• OECD definition or an e-commerce transaction:
– “...the sale or purchase of goods or services, conducted over computer
networks by methods specifically designed for the purpose of receiving
or placing of orders”.
– Payment and delivery do not have to be conducted online.
– Can be between enterprises, households, individuals, governments, and
other public or private organisations.
– Orders made by telephone calls, fax or manually typed e-mail excluded
2
• Business-to-business (B2B)
– Online sales between enterprises, including linked to outsourcing and
offshoring.
– Online presence needed for SMEs to participate in value chains.
• Business-to-consumer (B2C)
– Involves sales by "pure play" e-commerce enterprises and traditional
bricks-and-mortar firms adding online sales channels.
– Many ways to reach consumers: social networks, crowdsourcing, ecommerce websites, mobile applications.
• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
• Government-to-business (G2B): e.g. e-procurement
 Improved connectivity in developing countries
– Mobile telephony, Internet use and social media
 Reduced barriers to entry
– New e-commerce applications and platforms
– New e-commerce services
– New payment solutions
 Rise of many new e-commerce companies in the South
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Access global value chains
Access to markets/exports
Access to suppliers/imports
Higher productivity
More competition
Greater consumer choice
Job creation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Risk of fraud
Costs of adaptation
Risk of crowding out
Risk of losing tax revenue
Risk of job losses
Risk of widening divides
• Countries need capabilities to engage in e-commerce…
• …and to ensure that e-commerce contributes to their
development
• UNCTAD B2C E-commerce Index developed to provide
countries an easy way to compare their e-commerce
readiness
• First edition presented in Information Economy Report 2015
• Percentage of individuals using Internet
– Sources: ITU, 2014, 208 economies
• Credit card (% age 15+)
– Source: World Bank Findex survey, 2014, 159 economies
• Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)
– Source: World Bank, 2014, 200 economies
• Postal reliability score
– Source: Universal Postal Union, 2013-2014, 185 economies
• Total coverage: 137 economies
Source: UNCTAD.
2014 B2C E-Commerce Index 2016 B2C E-Commerce Index
4 indicators:
 Internet users
 Secure servers
 Credit card penetration
 Postal delivery at home
4 indicators:
 Internet users
 Secure servers
 Credit card penetration
 Postal reliability score
130 economies
137 economies
99% of world GDP
Source: UNCTAD.
Wholesale and retail trade enterprises with B2C sales, 2014
(% of all wholesale/retail enterprises with 10 or more employees)
27 28
5
6
7
8
8
8
10
14 14 14 14
12 12 13
Source: UNCTAD based on data from Eurostat.
18 18 19
17
16 16 16
21 21 21 22
Activities limited by lack of confidence in Internet security
(% of Internet users), New Zealand, 2012
34
36
Social networking
Buying or selling
goods and services
online
31
17
Using New Zealand
government websites
Internet banking
Source: UNCTAD based on data from Statistics New Zealand.
Source: UNCTAD based on data from Worldpay, 2015.
2016
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Economy
Luxembourg
Iceland
Norway
Canada
Japan
Finland
Republic of Korea
United Kingdom
Switzerland
New Zealand
Source: UNCTAD.
Share of
individuals
using
Internet
95
98
96
87
91
92
84
92
87
86
UNCTAD
Share of
Secure
UPU
B2C eindividuals
Internet
postal
commerce
with credit servers per 1 reliability Index value
card
million people
score
2016
69
98
97
89.7
77
100
81
89.0
67
96
89
87.1
77
92
89
86.3
66
89
99
86.1
63
95
87
84.3
56
97
100
84.3
62
92
89
83.7
54
99
93
83.3
61
92
93
82.9
2014
Rank
1
N/A
2
4
12
3
8
9
14
13
2016
Rank
7
14
23
25
26
32
39
40
43
44
Economy
Republic of Korea
Hong Kong (China)
Singapore
United Arab
Emirates
Qatar
Bahrain
Uruguay
Kuwait
Chile
Malaysia
Source: UNCTAD.
Share of
Share of
Secure
UPU
UNCTAD
individuals individuals
Internet
postal
B2C eusing
with credit servers per 1 reliability commerce
Internet
card
million people
score
Index value
84
84.3
56
97
100
75
81.1
64
88
98
82
75.8
35
88
98
90
73.4
37
80
86
91
72.4
32
78
88
91
66.5
28
75
72
61
62.6
40
70
79
79
61.9
28
73
68
72
60.3
12
64
69
68
60.1
20
69
84
2014
Rank
8
18
26
66
73
34
40
N/A
39
45
Region
Africa
Southern, Eastern and SouthEastern developing Asia
Western Asia
Latin America and the
Caribbean
Transition economies
Developed
World
Source: UNCTAD.
Number of
economies
Share of
individuals
using
Internet
Share of
individuals
with credit
card
Secure
Internet
servers per
1 million
people
UPU postal
reliability
score
UNCTAD
B2C ecommerce
Index
value
34
18
3
39
37
24
21
10
36
54
14
17
54
66
47
74
38
53
20
15
37
137
43
46
77
49
11
12
38
19
59
59
84
62
56
54
84
59
42
43
71
47
Africa
South Africa
Mauritius
Tunisia
Morocco
Egypt
Botswana
Kenya
Senegal
Developing Asia and
Oceania
Korea, Republic of
Hong Kong (China)
Singapore
Malaysia
China
Thailand
Viet Nam
Islamic Republic of Iran
Latin America and
the Caribbean
Uruguay
Chile
Brazil
Costa Rica
Argentina
Mexico
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago
Transition economies
Macedonia, TFYR
Russian Federation
Serbia
Ukraine
Moldova
Albania
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Algeria
Ghana
Philippines
India
Panama
Ecuador
Montenegro
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Source: UNCTAD.
Source: UNCTAD.
17
Source: UNCTAD.
• Index allows countries to compare their performance in
different areas.
• The Index does not explain all factors
–
–
–
–
–
Security and knowledge factors
Preferences for shopping in bricks-and-mortar stores
Legal and regulatory environment
Payment environment
Skills availability
• Good starting point for assessment of readiness
• Can contribute to Aid for eTrade Initiative