A Neighborhood Alternative Energy Plant
by
Douglas James Brooks
B.S.A.D.,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(1979)
Submitted to the Department of
Architecture in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Degree of
Master of Architecture
at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
September, 1982
@ Douglas James Brooks 1982
The author hereby grants to the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog
to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.
Signature
of
Author.....
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Department of Architecture, June .9a2---7f
Certified
by ..............
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Robert J. Slattery, Professor of Archi
Accepted
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hpXs Superv
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Shun Kanda, Chairman, Departmental Commitie on tradhate Students
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1
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For Helen
Your love, patience and support
made all possible.
With heartfelt thanks to Bob Slattery and Richard Tabors, who kept a
designer's dreams alive, well and living within the realm of possibility.
And to my parents, who gave me dreams and let me live them.
Table of Contents
Contents
Page
Abstract.s
.....
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. . .
. . . .
. .
. . . . . .
Intro duction..........................................................9
0 0 a0 0 9 a a 0 0
Program ..............................................................
History
of
the Site.-.
239a sa e** a e 9 ae e*2
................... a*0 *
Design.....asa............as.......egs
a
aa.
*. ........
a.a.
. -33
. .a.a.
......... a.. ........
*.49
Master Plan
NAEP Site
50
60
NAEP
72
Viability.@..............e.a
....
e.........e.....@geg
e ea e@as..
e.. as. ..
103
Hydroelectricity
106
Cogeneration
Anaerobic Digestion
Wind Power
128
136
146
Photovoltaics
150
Conclusion. . 6 4aa.....................
Appendixes..
.
..
0 0*a.................................g
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*.....e.o
............
e a
g ema
em .me a0
eea0a9a
a
gaa ea4 0 a0 am 0aa............167
168
Heating Load
Passive Solar Heating
173
Auxiliary Energy Demand
Cooling Load
185
188
Historical Cost Indexes
192
Building Cost Estimate
Bibliography.................................................megee
193
g.955
e a 0g0e159
6
A Neighborhood Alternative Energy Plant
by
Douglas James Brooks
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on June 15, 1982, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Architecture.
ABSTRACT
A design that proposes the redefinition of the role of a power plant facility within a community
by creating a humane environment for recreation, education, community gathering, living, and energy
production; rather than the traditional remote and often inhumane environments of the present.
This thesis explores the design of a small scale alternative energy plant as the center of a new
framework for revitalizing small industries, developing industrial cogeneration of energy, and redeveloping mixed use commercial, office, and residential areas within the context of a deteriorated urban neighborhood. Located in a historic area of Rockford, Illinois, the design incorporates some fifty new passive
solar residences and a 34,000 square foot clean energy plant within an eleven and one-half acre inner-city
site. Fueled by the sun, the wind, the Rock River, and the community's municipal refuse and sewage, this
neighborhood alternative energy plant (NAEP) represents not only a renewable energy resource, but both a
recreational and educational resource as well. The challenge of this project is to provide an integrated
alternative method for both producing power and participating in its production.
Included in the design of this NAEP are: an overview of alternative energy use in architecture and
community planning; a history of small scale power generation within the context of the neighborhood; a
master plan for the site; design of the facility; and energy and economic analysis, designed to demonstrate the viability of the project within a contemporary marketplace.
Thesis Supervisor:
Robert J. Slattery
Title:
Associate Professor of Architecture
7
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Two roads diverged in a wood, and I --
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
-Robert Frost
Today's architect stands before the figurative crossroads of the poet Robert
Frost. Following decades in pursuit of a
style and method of building that have increasingly relied on higher technology and
greater energy to satisfy man's most basic
needs, the contemporary architect faces the
decision of the poet -- whether or not to
continue along that more highly trodden
path.
The alternative way, the path of
soft technology architecture is the premise of this thesis.
Physicist Amory B. Lovins contrasts the
present United States federal policy of
10
rapid expansion of centralized high technologies with an alternative path of re-
newable energy sources which are matched
in scale and energy to the end use needs.
In Lovin's terms, soft technologies are
characterized as follows:
-- They rely on renewable energy flows that
are always there whether we use them or
not, such as sun and wind and vegetation:
on energy income, not on depletable energy capital.
-- They are diverse, so that energy supply
is an aggregate of very many individually modest contributions, each designed
for maximum effectiveness in particular
circumstances.
--They are flexible and relatively lowtechnology -- which does not mean un-
sophisticated, but rather, easy to understand and use without esoteric
skills, accessible rather than arcane.
-- They are matched in scale and geographic
distribution to the end use needs, taking advantage of the free distribution
of most natural energy flows.
-- They are matched in energy quality to
end use needs.
mission to low quality needs of heating
and lighting.
An alternative approach
would be the design of small scale neighborhood power plants which utilize soft
technology energy sources, recover waste
heat, and cogenerate steam with electri-
Clearly, these characteristics are di-
city --
for the distinct uses of heating
rectly applicable to architecture and com-
and cooling versus lighting and manufac-
munity planning.
turing --
In the case of centra-
lized generation of electricity, currently
the United States generates this energy
with greatly reduced energy
transmission losses.
In addition to mismatching our energy
through the burning of high quality fossil
production and its use, in the past half
fuels at high temperatures, or through the
century our approach to energy in archi-
process of high temperature nuclear fis-
tecture has followed a hard technology
sion; yet two-thirds of that generated
approach towards greater reliance on
electricity is lost in wide-spread trans-
mechanical systems and high technology
44
solutions to human habitation.
As one ex-
ample of our past, compare the World Trade
Center building in New York City with the
town of Schenectady, New York. Schenectady serves the needs of over 100,000 people with a full range of residential, institutional, industrial, and commercial
facilities that any city requires; whereas
the twin World Trade buildings were deGrassy Brook Village, Brookline, Vermont
Proposeid graSSy brok life systeis
signed to serve the needs of approximately
50,000 people on a more limited and dubious basis. Yet, both Schenectady and a
set of two 110 story office buildings
share a common link, both require the same
80 megawatts of energy demand -- or over
250,000,000 BTUs per hour.
Herein lies the crux of the architectural-technological dilemna.
Not only have
we in the industrialized world tied up
enormous amounts of energy in the construction of our high technology steel and
glass buildings, such as the World Trade
Center, but we have also ensured that
these buildings will continue to consume
12
a vast amount of energy in order to operate daily, for years to come. The Lovins
solution to our high technology dilemna is
not an easy pill to swallow, for in the
long run it points toward nothing short
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of pulling the plug on an established
infrastructure of energy generation.
But
r~4~
let us consider in smaller detail what
his solution entails.
Basically, what Lovins envisions in
architecture is a building or collection
of buildings that operate like a living
organism, capable of producing all or a
majority of their energy needs singlehandedly.
This hypothetical structure is
tailored to the individual, rather than
the anonomous mass of users; rather than
turn on a ceiling full of lights, one
could turn on a single task light;
rather than ventilate an entire floor, one
could open a few windows; rather than air
condition a glass curtainwall,
one could
shade the windows; and rather than purchase electricity from a vast nuclear
grid, one could capture his own solar power
and buy electricity from a neighborhood
alternative energy plant.
Prince Edward Island Ark
by the New Alchemy Institute
master plan for the NAEP redevelopment area.
7..-5
14
Section through the site.
As an embodiment of the soft technology
concepts of Lovins and the work of others,
such as the New Alchemy Institute, I propose the design of an alternative energy
plant on the scale of a neighborhood.
Using a number of diverse soft energies
including: solar, wind, water, and biomass
sources, as well as some tradition fossil
fuels.
However, the intent is not to pro-
vide purely autonomous power, rather to
augment the existing infrastructures of
centralized power by lessening the demand
on them for increased energy capacity.
Lovins observes that the utilities have
come closer to financial disaster than any
other industry. Because of their failures
to base historic prices on the long run
cost of new supply, many utilities predict
Hamilton Solar Village:
1) Marshland/Aquaculture -- 600 acres yielding 50-100 tons/year/
2) Solar Technology Center -- soft tech industries.
acre of edible shrimp and fish.
3) Transit Center -- where on-site foot, bicycle and electric vehicle traffic interfaces
with off-site car, bus, rail, and ferry traffic. 4) Rehabilitated Housing -- 160 existing
units retrofitted for solar water heating and energy conservation. 5) Corporate Office
Center 6) Energy Production -- a 4-5 megawatt solar thermal electric plant. 7) Waste Recovery -- oxidation lagoons and greenhouses to purify sewage for irrigation. 8) Food Production -- 100 acres of commercial organic truck farm bordered by community gardens.
9) New Solar Housing -- 650 units with 80-100% passive solar heating and cooling. 10) Sport
and Recreation Center.
a trebling of the dollar cost of a kilo-
enhanced by localized distribution, but in
watt-hour (in
addition, the free sources of alternate
the ten year period between
1975 and 1985),
and that two-thirds of
that increase will be capital charges for
new plants.
The economic basis for a
soft energies are often best utilized at
this scale.
The Public Utilities Regulatory Policy
smaller scale neighborhood power plant has
Act of 1978 provides the main incentive for
never been better; not only is the effi-
the creation of a neighborhood alternative
ciency of fossil fuel conversion greatly
energy plant or any qualifying cogenera-
m
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NAEP
SITE
tion facility. The act represents a major
milestone in removing institutional barriers to cogeneration and alternative
energy facilities, and is analagous to
deregulation of the phone industry. Just
F--_
II
as subsequent changes in the telephone industry regulations have helped to revolutionize the communication industry, PURPA
will soon create a similar revolution in
the power generating industry. The near
future will find electricity from solar,
wind, water, and biomass sources wheeled
onto the utilities transmission lines with
the utility acting as common carrier. The
major provisions of PURPA are as follows:
1) Electric utilites are now required to
purchase excess power offered for sale
by qualifying facilities. (W)
2) A W is defined as a facility that is
owned by an individual or corporation
(including municipalities), with no more
than fifty percent of the equity interest owned by an electric utility and
said facility produces electric energy
primarily by use of a renewable resource.
The W cannot have a power
Arcosanti, Arizonat A) East Crescent B) Greenhouse C) Pool D) East Housing E) Vaults
F) Lab Building G) West Housing H) Foundry Apse J) Ceramic Apse K) Crafts L) West
Crescent N) Main Structure N) Greenhouse P) Cloister
production capacity of over 80 MW.
3) Electric utilities, required to purchase a W's excess energy if offered
for sale, are defined to include any
person, state agency (including political subdivisions thereof) or federal
agency that sells electricity.
4) The rate which purchasing electric
utilities are required to pay a W has
three elements. Rates for purchase
shall:
17
PRELIMIN,
NAEP
DESIGNS:
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a) be just and reasonable to the elec-
5) PURPA authorizes the Federal Energy
to exempt
tric consumer of the electric utili-
Regulatory Commission (FERC)
ty and in the public interest;
Qs (up to 30 MW) using renewable resources or waste products for more than
b) not discriminate against the QF; and
Avoided costs are defined as
75 percent of their primary energy from
regulation under the Federal Power Act
the incremental costs to an electric
and Public Utility Holding Companies Act
utility of electrical energy, capaci-
and state laws.
c) not exceed the utility's avoided
costs.
ty, or both, which but for the pur-
6)
Section 402 of PURPA provides loans for
chase from the QF, such utility
municipalities, electrical cooperatives,
would generate itself or purchase
industrial development agencies, non
from another source.
profit organizations or "any other per-
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son" to conduct feasability studies for
small hydroelectric facilities and prepare applications for licensing.
Fund-
Prior to the state by state enactment
of PURPA in the first quarter of 1981,
there have been many attempts at providing
ing is provided through 10-year loans at
cogenerated power from soft energy sources.
favorable interest rates.
In recent years the New Alchemists have
7) PURPA requires the FERC to issue regu-
devised two "Arks", located on Prince Ed-
lations defining who are qualifying facilities and setting standards for the
ward Island and Cape Cod, which provide
rates.
residences.
totally autonomous power for single family
Others in Brookline, Vermont
have designed new condominium clusters
which utilize alternate energy sources in
a high density communal fashion to provide
independant power.
Village Homes Subdivi-
sion in Davis, California provides another
reference for moderate density communal
energy sharing, and there are additional
examples on the order of new town planning
which include Hamilton Solar Village in
Prince Edward Island Ark by
the New Alchemy Institute
California and Arcosanti in Arizona.
challenge of my proposal,
The
which has been
largely ignored until now, is to provide
shared alternative energy sources within
the framework of a typical existing lowto-medium density, American neighborhood.
The problem has few, if
indeed any, pre-
cedents in the United States, yet it is a
problem that may very well be a major one
in the future.
23
Land Use
n-
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24
Land use map of central
light industrial zoning.
A neighborhood alternative energy plant
(NAEP) must adapt to its site, surroundings
and neighborhood as these conditions warrant. Its program is therefore, by definition, flexible; yet its central component,
that of clean energy, is fundamental.
In
the fullest sense of the NAEP concept, the
facility becomes an integral part in the
evolution or redevelopment of a neighborhood
or community. The greatest opportunity,
and indeed novelty, of such a facility is
to design it within an urban context and
established network of electrical power generation to provide an integrated alternative
method for both generating power and participating in its production.
The organization of this NAEP is perhaps
best understood in three components: 1)the
small-to-medium scale energy plant, at the
heart of 2)a new framework for the revitalization of small industries and the development of industrial cogeneration of energy,
Winnebago
County
that are integrated with 3)a development of
mixed-use commercial and residential uses -all designed, in this case, to reinforce an
older inner-city neighborhood. In essence,
25
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11
the NAEP concept proposes a redefinition of
the role of a power station within a community. In contrast to traditional power plants
that are often remote and arcane to the community, a NAEP must be both accessible and
comprehensible.
By definition it must become
a more humane place designed not only for
work and energy production, but also for
community gathering, education, recreation
and living.
The design for this NAEP, located on an
11.5 acre inner-city redevelopment site in
Rockford, Illinois takes advantage of an existing, yet untapped energy resource -- the
Rock
rate
east
with
River. The master plan would incorposome fifty new solar townhouses on the
(or left) bank of the river together
a planned redevelopment of a light in-
dustrial park on the west bank of the river.
project area map.
Sourcet
The Left Bank Project.
In addition, the design calls for the historic preservation of an existing manufacturing building (the old Rockford Watch Co.) to
be converted into commercial and office uses
in association with the adjacent neighborhood
Haight Village -- a designated historic dis-
trict.
Central to the scheme is the NAEP,
a
27
ROCK RIVER
LEFT BANK PROJECT
Project area map.
34,000 square foot clean energy plant. Because the plant can be fueled by the neigh-
The Left Bank Project.
energy library, a community greenhouse and
cluding the river, the wind, the sun, and the
gardens, an alternative energy products
store, as well as offices and living spaces
for its caretaker and crew. In conjunction
community's refuse and sewage --
with the building is a river front park which
borhood's clean,
28
Source:
renewable resources --
in-
the facility
can provide many functions other than power
serves as the southern terminus in a chain of
production.
city parklands linked by the river, an elec-
Besides housing the apparatus
for electrical power generation and process
tric trolley, and pedestrian and bicycle path-
steam cogeneration, this NAEP for Rockford
is designed to house a recycling center, an
ways.
In concept, the NAEP development area is
designed as an addition to the downtown redevelopment area of Rockford known as the
Left Bank Project. Begun in 1978, and currently under construction the project is designed to revitalize the city's deteriorating
urban core into a specialized retail center
for the community and the region. Facilities
planned for the Left Bank include restaurants,
entertainment establishments, professional
offices, art galleries, and a variety of specialty shops.
Planned with the concept of
shopping as a form of recreation, these retail ventures will be interspersed with two
new urban waterfront parks, several turn-ofthe-century elements designed to improve the
streetscape, and a trolley that will link the
area to the city's riverfront parklands. The
project provides for the adaptive reuse of
several historic buildings within the area,
including the East Side Inn, the Davis Building (Waterside Center), and the Cudahy Building (see project map).
The neighboring NAEP
redevelopment area is designed to complement
this retail development of the Left Bank, but
with greater emphasis on the educational,
residential, and industrial base of the community.
In many respects, the concept of a NAEP is
both a vision of the future and a resurrection
of the past. In program it represents an assemblage of many traditionally separate functions, yet in its scale and scope it has many
precedents. A strange beast, an NAEP requires both a blend of old and new technologies and a mixture of contemporary and traditional lifesyles to make it work. It is
through an examination of the history of the
NAEP's technology, site, and neighborhood
that a contemporary planner may gain insight
into what may seem arcane, but which is indeed very familiar.
5
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Aerial view of NA1P redevelopment area.
Courtesy: City of Rockford
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NAEP #te,
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Much of the history of Rockford, Illinois begins with its river, the Rock, and
at the site of the modern Fordam Dam. In
the early 19th Century the Rock River was
more of an obstacle to east-west travel
than a source of power. Along the Rock's
286 mile southwesterly trek from southeastern Wisconsin to the Mississippi River
there were few shallow crossings, or
fords, for wagon travel. Rockford, however, provided a stepping stone for the
growing east-west movement with a ford of
less than three feet during the summer dry
season. 1 Originally named Midway because
of its equidistant location between Galena
and Chicago, Rockford would take its name
from the rocky ford which spurred its existence, in 1835.
As time passed, Galena, Illinois to the
west would grow to become the second largest lead mining center in the world.
Likewise, Chicago to the east would event-
Source.
Mayer and Wade, Chicago.
Growth of a Metropolis.
1
Past and Present of Winnebago County, p.51. 1905.
But it was the power of the Rock River,
not only its crossing that provided the
opportunity for the tiny stopping point to
become a large industrial city in its own
Thus, Rockford's commercial and
ually become one of the world's greatest
centers of transportation and manufactur-
right.
Rockford, by virtue of its geography,
developed as a link essential to commerce.
with the construction of its first bridge
and dam.
ing.
industrial development began in the 1840's
SKANDIA SHOE MANUFACTURING CO.
SKANDIA PLOW COMPANY.
2
SinnissippI Saga, p.139, 1967.
By 1840, the lack of transportation on
The Rockford Hydraulic and Manufactur-
and over the Rock had become a major prob-
ing Company, incorporated by the law of
lem.
1843, was not fully organized until the
On January 11th of that year, a
meeting was held to seek a congressional
Spring of 1844 when it
grant to improve the Rock River and make
it a navigable stream. In addition, four
on the first dam.
years earlier, a charter had been obtained
of timber, brush, stone and earth, and was
for a railroad between Rockford and Chicago but eastern financers had seen no fu-
located above the rocky ford,. the head of
began construction
Completed by the Autumn
of 1845, the city's first dam was built
the river's rapids, some
33
feet above
ture in northern Illinois and progress was
stalled on both accounts. It was not un-
Park Avenue.2
til February, 1843 that an act of the
the dam was chosen because it was general-
state legislature in Vandalia, 238 miles
ly believed that if the dam were located
to the south, authorized the building of a
at the head of the rapids, the town would
bridge and a dam at Rockford, and the improvement of navigation of the rapids.
have been built there.
As recorded in a 1905 his-
tory of Winnebago County, "This site for
Had the dam been
built at the ford, on the Rock bottom, it
ROCKFORD DESK ANo FURNITURE Co.
WHOLESALE MANUFACTURERS
LATEN510N TABLENEyor.501 BoADos Cr.FONiERS LiBRARY-CASESSECREtAnRES
SMANDIA FURNITURE COMPANY
WHOLESALE MANUFACTURERS.
3Paat and Present of Winnebago County, p.51. 1905.
would have required a larger outlay of
first dam. On the southeastern corner of
cash. This article was scarce, while tim-
the newly incorporated Rockford, in 1839,
a residential area called Haightsville developed. Haightsville, or Haight Village
as it was later called, was named after
its first resident in 1835, Daniel Shaw
Haight. The neighborhood was located some
forty feet above the sprawling industries
ber, brush, stone and earth were abunFinanced with the issuance of
dant."
$250,000 of capital stock, the city's
first dam had head gates and provided
direct mechanical power by means of two
mill races on both the east and the west
river banks. Individual water wheels
equipped with wooden-tooth gears turned
out power for six industries by 1846,
that included:
three saw mills, a grist
mill, an iron foundry, and a wool processing plant.
Rockford did, in fact, begin to grow
immediately adjacent to the site of the
of the river, on a natural limestone bluff.
Due in part to its isolation, the area has
survived to remain the only intact residential area in the original square mile
settlement called Rockford.
In 1847, the Rockford Female Seminary
located its original campus along the
south edge of Haight Village. Later
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known as Rockford College, the university
provided prestige and protection to the
surrounding residential area for over 100
years. Haight Village residents became
prominent leaders in the areas of business,
industry, education, politics, medicine
and civic affairs. At the same time, the
neighborhood had maintained a diverse social fabric which is reflected in the 1857
city register which lists a blacksmith,
tailor, building mover, civil engineer,
clerk, cement roofer, laundress, attorney,
carriage maker, farmer, doctor and chairmaker, among others, as residents. Most
of the neighborhood's homes were construc-
Reprinted from the Haight Village Calendar.
ted between 1850 and 1890 in victorian
gothic and the picturesque styles.
While the construction of the first dam
was being completed, Rockford's first
bridge at State Street opened to traffic
on July 4, 1845.
Built at a cost of
$5,500 with timber from government lands
that had been floated downstream, the
bridge would later become a vital portion
of the first US 20.
Prior to final com-
pletion, the powerful waters of the Rock
had taken their toll on the wooden structure when, on the eve of December 24,
1844, high waters tipped the crossing over.
These waters flooded again in April, 1846
and March, 1847 destroying portions of the
earthen dam. Yet, the bridge remained unscathed. In February, 1849 the Illinois
legislature passed a general law providing
for further improvement of the navigation
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WHOLESALE MANUFACTURERS.
ROCKFORD WATCH COMPANY.
of the Rock River and production of hydraulic power. But before man-made improvements could be made, nature intervened; the Rock flooded again on June 1,
than seven feet, and maintain such locks
1851, completely destroying the earthen
dam and its hydraulic enterprise was abandoned.
Within three months following the collapse of the first dam, the construction
of a new permanent dam on the rock bottom
stimulus for the growth of a wide variety
of industries and products including furniture, agricultural implements of all
kinds, stoves, pumps, engines, hardware
of the old ford was planned. In the
spring of 1853 the new ?50 foot long dam
and races were completed on the site of
the contemporary Fordam dam. The newly
organized Rockford Water Power Company was
empowered by the Acts of 1843 and 1849 to
raise the water in the river by not more
as were necessary for the passage of steam
boats drawing three feet of water. In the
following years the new dam provided the
specialties of all kinds, sewing machines,
paper and wire. Yet, by the turn of the
19th Century the Rock was rarely used for
commercial trafficking of these products
because of the advent of the railroad.
August 2, 1852 marked the arrival of the
first train of the Galena and Chicago
Union Railway (later the Chicago and Northwestern Railway) in Rockford.
Two years
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earlier, the G&CU had been the only railway in Chicago, but "by 1856 Chicago was
the focus of ten trunk lines with nearly
3000 miles of track; fifty-eight passenger
and thirty-eight freight trains that arrived and departed daily." .Thus, within a
half-dozen years Chicago had become the
world's largest railroad center and Rockford a vital part of that network.
By 1914 there was no commercial traffic
on the river with the exception of a large
stern-wheel steamer which made regular
trips up the river with excursion passengers from the pool above the Rockford dam.
Fordam Station, operated by the Rockford
Electric Co., was built in 1896 adjacent
to the permanent dam along the east side
race. Until 1908 the plant operated solely on water power but, by 1912, the Fordam
power plant was doing a more extensive
'NOY/L 'CO
Source:
4
Chicago:
1969.
Mayer and Wade, Chicago:
Growth of a Metropolis.
Growth of a Metropolis, Mayer and Wade, pp.35-38,
lighting and power business as well as
supplying steam heat to the central portion of the city on both the east and west
sides.5 Powered then by coal-fired, hori-
5
Originally, electric power was supplied by direct current,
but transmission was limited to a 30 mile length of wire.
It is unclear, from the histories of the dam, at what point
Rockford's old E District was converted to an alternating
current supply, perhaps 1903.
zontal steam turbines and the dam's hydroelectric turbines, the total station capa-
6RHockford: _1912, pp.48-49.
city was 15,500 horse power (11,600 KW) -a 600 kilowatt capacity in water power. In
1912, Rockford Electric Company's main
power plant was described as "one of the
largest, finest, and best equipped plants
in the country....The company has 77
miles of poles erected in the city, carrying over 800 miles of wire.... It has
3,900 meters in service supplying 30,000
people with light, power and heat....The
company's lines thoroughly cover the city.
It furnishes the city street lighting,
which requires 551 arc lamps, and also
supplies all the power used by the Rockford & Interurban Railway company in its
extensive interurban and city railway sys-
Interior views of Fordam Station.
Source:
tem." 6
In 1946 the needs of the community had
grown and Rockford's Fordam station was
expanded by the Central Illinois Electric
and Gas Co., eventually to its peak electric capacity of 72,00 kilowatts in 1971.
Two upgraded hydroelectric turbines were
installed in 1923 and 1924 with a rated
capacity of 600 kilowatts each. The power
plant became the property of Commonwealth
Edison in 1966. And in 1971, after 75
years of service, the utility dismantled
the facility along with 65 other coalfired generating stations in the Chicago
area in favor of cleaner, less expensive
nuclear and natural gas fueled stations.
Rockford:
1912.
Steam production for the downtown heat
system was continued for a few years following the plant's shutdown by Northern
Illinois Gas Co. until steam production
In 1974-75 Commonwealth Edison closed the
Sterling Hydro plant and undertook an estimated four to five million dollar renovation of the Fordam dam at Rockford.
Facing the decision to remove the dam and
extend mud flats for some 50 feet above
the structure or rebuild the dam and main-
was abandoned because of obsolescence.
Although Commonwealth Edison halted
hydroelectric production at Fordam in 1971,
it continued to operate two hydroelectric
stations downstream from Rockford on the
Rock River at Dixon and Sterling, Illinois.
Likewise, the Wisconsin Power and Light
Company operated a small hydro plant above
the Rockford dam at South Beloit, Illinois.
FORDAM
STATION
1912
-I-M
-
tain a high water level for recreational
use, the utility chose the latter. At the
time of this renovation, no new hydroelectric capacity was added and the two existing turbines were kept in place only to
provide start-up power for the electric
grid in case of a blackout. The two operating hydroelectric plants in Dixon and
South Beloit continue to provide approximately 13,631,000 and 3,294,000 kilowatt
hours of electricity annually.
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ILNOfS
1965
48
49
Aerial view of Fordam Station from West.
Courtesy: Commonwealth Edison.
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Early sketch for NAEP site development.
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Aerial view of NAEP site as it looks today.
Source:
City of Rockford.
~g
0
200
400
-4-
r
Early sketch for NAEP site development.
53
For many reasons the history of Rockford's NAEP redevelopment site must play
an important role in any contemporary design. The neighborhood is a historic district; the area is rich in the history of
the community; and the project provides a
rare opportunity to demonstrate that his-
tory can be repeated. The design of a
NAEP is a turning back of the hands of time
to an era when power supplied a neighborhood; when small industry, commerce and
housing could coexist; and when communities were built around the source of their
power and development. History, however,
cannot be transcribed verbatim because it
AO,
is clear that neighborhoods and coal-fired
power plants or industry do not coexist
well. Likewise, a contemporary cogeneration facility may not be able to provide
power to a single neighborhood; rather, it
must often plug into a utility's regional
grid. But, by proper design, a NAEP may
demonstrate that clean energy can reunite
traditionally separate life pattens into a
common community.
/
~
v&
Early master plan for NAEP area showing: proposed freeway intersecting the site; solar housing; process steam pipe; and, early
NAEP design with a marina.
/
V
400
8C
The design of Rockford's NAEP begins at
the level of a master plan for the 11.5
acre left bank site. At present, the area
suffers from a number of physical and institutional barriers that separate the
Haight Village neighborhood from the riverfront. Current planning has allocated the
old Fordam Station property for use as a
park; yet the site is completely isolated
from the neighborhood by the John F. Barnes
manufacturing plant, a concrete mixing
facility, and Commonwealth Edison's own
electric substation. However, with the
potential abandonment of the JF Barnes'
property, there is great potential for the
restoration of the link between the city
and its waterfront. It is within this context that the design for the NAEP redevelopment area begins.
This alternative design would convert
the Barnes' property into primarily residential use of solar rowhouse or townhouse
construction. In organization, this housing provides for a public edge along the
riverfront that is defined by the street,
the trolley, pedestrian paths, and a nar-
SECTION
AA
row strip of parkland.
This esplanade
forms an extension of the work already under construction in the adjacent Left Bank
Project area. As a result, the NAEP site
can be conceived of as the southern terminus of a long chain of the city's parklands.
In contrast to its public edge, the
residential area would include a shared
private zone of terraced gardens, courtyards and green spaces along the western
slope of the hillside site.
The orthogo-
nal grid of the city would remain, but
east-west extensions of it
would become
cul-de-sacs linked by pedestrian pathways.
The historic portion of the Barnes plant,
the old Rockford Watch Co., would be reno-
vated for commercial and office uses.
Of major impact to the site are plans
to construct a freeway along the right of
way property of the little-used Chicago
and Northwestern railroad tracks. This
depressed expressway would link the city's
downtown with the interstate highway system, but also serve to divide the neighborhood and the NAEP redevelopment area in-
Passive solar townhouse design sketches.
to two halves. In any case, the tracks
and/or expressway crossing the river are
assumed to be permanent barriers as is the
switchyard of the utilty's electrical substation. With these constraints in mind,
the design of the NAEP site began.
t~0
N
0
NAEP
Site
Plan
125
250
Today, a visitor to the site of the old
Fordam Station must travel the backways of
its two railway lines, scale the walls and
steep incline of its riverbank, or sneak by
the private yards of the old Rockford Watch
Co. and into the tunnel of its railway
trestle to reach the expanse of the dam and
riverfront.
The experience is one of dis-
covery. Within this quiet place of powerful scale only the massive walls of the old
station and corners of its huge concrete
foundations remain. The place is something like a sanctuary, isolated by the
high walls, the enormous spans of two
iron-trussed railway bridges and the long
massive dam which form its boundaries.
The design of the NAEP site is generated from the place and the experience of
it.
Early designs considered the building
as an extension of the walls of the site,
but tended to isolate it even more. (see
Introduction) Although the area is hidden,
it must not become inaccessable. For this
reason, the earlier schemes that tended to
surround the park and form a more institutional gateway through the building were
View from west bank of the Rock River toward the NAEP site.
discarded.
Indeed, the existing limestone
tunnel forms a natural gateway to the area
and is retained in the final solution.
Another focus of concern is parking for
the facility. At the onset, the designs
unintentionally made the asphalt parking
area the arrival point of the entry sequence. Because the site is perceived as
the terminus to a long riverfront esplanade
stretching the length of the city, the parking in the final design has been moved so
that the park, the dam, and the NAEP constitute one's sense of arrival. In addition, the parking lot is constructed of
The remains of the old Fordam Station's massive concrete
concrete walls and limestone tunnel.
grass and concrete blocks to minimize the
impact of the built form on the natural
environment. In designing the site, the
automobile has been accepted as a given,
but also as something that should not interfere with use of the parks and alternative means of transportation, including the
trolley. The streets and the parking are
thus given a scenic riverfront location for
carseat viewers, but they are limited in
size. The intent is to encourage off-site
Fordam Im as viewed from the southeastern bank of the NAEP site.
parking and increased use of the trolley
and bicycles.
In the solution presented, the riverside edge of the site, from the residential area to the end of the park, is preserved as a natural, unbuilt edge.
As a
result, the NAEP facility was built into
the south-facing hillside of the site.
In
this location, the impact of the building
on potential parkland is minimized.
The
structure acts as a screen of trash collection operations and of freeway construction
above and at the rear of the plant; and
the length of the building can act as a
solar greenhouse collector.
Yet, the scale of the site is such that
the NAEP building had to add up to some-
thing as big as its surroundings. In organization it is analgous to the palm of a
giant hand cupped toward the riverfront.
The physical extensions of this big hand,
the figurative fingers, are the old retaining walls, the railroad bridges and the dam
with its raceway. All of these elements
make up the NAEP, or the hand, which cups
and shelters the park but which opens up
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The NAiP site as viewed from the southwest.
4
and reaches out toward the water. The
built forms of the site, the massive concrete and lighter steel, become elements
of the architecture.
The juxtaposition of light and heavy
elements, soft and hard edges, natural and
man-made materials, and scales of man and
nature are all intended to give the design
a complexity, a richness, a breadth and a
tension unique to the area. In design the
building and the landscape interact to become one; the terraced gardens are transformed into greenhouses and the old walls
penetrate and begin to define the NAEP
spaces.
The complex geometry of the building is,
in one sense, an outgrowth of the intersection of the city's two orthogonal grids on
the site. These two fields, one following
a true north-south orientation and the
other running parallel to the riverbank,
combine to make the site a special place.
But the union of these two dimensional
fields with a third dimension creates a
unique organization for the site and its
architecture.
The prismatic NAEP struc-
Looking toward the south on the NAli
site.
69
ture reflects both the man-made elements
of the site and a natural crystalline form.
The theme of the NAEP site design is
discovery.
Aside from creating a special
place, the design is intended to reveal
something of the area and the operation of
the facility.
The hydroelectric turbines,
today underground, would become a feature
of the park's landscape. The water supplying their power, now contained in tubes
beneath the soil, would be uncovered and
located above ground in the original raceway.
The dam, now inaccessable, would be-
come a pedestrian path across the river.
The NAEP site as viewed from the southest corner.
Windmills could be located on the super-
structures of the railroad bridges. In
addition, a steam pipeline carried on the
underside of a bridge would link the NAEP
site with the industrial park on the opposite riverbank.
And,
for the first time,
the city's downtown would have access to
the river beneath the dam via a boatlaunch.
70
)
Looking north on the NAEP site.
G
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Southwest
0
16
32
Elevation
Discovery became an important criteria
in the design of the NAEP building. The
opening up, the revealing, of the plant's
operation present on the site is also
present within the building. In organization, the facility is intended to be an
educational experience as well as a recreational one.
A visitor to the site may initially
perceive the NAEP building as merely a
large botanical greenhouse with terraced
levels that open into the landscape. Yet,
a closer look reveals two things: there is
a head to the building, a body attached to
the building, and there is a tail -- a
broad, tall chimney that is at once a landmark and something functional. More than
just a greenhouse, this NAEP has something
mysterious going on inside of it.
~-
Longitudinal
0
16
32
Section
Once inside its threshold, the building
begins to reveal its organization.
The
walls of the structure are suddenly present --
it
is
not all glass --
define a large central lobby.
and they
Surrounding
this glazed four-story space are three
spaces.
The greenhouse,
the largest ele-
ment, stretches the length of the building
with its thin glass and steel skeleton
supported on massive concrete walls. Behind these walls that never meet but bend
where their corner should be are the head,
body and tail of the building.
In the head
are the store, the library, and the living
quarters of the building's staff. While in
the tail and body a glimpse of the vast
mechanical spaces of the power plant can
be seen.
South
0
16
Elevation
32
&-MFOMN
Here, then, are the first clues to the
nature of this architectural organism. In
its mechanical bowels it digests sewage
and trash, produces methane gas, generates
electricity, eliminates sludge, and eventually grows plants on its waste material.
While this renewable process takes place
in the belly of the beast, the head of the
building provides a haven for the caretaker, his family and crew.
Isolated from
the dirt, noise and vibrations of the
mechanical plant, this five-story element
W"WL
(Y%
fbecomes
Wr4M
more associated with the river,
the greenhouse and the landscape of the
park.
Longitudinal
Section
Fifth Floor
Square Feet
Porch/Stairs
520
Apartment
955
Subtotal
1,475
Apt.
Fifth Floor
0
16
32~
One begins a tour of the dwelling spaces
at the fifth floor where a small apartment for some of the crew is located. Here
the collective areas of the apartment open
onto a panorama of the river, the park and
the neighborhood. On the roof of the adjoining mechanical area only the long silent arrays of the flat plate photovoltaic
collectors operate. By extending over the
northern face of the building, these ar-
Transverse
Section
rays form a canopy over the shipping and
receiving area below. This design not only
increases the available solar aperture
but it also provides shelter from wind,
rain and snow.
Descending the external staircase to
the fourth level, one finds a collective
porch for the upper level of the caretaker's apartment and convertible space for
office, warehouse or apartment use. At
this level, one story above the grade of
the northern side of the site, the building
system of heavy walls and lightweight
frame becomes more apparent.
Caretaker A
Warehous
-
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-i
-
-
,Offic
-
Floor
Fourth
0
16
T
32
intry and lobby area.
Fourth Floor
Warehouse/Office
Elevator
Porch/Stairs
Caretaker's Apt. (Second Level)
Subtotal
Square Feet
1,682
120
520
955
3,277
Greenhouse
ezanine.
Transverse
0
163
Section
As mentioned earlier, the building forms
and geometry come from the site and the
landscape. The building is designed as a
completion of the walls and planes already
existing on the site. In plan, the two
geometries of the site take on functional
relationships in areas such as the loading
docks; but it is their three-dimensional
interweaving that gives the entire building
Terraced gardens.
a special energy all its own. In section,
the heavy earthen forms begin in the mechanical plant where the ruins of the old
stations' concrete walls form the north
wall of the building. As the structure
rises from the ground, these heavy concrete walls become pilasters and columns
with glass block and masonry infill, then
structural steel with glass as the building
gives way to the sky. This layering of the
lightweight greenhouse with the infilled
living spaces on top of the heavy mechanical areas reflects the human needs and
mechanical functions in each area.
Longitudinal
0
16
32
Section
The mechanical areas are massive to isolate sounds and vibrations, support the
heavy loads of the equipment, and provide
the building with thermal storage of the
sun's energy. In section, the vertical
south-facing wall between the two-story
mechanical areas and the greenhouse acts
as the most efficient area for radiative
heat gain during the winter in this latitude.
During the summer cantilevered
planting areas serve to shade the walkways
along this wall and the wall from excessive solar gain. Additional summer shadSection through the building's greenhouse and trash processing area.
ing is provided by canvas or nylon slings
under the sloped glass. In section the
building's design permits natural cross
ventilation.
Large sliding doors open the
greenhouse to the park outside and permit
the prevailing summer winds to sweep through
the space and up through the major mechanical areas.
Electric Plant
Transverse
0
16
32
Section
A tour of the inner workings of the
NAEP would begin on the third level. It
is here that the initial process of separating the neighborhood's trash, salvaging
the recyclable components, and mixing the
organic components with sewage sludge ocIWcaue.,
curs.
An exhibit area between the landing
of the stairs and elevator would provide a
description of the process and the NAEP
concept.
Here the solitary visitor or a
school bus load could view the recycling
operation as well as gaze downward into the
control room and electrical plant below.
As the tour continues, it emerges from
these darkened spaces into the very top of
the sunlit greenhouse. Traveling along the
mezzanine that overlooks both the trash
processing areas and planting beds, the
sensation of an industrial complex linked
to the landscape becomes more apparent.
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Third Floor
0
16
32
At the landing of the second level, the
planting areas are now underfoot, touchable, and the long strong wall of the
park's eastern edge defines the space.
Here, at the corner of the greenhouse
space, the wall and the landscape become
one.
Here, a framework of steel and glass
is in sharp contrast to the heavy planes
of concrete and earth.
Third Floor
Square Feet
Greenhouse Extension
4, 968
Greenhouse Mezzanine
1,352
Trash Processing/Recycling
3,052
Office
Exhibition Space
210
1,705
Loading Dock
340
Elevator/Stairs
260
Caretaker's Apt. (First Level)
Porch
Subtotal
1,120
48
13,055
H--
Tr h Proc sing
J L-
Longitudinal
0
16
32
Section
Ilk&
Proceeding into the tail of the greenhouse, a visitor would glimpse the massive
dam which, in size and form, seems to be an
arm stretched out from the building.
Walk-
ing back beneath the sun baked racks of
dried humus, the second portion of the
tour begins.
A metal catwalk provides an
elevated view of the five massive anaerobic digestion tanks, which feed on the
ground trash and sewage formula to produce
Elow
methane gas and dried compost.
Along this
path there are fragmentary views of the
electrical generating process; but it is
not until one exits the greenhouse and
reaches the central control room that the
entire operation is unveiled.
-4
West
0
16
E levation
32
In the control room, accessible to the
public, nearly every phase of the NAEP process can be seen.
Displayed and monitored
from within this loft space are the anaerobic digestors producing gas; the gas-burning, electricity-generating turbines; the
heat recovery boiler making process steam
and more electricity; and the absorption
chiller that cools the dwelling spaces of
the building with a portion of the steam.
Here at the core of the complex, the building's prismatic geometry once again inten-
sifies the space, forming the glazed edge
between the body and the mind of the NAEP.
Second Floor
Square Feet
Library/Conference Room
600
Circulation/Hall
960
Exhibition/Control Room
Equipment Room
Stairs/Elevator
Bathroom
Subtotal
1,620
312
290
64
3,846
Room
-. 4
Second. Floor
0
16
32
-_
0
10
_
_
-_
--
__
-
,
_
Near the completion of the building's
tour, at the energy library, a final overlook of the dam awaits the visitor and
beckons him to complete his visit outside.
The library, a quiet aside, would serve
the community as a repository of energy related material and an infrequent meeting
'\W
\\\CA
room.
Below, the energy store would sell
the agricultural wares of the NAEP along
with alternative energy equipment and information.
Arriving through the portal of the fivestory concrete wall, the lobby once again
Ground Floor
Square Feet
NAEP Store
Lobby/Meeting Area
Janitor's Closet
Office
Bathrooms/Locker Rooms
1,114
Mechanical
Main Greenhouse
3,620
Elevator/Stairs
240
Subtotal
96
1,300
50
1,000
520
4,656
12,140
greets the visitor. From here, a more complete tour of the greenhouse, gardens, park,
and dam could begin.
W M
M
.S
.9
F1
0
16
32
The greenhouse serves the community as
a year-round botanical garden. Set against
the industrial backdrop of the old and new
power plant walls, the focus of this long,
linear space is designed to be outward
rather than inward. This space extends
from the walls upon a lattice of heavy
steel posts and beams that support a projecting mezzanine. Beneath this framework
for planting and hanging plants, terraced
planting beds step up and into the landscape of the park. Here, along the sawtoothed edge between outside and inside,
the industrial framework may be added to
again to create a trellis over sun-warmed
resting areas -- where seasonal use could
be extended. In addition, the steps of the
outdoor landscape provide a natural grandstand for recreational events below it.
Elevation
North
0
16
32
99
In contrast to the more formal framework of the south-facing greenhouse is the
playful expression of the north elevation.
Here, the new masonry walls extend above
the old concrete station walls and explain
something of the geometry and organization
inside. The two halves of the power plant,
its tail and the head of the building, are
perhaps best seen from this elevation. The
walls are more lively here; they become
inter-penetrated with the saw-toothed loading docks and rise to define a rear entry.
In all, the energy of the NAEP, its operation, and a little bit of its history are
summed up here.
I |1 | i
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1 1 1 1 |
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T-7
Northwest
0
16
32
Elevation
101
102
103
The viability of the NAEP -- or that
process by which it germinates from design
conception into built reality -- depends
not only upon the strength of the project's design but upon its economics. In
order to successfully market a NAEP today
one needs to make it a profitable venture.
While in this chapter we will measure the
value of a NAEP for Rockford in terms of
cost versus benefits, it is important to
recognize the intrinsic, immeasurable
values of the NAEP within the community.
In its most basic form the NAEP provides
clean and renewable energy as a stimulus
to redevelopment within the community.
Because this energy is clean and uses a
minimum of natural resources, the NAEP
does not adversely impact the area. As
well, the facility enhances the opportunity
for recreational and mixed-use redevelopment on the site. Perhaps most importantly,
the NAEP serves as a learning center to educate a throw-away cultured community about
recycling, generating power from refuse and
104
sewage, and energy conservation. Thus the
fruits of one's recycling efforts can be
both readily seen and used.
In addition,
Ilk1%
the NAEP provides a place to grow botanical
exhibits or commercial herbs and vegetables
year round and collective community gardeas
in season.
JL
Finally, the facility provides
jobs and the opportunity to participate in
its total operation either as an employee
13A
do
or volunteer.
With these considerations in mind, we
proceed with an analysis of the nuts and
its
bolts economics of the NAEP operation. The
following pages detail each component of
the NAEP's power plant from the dam and hydroelectric turbines to its photovoltaic
Jo
collectors.
These pages are intended as a
tool for the designer and layman in understanding the total NAEP concept, its opera-
tion, and its marketability.
105
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IZalo
-.
I
~--.
414o
1236
2.611
11110
TI~q
Iz4-1
9611
9C
-
363q
1153
4161
3164f
3150
&701
3451
tale
1415
1-280
1181
9155
-0Zs
W5
3ZI
51ro
31o 1
-391i
E450
416
41636
d
4291
55ti
ManMY
Av&,
44cg
YeAI-.-
1311
bolo
11411 1112 -
&to
|,401, 11 MPT 3/sec..
1,524, 9e0
3,1 , V50
117 ' 7-11431 410
IIb
Source:
United States Geological Survey.
-
56(o 139 0
YE4(t
5~o21
Z~b I
I2.lo
8160
I
1146
(,1oe
(1%
I
107
Concrete
Gravity
BuoConcrete
108ource
facing on stone
Gravity Concrete Wall-'
-
~~~ ~Head
Gt
ier Gt
works
m-
roe of Gravity Wall
Boardsd-Mill
.
Hinde &Dauche tail race
nder flume discharge 203 sjf
________
Oc
4.0
Eleu. Top oEl
Flash
na.
rete
eFlume.e'....stn
-
Flesh
(odRcktyA
&____
(466.0
W.
6g.0
W.,
0orM
Ne
section A-A
root Bridge
473.0
49.0
Gate
''52.k
42454.0
No.r
.
.
.
LongitudinalSection
A low head hydro-power installation typical of the early 20th century.
Source:
Creager and Justin,
Typical dam, raceway and power plant locations.
(Fordam Dam is of type D construction.)
108
Source:
creager and
Justin.
4Vw
C4LAVc1)AlNs-
I. Ckocciric
AN KLI At-, MA&~6
9 K76dA61
2A LY
4!
( C-5)
534t
Vy pr.,71zlop
r34c
- %V6N \1EArt- PM012o
1116 15-4
6ArACITY-
AUA .
F-";VOIL
Cztrcecma OJLY)
4.4 v%
ivh
041 MJiLOE.b.
A44 V4j1 2 xo
6VD~PI
b
. 44 wieL-s7
(PAM
-M t1UCZV1CC eCjDi*.)
r. ItZ 1 -6,41& PY L
p~ L4)y
K
-LI tic
F
- (eoe, - A/Vr 3 ) ( i z,z6& 4oq& f,-'i I (I., I FT-
HEAD)
+ 131 (3~~co)
KW
(3cot)
t
56
109
w
-
I
,
Source:
United States Geological Survey.
e
~
I-.
St
I'
~
II'
I~
\~
N
~9000
CF5
K t~N Flowu Z#TE
10
110
ia
4.
40
5o
6 1 ~i
00
10
11146 WALED M pXCOVW ( %)
'
00
ACTIO, (6C1t...
rO>
CALCLA10N$?
P(ItA1oN
( egyg6
ON
dWev N
~ar-
vg.Ar.
SenTOY
AiIV FmeZvaf.y
YO
'7000
Iocv
1900
Z,000
1t.1o
iS.b
*3560
44,0
44.0
50W0
focv
6502
6600
Source,
345"
F~o~o I~'A~
CCF~)
z.0
14,00
gsco
6J500
14,-1
15.5
11000
It,poo
14, 6C60
15,5
Icooo
11,500
FIe soey
'Z1.4
Io
E0oo
4omo
4f5cc0
1 O
pwlop )
8.3i
I5,000
16,500
11,1ooo
z4
4
l't
2.
o.t
fez
4I.et
I I, sco
1, o 000
Iz-goo
United States Geological Survey.
i1
Source:
'SI
1914 letter from the Secretary of War:
/~D.
Va
%bS-
6'0
112
1
&40 ( PT)
14
Report on the Rock River.
I4YLvQ.
ecrEzvc
C
ULLAtk2Nf4.e
6
VLOW)41U
-.
/i~i
~
cqt.4
/131
%~( 74~1FLow
~, 1
744 tlVl
L~j
-1500
U.0
20 o 40
1%0
looscO
11 o15t
J, T
916o wesv/yrc
I
1191,6
637,703
'714.511
7o51
40co
1IM00o,635
I148t .144
5, we 186
-764
-As
11534,330
(14161141
1,36111U4
L
-
- 4-
7.35
3,316,418
11, 19jo I
14tooO
313,11(
714
81,510
1 06, ti So
I
Ib
4
U1~834
icZ12-,,40
.1S#135
171000
14IN5
1I
J1*,762-
I13"ltI
coxo
135
I t,Gw
'Ill
s14
8q
4coo
-To
WoH
at~ l, 46o5
111.00
1,861, Zo
~
17l~
151, 209
".9
156~166
"91
113
300
100-
-Tp
2Z
9
~~wN
~~ouir(w
Common application ranges for conventional hydraulic turbines.
114
Source:
H.A.
Mayo.
Cross sections of:
a) a tube turbine unit; b) a bulb generator unit;
and, c) a rim generator unit.
Source:
H.A. Mayo.
HYWI 6woml(.00CAVWLAT1cNS
Qr-iISMUM4 96SPI 6N Cc'NDrI-flc*Js
MZ~gA66r
149 4110 310 kw k
NLu
At A CO~eo-ANI' Zo4 " I) 101 %o/6r ftm TIME
f35:
t-
cCUR.* AT ,
-nts KtOYr 6FFIe4E;N'r
AN 4Lt, CNEM6 y
-e6600 Wlever..
13,qqll- 05 KWI+ ANNL*UY
At A 4oM't..,ANr
511~ Ie:w 1
4-Z,1 0/0 6F IK
-riKilg
Ner C Otr&)(
Foom uzvemC~ k j vuntW4, e'VCALL,
T-6
Pw
uctW
1
(WATSrM
*-75 t
wuL;n - u -A
%r PLANT )
10,
(p coCK6
ol
qqlo
05 K
.r
10, 4qq 31419,15
At
II
115
t1Uf AMMe PARLt
Source:
P6AArC
PAN
United States Geological Survey.
Sco
low
Avta
Sa10voIX~b
oo .- ..-..
.....
-
.
.-
..
.
. -
....
J
...
.EBp.
A
-
CA VCULAT70k6
Source:
United
States Geological Survey.
MOWNT0/Y AV(EAG - A(1I P16C4AtWoE
rr
'l-Vt ! 7nr2V Pelop
p
N
F
I3 5 5 0
'151
MO1T16..
AVCVA&5
I
M 15
PouWGre..
t?AG\/ &g0B6
i
e
I
-
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I
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3410
FEbe-
WOWKy
d
zaO cps
9. ' HEAP
FA
i
Se
'Z2(W
V-i 4
A4
/-144
x1tO
"144
TWNU/
Z.1
K
8W
Ii 1olo9
6
8to ysol
4166
3295
3441
(Yv-k)
'lA 14
1
II
C k o) 9
x744
IS
U234 Z551 Z16
J
I
64'3 |4384
I
A
.J
US
J
513
xl2o
144
Al
244 lil
*7eO
'-144
!5
2.40'7
-744
(1le0)
C,
kto(
L
i,tH,5?-1.550
)(tfP
4
.
(,t-
l,t4 4M,Zo
ANKJUOt- NET
I
I
,-75' EFFIC.(EOKd
26-5 5451
744 x -1.
56510
A
3.81 2,%1 6i' i 11,445
42 +
CA;E6f
.
Z9g&, 0o' ICwH
117
7
i
AL
4,4;
A typical powerhouse which could be used for the basis of a
series of standardized plant designs.
Source:
A typical submersible powerhouse which could be used in a specialized
H.A. Mayo.
low head plant design.
CesAR'
118
c4sWt'
Sourcei
Mosnoyi.
&;Nlv2c?
I 1 0O x
-14'S
ev)O
S311?'
141,Wtl
foq'
s
31&5
100
I
YL4)
:OO~-
cr(
-C
&, 3t11
30W c~f'5
.50
xc
9.'HEAP
g)
x
1%
41
kY-W
e1~
K-H /YC
~'51~,~(o51
-
/r
2 1eb511 1?JeN
I zoo 14W)
(4o2 14W
AqX4) UN I T-5
oo
31W
Io
JLIC.iL IN,.
A
401
X,
14
-S
1'560 cF
4
6
'L214 ol ,2MG %~loI4 w 7!
x
SX2)X -741, 21%
x
tCuO
5crCF
xi
o
1
<
o
x
5-0
Fct
1i
3,cv0 51
Sb5o CF5
'~~
=
,4o-Z~
1
1Wo ',134 r(Ati /ya-
1601 z 31 -
-z4clt4(0
yz
119
Based on current avoided cost rates in Commonwealth Edison system
for Qualifying Facilities of 1,000 kilowatts or more. (g/KWh)
Source:
Summer Months
Non-Summer Months
5.23#
2.86o
5.090
3.329
peak period (9 am to 10 pm, M-F)
off peak period
Commonwealth Edison.
t~c4ag
(6ye OL110H (Fro,/$)
7O~o ~
M- -
ptw
Aer
-14 -E+1
4
O 1
-7
(sq VMtLq)
-AM 2t0/0/51. wile
......
AWal 04ue44
4o oLAWt c"Fel
0
4o koft
Typical installed capacity and minimum energy cost for small hydro plants
at existing dams in the Northeastern United States.
(Conditions at Fordam Dam shown.)
120
Source:
R.S. Brown, et.al.
'~uAfat
e a0N 0'4k
ANtUVi5'152
ANAUY-,,or714
INVI 15TMGNr
lNlrl&
1-
ev Tuml *
I /Wl+
l(o l3qj 1(031 Vwo )(,j4-1tw"-
ANN~f
Re4
&v~r fz411o.-
Nji T 1N alf Rmrno;
,%o0
Sal
IX1/eUc
VZATM OF 60/6 EotM.
A)OUCNY
~wrw
0o00
00
ANNLUAG OIPbifii1x
Nc<
P"%4100,
( -tyrA" P09 V -
~oe
I
4;6
)(0
i5,lb
1$ p0
=-
o
91 14
cg,11
6
51vl% '01
I
1 111
-142
121
"NEk IAfEr. im
w#4
Typical cost breakdown for a mini-hydro
project.
8.6.
Ie
4
66
e-4
DOlstAXe
Z1.
IL
(COW1"IM~u
0g
44
4*
Ir.
PVC "ONP)
Typical sizing chart for standardized hydro-electric generating units.
Source: Anderson and Benham. (Design conditions for Rockford are shown.)
122
Source:
H.A. Mayo.
&ON(~ .2M
(16(y $)
,)
Oqs("
Z4O 4
Z620
INA"Vd.* IK)Ve! ;%tMENT
..
-o?
I
Aw-Vo~oeA
*AvI
3,
MMOAt
1 10c&.q304 IZWH Y.40 4/r-w4 *
mvrt:4L"
*A-/w
O%"Ait 6
N~er
N1~V~
Nq
(01t. 1211
.
504 t68
VC0-f VALU6
£oE (Muf F-CVaMoC
~N
.0
rvetz-ve
00
FU Z. 5m-, 103 ,
X,-15,1 a
(.,c1q31, 110t
e~o~r V11 o
1.11
NIv
Nt ( wAqNr2FI
M~lo
,IOL
'j
;r-
14
123
2
124
W40/
1 60N02W1C ANAL/'SI3
.- O-*k
-
~NdII
u
rY
ZN-r mFawq r
I /Aitc /W~K17
125
HAAeo , ftu&Tv CAL OXA11oNe
ErITalAf6
ON
A
ANNLIG EN~1/
I12yr ggbf
RA1W kW
1K
OF
oroN
Or- orI%
*101tO/wi x ,4&v
*
-
10
(CFJY lot,)
126
Sources
Electrical World Directory of Electric Utilities.
xs
P0sODrTIoN
IWL'?o
A1aV 4616YrK
elo Aer,,
rCF-
WV . W..rfV6 6ALLLJ -A11ok.,,
ANNt4M,
NY FV~(N~~
KacLa4oJ(Ltv
PN
3,4z,6,cow9Cblb
~o Z3 00
1911,
5b45, 8(4
b
o
160,
It, U-110*o
345,11cco
1,(li
I31,511,
* Ic~O4A)
1,500 kw
HyMo NA-16 "
I
(~H)
lom;L C')isaq ac
i~,j.,~ti)
Acqi35, oco
(.990)
'!7m u 0&-
( xw
llt
5 4 IWO0
000
sfAzrIctI5
14,g&6q o46o
Z,116,ocoo
I'414
~
I
I
V71 >
1~ 1 10
1i,41,010
( 600
11
b
_lb
zo
4
4
15...M4, o6O
-~
(48)1
atzmICAL yw.Lp 0jZLCVlZY Or QX,-C-WIG t)TILIRC5
phk)6p5 4our
AI
12Z7
COGENERATION
Cogeneration Operation Cycles.
Somumins9 Cycle
128
Source:
F.H. Athearn, et. al.
Fuel -
Process -- Eectict
6d'A4' TOI1ki
.\AfDE 6GT
e
E6Lr I(O6&AThIMON
12M(&OINEt
ENoteN
11t4,(Z
TYPE
E
:t*A
-
A
oorRDr
.
"
-5A
it
UIEN
T
-)k
I1~
6ATI 45( 4-(2xo
Source.
(oart
goo te/i"
6050
O
Soo
VOLTA.4~
NeAr
kJAJtAzL~
RO
08 -il160
W,26W
L exVper
IYWLXA
£~clsAu.srI
48
Io I
Manufacturer's data.
-
ge> KW
-.
I
L4V)(9 ttr
20'
'
r.'-4 ti ,00c,
goft.
"Ao
1,70
AT \$0
4ONPti1OH
( IAI' f , fA L,6 VI.IJ
1 Lf Jme/Mxur
tss
HeAf tlomes-1
r- 1 . Ar
L
4%
--
VrVv4A E1kb1A-f Ftpuy
Mue
etMAM
-81-5
"f-.
Wlw&
-CVMEA PFFto
~@o0 F
01 000
On
A
I
Tut504E
rdNEe AMT
% 5
SoL
o*F
EFILoL~
1600K
8,1 M61
Combined cycle heat and power plant based tn gas turbine/backpressure
Sulzer Technical Review.
turbine package, with heat flows. Sources
&0Z ra,
YctE Ki
tFI
ceo FM
cx
516 KLa)
or:-129
To steam-users
From
steam-users
VP model jacket water and
exhaust waste heat recovery silencer
Gas or diesel generators
Typical gas turbine generator set with heat recovery system.
130
A'9: 1OUOAN1 69CNI&Q rOV,
Fo CL
WW-)Uvm P-noN
olWi IMA
ltof'N*At
ND/W
911I Z63 10:1
C N~tMIlvN
4w \,lo Ioceo
5$O&A5 -;
q~-1# mei
, p /o
1690 mm1~r
eA~k=IL,
40
OcNr-LO~6
TVIZD 11415 -el
erq4ji
6WIlWE~e2
I(600 1kLO
+I ~(
x
1O(1
ILI1
+ I~oA
~-~YPw
+- 31?,C
541 4Kw
rtxccm TAc
RzW
0r-,z'r~t Pro
-.-,ObiL.t
"ti~Zr'1tj
w1ovvC[1t4
3'~41
co
M& SOVMC LS
131
Waste heat recovery boiler systems.
Jacket water inlet
Exhaust in
Steam turbine.
--- Jacket water return
Blowdown
Source
Turbomachinery International.
17W24N~ 66K(EEATr..
Cx)604
1i
rATo4
mAt
015r
Source:
Guidelines for Adopting State Cogeneration Policies.
x
ca.O
i%;r
4)
( iu
e--&Osow1Cs
f550
+ Heok
a#40ER
eetAonr.
000
4S~oOO
-
P0USk.
t~4~f
MtX1k
00
351 /VAo
~W)c*
1 f50,04 4MEO
, ogI ai,06z
$NNOUIt oflYAiA
60'r
OIP,
+70
,Sore
Sourcei
1,((0 ,05?-
>c
xhd*
*0
e-
41, b4t
rio/v
Gas./
0
__od4ol"
ro
3COA'--
Northern Illinois Gas.
AMN Oft lwuguu
SLreC aryC
Z11tp yW )(
ro.>/t7y
Wqn
sP/Wr - 52 (AMet.;:
(W rml PewoD)
x
X
6.
(WtAX.
F.A
T (0:0
5 INCLUMP
lts *
/A-i
x.9-4
AWoIGM cost
r 44, 6'1
)
133
~Y~I~ih
9195aW 04&Ih"
Ot~) edC
(ao/'. pu)
495--145
?40
~ag~L~
No, 2oolI
ftixEr,
I W&~TAL4 9,
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(Pit)
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>1
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15-4w
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mv TooC
1150
irJ
MA
WO, ftm-
00
FOZ CO(CAGOmIL
134~
4I
NA
NA
NA.
Sourcet
52) - Sa3
550 -960
Guidelines for Adopting State Cogeneration Policies.
, AM -rEXPAN6 64eq~ E"AWIv %X1r
LO&GNMLATV0N
c 1161t )
plvMOI40wlc6
v~~ewu*
6 1tbG,6w
+
dl-'
" 7(
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1x5 -K!5
7-1 ? W" Y.. do ft/yr- tO7I~
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K 1014
1t- to,0 53O/y.
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f
x I 13,
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67(a
11
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00O
57&1 1-1 3z. 0 /
00
4oof (OC/ 11,5&11 -137.
AVOtVCP fOLU tC
-
t,*r'UV~t
135
ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION
136
Ml
OAN6
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e i
00 AMg
4CuctX&C
t!5OAb
cAI4uA170ON
AN~AU00c5ic
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w OeI6V Mro4 a y Gxme-tAt 104\js
RAMP
v(aomL
"'XLJp
1
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( tog
P41c9v klri"
Pf9W
VIrCJ
6^9fs pv7qkZaot
VA
t-5,14o r-T
Cq6l-lv;)
Sources
r--a~pl4o FO
-0%K 1501V k4
iiiPPp
1
Z.5'frpP,
N5FtZ PA\i
-A'2,
F
I
,
It
I
e
to
-Q-AY
S?
-PAY
U=lc
Swartzbaugh,
et. al.
449 VT3
oLEk.
%II
I
137
138
P4MMANomaft- 6S~ ?C*4
fZU-iX2c/
CALWWMR
';Wm
PZCCM~66
W-U576
P1666dw
6A4IN'/w.
Y641c..
I.bI
Vtvv
6~A4)J469
24'17,
YEAR-/
Sourca:
j1145
L1
001Tr1j4
-1t~ T~'/
Swartzbaugh, at]. al.
PIA C46IN (o
44,2,
-
~4cc
A-4
ft/ 4CO 4
1
66
*f
~Ah~5
139
ACCtM~5 Th4E5E (Thp)M;
now
6I6M4*zaI M6wqqN-
wetC'Mime
gWe"Jqtw
i
Fsft
C.
P16
f*144%.
,0
64
Recycling begins at home with separation of refuse components.
140
%tk)A&
45
M~tP
CWNo0 VWV~
141IlAL
#&,M A bYA914! p
t (,0966
(ift
$
JI\6eI- N
3 T10,941 co
OF; VL2,C5rV
6qPC r
NU01
M4NLJAG rZ&., VC
IVf
oCr
aEVJzcriV
Io 00
In/
I'Lov5us
( o?49 cf:r AOCiPW Ngt-e COST
r e2UM
(6kLe.$)
t
60
00
/i
00IOSOx(lv
41
(t ws/-,oo OA&)
65013 -orAL-
MA\t4
tfMA11N(, At-
+
5q 8 00
VAINMMCNt
$ ZI/-rx
.4-OPIAIN&o
4!:
00
Iz-Or/Ytc
00
, oi3 -mrAL..
110TAL
* wumt*t6 pmoca? Is ~~gc1Iik4o:l. p 4OF
co k~wg4(i'-N14
141
Trash conveyor and sorting operation,
Source,
Typical salvaged paper baling machine.
142
Source,
showing bales of salvaged paper.
Goldstein.
Goldstein.
Automated composting system.
Source,
Godstein.
IMC-MtkNl
froM $4~flkN(~ ~o*1 54U6 Amp2 '4tA)
SZrNaII4& ANALtY
N~1T WVCNu1
6C
IV~
00
451-615
?)1 1
10,6054~
3 L'
I. pjo
10,64-1
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t
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gUlp
fIvor,4
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VAL-OEC.
A New Prosperity.
157
158
159
What role can a neighborhood alternative
energy plant play in our contemporary quest
for more energy?
On the scale of a nuclear
reactor the NAEP for Rockford seems insignificant.
It
can produce only one half of
one percent of the total annual energy
generated by a single nuclear reactor, such
as at Zion, Illinois.
Within the context
of the Commonwealth Edison service area,
the Rockford NAEP seems even more minuscule.
Plugged into this vast electrical grid,
the NAEP's peak power amounts to less than
five one-hundredths of one percent of the
total system's peak load.
Yet, what value can we ascribe to the
role of an educator?
The NAEP acts not
only as a producer of energy, but it also
serves to educate and shape the conscience
of its community.
Indeed, although small
in scale, its influence upon the minds and
hearts of people within the neighborhood,
community and region may be more positive
and far greater than that of any nuclear
power plant.
Rather than becoming a source
of fear and derision, the NAEP becomes a
160
source of community pride and participation.
ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
1982
6,722,820 KWH
28.0%
429,260 KWH
2.0%
Hydroelectric
16,806,934 KWH
70.0%
Total
23,959,014 KWH
72.0%
6,722,820 KWH
27.9%
Gas Turbine
Methane Digestor
2000
Gas Turbine
Methane Digestor
Hydroelectric
Photovoltaic
Total
429,260 KWH
1.8%
16,806,934 KWH
69.9%
85,824 KWH
24,044,838 KWH
From Renewable Sources
0.4WO
72.1%
From Renewable Sources
161
Di*NMT-
Today, a neighborhood alternative ener-
AQEJEWe PEA, RXMWt
gy plant can be a viable alternative to
conventional energy production in the United
(MW)
States.
But, it
is important to recognize
that a NAEP cannot operate without the benefit of PURPA.
With minor modifications
the Rockford NAEP would fall within the
I-T
jurisdiction of PURPA,,
which requires that
75% of a qualifying facility's energy be
derived from renewable resources.
The fa-
cility is a model of energy conservation
and self-sufficiency.
Passive solar heat-
ing can account for as much as 49% of the
building's annual heating load. Prelimi- - - &46 T"NF_
nary estimates suggest that the overall
efficiency of the electricity and steam
cogeneration process can exceed 79%.
most, if
And
not all, of the NAEP's technology
has been proven in the field for several
J
162
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III
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oND
163
t1oNt-Ly A\4rM~.
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riNr6/
In addition, a NAEP for Rockford is affordable.
The heart of the plant, its hy-
dro-electric operation, can be expected to
earn twice as much as its initial cost,
i~'tAL
over a thiry year period at a 6% discount
rate.
Federal loans for hydro power feas-
ibility studies are currently available,
and tax incentives favor the use of this
largely untapped resource, the Rock River.
For a price tag under seven million dollars,
the City of Rockford could enjoy the numerous benefits of the total NAEP design inWfr1VoY
cluding:
4AS TU"INE
F
M
A
J
_j
-I
A,
0
N
0'
a large botannical greenhouse,
community gardens, an energy library, an
alternative energy store, a recycling center, and a revenue generating power plant.
Additional money toward site improvements
could realize the development of the park
land and restoration of the Haight Village
neighborhood.
In summary, the NAEP is a sound investment in the future of a community.
It is
the road not taken in the past but waiting
ahead for travelers in the future.
164
ECONOMICS TALLY SHEET
(1982 Dollars)
Initial Cost
Annual
Operating
Expense
Annual
Revenue
(Income)
$ 3,528,000
$ 168,069
70,547
Sum of Net
Present Value
of Benefits*
Benefit/
Cost
Ratio
$ 672,277
$ 6,937,902
1.97
34,944
45,598
146,000
2.08
1,041,052
312,049
425,547
1,561,732
1.34
Subtotal
$ 4,639,599
$ 515,062
$ 1,143,422
$ 8,646,234
1.86
Building
$ 2,186,368
Total
$ 6,825,967
$ 515,062
$ 1,143,422
$ 8,646,234
1.27
Hydroelectric
3720 KW
Methane Digestor
127 KW
Natural Gas Turbine
1,989 KW
* Benefits = Revenues - Operating Expense, taken over a 30 year period at a 6% discount rate.
165
166
167
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Meteorological Data For The Current Year
6ocar066.
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112 in
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666.fanl 36.1 ia January 19106.
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DATE0F M E6T019E- The
current year unless otherwisenated.
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194
195
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199
200---~-
I
-
--------