2409.17
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FOREST SERVICE HANDBOOK
PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION (REGION 6)
PORTLAND, OREGON
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 8 – SILVICULTURAL EXAMINATIONS, PRESCRIPTIONS, AND
EVALUATIONS
R6/PNW Supplement No.: 2409.17-2011-2
Effective Date: August 29, 2011
Duration: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed.
Approved: Nora B. Rasure
for the Regional Forester
Date Approved: 08/23/2011
Posting Instructions: Supplements are numbered consecutively by Handbook number and
calendar year. Post by document; remove the entire document and replace it with this
supplement. Retain this transmittal as the first page(s) of this document. The last supplement to
this Handbook was R6/PNW FSH 2409.17-2011-1 to Zero Code
New Document
2409.17-2011-2
46 Pages
Superseded Document(s)
by Issuance Number and
Effective Date
2409.17, 8 Supplement 2409.17-2000-1,
July 28, 2000
24 Pages
Digest:
Formats previous Regional Supplement to meet current standards.
Provided clarifying information on Silviculture certification process and standards.
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DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed.
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FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 8 – SILVICULTURAL EXAMINATIONS, PRESCRIPTIONS, AND EVALUATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.1 – Silvicultural Examinations................................................................................... 3
8.2 – Diagnosis of Treatment Needs ........................................................................................... 3
8.21 - Integrated Resource Analysis ....................................................................................... 3
8.22 - Completed Stand Diagnosis .......................................................................................... 4
8.3 – Detailed Silvicultural Prescriptions ................................................................................... 5
8.31 - Purposes of a Silvicultural Prescription ........................................................................ 5
8.32 - Prescription Process ...................................................................................................... 6
8.33 - Documentation Standards for the Stand Diagnosis ...................................................... 6
8.34 - Prescription Format and Content .................................................................................. 9
8.4 – Monitoring and Evaluation of Silvicultural Treatment ..................................................... 9
8.41 - Implementation Monitoring ........................................................................................ 10
8.42 - Effectiveness Monitoring ........................................................................................... 10
8.43 - Validation Monitoring ................................................................................................ 10
8.5 – Minimum National Standards for Silviculturist Certification ......................................... 12
8.51 - Experience .................................................................................................................. 12
8.52 - Education .................................................................................................................... 13
8.53 - Minimum Standards in Region 6 for Silviculturist Certification ............................... 13
8.6 – Certification Process ........................................................................................................ 14
8.61 - Candidate, Supervisor, Forest and Region Roles During Certification ...................... 14
8.62 - Requirements for Certification ................................................................................... 16
8.63 - Requirements for the Certification Prescription ......................................................... 16
8.64 - General Comments on the Prescription and Oral Defense ......................................... 19
8.65 - Understanding Resource Objectives and Management Direction .............................. 19
8.66 - Use of Experts ............................................................................................................ 20
8.7 – Silvicultural Panel Process .............................................................................................. 20
8.71 - Critical Importance of the Forest Panel ...................................................................... 20
8.72 - Description of the Regional Panel Process ................................................................. 20
8.73 - Panel Process Quick Overview ................................................................................... 21
8.74 - Panel Process Detailed Overview ............................................................................... 21
8.75 - How the Panel Evaluates the Candidate and the Prescription .................................... 23
8.76 - Panel Members Roles ................................................................................................. 25
8.77 - Description of the Optional Regional Field Certification Exam ................................ 26
8.8 – Certification Defense Tips and Timeline ......................................................................... 27
8.81 - Tips for Certification Defense .................................................................................... 27
8.82 - Examples of Questions That are Frequently Asked During Certification Exams ...... 28
8.83 - Suggestions for Improvement from Previous Candidates .......................................... 32
8.84 - Timeline for Certification Process .............................................................................. 32
8.9 – Requirements for Recertification in Region 6 ................................................................. 42
8.91 - Procedure for Recertification ...................................................................................... 45
8.92 - Requirements for Certification of Silviculturist from Other Regions ........................ 45
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FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 8 – SILVICULTURAL EXAMINATIONS, PRESCRIPTIONS, AND EVALUATIONS
8.1 – SILVICULTURAL EXAMINATIONS
National and Regional stand examination procedures provide the information needed to diagnose
treatment needs and prepare detailed prescriptions. The kinds and amounts of data gathered and
their reliability will depend upon the resources to be managed and intensity of management to be
applied. Obtain enough information to adequately describe the current condition of the stand or
non-stocked area in relation to the objectives.
Review remotely-sensed and ground-sampled data available from sources such as Landsat and
FSVEG databases. Search for and evaluate existing data for sufficiency before collecting more.
Historical data as well as current data may respond to information needs for integrated resource
analysis. Collect additional data only to answer questions of this level of analysis, and integrate
with data collection for other resources. The intensity of data collected may vary; photo and map
interpretation, walk-through exams, formal stand examination, or a combination of these
approaches may be appropriate.
8.2 – Diagnosis of Treatment Needs
Apply Forest Plan objectives of both stand and landscape scales to identify stand treatment
needs. The diagnosis process is completed with a project file that documents data, treatment
needs, and priorities for all stands considered.
8.21 - Integrated Resource Analysis
If an integrated resource analysis is undertaken for a project or pool of projects, any associated
silvicultural analysis becomes the basis for diagnosis. The level of analysis shall vary depending
on the project(s) and problem(s) to be analyzed.
As a member of an interdisciplinary team, identify the purpose, need, and scope for any resource
analysis. Determine the type and detail of silvicultural information needed. Where the resource
analysis purpose and need is to develop a pool of projects to meet Desired Future Condition
(DFC) over a time period, address questions such as:
1. What combinations of possible projects will meet DFC at the landscape scale?
2. When and for how long will the existing or potential vegetation contribute to the DFC
for the analysis?
3. What effects, including cumulative effects, may result from implementing possible
combinations of integrated projects?
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CHAPTER 8 – SILVICULTURAL EXAMINATIONS, PRESCRIPTIONS, AND EVALUATIONS
Identify the vegetation attributes needed for resource analysis. Attributes may measure
conditions relevant to landscape analysis, and potential responses to silvicultural treatment, such
as:
1. Spatial arrangement of different vegetation conditions.
2. Vegetation size, structure and condition.
3. Crown closure.
4. Species composition.
5. Risk of disturbance and length of time in DFC.
Integrate stand stratification and vegetation data with other resource data to identify landscape
patterns. Future landscape patterns may be projected in myriad combinations and evaluated for
achievement of Forest Plan DFC. Use silvicultural knowledge of forest conditions, dynamics,
and operations to identify management opportunities and possible silvicultural treatments.
Integrated with other than silvicultural opportunities, this diagnosis contributes to the pool of
possible projects.
Document silvicultural input in the analysis record, including the objectives or conditions to
which proposed silvicultural treatments respond.
8.22 - Completed Stand Diagnosis
Stand diagnosis should be completed as part of the project’s Environmental Assessment. Verify
treatment needs and feasible operations for project areas.
Evaluate available information from previous steps of Forest Plan implementation. Information
should include:
1. Existing stand and resource data.
2. Forest Plan management direction.
3. Landscape roles and effects from integrated resource analysis, if available.
Integrate resource information and management direction with silvicultural knowledge and
expertise to interpret a desired future condition into a stand-level description.
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Assess the adequacy of available data for each project. Consider physical and biological site
factors, vegetation characteristics, and project issues. Consider whether the range and variability
of available data would affect stand stratification, diagnosis of treatment needs, and
consideration of special within-stand features. Complete resource inventory for the project area
as needed. Refer to section 8.1 for stand examination procedures.
Evaluate the length of time for which DFC can be achieved and maintained. Consider effects
and scheduling of future treatments. Silvicultural analysis may project that existing and potential
stand conditions shall not support the achievement of DFC in some areas. The interdisciplinary
team should then consider alternative courses of action including proposing an amendment to the
Forest Plan. Refer to FSH 1909.12, 51.32.
Identify treatment alternatives that shall produce the desired forest vegetation characteristics.
Analyze the alternatives using variables that shall make meaningful comparisons. Provide the
rationale for the recommended treatment sequence.
8.3 – Detailed Silvicultural Prescriptions
Prepare prescriptions for forest vegetation treatments in the selected alternative of project
environmental assessments. All projects will have an analysis completed in accordance with
FSM 1950 and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). This section presents
guidance for the process and content of silvicultural prescriptions. Refer to FSM 2478.02.
Write silvicultural prescriptions at the stand level. Delineate stand boundaries on the basis of
similarity of methods used (logging systems, prescribed fire, etc.) and expected vegetation
response for planned treatments. Site, similar methods, and vegetation characteristics most often
determine the bounds.
Recognize vegetation diversity that has been identified within stands. Inclusions of distinct
vegetation features should receive consideration when not delineated separately for long-term
management. The prescription may identify features at any smaller scale within the stand; point
features, linear features, and patches of distinct features. The prescription may give special
guidance for protection, monitoring, or future management of such features.
8.31 - Purposes of a Silvicultural Prescription
1. To develop the selected treatment alternative to achieve management direction that is
technically correct and ecologically sound.
2. To clearly show how the selected treatment alternative will develop a stand that will
meet land management objectives.
3. To provide the necessary direction for implementation of the preferred treatment.
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4. To provide necessary direction and guidance for implementation of monitoring
prescribed treatments.
8.32 - Prescription Process
Include these steps in the prescription preparation process:
1. Refer to available information from previous steps of Forest Plan implementation.
Refer to section 8.2.
2. Develop detailed specifications for the operations needed to accomplish and monitor
the current treatment. Specifications may include specific requirements to meet DFC and
management direction, and quality control standards, to monitor and evaluate the
treatment.
3. For prescriptions written by other than a certified silviculturist, the certified
silviculturist approving the prescription shall review the prescription in the field. (FSM
2478.03). The Region authorizes exceptions to the field review requirement, limited to
simple or repetitive prescriptions for areas familiar to the silviculturist, for which
monitoring data and experience adequately support the treatment. (FSM 2478.03).
4. When reviewing a prescription in the field, interpret the stand variability. Review
identified special within-stand features. Document adjustments to treatment sequence
and specifications.
8.33 - Documentation Standards for the Stand Diagnosis
The Region does not require a standardized outline but has identified minimum requirements for
the content of a completed diagnosis. The content and detail depend on the complexity of the
site, stand, landscape, and treatments that are evaluated. For large projects, such as catastrophic
fire restoration, site-specific data should be recorded. However, repetitive analyses may be
consolidated.
Document or reference the following minimum required elements when pertinent to the analysis.
Reference only sources which are reliably retrievable as a long-term stand record:
1. Stand identity and location; include location of any within-stand features discussed in
the prescription.
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2. Description and data:
a. Physical characteristics: Data and interpretations of abiotic site conditions, such
as elevation, slope, aspect, soil types and characteristics. Describe the stand in
relation to the larger landscape.
b. Vegetation community characteristics: Data and interpretation of vegetation
characteristics relevant to the analysis and prescribed treatments, such as:
3. Stand structures and distribution pattern. Consider non-tree ground cover and species
composition, dead standing trees, and down woody material. For each canopy layer (beginning
from the top) or component, describe where meaningful:
a. Species composition
b. Age
c. Vegetation size
d. Density (May be expressed as: basal area per acre; stems per acre; percent canopy
cover)
e. Variability, patchiness, or other significant distribution characteristics
f. Percent live crown
g. Growth rates (cubic volume, board foot volume, basal area, trees per acre per unit
time)
h. Existing timber volumes, gross and net
i. Conditions: animal, insect, disease damage; vigor; risk
j. Other vegetation parameters potentially affecting the prescription
(1) Plant associations or community types
(2) Other features important to vegetation diversity
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(3) Landscape structure and/or function
4. Land management objectives:
a. Management Direction
b. Standards and Guidelines relevant to treatment analysis and selection.
5. Desired future condition, where available: Describe relevant parameters in
measurable terms, for the appropriate scale, and a specified time. Refer to the Silvicultural
Prescriptions in Forest Plan Implementation section of this chapter.
6. Treatment alternatives and recommendation: Discuss feasible treatment alternatives
including the schedule of future entries of the stand that supports a relevant desired future
condition and the economics of each of the alternatives considered, including probable costs and
potential revenues of the next entry if a commercial entry is proposed. Explain the criteria best
met by the recommended treatment sequence. Include or reference analyses supporting the
recommendation. The silviculturist should indicate a tentatively preferred treatment and the
reasons for its selection.
Diagnosis shall include the analysis to support specific findings when required by law or policy.
Finding includes:
a. Analyze land suitability for reforestation and be prepared to document optimality
of clearcut harvest if that is the tentative preferred treatment (NFMA, 1976).
b. When treatment of competing and unwanted vegetation is a connected activity,
analyze prevention strategies, and treatment alternatives. Refer to “Guide to
Conducting Vegetation Management Projects in the Pacific Northwest Region.”
7. Signature and date: The stand diagnosis requires the signatures of the preparer and
certified silviculturist approving the document and the dates of signatures.
Document specific details for implementation, and descriptions of future treatments only where
pertinent to the decision. Otherwise, defer operational details and future treatment schedules to
the silvicultural prescription. Prepare silvicultural prescriptions as part of project design for the
selected alternative from the environmental decision.
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8.34 - Prescription Format and Content
The Region does not require a standardized outline for writing silvicultural prescriptions but has
identified minimum requirements for the content of the silvicultural prescription. The detailed
prescription shall include the stand identification, land management objectives, and site data
required in the stand diagnosis; list the sequence of actions required to carry out the treatment;
and timing of each action shall be noted. Specifications for each action shall be stated in enough
detail to ensure that implementation can meet the intent of the prescription. The content and
detail depends on the complexity of the site, stand, and treatments considered and selected.
1. Document in a stand record data base, and retain in a retrievable prescription file the
following stand-specific information in addition to that required by the diagnosis step above:
a. Operation Details: Describe the treatment sequence in sufficient detail for direct
implementation by operations personnel. Operations specifications may include
marking guides and contract clauses. If the proposed treatment includes reforestation,
describe the system and specifications to ensure establishment (for example, planting
stock species and type, site preparation needs, minimum acceptable stocking rates at
critical periods in the reforestation process, and seedling survival hazards). Describe
any site or stand factors of potential concern during implementation. Examples
include root disease presence or hazard, soil compactability.
b. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan: Describe post-treatment expectations and
acceptable range of variation for specified stand parameters. Schedule monitoring
activities consistent with approved plans and NEPA decisions. Reference monitoring
protocols and quality standards as needed. Provide for an analysis of any deviations
beyond the acceptable range, consider significance and cause. Provide for reevaluation of future treatment sequence and DFC based on analysis conclusions.
Refer to section 8.4.
2. Reference only sources which are reliably retrievable as a long-term stand record. If
a current diagnosis is not previously documented and available, append those items to the
prescription.
8.4 – Monitoring and Evaluation of Silvicultural Treatment
Provide for monitoring and evaluation as an integral part of silvicultural prescriptions.
Prescription monitoring should support monitoring requirements for approved plans. Except for
projects very limited in scope and effect or where monitoring strategy prepared by the Forest or
District is in place and will meet project monitoring needs, prepare a project monitoring plan as
part of the interdisciplinary environmental assessment. Refer to this plan liberally in individual
prescriptions to reduce paperwork and repetition of detailed information about monitoring
objectives, sampling, protocols, and other project-wide monitoring components.
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Monitoring, evaluation, and feedback may be done on a sample of stand prescriptions. In
selecting sample stands to monitor emphasize new treatments and complex and sensitive
situations.
Monitoring may contain any of three components: Monitoring may be designed on a sample set.
It may emphasize complex and sensitive situations, and new variants of practices in the selection
of a sample set.
8.41 - Implementation Monitoring
Describe specific standards that the treatment must meet in order to achieve expected results.
Monitoring may begin concurrent with the treatment as ongoing quality control. Measure
parameters at the stand level; monitor within-stand parameters-point, line, or plant aggregation
features of particular concern as outlined in the prescription.
Effectiveness and Validation monitoring are seldom associated with an individual project. When
monitoring to determine the effectiveness of a project, or to validate resource management
assumptions, Forest Service researchers normally carry out the monitoring according to rigorous
protocols, which are needed to support statistically valid conclusions.
8.42 - Effectiveness Monitoring
Describe excepted post-treatment conditions. Qualify where possible. Identify a range of
acceptable values or a threshold level which would trigger re-evaluation of the prescription if
crossed. Both stand-level and landscape values may be evaluated, although landscape
relationships may not be immediately reanalyzed.
Monitor treatment effectiveness within the stand itself, and any changes to other components of
the landscape. Changes elsewhere may prompt a re-evaluation for a particular stand, even where
the completed treatment meets predicted conditions. Such evaluations would usually occur as
part of a subsequent larger scale analysis.
8.43 - Validation Monitoring
Describe post-treatment measurements needed to validate the projected results of historical
silvicultural practices used to implement management direction (usually on a sample basis) and
evaluate new treatment for future use elsewhere.
Include adaptive management concepts of evaluation and feedback in monitoring silvicultural
treatments. Apply these concepts to respond to changed conditions and new information at the
stand level.
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To apply adaptive management principles in stand prescriptions, the silviculturist should view
the prescription as a sequence of treatments and natural processes, projected to achieve DFC.
Compare the projected (hypothesized) result with achieved (monitored) result to test the
prescription hypothesis.
Use the results of the monitoring to:
1. Improve scientific information for future use.
2. Confirm or correct subsequent treatments.
3. Validate the overall prescription hypothesis.
The prescription should identify threshold levels for evaluation of future treatments. A threshold
may be a single upper or lower bound, or both upper and lower thresholds may define an
acceptable range of values for a parameter. Thresholds depend on site and species-specific
conditions, and on Management Direction. Information on plant community growth patterns,
following treatment, is often lacking. In such circumstances, established thresholds shall have
some degree of uncertainty.
Evaluate the significance of deviations beyond a threshold when identified in monitoring.
Significance may include statistical accuracy and precision, the degree of deviation from
thresholds, and expected duration of the deviation.
Search for the cause of potentially significant deviations. Knowing the cause is essential to
determine the correction needed. Causes include incorrect projections, incorrect implementation
(of correct projection), or incorrect monitoring. The cause and the correction are necessary to
realize the second part of monitoring with an adaptive management philosophy. Use the
results of monitoring, especially the evaluation of deviations, to refine projections and practices
in future stand management. Where deviation is attributable to Forest Plan analysis and
guidance, procedures exist to analyze significance and make changes as needed. Deviations
attributable to the Forest Plan could include incorrect projections, land capabilities, allocations,
or standards and guides. When deviations are attributable to operational factors, adjust standard
operating procedures for future projects (FSH 1909.12).
Where deviation is significant, and the prescription may no longer achieve DFC, make any of
three adjustments to the treatment sequence:
1. Remedial treatment of the stand. Take corrective action to bring the stand back
into the range of acceptable values, and proceed with the preconceived treatment
sequence.
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2. Modify the subsequent treatment schedule. Adjust future treatments to bring the
stand back within threshold levels for a DFC at a future date. Consider the
significance of the deviation in validation monitoring.
3. Revisit the stand DFC. Given existing deviation, identify an alternate DFC (with
possibly different treatment sequence) that is compatible with stand and landscape
objectives.
8.5 – Minimum National Standards for Silviculturist Certification
8.51 - Experience
1. The silviculturist shall have an understanding of what is realistic to attain on the
ground to ensure that prescriptions are practical and can be implemented. This ability is
developed mainly through field experience in various phases of silviculture. The following
criteria shall be used to determine if a candidate meets minimum experience standards.
Reforestation, timber stand improvement, and timber harvest activities can be experienced
simultaneously to meet the total requirements. A “season” is synonymous with the activities
accomplished during a typical year in that function area.
a. Reforestation. A candidate for certification shall have performed reforestation
activities for two normal field seasons. As much as possible, the experience shall
include tree seed collection, site preparation, planting, reforestation contract
administration, tree improvement, animal damage control, plantation evaluation, and
other related reforestation activities.
b. Timber Stand Improvement (TSI). To qualify for certification a candidate shall
have performed TSI activities for two normal field seasons. These activities shall
include, as much as possible, stand release, fertilization, precommercial thinning
(PCT), evaluation monitoring, and related activities.
c. Timber Harvest. Over a minimum period of two years, a candidate shall have
participated in timber harvest activities. The experience shall include, as much as
possible, preparation of timber cutting prescriptions, logging systems design, road
location, timber marking, timber sale layout and administration, and other related
activities.
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8.52 - Education
The silviculturist is expected to possess state-of-art academic knowledge of silviculture and
related subjects. Because of the rapid technological advances occurring in silviculture, current
academic training is essential. Those who have received advanced academic training may be
credited training towards meeting this requirement. Candidates for certification shall be
screened using the academic portions of the minimum national standards. Those who do not
meet the requirement shall be eligible to apply for all or part of the National Advanced
Silviculture Program (NASP), or the current training program.
In addition to NASP workshops, the educational requirements can be fully met through recent
(within five years) completion of a program, such as Continuing Education in Ecosystem
Management (CEEM) or a comparable program, which meets the national standards. Some
continuing education programs and graduate work may partially meet minimum national
standards, and shall be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
8.53 - Minimum Standards in Region 6 for Silviculturist Certification
To be certified in Region 6, a silviculturist shall have: (1) The Forest Supervisor’s
recommendation and endorsement of experience, (2) a statement of technical and professional
competency from the Forest Silviculturist, and (3) experience, education, and ability to prepare
and defend silvicultural prescriptions to meet the following requirements.
Subject
Standard
Management of common Forest disease
and insect pests.
Working level
Growth and yield models for local
Forest types.
Working level
Logging engineering, transportation
planning, and sale layout.
Working level
Silvics and silvicultural systems
for northwest forest types.
Expert level
National Environmental Policy and
interdisciplinary team approach.
Working level
All tasks for which the national
minimum is shown as “variable level.”
Working level
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8.6 – Certification Process
This document provides a detailed description of the silviculture certification process for Region
6 of the USDA Forest Service. To achieve silviculture certification a candidate must possess a
wide range of field experience, be accepted into the training program, pass 10-12 weeks of
rigorous graduate level academic courses, and prepare and defend a silvicultural prescription.
Not including the initial field experience, the certification process can take over two years and
represents a significant, professional milestone in a silviculturist’s career.
Silvicultural certification is necessary to meet the Congressional requirements of the National
Forest Management Act (NFMA) and Forest Service policy, and also to ensure that our
professional foresters know the tools and science that are needed to provide the highest quality
forest management possible to meet the challenging and diverse needs of the public and the
ecosystem.
8.61 - Candidate, Supervisor, Forest and Region Roles During Certification
1. Candidate:
a. Fully understand the large time and financial commitment by the Agency (over two
years and over $60,000), the rigorous nature of the program, and the serious
responsibility of serving as a professional silviculturist.
b. Allow ample time for preparation of the prescription, including edits from the Forest
Panel.
c. Make plans to not drive the day of the exam, either before or after. The exam is a
rigorous experience, either spend the night or have someone else drive.
d. Ask your Forest or District Silviculturist (or other mentor) for guidance throughout
the process. Coordinate with your Forest Silviculturist to determine if it can be useful to
also obtain reviews from the Forest Silviculturist on a neighboring Forest.
2. Candidate Supervisor:
a. Fully understand the large time and financial commitment by the Agency (over two
years and over $60,000), and the rigorous nature of the certification program.
b. Allow the candidate time within their work schedule to attend the classes, conduct
analysis and prepare the prescription.
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c. Provide foresters interested in the certification program the opportunity for gaining
needed experience to not only ensure basic experience requirements are met but that the
experience allows for the greatest opportunity for success.
d. Factor the timing and additional workload into their yearly workplan to avoid
scheduling conflicts and excessive stress at critical times during the process (especially
around the time of their prescription due date and panel defense).
3. Forest Silviculturist:
a) Provide the expert knowledge of the certification process to assist the candidate and
the candidate’s supervisor in understanding the commitments, and in planning workloads
to allow appropriate time to complete the program.
b) Ensure the candidate has a strong mentor throughout the process, this can be the
Forest Silviculturist or others on the Forest or District who are very experienced.
c) Work with potential candidates and their supervisors to develop training plans to
provide the necessary experience, plus other beneficial experience, and thus the best
chance of a successful candidate, prior to application to the program.
d) Assist the candidate (or ensure that someone knowledgeable is) with stand selection,
answer questions during development, review the prescription prior to the Forest Panel
and before submitting for a Regional Panel.
e) Check in with the candidate during the process to ensure that necessary milestones
are being achieved.
f) Ensure that the candidate’s written prescription meets the minimum requirements.
g) Arrange Forest Panels.
4. Regional Silviculturist:
a. Provide oversight to silviculture certification process.
b. Provide service and support to Forest Silviculturists.
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c. Maintain clear guidance to provide consistency for silviculture certification.
d. Send out application and updated materials to the Region in a timely manner.
e. Arrange Regional Panels.
f. Arrange a pre-briefing with all the Panel Chairs, ideally two months prior to the
Panels.
8.62 - Requirements for Certification
1.
Successful candidates must:
a. Meet specialized experience requirements (See 8.84 - Timeline for Certification
Process).
b. Meet educational requirements (NASP, or related Silviculture Modules, or
recent graduate work on a case by case basis).
c. Have the recommendation of their Forest Supervisor/Director (or equivalent).
d. Recommendation of Forest Silviculturist (Prior to panel).
e. Demonstrate prescription preparation competency (To Forest Silviculturist and
Panel).
8.63 - Requirements for the Certification Prescription
1. Selecting the Stand: Select a stand that is actually being considered for silvicultural
treatment within the next five years. The situation should be one of average complexity. Your
stand is too simple if it has only one issue driving the alternatives, evaluation, or
recommendation.
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2. Prescription Organization and Format: The certification prescription is a professional
paper demonstrating ability to communicate in writing, ascertain management direction, identify
and objectively analyze a broad array of alternatives, employ interdisciplinary advice, prescribe
operationally practical treatments, and design monitoring procedures.
The document must be double spaced with at least 1-inch margins and a font of at least 11 points
for sections subject to page limitations. Font size must be 10 point or larger for footnotes.
Mandatory page limits are: Executive Summary 1 page; Prescription Body 25 pages (including
table of contents, tables, graphics, and Implementation and Monitoring Plan) excluding
appendices. The following format is optional, but includes the essential categories. Information
in the written prescription should support the analysis and provide insight or assist with
understanding the rationale for the proposed alternatives. Interpret the information presented so
the reader can understand why it is important to your analysis or decision.
a. Executive Summary - of prescription, one page maximum.
b. Table of Contents - for the body of the prescription, implementation/monitoring
plan, and appendix.
c. The Setting - Establish context by discussing the stand in relation to location,
adjacent stands, entire drainage considerations, and past history.
d. Existing Conditions
(1) Abiotic Conditions - Soils, geology, elevation, aspect, etc.
(2) Biotic Conditions - Plant communities, stand composition and structure,
competitive stresses, succession, stocking, site potential, forest pest conditions.
e. Resource Objectives - Describe the objectives from Land Management Plan or
other plans. Be clear; describe the compelling reasons for treating this stand.
f. Management Direction - Land Management plan or multiple use direction. The
prescription should be based on existing direction from approved plans. Alternatives
should be tested against direction from the Forest Land and Resource Management Plan
to determine flexibility and sensitivity of proposed actions.
g. Desired Future Condition - Resource direction and land management plans are
translated into the desired future condition statement. Clearly describe what you would
like the stand to look like in the future using measurable silvicultural objectives.
Briefly describe how your stand fits into the overall landscape objectives.
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h. Operational Capabilities or Limitations - Resource, fiscal, or physical operational
limitations.
i. Alternatives - The Silviculturist compares the existing stand to the desired future
condition as a means to develop treatment alternatives. Discuss and display these
alternatives, but be imaginative and unconstrained by local custom. Consider
challenging established practices if necessary. Some alternatives can be ruled out early
in the evaluation process, while others will need to be considered fully. Treatment
alternatives should be developed and analyzed for a period of time sufficient to
represent the chosen silvicultural systems, and the growth of the current stand and the
initial regeneration (due to harvest or natural disturbance) of the future stand.
j. Economics - The prescription should make effective use of economic analysis and
cost comparisons, identify needed and expected general funding sources and relative
amounts, and be consistent with regional funding policies and regulations. At a
minimum include an analysis of Net Present Value (NPV) for each alternative, other
monetary and non-monetary analysis may be included as well.
k. Decision Rationale - Discuss the reasons for picking the chosen alternative and how
it meets management objectives and moves the stand towards the desired future
condition. You should show analytical evidence that the chosen alternative best meets
the objectives.
l. Implementation and Monitoring Plan - Be specific and clear. The prescription
should be able to be implemented without additional interpretation by the author. A
separate marking plan, which is part of the Implementation Plan, should be able to
guide the marking, where applicable for the entry, without markers needing to review
the rest of the prescription. Monitoring standards (thresholds) should be included.
m. Literature Citations - Cite pertinent literature. Use established, recognized protocol.
Ref: See "Literature Cited," listed in Guidelines for Contributors, included on the back
cover page of each edition of the Western Journal of Applied Forestry. Literature cited
should directly support the analysis and conclusions. Do not include general
references.
n. Appendix - Do not include superfluous material. As a minimum, the Appendices
must include appropriate maps, economic analysis, Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS)
Key words, Yield tables (Appropriate FVS output), and the stand examination. In
addition, other relevant information may be included, such as specialist reports, specific
analyses that support your conclusions, and other relevant information. You are
encouraged to use tabs to mark the appendices.
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Required and optional appendices are not counted toward the mandatory page limits. The
Candidate may bring additional analysis or notes to the Panel presentation in support of the
prescription. Nevertheless, it is the intent that the prescription must stand alone, that it describe
the stand, present objectives, support analysis, and reach conclusions.
8.64 - General Comments on the Prescription and Oral Defense
The certification prescription is a professional paper demonstrating your ability to (a)
communicate in writing, (b) determine management direction, (c) identify implementable
alternatives, (d) objectively analyze alternatives, (e) use interdisciplinary advice, (f) prescribe
realistic treatments, and (g) design monitoring techniques. All of these afore-mentioned criteria
should clearly demonstrate a logical thought process. Correct spelling and grammar are
expected. The document should convey a professional appearance. Tables and graphs should be
legible and readily understood. A cover or title page should give basic information relating to
the document, including title, author, location, and date.
The successful prescription must display an ecosystem point of view with sensitivity to the
quality of data and must contain an objective problem analysis. To achieve this, the document
should be more detailed than a normal operational prescription. Meaningful literature citations
are expected to support your analysis and conclusions, and will strengthen the prescription.
Aerial photos are helpful in the appendices, and good maps are essential. Avoid writing an
environmental assessment.
The oral defense of the prescription is a professional presentation demonstrating your ability to
(a) present your thoughts orally in a logical and organized manner, (b) provide logical and well
thought out answers to panel questions, (c) retain composure under pressure, (d) present a
professional appearance and demeanor, (e) make sure all visual aids are legible, (f) be confident
but admit if you don’t know the answer. Remember, you have studied and analyzed your stand.
You are an expert on the silviculture of that stand. Let that expertise show through.
8.65 - Understanding Resource Objectives and Management Direction
Talk to the District Ranger, Land Management Planners, and Resource Specialists. If
management direction appears to be illogical or is constraining the attainment of resource
objectives, test the direction in the prescription. The chosen alternative must, in the final
analysis, meet management direction, but the prescription should point out the tradeoffs where
appropriate. Management direction must be in concert with existing, signed plans for the Forest.
Nevertheless, the silvicultural prescription should also evaluate the compatibility of alternatives
with anticipated Forest Plan direction.
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8.66 - Use of Experts
Determine when to use expert opinion and advice. The silviculturist is expected to be able to
handle the routine biological situations. It should not be necessary to conduct a site visit with
pathologists, entomologists, ecologists, soil scientists, landscape architects, and wildlife
biologists on every stand. However, experts should be consulted in complex, difficult, or
sensitive situations. Use reasonable judgment: Would you hire a consultant to give advice for a
particular problem or resource management question? Fully question and understand any expert
used. You should still consult with (and cite specific recommendations from) your
interdisciplinary specialists in the development of your prescription. You will be defending any
recommendation included in the prescription whether you agree or disagree with a specialist.
8.7 – Silvicultural Panel Process
8.71 - Critical Importance of the Forest Panel
One of the most important aspects of the certification process, and one which has a very strong
correlation with the success or failure of the candidate at the Regional Panel, is the Forest Panel.
It is essential that all candidates go through a strong, rigorous Forest Panel. This has proved to
be an effective tool to highlight strengths and identify aspects of prescriptions that need
improvement.
The Forest Panel has the authority and responsibility to recommend that the candidate proceed to
the Regional Panel, or to recommend that the candidate complete further work and wait until the
next round of Regional Panels. The Forest Panel may use the Regional Silvicultural
Examination Worksheet (Exhibit 01) to help guide their decision. The Forest Panel should work
with the Forest Silviculturist to ensure that the written prescription meets the minimum
requirements.
It is the responsibility of the Forest Silviculturist to arrange the Forest Panel and to allow
sufficient time for the candidate to incorporate prescription edits recommended by the Forest
Panel, prior to submission to the Regional Panel. In the rare circumstance that the Forest
Silviculturist feels that a Forest Panel is not needed, please contact the Regional Silviculturist to
discuss a waiver.
8.72 - Description of the Regional Panel Process
At least several weeks prior to the panel, panelists will have been provided copies of the
silvicultural prescriptions and the background information on certification panels many weeks
prior to panels. When the Panel will convene on an individual Forest, the Forest Silviculturist
will forward copies of the silvicultural prescription and background information to panelists.
Candidates will have been provided background information and briefed intensively on the
process. To ensure consistency and provide the most robust and effective process, it is essential
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that all Panel members receive a thorough briefing on the expectations of the process (ideally
once or twice prior to the panel so they can review the prescription with that guidance in mind).
Certification panels will generally be conducted in the spring and in the fall. Office panels will
be conducted in an office setting in the Portland area. Field exams may be conducted at the
request of the candidate and the Forest. Specific instructions and the actual due dates for
certification prescriptions will be issued annually. Forest Silviculturists are responsible for
assembling field panels, or office panels held on the forest.
The prescription and oral review are designed to test both the thought process and
communication skills needed to develop an implementable prescription. In addition, they
demonstrate the candidate's knowledge and experience.
8.73 - Panel Process Quick Overview
The interview process starts with the panel chair leading introductions of the panelists, and
describing the format of the interview process. Then the candidate does a 15 minute briefing that
includes a short biographical sketch, describing professional education and experience, and then
a synopsis of the prescription. Good briefing techniques are expected such as use of visual aids,
pictures, charts and graphs. The panel then discusses the prescription with the candidate and
asks questions. About one and one-half hours are used for this part of the interview.
Following the question period, the candidate will be asked to leave the panel and may relax or
pursue other work where the panel can find them. The Panel will deliberate and decide whether
to certify the candidate. The Certification Exam Worksheet (Exhibit 01) will be used as a
guideline and framework to document the observations of each panel member. This worksheet
will assist the panel to review the criteria for certification. When the panel has made the
decision, the candidate will be asked to return to the panel, and the panel chair will inform the
candidate of the certification decision, providing observations on strengths and weaknesses.
8.74 - Panel Process Detailed Overview
Objective: Determine if the candidate can perform at the journey level as a silviculturist. 1) Not
looking for the “master” or expert silviculturist, 2)Not looking for the ultimate or “best ever”
prescription, 3) Certifying the person, not their prescription or their oral presentation, 4) Journeylevel determination is a qualitative assessment, 5) Major proof of journey-level capability should
come from the written prescription.
Panel process:
1. Pre-candidate team briefing
2. What are the major areas of concern with the prescription; what will be the major
avenues of questioning (identify overlap between panelists)?
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3. Bring candidate into room
4. Introductions
5. Describe interview process
a. Designed to be a mellow, conversational experience, not an inquisition
b. Candidate is the “tour guide” providing a tour of the stand and its prescription
6. Candidate makes a 15-minute timed presentation to provide a synopsis of their stand and
prescription. The presentation includes a short biographical sketch.
a. Biographical sketch should summarize professional education and experience
b. Total presentation should not exceed 15 minutes in length
7. Panel will then interview the candidate (the steps for #7 are examples, not requirements.
The Panel Chair may modify these as appropriate)
a. Normally, the total interview process will take no more than one and one-half hours
(can take more if needed)
b. Questioning will rotate, each panelist, in order, will ask one (or two closely-related)
questions during their “turn” in the rotation
c. If another panelist has a similar question to one being discussed, that panelist should
wait to ask the follow-up question until their turn (to avoid disruption to the candidate
and the process)
d. Generally, the panel will cycle through the question rotation at least three or four
times (each panelist will have at least three or four opportunities to ask questions)
e. Objective of cycling through the questioning is to give each panelist a chance to ask
their most important questions and have them be answered, this process meets two
objectives:
(1) Allows all panelists to ask questions, and
(2) The candidate must be asked a variety of questions covering a spectrum of issues to
ensure they can function at the journey level
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f. Panel chair will be the last panelist in the rotation
8. After interview process is over, candidate will be asked to leave the room and is shown
to a comfortable area to wait or work
9. Panel chair will then lead the panel in a discussion about certification of the candidate
a. Flip chart notes can be used to summarize candidate’s strengths and successes, along
with areas of recommended improvement or change
b. Evaluation of candidate will primarily be based on the questions provided on the
Certification Exam Worksheet, which are from the Region 6 silviculture handbook
10. Candidate is asked to return to the room, and the panel chair delivers the panel’s
decision
a. It is important that the candidate understand the decision and its rationale
b. Flip chart notes may be used to help explain the decision to the candidate
c. Panelists will be asked to help explain the flip chart notes when necessary
11. Shortly after the panel experience is over, the panel chair will write a letter as the
Regional Forester’s Representative that documents the panel’s decision, to certify or not to
certify
a. If the panel specifies that the candidate complete follow-up work (prescription
revisions, etc.) before rendering a final decision at a later date, those instructions (to the
candidate) will be documented in a formal letter, including timeframes as to when the
specified work will be completed and submitted to the panel for review. The letter also
describes any follow-up actions by the panel (conference call to discuss review of
revisions, etc.)
8.75 - How the Panel Evaluates the Candidate and the Prescription
The basic question is: Does the candidate demonstrate the capability to perform as a journeylevel silviculturist? This is a qualitative assessment.
The major proof should be from the written prescription, but the oral presentation is important as
well. See the Certification Examination Worksheet in Exhibit 01 for some pertinent questions.
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There are just two basic options available to the panel: to certify, or not to certify. Certification
is for four years, and there is no "partial" certification.
If the decision is not to certify, the panel can elect to have the candidate:
1. Return in a subsequent year and appear before another panel with a revised or new
prescription,
2. Revise the prescription to correct deficiencies,
3. A modification of either of these options.
In making the decision, the panel should be reminded that the objective is to determine if the
candidate is at the journey level. If that is the judgment of the panel, the candidate should be
certified, even if flaws are found in the prescription. In these situations, the panel can certify and
give recommendations for improvement. During the panel deliberations, it is effective to take
notes on a flip chart, recording the strengths and weaknesses of the candidate and the decision of
the panel.
Some guidelines for the decision:
1. Looking for the journey-level (District) Silviculturist, not the "master."
2. Not looking for the ultimate prescription. The prescription is merely a tool which we
use to evaluate whether the candidate is qualified to practice at the journey level.
3. The Forest Silviculturist’s statement will be viewed as a recommendation for
certification and may be relied upon if the certification panel is otherwise undecided.
Certification carries a responsibility to be able to suggest alternative vegetation management
techniques to meet management objectives, be able to ensure selected treatments are carried out,
describe likely and potential vegetation responses to decision-makers, and their decisions are
assumed to meet described standards whenever they appear in appeals and court actions.
After the candidate returns to the room, the panel Chair will discuss the findings of the panel and
convey the decision to the candidate. It is important that the candidate clearly understand the
decision and the rationale behind it. Extra prescriptions are returned to the candidate unless a
panel member wishes to retain a copy for reference. Let the candidate know that you will be
writing a letter, which documents the decision of the panel. As soon as possible after the panel,
the Chair should draft the letter and forward it directly to the Regional Silviculturist for
finalizing. The letter will be issued from the Regional Office, Natural Resources, but be signed
by the panel Chair.
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8.76 - Panel Members Roles
1. All Panelists - Although each panel member represents an important function within the
panel, all panelists need to represent as broad a range of functions as possible. The attached
evaluation criteria show the degree of knowledge that is expected to be demonstrated by the
candidate in order to be certified. All panelists should be fully prepared prior to the panel, and
participate as fully as possible. The candidates are being evaluated on their "demonstrated" skills
as fairly and consistently as possible. The candidates should be put at ease as much as possible
to allow them a fair chance to demonstrate the knowledge they have gained through education
and experience.
2. Chair - Be fully prepared prior to the panel (read prescription and have initial questions
ready). Participate in the Panel Chair pre-briefing. Also arrange a pre-briefing (ideally a month
or so before the panel) with your panel members and pass on the guidance from Chair prebriefing to ensure consistency and that your panel members understand the expectations. Set the
tone for the interview. On the day of the panel, brief candidate and other panel members on the
process. Ensure the candidate is treated fairly and consistently. Ensure that the candidate is
adequately questioned regarding the prescription. Normally the Chair will be the last member of
the panel to question the candidate. Lead discussion of panel on certification of candidate.
Write letter to the candidate confirming decision and reasoning of the panel (see instructions to
Chair).
3. Faculty/Research - Be fully prepared prior to the panel (read prescription and have
initial questions ready). Be a full and active member of the panel. Ask any question of the
candidate about any part of the prescription. Ensure that the candidate has a good understanding
of the technical and professional aspects of silviculture. Ensure that the candidate is using
current and scientific based information.
4. Line - Be fully prepared prior to the panel (read prescription and have initial questions
ready). Be a full and active member of the panel. Ask any question of the candidate about any
part of the prescription. Ensure that the candidate has involved the line officer, and has analyzed
the stand to meet the needs of the line officer. You are not limited to asking questions that relate
only to "Line."
5. Resources - Be fully prepared prior to the panel (read prescription and have initial
questions ready). Be a full and active member of the panel. Ask any question of the candidate
about any part of the prescription. Ensure that the candidate has a good understanding and
involvement of the resources involved in the prescription, and appropriate resource specialists
were consulted if necessary. You may ask questions that relate to the treatment of any resource
specialty (not just your own). You are not limited to only 'resource' questions.
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6. Silviculturist - Be fully prepared prior to the panel (read prescription and have initial
questions ready). Be a full and active member of the panel. Ask any question of the candidate
about any part of the prescription. Ensure that the candidate has a good understanding of the
technical and professional aspects of silviculture. Look to see that the candidate has
appropriately utilized line and staff assistance (not too much or too little). You are not limited to
only 'technical' questions.
7. Silent Observers - One or two silent observers may be allowed to be present during the
process. This will be at the discretion of the candidate and the Panel Chair. Future candidates
will not be allowed as silent observers to avoid problems with peer pressure and excessive
pressure on the candidate. Future panel chairs are encouraged to be a silent observer in order to
learn the process and provide consistency. The Chair needs to make the determination to
exclude individuals who might create undue pressure on the candidate during the process, as the
candidate may not feel that they can say no to some individuals such as a co-worker or
supervisor.
8.77 - Description of the Optional Regional Field Certification Exam
Field exams are conducted at the option of the Forest and Candidate. Field exams are typically
less formal, less intimidating, and allow more time for discussion. On the other hand,
questioning runs longer, and errors of omission (such as missing key pathogens, wrong stand
boundaries, etc.) are easier to see. Field exams are suggested if test anxiety, particularly during a
previous office exam, is a consideration.
For field exams, make the following adjustments to the panel procedures described above.
1. The exam can cover any aspect of silviculture the candidate should be aware of. The
exam can start prior to reaching the stand (the candidate should not drive), and the team can
decide to view other work or examples if the certification stand leaves some questions that
another stop might help answer.
2. The one and one-half hour time limit will be ignored. Although longer questioning
can be draining for the candidate, it permits exploring particular topic areas in depth to find out
where the candidates knowledge level really is. This prevents "blowing" a topic area because of
one or two misunderstood questions or badly framed answers.
3. The 15-minute introduction and overview by the candidate will be treated as a
guideline (not as a strict limit), and time spent viewing the stand prior to the start of prescription
questions will not be counted against it.
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4. The team will be taken through the stand, visiting various "conditions" that influence
the prescription. Questions during this tour should be limited to clarification of the stand
description, boundaries, etc. Detailed prescription questions should be held until the entire stand
has been viewed.
5. At the end of the formal questioning, the team will review the candidate’s
performance with respect to the evaluation questions listed in the attached Silviculture
Certification Examination Worksheet (Exhibit 01). The candidate or Forest should supply a
vehicle designed to carry all members of the team and the candidate. The candidate should not
drive in either direction, and is prohibited from driving back to the office from the field.
6. If the candidate and the Panel Chair approve, up to two silent observers may be
permitted.
7. As always, panel members must stick together, avoid conversations outside the main
group, avoid conversations that are not integral to the exam, and avoid conversations between
panel members (rather than between a panel member and the candidate).
The exam objective remains the same. Is the candidate technically and functionally competent to
serve as a certified silviculturist?
8.8 – Certification Defense Tips and Timeline
8.81 - Tips for Certification Defense
1.
Have a timeline or similar guide to help stay on track when making your presentation.
2. Candidates may use a polished PowerPoint, or other format, for their presentation. This
is desirable, but don't overdo it.
3. Find out who is on your panel. Ask questions of your peers and others about the
panelists and the types of questions they ask. If you learn that the faculty representative has just
published three articles on climate change, you do not have to change your prescription but be
prepared to answer questions about how your prescription considers climate change.
4. When asked a question and you are not sure what is asked, or need more time to
formulate a response, ask for the question to be repeated.
5. When asked a question that you do not understand, try to get clarification by asking a
related question.
6.
If you do not know the answer, say so, bluffing will not be successful.
7.
Be confident, but not belligerent. Address the panel in an active voice.
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8. Dress appropriately for the interview. Casual or dress business acceptable for the
interview
9. Know your stand inside and out (do not forget the landscape aspects like the Forest
Plan designation), but also brush up on core silviculture terms like SDI, q-factor, 3P sampling,
QMD, etc
10. If an issue in your prescription, it is fair game for Panel questions. If you talk about
Soil Expectation Value (SEV), be prepared to describe it.
11. Review the minimum requirements for silvicultural certification in the first section of
this document and ensure you can answer questions relating to those criteria.
12. Use your knowledge and scientific data to support a point, but do not include
information that is unrelated to your prescription.
8.82 - Examples of Questions That are Frequently Asked During Certification
Exams
Listed below are some types of questions asked during Regional Office silviculture certification
panels.
1. What is the difference between even-aged and uneven-aged management? What does
the growth curve look like for each?
2. I noticed your selection of alternatives excluded group selection (or some other cutting
method). Explain how you developed your alternatives, who was on the ID team and who
selected the final alternative.
3. I understand your preferred alternative for the stand, but explain to me how the
preferred alternative will relate to the surrounding area. In other words, what is the relationship
between how you treat your stand and surrounding stands? What about landscape management
and visuals for your stand?
4. Explain the plant associations (plant communities, habitat types) you listed in your
prescription. You talk about the words seral, climax, reproducing successfully, and constancy.
Please give me a discussion about how you used these words and how they relate to your plant
association and stand.
5. Explain the geology of your stand and how it relates to soils, rooting depth, and overall
tree growth.
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6. Since compaction and displacement of the soil is a major issue for your stand, what
measures are you using to prevent soil compaction and displacement? What are unacceptable
soil conditions for your stand? List them.
7. I noticed your stand is on the eastside of Region 6. Please explain the term ‘eastside
screens,’ or ‘historic range of variation,’ what it means to you, and how it affects your
prescription.
8. I noticed your stand is on the westside of Region 6. How does your stand fit into the
Northwest Forest Plan (NFP)? How did the NFP amend your Forest's "Land and Resource
Management Plan?" How do NFP amendments affect your stand, and what additional
challenges did they impose?
9. Please give me a discussion about large woody material and how it relates to your
stand. Will you be able to provide adequate habitat for snag-and wood-dependent wildlife
throughout the life of your stand? If so, why or why not?
10. In your stand exam is listed such things as CCF, stand density index, SD, standard
error, etc. Please explain how you interpreted this information for your stand. What do these
concepts mean?
11. Explain how you developed the economic analysis for your stand.
12. What is meant by bare land value?
13. You have existing timber on your stand. How was its value used during the economic
analysis for your stand?
14. Why didn't you do a sensitivity analysis using a higher or lower interest rate? Why did
you use 4% (or some other percentage) as your selected interest rate? How does raising or
lowering the interest rate affect the viability of your project?
15. What if something goes wrong; did you develop a contingency plan?
16. You talk about stand density index in your prescription and use it to describe a
condition. Discuss what you know about stand density index.
17. How did you model the stand?
18. Why did you choose the model you did over other models?
19. Explain in detail how the model projects the growth of your stand.
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20. How does your model deal with mortality?
21. What did you use for a stocking level curve? How did you decide when to schedule a
precommercia1 or commercial thin?
22. You used Curtis's relative density with your stand. Explain how you used it in your
stand and what a relative density of 40 means.
23. How did you determine when the first commercial entry would be for your stand and
what factors were used to help make that decision?
24. You have several species in your stand, but the model you used for your stand is geared
toward Douglas-fir. How did you handle this issue?
25. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the model you used to project your
stand?
26. How did you calibrate the model?
27. I noticed you didn't list any archaeological sites in your prescription. Did you have a
cultural resource survey completed?
28. How did you treat the riparian areas in your stand? What does the term aquatic
conservation strategy mean to you?
29. Explain ecosystem management. Did you apply any of these concepts when preparing
your prescription and, if so, how?
30. Explain the fire history of your stand. How did the fire history affect stand
development over time?
31. Your development of alternatives was not clearly tied to management direction and
desired future condition. Did you leave some management direction out? Explain your desired
future condition and how it relates to management direction. How was the desired future
condition used during development of alternatives?
32. I noticed that your Forest uses 40% of maximum potential biological capability for
wildlife habitat. Explain to me what it means to have a 40% level for biological potential and
define biological potential.
33. Explain the elk habitat effectiveness index used on your Forest, and what it means.
What do hiding cover and thermal cover mean?
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34. Your Forest is in an owl habitat area. Give me a history of how timber-cutting
practices on your Forest affected owl habitat. What are "forest fragmentation" and "late
successional reserves?" How do these concepts affect your stand?
35. What stream condition classes are in your stand? Explain what they are.
36. Explain how your prescription protects the downstream fishery resource. You mention
the word PACFISH. Explain what this term means and how it affected your prescription.
37. Are any T&E species affected by your stand? If so, how did you provide for their
protection?
38. I noticed that you mentioned the presence of certain insects or diseases in your stand.
Explain to me the life cycle of these organisms and how you plan to account for future outbreaks.
You have mistletoe in your stand; what is the six-class mistletoe rating system?
39. Animal damage appears to be rampant in your stand. State the primary factor that
influences animal damage on most forested areas.
40. Since animal damage is a problem, what prevention measures do you plan to take?
41. You talked about gophers in your stand. By knowing the gopher life cycle, how can it
help you prevent animal damage from gophers?
42. I noticed that you prescribe planting with genetically improved stock. How much gain
do you expect to realize from using genetically improved stock and why?
43. Explain in detail the reforestation plan for your stand and why you have such high
reforestation costs.
44. I noticed that you used the terms Management Analysis Incorporated (MAI),
Culmination of Mean Annual Increment (CMAI), and Periodic Annual Increment (PAI) in your
prescription. Discuss how you used them and the interrelationships between these terms. Can
we harvest at 95% of MAI? Why or why not?
45. You did not extend your stand through a complete rotation (such as existing stand plus
future stand). Is this going to be a problem? Why or why not?
46. You’ve become an expert in your specific stand. How does your stand and your
proposed treatment fit into the management objectives for your landscape?
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47. How does your proposed treatment affect the long-term fuel loading of your stand, how
would it affect the landscape?
48. Is your stand near the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), how did you address this issue
with your proposed treatment?
49. If you had no constraints, what treatment would you propose for your stand?
50. How would your preferred alternative change if “X” happened?
8.83 - Suggestions for Improvement from Previous Candidates
1. Clearly display management direction.
2. Make sure economic analysis is adequate and that proposed treatments acknowledge
and reflect current market and funding realities.
3. Clearly describe the objective and logical selection of a preferred alternative.
4. Consider coordination of activities with nearby stands (landscape context).
5. Use interdisciplinary consultation and consider input.
6. Demonstrate familiarity with the area.
7. Use good writing skills and ask for editorial assistance if needed.
8. Consider a contingency plan. In testing the preferred alternative, ask yourself what
could go wrong with the prescription. Then develop a monitoring plan that evaluates the
key elements of the prescription, and provide for contingencies.
9. Implementation and monitoring plan should be clear and implementable without
additional information.
10. A strong, rigorous Forest Panel is essential.
11. If you have questions about the format for citing references or using tables, etc, you
may consult your Forest Silviculturist or use the optional style guide produced by the
Pacific Northwest Research Station, located at: http://fsweb.r6.fs.fed.us/pnw
8.84 - Timeline for Certification Process
General timeline for an entire process from new forester to recertification (generally takes at
least five years to gain the required and recommended field experience, and an additional two
and one-half years from application to certification). These are generalized examples, times may
vary.
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1. Experience
a. Hired in year one
2. Anticipate future interest in certification, supplement existing experience
a. Required - At least two seasons of activities related to reforestation
b. Required - At least two seasons of activities related to TSI or PCT
c. Required - At least two years of harvest planning, preparation, or implementation
d. Recommended - Cruising and other field experience
e. Recommended - Look for opportunities to assist current silviculturists with the
development of their prescriptions
f. Recommended - Consider expanding breadth and spend some time on the projects
of others (a day or so each, not a detail), with wildlife biologists, fisheries biologists,
archeologists, soil scientists, fire personnel, ecologists, botanists, range managers,
forest planner, NR/TM staff, engineers
3. National Advanced Silviculture Program (NASP or equivalent)
a. ~September year eight (year “eight” is an example only, this will vary by
candidate), Washington Office call letter for NASP candidates, information on
silviculture process sent to applicants. For an example of the NASP application
please see Exhibit 02
b. ~end of September year eight, NASP applications due to Regional Office,
Regional Office submits top applicants to Washington Office (generally, three to four
candidates submitted, Regional Office generally pays $18,000 tuition and Forests pay
travel, per diem and salary)
c. ~January year nine, official response from Washington Office for accepted
candidates (graduate credit may be available at the universities, at candidate’s
expense – arrange with university early)
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d. ~May year nine, two weeks at University 1
e. ~September year nine, two weeks at University 2
f. Winter year nine, begin selection of prescription stand (if not already selected)
g. ~January year 10, two weeks at University 3
h. ~April year 10, three weeks at University 4
i. Summer or Fall year 10, two to three weeks of Region supplemental training,
rotates between Region 6 and Region 5
j. Summer or Fall year 10, complete field work on prescription stand
4. Certification
a. Winter year 10, write prescription, submit to others on and off-Forest for
comment
b. ~January to early February year 11, have strong, rigorous Forest Panel. The
outcome of the Forest Panel will determine if the candidate is moved forward to a
Regional Panel
c. ~January to early Feb year 11, request a field/office Regional Panel (field Panels
can offer some benefits but can also result in a more challenging Panel)
d. ~February year 11, incorporate edits identified during strong, rigorous Forest
Panel, submit prescription for Forest approval (by Forest Silviculturist, Forest Panel,
or Forest Panel Chair)
e. ~early February year 11, Regional Office builds certification Panels
f. ~mid February year 11, Panel Chairs “meet” to exchange ideas, ensure overall
consistency of approach
g. ~early March year 11, submit Forest-approved prescription to Regional Office
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h. ~early March year 11, prescriptions and instructions sent to Panel Members
i. ~mid March – mid April year 11, Panel Chairs “meet” with Panel Members once
or twice, review expectations/roles, ensure overall consistency of approach
j. ~late April year 11, defend prescription before Regional Panel
k. Candidate notified immediately after Panel deliberation of the Panel’s decision
l. late fall (Nov, December year 11), possible Fall Panels (with same relative leadup of strong, rigorous Forest Panel, and “meetings” of Panel Chairs and Members)
m. If successful - Certification! Certified for four years
5. Recertification
a. Years one to three and one-half after certification, complete 120 hours of
recertification credits
b. Get Forest Supervisor recommendation and Forest Silviculturist endorsement
c. Recertification packet is submitted to Regional Office no later than November 1,
of recertification year
d. If approved, recertification letter is issued for next four years
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8.75 – Exhibit 01 (1 of 3) (for printable format go to http://fswebdrm.r6.fs.fed.us/systems/records/forms/find-fs-r6-formslist.php)
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8.75 – Exhibit 01 (2 of 2)
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8.75 – Exhibit 01 (3 of 3)
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8.84 – Exhibit 02 (1 of 3) (for printable format go to http://fswebdrm.r6.fs.fed.us/systems/records/forms/find-fs-r6-formslist.php)
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8.84 – Exhibit 02 (2 of 3)
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8.84 – Exhibit 02 (3 of 3)
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8.9 – Requirements for Recertification in Region 6
1. The recommendation of the Forest Supervisor or Pacific Northwest Research Station
Director.
2. A statement of technical and professional competency from a certified Forest
Silviculturist (or other forest-level certified silviculturist who is approved by the Regional
Silviculturist to do recertifications) endorsing the technical and professional competence of the
silviculturist. Upon request from a Forest without a certified Forest Silviculturist, an adjacent
Forest’s certified Forest Silviculturist may make the endorsement of technical and professional
competence. Certified Forest Silviculturists require the technical and professional competence
endorsement of the Regional Silviculturist.
3. Continuing education in silviculture and related fields. The minimum educational
requirements must be met in the 48 months immediately preceding the application and include
the following contact (instructional) hours:
Category I: Silvicultural and Ecological Sciences
32 hours
Category II: Localized technical training
48 hours
Category III: Related sciences and workshops
24 hours
Category IV: Political science, social science, or
communication education
16 hours
Total
120 hours
4. Examples of courses that meet the Recertification requirement by category are:
a. Category I: Silvicultural and Ecological Sciences (Minimum 32 hours) (These
must include some form of forest vegetation management strategies as subject matter
and may include soils and fire behavior.)
(1) Academically rigorous silvicultural or ecological science “education” (not just
“training”) such as university science courses, or symposiums where the
preponderance of the program is university professors or researcher published papers
presented (or to be presented). Examples of academic rigor could be courses
requiring intensive participation, small group exercises, papers to be prepared, exams,
or presentations.
(2) Advanced Workshops in Silviculture sponsored by NASP.
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(3) University conducted short courses or symposia that are academically rigorous,
silviculture or ecological science related courses.
(4) Advance Pest Management for Silviculturists.
(5) NASP modules or the Regional Silviculture Supplement.
(6) Silvicultural course work towards a graduate degree.
(7) Silvicultural publications requiring peer review to academic standards, may
qualify.
(8) Excess hours from other categories may not be used for Category 1.
b. Category II: Local Technical Training (Minimum 48 hours)
(1) Training from Universities, the Forest Service, and other sources that are not
“academically rigorous”.
(2) Forest Service sponsored silvicultural workshops and field training.
(3) University conducted short courses that are “technical in nature,” but not
rigorous silvicultural or ecological education.
(4) Excess hours from Silvicultural or Ecological Sciences category may be used
for this category.
(5) Budgeting and reporting training, and meeting such as Trust Fund workshops do
not meet this requirement.
c. Category III: Related Sciences and Workshops (Minimum 24 hours) (Related
sciences are wildlife biology, range sciences, hydrology, fisheries, landscape
architecture, and other natural resources disciplines (and may include soils and fire
behavior) normally associated with forest management objective settings, not
vegetation management.
(1) University conducted short courses or symposia.
(2) Correspondence courses from universities, community colleges or equivalent.
(3) Related science course work toward a graduate degree.
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(4) Forest Service sponsored short courses or workshops (not meetings) where
university or research scientists present findings.
(5) Excess hours from the Silvicultural or Ecological Sciences category may be
used for this category.
d. Category IV: Political Science, Social Science, or Communication Education
(Minimum 16 hours)
(1) Policy and legislative workshops or training.
(2) Social science or public communication education.
(3) Intensive Semester, Leadership Issues, or Strategic Thinking.
(4) Society of American Foresters (SAF) study tours on political, social, or
communication topics
(5) Workshops on interpersonal or group communications.
(6) Civil Rights, Affirmative Action, Diversity, and other mandatory training may
not be used to meet the requirements of this category.
(7) Excess hours from other categories may not be used in this category.
The Regional Silviculturist will maintain a list of approved sample courses, and approve new
courses on a case-by-case basis. The list will include course title, categories, and hours of credit.
Questions about continuing education categories will be directed through the Forest Silviculturist
responsible for recertification endorsement to the Regional Silviculturist. It is recommended that
these questions be asked well prior to certification expiration to avoid a lapse in certification.
Evidence of satisfactory completion shall include as a minimum the date, course
description/agenda, sponsor, location, category, and hours of credit. It is intended that the
educational categories be followed, but exceptions for cause may be made with the approval of
the Regional Silviculturist.
FSM 2478.5 requires all prescriptions for forest vegetation treatments shall be prepared or
approved by a certified silviculturist, and that recertification interval is not to exceed four years.
Recertification is assumed upon Forest’s submission of the completed application to the
Regional Office, unless the application is disapproved.
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The endorsement of technical and professional competence for any candidate should consider the
recertification candidate’s currency of experience, as demonstrated by project prescriptions,
special projects, or professional papers. If a candidate’s certification has lapsed for a year or
more, the endorsement of technical and professional competence will include reasons why the
recertification candidate is viewed as competent, such as project prescriptions, special projects,
or professional paper. A field exam of a working prescription using an abbreviated panel,
headed by a leader selected by the Regional Silviculturist, is required unless waived by the
Regional Silviculturist based on the technical endorsement and clear evidence of currency.
8.91 - Procedure for Recertification
Applicant for recertification must forward to the Forest Supervisor, evidence of continuing
education as described above. The Forest Supervisor then forwards the application to the
Regional Forester, ATTENTION: Regional Silviculturist. To be considered for Recertification,
the application must include the recommendation of the Forest Supervisor, and an endorsement
of technical and professional competence from the Forest or Regional Silviculturist. The
endorsement of technical and professional competence must be recommended and signed by a
certified Forest Silviculturist or Regional Silviculturist.
The Regional Forester shall issue a certificate if the requirements have been satisfactorily met.
Recertification becomes effective as of the date of the candidate’s application submission by the
Forest or the date of current certification expiration whichever is later, for a period of four years.
The Regional Office shall state in the letter forwarding the certificate to the Forest any period of
non-certification which may have occurred.
In instances where the silviculturist is not recommended for recertification, the Forest
Silviculturist shall work with the recertification candidate to develop approaches to demonstrate
competence. Several options may be appropriate, including the preparation of an operational
prescriptions, special projects, or professional papers.
Applications for recertification should be submitted to the Regional Office no later than
November 1st of the recertification year to avoid lapse of certification.
8.92 - Requirements for Certification of Silviculturist from Other Regions
Applicants for certification in Region 6 who have transferred from another Region must meet all
current national and regional standards, and show evidence that they currently hold certification
from another Region. The Regional Silviculturist will make a case by case determination for any
additional requirements to transfer the certification.
If the applicant is from another Region and certification has lapsed, then an exam, panel defense,
or other demonstration of competency determined by the Regional Silviculturist will be required.
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If the requirements have been satisfactorily met, the Regional Forester shall issue a new
certificate for period of four years. The certification period will be the remaining time of current
certification period. If the certification has lapsed the procedure for recertification will be
followed.
In instances where the silviculturist is not recommended for recertification, the Forest
Silviculturist shall work with the recertification candidate to develop approach to demonstrate
competence. Several options may be appropriate, including preparation of an operational
prescriptions, special projects, or professional papers.