Wind Energy:
Environmental Factors,
Costs & Availability
Todd A. Haynes
Mechanical Engineer
Boise State University
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Electricity is a form of energy
• Energy has many forms
• Electricity is the most useful
• Electricity is generated using
some other energy form
Fossil
Gulch
Coal Plant
3-Mile
Island
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
US & Idaho Electric
Consumption by Fuel Type
US, 2006
Other
Renewable
1%
Natural Gas
9%
ID, 2005
Coal
42%
Hydro
48%
Source:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/
November 1, 2007
Source: 2007 Idaho Energy Plan
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Wind Energy Environmental
Factors
Pros:
• No emissions
• No waste stream
• No fuel price risk
Cons:
• Visual impacts
• Bird impacts
• Intermittent
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Fastest Growing Electricity Source
Total Installed Wind Capacity
85000
80000
75000
1. Germany: 21283 MW
2. Spain: 13400 MW
3. United States: 12925 MW
4. India: 7000 MW
5. Denmark: 3134 MW
70000
65000
Capacity (MW)
60000
55000
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
World total October 2007: 81957 MW
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Source: WindPower Monthly
Energy
Efficiency &
Sustainability
United States
Europe
Rest of World
07
20
06
20
04
03
05
20
20
20
02
20
01
00
20
20
99
19
98
96
97
19
19
19
95
19
93
92
94
19
19
19
91
19
90
89
19
88
19
19
87
86
19
85
November 1, 2007
19
19
84
19
83
19
19
82
0
Utility Scale & Offshore
Wind Farms
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Distributed Scale Wind Farms
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Small Scale
Net Metering
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Off-grid
Cost of Wind Energy
source: US DOE NREL
COE (¢/kWh [constant 2000 $])
12
Natural Gas (fuel only)
10
8
Low wind speed sites
2007: New Wind
6
New Bulk Power
Competitive Price Band
High wind
speed sites
4
2
1990
November 1, 2007
Depreciated Coal
Depreciated Wind
1995
2000
2005
2010
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
2015
2020
Bring down the costs
• Capture more energy
from the wind
– Larger turbines
– Improved control
systems & drive trains
• Local energy storage
• Reduce O & M costs
– Reduce damage caused
by wind gusts
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Boise State Research
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Boise State Storage Concepts
wind turbine
wind
compressor
generator
Flywheel Storage
water
turbine
Continuously
Variable
Transmission
H2O
From
Turbine
storage
tanks
Compressed Fluid
Storage
electric
generator
flywheel
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
To
Grid
Can I put a wind turbine in the city?
• Wind resource
• Zoning Restrictions
– Boise City
– Ada County
• Payback
• Skystream
– ½ Acre, unobstructed
– 20’ taller than any object
in 250’ radius
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Where can I put a wind turbine?
• Small acreage
• Southern Idaho Farms
• Off-grid cabins
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
What can I do?
• USE LESS!!!!!
• Contact your state & federal
representatives
• Comment on IPUC cases;
participate in the process
– http://www.puc.state.id.us/
• Buy green tags
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Todd A. Haynes, EIT
208-426-4053
toddhaynes@boisestate.edu
Useful Links:
http://www.idahowind.org
•Lots of information
•For Permitting Manual, click “Publications”, 2nd link
http://coen.boisestate.edu/WindEnergy/index.asp
•Energy page under construction, Wind for Schools is active
http://www.awea.org/
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Electricity Fuel Costs, 1993 – 2006
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Kilowatt Hours (kWh)!
Our
rates are
LOW!
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Utility’s challenge:
meet daily demand variations
Peak Load
Base Load
Nameplate
Capacity
Forecast/Actual Load
Source: http://currentenergy.lbl.gov/
November 1, 2007
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability