j1 Cl c)1).
artist.i~
"C;
Thi?
form~
u~cd
'by
~l()\v
1 earners '.:0 extend the :nean i Dry e,f :hei r
1. distortion
:~
pronnunced
in
artions in their
~"~str~tio~s.
mh~
titles may
jl1ustr~t~
a
gpner~l
inability to organize thought.
linear pers['ective.
THe.
T
i.ke n('lrma1 chi.liln"n, slow learners c:'onc,l? tr.01y
111Jrwit"z., And !Jay;1<l82).
c:p€(" ia1 a"!
~owances
yrj 1 1 "ave to bf" r:1ade for lessons
,,,i th
these
is built arocmd Cl 1-D rea1i+:y.
"'::'he fcl1o\\·i.ng are h",havioral characteri st i.cs genera 1.1 y
i'l.s~:ociated
,dth trp $('''001-''1'1(> :rentCllly retarded chi1_d:
1. Learns at i'l. slower rate than his normi'l.1 peers.
?
There is 1ittle ('arry over from one learning
situation to another. Concepts and skills must
be t:lUgl:t: <1Jle\v tn earh task.
3. HCl5 -jiffic1J1ties rira\vin? generalizations f!"om
A Sf'ries of specific ;1Od rela.ted lear'lin,} experiences.
4. Learns better with ccrcyp+:p, rather
~hCl~
2bstract
matc:r-i31~.
:'.
Lparn~
~ettpr
incre:rent:::
ta~k~ arc brokpr1 down into ~rn·1J 1
arc' p!"(>sent('d systematically and
and thlt progress fn,cn the sir'1p1 (' 'l:1r1
t,\"hen
~-hat
::-(>qJ'~ntia.l1"
""1ore complex.
6. Demonstrates an infley"bility and a resistance to
/""~ang()
'7
>1n(~
:!.p,w
1(-'iir.:11nr:
s;t~Jation-=-:.
Needs reinf(Yrcement ir. learnin'} t.;'rO'.lgh H'f'ptitl()n
with slight variation.
8. Has a short attention span and frustrates easily when
~~ as::~
q
..lr(~
~-,)'")
c'o~r1
ex
n!~
Ln~::r1~ct ~
ons arc
:10t
enderst()()d.
Np(>rls succcsr; f?XF0r-ienr~es for Lnprovcment C)f hi'"
~o'f-i~ag0 lnd a sen~c of rontrol of the
C:1V i.
10. Is
ronrnen ~ .
1i~itcd
bith in intcl1rrtual funrtiC)nins
~~d
,'dapt i.'.'0 bp'-lavJor"
:T1hI i.n a::1d de ChL'1ri1; 1<.)84).
"Tt w0u1d sccrr t:!1at
d~"e10r~71g
0.~
the rcsponses tC'
(1rt curricu1u:r.. diycrt0~
~o\-,',-lrd~
·:(-w~1Ja.l
expcriC'nrc!'O, ,,11th J
clc~3.re, definition ,)f'move:nc~nt, di.rcct.ioo, rhythr;; .'!'1d c:pa~:i'l'
YC'!ationships, cOJ}r'! help +:() <::;Jpplemen!- ,:-th€r are,ls 0~
1 earn;,;:'}" (T,indsay; 1 '1'72) .
"Art Activities are b"lSCO on and nurtured h~' sC'nsr":'ry
so t~a t ~h0 ~t lr1')l at 10n ()f t~0 \riS1.~a~, .=:tue i ~:f)~T,
tacti~e. anrl 01 factory ~en~e~ will give the child a
sharpened abili+:'l '.-'ith \"r:ir-h to approac!: C'ommunic,t'on
And pXrr~?~si()n in v":'}rio11~ ~en~a"!~;~itskE:-~,' f P'Jr,,.:1 1-'7, ar/t T)ay;lOQ:?~
i !1f0r~,A~:" i()!1?
I
o
to his pxperiences in life. "Vl !"1Ja 1 C'':)nceptions ano Plotor skiUs are
the to01o to revert hacY..
perception, sizE'
over anc' und C'Y',
an~
".,
t()
shapp
'1"nr ,v:ni pel1 (It. inn. f'1.:1']01' paint. an(l rtny
~i~cr~~lnat~on,
and
rc]ationsh~p~
such as
.:mn ont, 1 i. ght <'md dark, a.rcuI1c ar.c1 thr01Jgh, "rid
CO:1ccpt;:; tL1t. ar: ,-W(pil"i,d ;}::;
chi~drC':-.
:nClture,
though tr.c retarded child
it is necessary
'::0
7\1
~:hot1r;~""
chi1drcn.
t.h,~y
r;;ental1y rptarde·d chi Icrcn l.earn :norc
~lo . . ."1.y
than
r~(1r::1al
are sUIl potpr;ti;J.1 1earners, and $1-:0810 be t.reated as
such.
"To ins'-lre aderluatc and appropria.t.e
pr09rZlr.1::1ing,
i~~
~.~
educat:i.ol~,'11
r:eccssfl'!'""y to ~"ndi\ridt;'.J.1ize '\nstr,~c":ion
:- e.3cr~ r:~i Tn' ~ sf.~~C:l\]t:::: J VNlt)k~pssE"s, best ~ty:tp ('If
lear-nin'; ,:::nd inter(lr:ts. Key tn teacr:ir:s t:he~<? cl~il<l~t?n i~
real.i,-t"~(" kno\-!led(]C' and ac('er~ancC' of their pr0sert
'e"e1 of f1Jl"ctio:1i01(~(;n+:<:'11~("'hFll ann adaptive bf'h2v10r)
ane to b~111d 1"'Drni:~S' expericnrC's f"r'")':1 +:1:>"'" I"~);nt"
(Utlln lnd de rhia¥~;lnR4).
to mc n
beyo!1r:1 t:i.s
c~pacities.
Once
to develop trust between the
t,~~
crild h()s learned a
studcn~
an~
~kil.l,
thp trachcr. War
it
lu~t
t~is,
it
r)0
is
10
"'T':lC' rc'ard~c1
rhi 1d "peds "
on11'-)-- r;rpa1:('y" suggestive
herf")n l(> <;t-i"r11JIAtP.d,. ,Pecau"f'
the ret;lrded chi1c1, ras fp,,'er \'>oc;c;'ihilities of exprpc;c-:ion,
creative activit-y will also have t-he bffect of relpac;ino
pmot: i. ona 1 tAn c; i on s" (Towpnfeld; 1 Q') 7; .
po;ver'th):1
"T~
ttl" !Joron,,']
~o
.-h51c)
teach slow lear:1prs, a teacher must:
1, hI' pat:e!)+-.
7.
1)0
bu·--:
abl.-: to
:""!")~-
3, trnat
~tilnulEltc
hur~y
'~veY"y
sa they improve :"!1c:ltal!y,
t:1pr: bCY0!1c1 thc~~Y abiliti·:-,s.
,,10\"
learner
3,<:
c,
hUT'lan
~)E'ing,"
r(:;aitsv,:"n, HU!"'xitz, ,'lnc Di1y;J Cl 8?).
11
ttt:-:e child lr:tlrn:;- t")c:1~- hp:1o !o:1gcr function~ as an isc~latc-0.
'nu:llan bein,), D.:1C th~':Yv}h the ,1f-qi)i~'it}:-)" of social ~kj"s
!';11ch (',,: c()()?0rnti''"m -1n~ <;h,'p"" i'l (J. rp seC's that 1'1p '-,1.D "Ibs(':rb
r-e~;rons~hi~i~y -:no ("O:ltrih),~:.0 ~_n a r'~)(,)p(,;iitiv'e 'jT(')OP rfforr.
AC~'i'Iitif"C::
~hAt
0:lP~'4~i7r'
~()r!;~l~7:a.t';or'
1~
.1
pr~:~ary
0l)jC'("t1'r?'O
in('ludr :::11 ']r0Up af~+:i-/iti('<; lnd 'mlividcn 1 projC'r-tc: ,,",i;::: comma!'. ']oa1" ,"(1\11\E,\ ']';'\",1-: Por"c;1C> 7 2).
"~q~
thout th(? contact \"1 \:1": -1rt, th<? chi 1.<'1 cannrt ha,vE' an
llrt o"f'
h.i~ ()\vnlttS~!l',va:t7;1~174).
,..,
..
"
Books
1" .A'::.:"1ck, S?1~'.i ~.~ .. ; Art l\c:tiv-!tic~ ~cr thr: :-Iann.:!capppcj; Prer::re-T.t.]'~
Tn;;.; },]o'-', ,Tc)""sey;1('8:2.
2.
Gait~kcll,~harlcs,~nd Mal""9nrct ~ait~kc!!;
l.~~;
3,
\'~i~<::k~)'~)
r-~~~r1.p.s,
I!;c()""r:y~,y~,
4. Ti:1d,<;i1Y,
LO\\l'~nfclc1,
7.
Ph'_i'~>
'-.!~~.
;12:!')~O
r.
:I·lr~.ri;'''z,
,T()'v','ny,r~(""l",
(J!~r.
~·~j~hne1
T;1('".;
"'0'..'
'Ina the EC!;)oic.'lppcd
J>,rt
N0W VOl""k;
'Viktf)~;
}:;f?v: Y:)rk;
Art
~ducati~n
~cr Slow
Press; rr~:r()::tojln~<~.
l'\'"
o,),,""}(,,;.
7,,'l~dp(',;
~o~p3ny;
r:::,.
Pyc~son
:,)i1'y; C"hilnrp;;
~!~d
~hp;r-
:\rt;
Yor}:; l<1P?
rhn~;VZHl
~·o<'."~!",~:nn
T"l·,,;nh01r'l
1~7?
rr 7,l"t1'"r0
.::ln~
~·~c~nt2.~
Gro''t''!-'h;~lracrl;~l;ln
(1(.,mp~"l;;:/;
1'-H)7
~~.
'RT0',\ry"J
,,1:10 '"0 3. +:h 0P '-''':lr); Art fer r.;xcrptional rq,i]orcn;
T'1.lb' ~.S=1(.\r..r-:; !J'!~;'!rt':.ln,
T:,:)\.!.1;
~('8t1 .
.Tournals
1. ,'\nr3Prson, P.E,;
~rolurre
?
"(,1.10'3:
FYlitoria1"; ]\7AEA Studies in
}\yt,
EducatiO:l;
~2 n0.::-;lc"~1.
1\r:dcrso::, F'r,lr:cis E. ,:mel T'lrry <';. B."lx:1fir:Idj ",'\rt SspeciAl1-:- for
r~xc('r:tional"; Art :~ducat:ion; v"]Ul"P ':'7 ::0.4; .'\pri1, 1"'74.
1. BrovTn, ;:'10(,"'p '-'.; "l\rt: .1r:0 '-h", S),pri"ll
r)ecp~h<?;, 1 qcn •
r:hi~el";
c;c~l'Jol
'\rl-::::; " .. 1'11'1p 81;
4. Dalkf?, ro:;~~:.]C'<;"""h':::? 'rc ~"Tc r0~,·'--; "!rerc:Art a~1o '~rcc;:'ia1 :::ot.lcatin:1
l\t TJ':,q''\:!."~ EOuC1ti.o!l;Vo 1.un,-: 17 ;'0.4; t';ovemocr, ~n24.
6.
7
:'I,
r,ittpr,
T.~na;
.,
•
~h0
T()'_:~ t.._l:r~1~
""Irt- for ('hi1 dren
"Tdeas for 'T'""achin<' i\rt n.pprpcjati')n"j1\caderric 'T'herapy;
VoluI'::c JP,:;o 4; ~"ar('h, 1('91.
('
n1chacl "J,A.; ·"111.::oy LO\<Tc".f.,h1:P i on f 'C'r in 1\1"": r::cl:r::-atinn
N.!\'S.l\ ,:tuc\i"s i!l 1l.rt E(hlcation; Vo11E:1e 2:' '1 0 .2;1"21.
~Ch~.",tr-~7,
n0.
p-ron;
"A;:- f~r t,h0 :7Y"'ept 10ntlJ t1;
"7:; O,""""."·~bC'Y",
1('7~.
Th~r;'lpy";