Water Management
in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999
Médenine, Tunisia
Workshop Programme
Supported By:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA)
Secretariat Of The Convention To Combat Desertification
(UNCCD)
Desertification and land degradation have achieved a center-stage position
amongst the global environmental issues, along with conservation of biodiversity
and climate change. This emphasis is clearly highlighted in chapter 12 of Agenda
21 and demonstrated through ratification of the UNCCD by 146 countries.
This second UNU workshop on desertification issues, in partnership with the
Institut des Régions Arides, Médenine, Tunisia explores the topic, “Water
Management in Arid Zones” in Médenine, Tunisia from 18– 22 October, 1999.
3
Contents
Workshop Programme ...................................................................................................... 4
Paper Abstracts ................................................................................................................. 7
(in alphabetical order)
General Information ........................................................................................................ 30
List of Participants .......................................................................................................... 31
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
4
Workshop Programme
Sunday, 17 October 1999
Arrival of Participants
Monday, 18 October 1999
8:30 – 9:00
Registration and Paper Submission
OPENING CEREMONY
9:00 – 9:10
Welcome Remarks by Dr. Houcine Khatteli, Director General IRA
9:10 – 9:20
Speech by the Representative of the Ministry of Environment
9:20 – 9:30
Speech by Prof. Genady N. Golubev,
Member, UNU Council; and Professor, Moscow State University
9:30 – 9:40
9:40 – 9:50
Speech by Prof. Iwao Kobori, Programme Advisor, UNU
Speech by H.E. Prof. Mohamed Ben Ahmed
(State Secretary for Scientific Research and Technology)
9:50 – 10:30
Introduction of Participants
10:30 – 11:00
Coffee Break
11:00 – 12:30
Visit to IRA, Médenine
12:30 – 14.00
Lunch
14:00 – 19:00
Field Trip Matmata / Douz
(Overnight Stay at Douz)
Tuesday, 19 October 1999
8:30 – 12:30
12:30 – 14:00
14:00 – 17:00
17:00 – 18:00
Continental Oasis Douz / Kébili
Lunch
Coastal Oasis Gabès
Travel Back to Médenine
Wednesday, 20 October 1999
Technical Session 1 – WATER MANAGEMENT IN ARID LANDS
Session Chair: Prof. Hans van Ginkel, Dr. Houcine Khatteli
8:30 – 8:40
Welcome Remarks by Prof. Hans van Ginkel, Rector UNU
8:40 – 9:05
Facing the Challenge of Water Resource Sustainability in Arid Lands – The Role of
Network Development and South-South Collaboration (Zafar Adeel)
9:05 – 9:30
Global Environment Facility - Opportunities for Combatting Desertification
(Nora Berrahmouni)
9:30 – 9:55
Integrated and Sustainable Management of Water Resources of the Niger River Basin in
the Sahel Area (Dieudonné Goudou)
9:55 – 10:30
Discussion on Technical Session 1
10:30 – 10:50
Coffee Break
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
5
Technical Session 2 – REGIONAL APPROACHES TO WATER MANAGEMENT
Session Chair: Prof. Iwao Kobori, Dr. Theib Oweis
10:50 – 11:15
Water Management Problems in the Arid Zones of the Former USSR and
Russia (Genady N. Golubev)
11:15 – 11:40
Water Use and Management in Arid Zones of China (Wang Tao and Wu Wei)
11:40 – 12:05
Comparison and management of the desertification phenomenon on Tunisia
and Sardinia (Marini A. et al. )
12:05 – 14:00
Lunch
14:00 – 14:25
Irrigation in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones of Iran: Present Status Challenges and
Suggestions (Hamid Siadat)
14:25 – 14:50
The Tunisian Experience in Soil and Water Conservation (Habib Farhat)
14:50 – 15:15
Water Management in Uzbekistan – Utilization and Protection of Water
Resources (Vladimir Savello)
15:15 – 15:40
ICARDA’s Experience in Water Harvesting in the WANA Region (Theib Oweis)
15:40 – 16:20
Discussion on Technical Session 2
16:20 – 16:40
Coffee Break
Technical Session 3A – MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ARID LANDS
Session Chair: Dr. Mohamed Ennabli, Prof. Sayyed Kowsar
16:40 – 17:05
Environmental Impact Assessment and Remediation of Groundwater Mining
in Northern Libya (Saad A. Alghariani)
17:05 – 17:30
Management of Water Resources Aquifers in the Northern Sahara
(Ahmed Mamou)
17:30 – 17:55
Withdrawal Impacts on Piezometric and Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water in
the Arid Regions of Tunisia: The Case of Zeuss-Koutine Water Table
(Houcine Yahyaoui and Mohamed Ouessar)
17:55 – 18:20
Groundwater Utilization and Management in the State of Kuwait (Fawzia Al-Ruwaih)
Thursday, 21 October 1999
Technical Session 3B – MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ARID LANDS
Session Chair: Dr. Mohamed Ennabli, Prof. Sayyed Kowsar
8:30 – 8:55
Management of Fossil Water Tables in the Arid Zones (Mohamed Ennabli)
8:55 – 9:20
Water Retention Characteristics of a Calcareous Soil from Iran: An Ecologically
Significant Property (Sayyed Ahang Kowsar)
9:20 – 9:45
Evaluation of unisolated oases in Algeria and Sahara
(Abderrahmane Benkhalifa and Iwao Kobori)
9:45 – 10:10
Seawater Intrusion into the Gaza Coastal Aquifer as an Example for Water and
Environment Inter-Linked Actions (Shaul Sorek, V. Borisov and A. Yakirevitch)
10:10 – 10:40
Discussion on Technical Session 3
10:40 – 11:00
Coffee Break
Technical Session 4 – INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES IN WATER MANAGEMENT
Session Chair: Dr. Genady Golubev, Dr. Ahmed Mamou
11:00 – 11:25
Wastewater Reuse in Water Planning and Management in Arid Area of Tunisia
(Rachid Boukchina and Noureddine Nasr)
11:25 – 11:50
New Techniques and Methods for the Control and Valuation of the Runoff Water in
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
6
11:50 – 12:15
12:15 – 14:00
14:00 – 14:25
14:25 – 14:50
14:50 – 15:30
Arid Regions (Chehbani Bellachheb)
A Decision-Making Tool for Optimizing Water Allocation and Management in the Arid
Regions: A Multiobjective and Compromise Programming Model Applied in the Oasis
Production Systems of Nefzaoua, Tunisia (Mongi Sghaier)
Lunch
Crop Water Requirement for Water Resources Management in the Arid Regions
(Nétij Ben Mechlia)
Effects of Geothermal Water on Quality of Tomatoes Cultivated in the South of Tunisia
(Mansour Haddad)
Discussion on Technical Session 4
FIELD TRIP & RECEPTION
16:00-19:00
Field Trip to Koutine / Béni Khédache
19:30-22:00
Cultural Dinner
Friday, 22 October 1999
PANEL DISCUSSION
Session Chair: Dr. Houcine Khatteli, Dr. Zafar Adeel, Prof. Noureddine Akrimi
Panelists: All participants
9:00 – 9:30
Recap of Technical Sessions
9:30 – 10:30
Panel Discussion on Key Findings
10:30 – 11:00
Coffee Break
11:00 – 12:00
Formulation of Recommendations
CLOSING CEREMONY
12:00 – 13:00
Closing Remarks by Organizers
13:00 – 15:00
Lunch
15:00 –
Afternoon in Jerba / Departure
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
7
Paper
Abstracts
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
8
Facing the Challenge of Water
Resource Sustainability
in Arid Lands – The Role of
Network Development and
South-South Collaboration
Zafar Adeel
Ever since the Earth Summit (1992), and subsequent entry into
force of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification,
significant efforts have been launched at national, regional and
global level for reversing the impacts of anthropogenic activities
and climatic changes in arid lands. However, presence of
sustainable water resources at any given level is crucial to the
success of these programmes. With insufficient water
resources, the long-term success of these programmes is
doubtful and often may even worsen the situation and create
new environmental problems. Ideally, water resources should
be evaluated at the level of regional hydrogeologic cycle and
should include an inventory of sustainable water resources
specifically available for combating desertification. Equally
important is to evaluate the long-term (10-30 years) impacts of
these programmes on the environment, whether they are
positive or negative in nature. Such evaluations should include
the existing and projected utilization of water for municipal,
industrial or agricultural uses. It is obvious that the presence of
reliable and consistent data is the most basic requirement for
such rational evaluations. Although sufficient data are often
available at a local scale, these may not be properly accessible
or utilized at a national to regional scale. It is proposed here that
development of a network of researchers, scholars and policymakers working closely together on a regional basis may
address this shortcoming. Additionally, such a network can
become a key medium for exchange of information and ideas
amongst developing countries. This will enable these
programmes to be closely linked to economic and social
perspectives peculiar to developing countries, while keeping in
view the dynamics of traditional systems in place.
The United Nations University
Tokyo, Japan
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
9
Water Management in
The Arid Zones of Pakistan:
Issues and Options
Munir Ahmed
Pakistan is basically an arid country as 92 percent of the area falls
under semi-arid to hyper-arid regions. Thus, 74 million hectares out of
80 million hectares are under arid environment. Irrigation is an
essential of any production system in the country, especially 90 percent
of wheat and 100 percent of cotton, sugarcane, rice, fruits and
vegetables are prodcued under irrigated agriculture. Indus basin
constitutes the largest part of the irrigated agriculture. The command
areas is around 16.4 million hectares. In total, the country’s irrigated
area is 18 million hectares. The irrigated area was almost doubled in
the last 50 years since independence.
Waterlogging and salinity are two major problems affecting the
productivity and sustainability of the Indus basin. In addition, scarcity of
freshwater, use of brackish groundwater, inequity, low productivity and
sustainability are the main issues. Because of low rainfall and shortage
of freshwater, the use of brackish groundwater is necessary and is a
major cause of secondary salinization and sodification. Thus the
viability of the irrigated agriculture is a major question towards building
sustainable interventions. The country was successful in introducing
the integrated canal network, salinity control and reclamation projects
and on-farm water management programs in the Indus region.
Recently, the government has been giving emphasis on participatory
irrigation management with active participation of water users and
institutional reforms to transfer the operation and management of the
secondary level canals to the water users organizations. Pilot studies
are underway in all the provinces.
The rainfed and runoff agriculture covers around five million hectares in
the country in addition to forests and rangelenads. The loss of
rainwater and erosion of top fertile soils are the major causes of low
productivity and sustainability of rainfed agriculture. The high intensity
rainfall storms in the humid to semi-arid environments generate
streamflow which is diverted through a system of channelization for
runoff farming. There are around two million hectares under this
farming system in the country. The predictability, reliability, equity and
manageability are the major issues affecting the productivity of these
areas. This system of farming is characterized as a system facing
floods and droughts. Due to persistant droughts community is forced
for out-migration. Floods result in loss of crops and infrastructure if not
managed timely and effectively. The government has introduced soil
and water conservation programs in the rainfed areas and watersheds,
in addition to the integrated area development programs which are
more participatory in nature. There is a need to initiate such an
integrated effort for managing runoff agriculture in the country.
However, research on development and management of runoff
agriculture is already in place.
The paper describes the major issues and options of water
management in the arid environments of Pakistan covering irrigated,
rainfed and runoff farming systems.
Water Resouces Research Institute
National Agricultural Research Centre
Islamabad, Pakistan
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
10
Environmental Impact
Assessment and Remediation of
Groundwater Mining
in Northern Libya
Saad A. Alghariani
The northern part of Libya, known as the Jefara plain, is the
most advanced economic region in the country. Intensive
development and population growth combined with water
scarcity during recent years have resulted in severe mining and
pollution of the groundwater aquifers which represent the only
dependable water supply of a burgeoning and expanding
economy. The adverse environmental impacts are reflected in
declining water tables and piezometric levels, exhaustion of
accessible aquifers, sea-water intrusions, water quality
deterioration, soil salinization, reduced land productivity and
diminishing biodiversity.
Corrective measures of the present situation have been
selected by the help of a comprehensive dynamic hydrological
model. They include both the continuous search for further
water supplier to replace groundwater overdraft and the
establishment of conservation oriented water management. The
first measure will be largely achieved through the completion of
the second phase of the Great Man-made River Project (GMR).
The second measure is sought through introduction, adoption
and application of appropriate technology, augmented with
social awareness and improved institutional capacities.
Dat al-Imad
Tripoli, Libya
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
11
Groundwater Utilization and
Management in
The State of Kuwait
Fawzia Mohammed Al-Ruwaih
The main brackish groundwater resources in the State of Kuwait
are the groundwater located in the Kuwait group and the
Dammam limestone aquifers. Most of the groundwater used in
the State of Kuwait is for irrigation, some part of it is used for
domestic purposes and for small scale industries. Since rainfall
is seasonal and is less than the annual evaporation, the
recharge from rainfall is negligible. Extraction of groundwater in
the State of Kuwait takes place through 10 water well fields. The
average daily production of fresh groundwater and distilled
water is about 3.0 x 105 m3, and that of brackish groundwater is
about 2.0 105 m3. The total fresh groundwater and distilled water
production, increased by about 247 x 106 m3 from the year 1965
to 1997, while the total consumption increased by about 249 x
106 m3 during this period. The gross brackish groundwater
production increased by about 70x106 m3 through the years
1965 to 1997, while the total consumption increased by about
91 x 106 m3. Water levels in both aquifers are highly affected by
the pumping rate for each well. Groundwater is extracted under
mining conditions resulting in a rapid decline of water levels and
the deterioration of groundwater quality. Improvement of the
groundwater management is essential for maintaining long-term
productivity of the aquifers in the State of Kuwait.
The salinity of the Dammam aquifer ranges from 2,500 to
10,000 mg/l, but locally a maximum of 150,000 mg/l occurs in
the direction of groundwater movement towards the northnortheast. The increase in salinity is attributed to dissolution
process, as indicated by the increases of Cl, SO4, Ca and Na
ions in the direction of flow. The major hydrochemical water
types are Na2SO4, CaSO4, and NaCl. Lenses of fresh
roundwater, in which salinity ranges from 200 to 1,400 mg/l,
occur in the depression of Al-Rawdhatain and Umm Al-Aish
fields, in the Upper Dibdiba Formation of the Kuwait Group
aquifer. The aqufiers are directly recharged by local
precipitation, and fresh groundwater is slightly mixed with
brackish waters. These aquifers contain Ca(HCO3)2 and
NaHCO3 type water, in which HCO3>SO4>Cl.
Department of Geology
Kuwait University
Safat, Kuwait
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
12
New Techniques and Methods for
the Control and Valuation of
Runoff Water in Arid Regions
In the arid regions, the runoff water harvesting represents an
important renewable water resources In the arid parts of Tunisia
several techniques of water harvesting (small dams : Jessour,
Mgouds, etc ; traditional storage tanks : fesguia , majels) are
used for the control and valuation of the runoff.
Chehbani Bellachheb These techniques have the following problems :





The unadapted calculation methods used to determine the
values of hydraulic parameters of the dam, the terrace and
the watershed.
The loss by evaporation of the retained runoff water and of
the complementary irrigation water (pumped from the
traditional tanks).
The drawing, the transport and the distribution of the water
tank.
The low utilization of the important storage potentialities of
the traditional tanks, particularly during the rainy years.
The evacuation of the overflow water during the floods
through the spillway.
To resolve those problems, researches have been carried out to
arrive to the following results:
 Elaboration of new formulas to determine the values of the
mean parameters of the dams, the terrace and their
watershed.
 Elaboration of a computed model including several data on
the different parameters of the elementary hydrological
units of a river watershed.
 Elaboration of a method for the dimensioning of the
storage tanks according to the irregularity of rains, and to
their use for semi-irrigated crops in green houses or for
supplemental irrigation of fruit trees.
 Conception of appropriate techniques to optimize the use
and the conservation of dam’s retention water and the
stored tanks water.
 The replacement of the actual used spillway by tubes
system to avoid the destruction of the spillways and the
dam during the normal and the exceptional overflows.
 The gravity technique of drawing, transport and distribution
of the tanks stores water.
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Médenine, Tunisia
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
13
Participative Management Of
Water Resources:
Case of In Belbel and Matriouen
in the Saharan Algeria
The two oases of In Belbel and Matriouen are located at the foot
of the Tademaït plate in the Sahara. By their isolated location,
these two oases were irrigated only by foggara and they are
subject of a regular follow-up within the framework of our project
'Modification of Oases following Transfer of Technologies.'
Recently a major drilling was conducted at the oases.
The water from the drillings is useful initially for continuation and
Abderrahmane Benkhalifa1 and Iwao Kobori2 drinking water supply to reinforce water of the foggarates. Our
recent visit to these two sites enabled us to note the mixing of
water of these two sources - foggara and drilling. The mode of
management of water through drilling finds its sources in the
famous system of water sharing of foggara.
This new system represents a clear transition and a passage of
Foggara to Drilling. The sharing of water, decided by consensus
among the population, seems to be a case of participative
management that deserves deeper study to achieve a
successful sustainable development programme.
Unite de Recherches sur les Zones Arides (URZA)
Alger, Algeria
2 The United Nations University
Tokyo, Japan
1
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
14
Global Environment Facility –
Opportunities for
Combatting Desertification
Nora Berrahmouni
Global Environment Facility (GEF) is a financing mechanism
intended to provide, in the form of grants or in exceptional
conditions, funds to support the activities aiming at protecting
the world environment. The financing provided by GEF covers
the costs related to the adoption of the management and
protection measures providing global benefits to environment.
GEF acts as the interim funding mechanisms for the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations
Framework on Climate Change (FCCC). It is also related to the
the Vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer and
the Montreal Protocol, and the Convention to Combat
Desertification (CCD).
The fields of intervention of the GEF are:
 Conservation of Biological Diversity
 Climate Change
 International Waters
 Ozone Layer Depletion
GEF also finances the activities of fight against the soil
degradation and desertification, which must:
 be related to the four fields of intervention of the GEF:
biodiversity, changes climatic, international waters, Ozone
layer depletion
 reach results which cannot be carried out by other means
or mechanisms
 complete and not substitute the already existing financing
 be implemented under effort of collaboration and synergy
 ensure global benefits
Any governmental agency, non-governmental organization,
research group, educational institution, local community, or
private sector may propose a project for funding. Examples of
concrete projects implemented or being implemented in Algeria,
and in the Maghreb will be presented.
United Nations Development Programme
UNDP – Algeria
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
15
Wastewater Reuse in Water
Planning and Management in
Arid Area of Tunisia
Rachid Boukchina & Noureddine Nasr
Scarcity of water in arid region is the most limiting factor for food
production. The need for providing good quality water for irrigation
is urgent to meet the increasing demand of food. Simultaneously,
the same water is needed to satisfy the other economic activities
(domestic, industrial, tourism). Under such conditions, low water
quality from treatment plants should be used to alleviate high water
quality demand.
Wastewater has always been reused in the past, albeit indirectly.
By planned or unplanned activities, wastewater has generally
contributed to groundwater recharge. However, with renewed
interest in wastewater reuse, it can now be considered as
unconventional source of water that can supplement many of the
traditional uses, such as irrigation, of conventional water
resources. These options can be increased with the development
of suitable irrigation systems. Also, if proper complementary
treatment is practiced, wastewater can satisfy the various uses of
desertification control.
The purpose of this paper is to present the activities (research,
development) in the field of wastewater in arid area of Tunisia
among which are the following:
 Wastewater monitoring and research (Gabes plant)
 Reuse of treated wastewater alternatives and benefits in arid
regions
 Dissa scheme reusing wastewater from Gabes plant
 Social/economic feasibility
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Gabès, Tunisia
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
16
Integrated and Sustainable
Management of Water Resources
of the Niger River Basin in the
Sahel Area
Goudou Dieudonne
The Niger River is the third largest river in Africa (after the Nile
and Congo), in terms of its length (4200 km), and its river basin
(2000,000 km2). It occupies the heart of West Africa and parts
of Central Africa. Natural conditions such as dryness,
desertification, and increase in the human pressure on a fragile
environment have caused major disruptions in the balance of
water resources and ecosystems associated with the Niger
River basin.
The principal issues raised in the paper are: degradation of
living conditions of the population, significant diminution of water
resources (low water levels, and lower water tables), reduction
in biological diversity caused in particular by the loss of habitat,
pollution due to insufficient treatment of waste water and other
wastes, lack of synergy between the different institutions
responsible for the protection and stock management of
resources at the national level, and the regional level (for the
River Niger basin).
It is important to slow down the advanced deterioration at the
level of the Basin, and to mobilize water resources in an
integrated way, that aim at sustainable economic development
for the whole of the populations upstream and downstream of
the river. This article stresses the importance of an integrated
management of water resources, the adoption of policies and
strategic approach coordinated among all actors at the local and
national levels, and of the Basin as a whole.
Energy and Environment for Rural Development
Niamey, Niger
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
17
Management of Fossil Water
Tables in the Arid Zones
In many countries of the arid zones, the main part (if not the
total) of water resources comes from fossil water tables
circulating very slowly in the deep structures of the great
hydrogeologic basins.
Mohamed Ennabli These non renewable resources imply a long term stock
management and the intervention of the public power in the
recognition as well as in the exploitation these great aquifers
which are most often transboundaries.
The exploitation potential of these reservoirs, devoted mainly for
mining use, depends on certain physical conditions such that
the productivity and their long term behavior. It is also tributary
on other accepted technical and economic criteria and the
exploitation strategy. The latter is defined in general to
guarantee a production duration so as to maintain the
production unit cost at an accepted level to meet the expected
use objectives and the costs distribution fixed by the economic
policy.
Institut Nation de Recherche Scientifique et
Technique (INRST)
Tunis, Tunisia
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
18
The Tunisian Experience in Soil
and Water Conservation
Many indices and historical evidences indicate that Tunisia has
always struggled for controlling soil erosion and conservation
and use of rainfall/runoff water. Since independence, the
objectives, the approaches, the techniques, and the institutional
and juridical frameworks have changed as follows:
Habib Farhat




from social to agricultural development and protection of
infrastructures;
from sector-based to integrated management;
from limited actions (benches, jessours) to more than
twenty techniques which concern the protection of soils,
land reclamation, the mobilization of water resources as
well as the maintenance of ancient works;
from imperative to incentive juridical framework.
This approach has allowed to establish a national strategy for
soil and water conservation taking into account the region's
characteristics and the country's priorities.
The implementation of this strategy has required a certain
number of accompanying measures (training, elaboration of
guidelines and manuals, awareness, study cases, etc.). On the
other hand, it has generated many valuable assets at different
levels such as:
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preservation of soil resources,
mobilization of surface waters,
protection of dams from silting up,
ground water recharge, and
protection of infrastructures.
The evaluation of this strategy has shown the necessity of
making few adjustments regarding the importance of some
components (smooth techniques, maintenance) and the
rectification of models (hill lakes, ground water table recharge).
Direction de la C.E.S.
Ministère de l’Agriculture
Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
19
Water Management Problems in
the Arid Zones of the Former
USSR and Russia
Genady N. Golubev
A. The arid and semi-arid zones of both the former Soviet
Union and the Russian Federation occupy few million sq. km.
Water management for such a large country requires a
continent-scale strategic approach. The paper will discuss two
classes of problems: a) Strategic issues of water management,
and b) Selected tactics of the water management for the arid
zones.
B.
Strategic issues of the water management.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C.
The regions with the high water demand and the
high water supply geographically do not match.
On large territories there the modest annual
sums of precipitation and frequent summer
droughts make a sure harvest impossible without
irrigation, making it the main user of water. It
leads to such water management problems as
the suggested North-South water transfers
schemes or the excessive water use in the
closed basins, first of all in Central Asia.
The drop in the water level and deterioration of
the state of environment occur on very large
closed (Aral, Caspian, Balkhash), and semiclosed basins (Azov and Black Seas).
A multidisciplinary environmental management is
made for very large territories including combined
water/salts
balance,
salinisation
and
waterlogging of soils, drinking water supply
problems, water-related health problems, etc.
Geoecological problems are associated also with
the management of water reservoirs in arid
zones (e.g. conflicts among users of water,
management of erosion and sedimentation,
eutrophication control, etc.).
Conflicts over management of the newly formed
international water bodies and their basins have
begun to develop.
Some tactical issues of the water management.
1.
Moscow State University
Faculty of Geography
Moscow, Russian Federation
Relation of the yearly cycle of the water balance
and specific features of water management.
2. Hydrologic forecasts and water management:
methodologies of forecasting, application of
forecasts for the allocation of water, optimization
of reservoirs’ management.
Selected management aspects of irrigation (e.g. irrigation
efficiency vs. water resources availability, water pricing, etc.).
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
20
Effects of Geothermal Water on
Quality of Tomatoes Cultivated in
the south of Tunisia
Mansour Haddad
Geothermal water speeds up the growth by fastening the
initiation rate of the nodes, gives better precocity and reduces
the duration period of fruit maturation.
This water takes better fruit size suitable for tastes with a good
acidity and higher dry matter.
Institut des Regions Arides (IRA)
Medenine, Tunisia
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
21
Water Retention Characteristics
of a Calcareous Soil from Iran:
An Ecologically Significant
Property
Soil porosity in the rooting zone provides the best plant
accessible water storage reservoir in the deserts. The available
water capacity is the most important soil property in the
floodwater irrigated farming (FIF). As the highly calcareous soils
cover most of the alluvial fans suitable for FIF in Iran,
characterization of their water relationships is essential for the
successful implementation of the desertification control projects.
Sayyed Ahang Kowsar The near total failure of 2 year old black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia L.) trees planted on a deep, silty - clay A horizon, and the significant success of the very species grown
at the same site on the same soil underlain with a loam C horizon containing up to 66% CaCO3 necessitated this study.
The water characteristic curves of the two soils revealed that
although the calcareous horizon behaves like a clayey soil in
the high water potential range, it imitates sand at the opposite
end of the curve. Particle size distribution studies demonstrated
that the CaCO3 content of the sand, silt and clay fractions were
60.16, 71.70, and 64.64%, respectively.
Therefore, since the clay - sized particles determine the soil
water content in the low potential range, as the percentage of
layer silicates reduced to 9.49% in the samples whose CaCO3
content had been removed, this placed the “loam” soil into a
“sand” category. This “sandy soil” releases 35% more plantavailable water than its counterpart, thus it supplies the trees
with more water. The XRD patterns revealed the presence of
expanding clay minerals in the C-horizon and their relative lack
in the A - horizon. However, , either the insignificant amount of
such minerals, and/or the coating of fine aggregates with
CaCO3 , prevents the soil retaining much water at low
potentials. This ecologically significant property of calcareous
soils may encourage plant survival in the desertic environments.
Fars Research Centre for Natural Resource
And Animal Husbandry
Shiraz, Iran
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
22
Management of Water Resources
Aquifers in the Northern Sahara
Ahmed Mamou
The geological and hydrogéological characteristics of the main
two aquifer systems of the northern Sahara (Continental
intercalaire and Complex terminal) have been reviewed. An
analysis has been made on the mobilization conditions of these
resources and the impact of their exploitation on their
characteristics evolution and their use environment.
The hydrodynamic functioning of these systems, with very low
renewable resources, is made by decompression whose effect
propagates far from the capting wells. This decompression is
behind the weakening and then the disappearance of
artesianism. The piezometric decline resulting from the
extraction of huge water volumes form these aquifers since
several decades has finished to concern the whole ground
water tables systems and the hydrodynamic exchanges
between different levels of the aquifers. It resulted into internal
draining from the most captive levels, often the deepest, into the
others through semi permeable aquicludes or faults.
The exchanges of dissolved and the mixture between 'ancient
water’ and 'modern water’ because of the intensification of the
exploitation, have lead to the homogenization of salinity of
different levels of the same aquifer system. The salinisation
following this intensive exploitation, appears in zones centered
on areas of withdrawal . It translates an irreversible evolution.
In order to ensure a better rational water resources
management of these aquifer systems, it is proposed to set up a
monitoring mechanism to follow up the withdrawal, piezometry
and the hydrochemistry of these water tables. A particular
attention has to be made to the passage from the artesianism
exploitation to pumping, the drying up of springs. It is also
interesting to distinguish the induced reactions by the capturing
fields situated in the captive area of the watertables from those
in the free water tables.
Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (OSS)
Tunis, Tunisia
The assessment of the exploitation potential of these aquifers
has to taken into consideration the fact that they are little or non
renewable, the particularities of their hydrodynamic and
geochemical functioning and its evolution in time. The
simulation of the functioning of these systems allows to
determine the exchanges balance, to verify some hypotheses
related to these exchanges, and to make prevision simulations
for optimizing their water resources management. As these
systems are cross countries aquifers, the management of their
resources has to result from a dialogue in order to minimize the
negative impacts of withdrawal and to ensure a better
sustainable development.
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
23
Crop Water Requirement for
Water Resources Management in
the Arid Regions
Nétij Ben Mechlia
Early investigators have demonstrated the dependency of
agricultural production on water consumption. They introduced
the term "water requirement" to express the quantitative
relationships between these two variables. They also
recognized the fact that differences exist between species and
that for the same species the amount of water necessary to
produce one unit of dry-matter vary from year to year within the
same location and from one site to another. Much experimental
work has been carried out to explain the causes of variation and
therefore to develop management practices aimed at
maximizing crop production while saving water.
Impressive results and a large scientific knowledge have been
obtained. These are of particular relevance to water managers
in the dry areas. In addition various concepts have been
developed for research and managerial applications. In plant
physiology the ratio of transpiration to photosynthesis (Kg of
water transpired per Kg of carbon dioxide fixed) and
transpiration coefficient (Kg of water per Kg of dry-matter
produced) are common expressions used in research.
Agronomists who are concerned with the productivity of the
applied waters use more the Water Use Efficiency concept.
WUE can be expressed as the ratio of production of the total
biomass (w) or yield (y) against evapotranspiration ( Kg of
product per Kg of evapotranspired water).
For water managers, field-WUE may refer to crop production in
relation to all sort of losses. Although these expressions refer to
the quantitative relationship between crop productions and
amount of water used, they don’t vary in the same proportion in
relation to the species, the environment and the cultural
practices. Proper management of the little water resources
available in the arid and the semi-arid regions requires a good
understanding of the causes and extent of these variations.
Institut National Agronomique de Tunis (INAT)
Tunis Mahrajène, Tunisia
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
24
Water Management in
Uzbekistan – Utilization and
Protection of Water Resources
The state management and control in the area of using and
protection of water resources is provided by the Cabinet of
Ministries, the local organs of government and specially
authorized state organs: the Ministry of Agriculture and Water
Management and the State Committee for Nature Protection.
Vladimir Savello The total volume of water resources used by Uzbekistan is
about 60 km3 per year, of which 90% is used for irrigation and
10% for non-agricultural uses. The charges for water are
obtained only from the non-agricultural users. The agricultural
use of water is free of cost, but the question of establishing
charges for this use is under consideration.
The water distribution in the countryside is realized by the limits
of the water distribution system. These limits of water usage are
based on needs of agriculture and water is managed on the
basis of administrative/territorial conditions, watershed and
needs of water users. Such a system is the beginning of a
procedure for all water users. The state control for allocation of
limits and usage of water resources is done through the Ministry
of Agriculture and Water Management.
National Environmental Action Plan for Uzbekistan has also
been developed. The prioritizing of problems related to
improved management of water resources, their use and control
are described in the framework of this paper.
State Committee for Nature Protection
Republic of Uzbekistan
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
25
Irrigation in Arid and
Semi-Arid Zones of Iran:
Present Status, Challenges and
Suggestions
Natural diversity of Iran is similar to that of a continent.
Nevertheless, most of the Iranian territory is located in the arid
belt of the earth. Out of the total of 165 Mha, by far the greatest
areas are very arid (35.4 %), arid (29.2 %), and semi-arid (20
%). In these areas, the ratio of annual evaporation to
precipitation varies mostly between 10 to 30, reaching values as
high as 80 in certain years.
H. Siadat Therefore, irrigation of agricultural lands is imperative for an
economical crop yield. Presently, more than 90 % of the water
used in Iran is applied to a total of 7.7 Mha of land, including
5.8 Mha of arable crops and 1.9 Mha of orchards. Most of
these lands are under gravity irrigation methods, including
furrow, corrugation, basin, and border strip. Pressurized
irrigation systems have been used only on a relatively small
area of less than 5 % of total irrigated land. There are a number
of reasons for this, including economical constraints,
instrumental failures, poor field designs, and improper water
management.
Low efficiency of water utilization, particularly in agriculture, is
one big challenge facing the country. Environmental impacts of
inefficient water use in agriculture have been dramatic. Soil
degradation by salinization, waterloging, as well as lowered
groundwater quality, are the most obvious consequences
prevailing in many areas of the country. Other results are low
yields, poor crop quality, higher energy for pumping, and
intensified drought impact.
It seems that the national scientists and policy makers should
re-orient their priorities in the light of the consequences of the
present trend in agricultural water utilization. Otherwise, the
future costs in terms of the quality of our soil and water
resources will, by far, exceed the present national income
obtained from crop production under poor water management.
A new school of thought, with emphasis on education at
different levels and sustainable use of soil and water resources,
should replace the age-old belief that in arid and semi-arid
zones, supplying of water--by construction of storage dams or
extraction from groundwater--is the number one priority.
Soil and Water Research Institute
Tehran, Iran
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
26
Seawater Intrusion into the
Gaza Coastal Aquifer as an
Example for
Water and Environment
Inter-Linked Actions
S. Sorek, V. Borisov & A. Yakirevitch
Simulation was conducted concerning the problem of saltwater
intrusion in the Khan Yunis portion of the Gaza Strip phreatic coastal
aquifer.
The MEL2DSLT code was developed on the basis of the Modified
Eulerian-Lagrangian (MEL) method to overcome difficulties arising
from hyperbolic behavior of flow and transport equations, due to the
advective nature of solute transport and heterogeneity of the soil
characteristics (permeabilities and dispersivities). It also allows
simulation of the groundwater level and the averaged solute
concentration in a 2-D horizontal plane, together with the estimation
of the saltwater depth. The proposed approach is of particular
interest when assessing the effect of different regional pumping
scenarios on groundwater level and its quality. After calibrating the
code for the aquifer parameters and the boundary conditions, we
investigated its predictions resulting from various pumping scenarios
using the actual pumping intensity from the year 1985 and
extrapolating on the basis of 3.8% annual population growth. Results
show a considerable depletion of groundwater level and intrusion of
seawater due to exessive pumping.
The saltwater intrusion due to excessive pumping is onle one aspect
to consider in inter-linked actions associated with water and
environmental disciplines. We show a block diagram depicting the
inter-relations between water and environmental disciplines that can
be investigated in terms of optimizing decision making processes.
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Israel
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
27
A Decision Making Tool for
Optimizing Water Allocation and
Management in the Arid Regions:
A Multi-objective and
Compromise Programming
Model Applied in the Oasis
Production Systems of Nefzaoua
(Tunisia)
Mongi Sghaier
Nowadays, the awareness on the optimum use and
management of water resources and on the sustainable
development has increased at the national as well as at the
international level.
Located at the north of the 30th parallel, Tunisia is influenced by
the vagaries of the Mediterranean climate and the desert
impacts of the Sahara. Consequently, the arid and semi-arid
climate covers more than 3/4 of its area. This aridity, in addition
to the increase of inter-sectorial demands (quantity and quality),
has given water, which is becoming increasingly scarce, a
decisive and fundamental role in the economic and social
development process of the country.
A problematic situation, characterized mainly by the scarcity of
water resources in the face of a crucial demand will result.
Elements of the problem will be, overexploitation of the
resources, increase of the costs in contrast to meager prices
and rental charges of the water, inter and intra-sectorial
conflicts, misallocation and lack of efficiency.
This paper is intended to be an aid to decision making. It
endeavors to contribute to the on-going efforts to optimize the
allocation and management of water for irrigation . The study is
about a desert oasian zone where the water resources are
underground and non renewable. It is targeting two specific
objectives : multiobjective optimization and compromise for the
allocation and use of the irrigation water applied to the oasian
region of Nefzaoua (Province of Kebili). Based on the diversity
of the production systems, this optimization is targeting also the
maximization of added value, the minimization of the water
consumption and the minimization of irrigators rent.
To do so, the multidimensional analysis methods (AFC and
CAH) for the elaboration of the production system typology, the
multiobjective and compromise programming methods, and the
classic statistics methods were tried. The data was obtained
from three main sources : the official reports and statistics of the
regional and national planning organizations, the regional
technical data and field surveys :


"agricultural exploitations" survey (around 550 surveys)
"production systems" surveys (99 surveys)
Besides the financial criteria it is necessary to integrate in the
definition of efficiency, criteria that help to preserve resource
and develop sensible uses that lead to reduction of water
consumption and the minimization of the users surplus.
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Médenine, Tunisia
To do so and taking into account the conflicting nature which
opposes the above mentioned objectives, a multi-objective
optimization and compromise models was developed.
It was shown that it is possible to envisage efficient solutions
without greatly sacrificing the financial result while preserving
very important quantities of the water resources.
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
28
Wateruse and Management in
Arid Zones of China
Wang Tao & Wu Wei
Water is one of the most challenging current and future natural
resources issues in the arid zones of China, which will directly
affect the environment by the changes in its quantity, quality
and regional distribution. For sustainable development, water is
the key to success.
Although there are vast wastelands and light and heat
resources, the local economy depends only on irrigated
agriculture and animal husbandry because of the water
limitations. In the arid zones of China, water-use has a long
history and human activities in water management have
improved the agricultural conditions to be favorable for
subsistence and development on a large scale. Along with the
construction of reservoirs, irrigation and drainage system, and
other water-conservation facilities, the old oases have been
expanded and new oases and artificial woodland and
rangeland have been exploited. Those have brought about
great advances in social-economic development. But owing to
increased human requirements and overused and misused
water resources agro-environmental degradation, such as
salinization,
vegetation
degeneration,
and
sandy
desertification, has been caused and spread quickly.
The existing water resources are already under great pressure
from agriculture, and will face a much more difficult situation in
the future. However some typical examples have proved that
agricultural development could be sustained if water
management was improved. But how to conduct sound water
management is still the most important question for sustainable
development when we face agriculture that is limited by water
in arid zones.
Institute of Desert Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou, China
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
29
Withdrawal Impacts on
Piezometric and Chemical
Characteristics of Ground Water
in the Arid Regions of Tunisia:
Case of Zeuss-Koutine
Water Table
Houcine Yahyaoui1 & Mohamed Ouessar2
The Zeuss-Koutine water table represents the main water
reservoir for water supply (drinking, irrigation, industry, etc.) of
the two provinces (Médenine, Tataouine) of south eastern
Tunisia. Its potential resources are estimated to 350 l/s.
The exploitation of this reservoir has started in 1962 but
effectively only in 1972. The continuous monitoring has shown
that the withdrawal rate increased from 102 l/s in 1974 to 420
l/s in 1996 which resulted in a decline of the mean piezometric
level (PL) of 0.33 m in 1982 and 0.96 in 1996. However, the
intensification, especially since 1990, of the construction of soil
and water conservation (SWC) structures in the watershed
resulted in the stabilization and even amelioration of the PL
since 1997. On the other hand, the pumping of this reservoir
induced a vertical homogenization of the chemical
characteristics which resulted then in an increase in the salinity
of the surface layers. It is expected that the SWC works will
attenuate this tendency with additional supply of runoff water.
Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole (CRDA)
Médenine, Tunisia
2 (Corresponding Author)
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
Médenine, Tunisia
1
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
30
General Information
Arrival:
All participants will be transferred from the Jerba International Airport to the hotel in Médenine. A shuttle
service will be provided based on the flight information to be received.
Note: If you are transiting via Tunis-Carthage international airport you may need to collect your luggage before
moving to the domestic flights counter.
Venue:
The venue of the workshop will be the headquarters of the Institute located at El Fjé, Route de Jorf Km 22.5
(from Médenine). The lunch will be provided at the restaurant of the Institute.
Climate:
The month of October is the middle of the autumn season. The mean air temperature at Médenine is 22 °C.
Some rainfall showers could be expected.
Hotel:
All participants will be lodged at Ibis Hotel in Médenine.
Adress: Place de 7 Novembre – 4100 Médenine TUNISIA
Tél: + 216 (0)5 643 878 Fax: + 216 (0)5 640 550
Shuttle bus Service:
A shuttle bus service will be provided between the Hotel and the Headquarters of the Institute.
Time:
GMT plus 1 hour.
Language:
Arabic is the national language. French and English are widely spoken.
Currency and Banking Services:
The unit of currency is Dinar (D). The Dinar comes in the following denominations:
Notes: D: 5, 10, 20 and 30.
Coins: Millimes: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 (1000 millimes = 1 D)
Exchange rate: US $ 1  1.2 D
All banks have a foreign exchange counter. Banks at the airport operate a 24 hours service.
Additional information:
Additional information about Tunisia can be found in the following selected web sites
http://www.lib.utexas.edu:80/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/africa/Tunisia.GIF
http://www.arab.net/tunisia/tunisia_contents.html
http://www.tunisie.com/
http://www.tunisiaonline.com/index.html
http://www.tourismtunisia.com/
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
31
List of Participants
Dr. Zafar ADEEL
Academic Programme Officer
Environment and Sustainable Development
The United Nations University Headquarters
53-70, Jingumae 5-chome
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan
Tel: (+81-03)3499-2811
Fax: (+81-03)3499-2828
Email: Adeel@hq.un.edu
Mr. Ashraf Omer AFANEH
P.O. Box 25 Salfit, West Bank, Palestine
Tel: 972-2-298-1495
Fax: 972-2-298-1494
Mr. Munir AHMED
Water Resouces Research Institute
National Agricultural Research Centre
Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
Fax: 92-51-242363
Email: salim@pnut-narc.sdnpk.undp.org
Prof. Saad A. ALGHARIANI
P.O. Box 91176, Dat Al-Imad
Tripoli, Libya
Tel: 218-21-3338400
Fax: 218-21-3607154
Dr. Abderrahmane BENKHALIFA
Unite de Recherches sur les Zones Arides (WRZA)
Universite des Sciences et de Technologie Houari
Boumediene – USHB
B.P. 44 Alger Gare, Alger 16000, Algeria
Tel: 213-2-64-5670
Fax: 213-2-64-9283
Email: Benkalifa@hotmail.com
Mr. Netij BEN MECHLIA
Institut National Agronomique de Tunis (INAT)
43 Avenue Charles Nicolle
Tunis, Tunisia
Fax: 216 1 795 008
Dr. Nora BERRAHMOUNI
Sustainable Development Advisor
UNDP – Algeria
Tel: 213-2-691212 (ex:234)
Fax: 213-2-692-355
Email: Nora.Berrahmouni@undp.org
Rachid BOUKCHINA
Institut des Regions Arides (IRA)
Nahal 6051 Gabès, Tunisia
Email: Habib.jeder@ira.rnrt.tn
Prof. Fawzia AL-RUWAIH
Head, Geology Dept. Kuwait University
P.O. Box 5969, Safar – 13060,
State of Kuwait
Tel: 965-4810481
Fax: 965-4816487
Email: fawzia@kuc01.kuniv.edu.kw
Prof. Ismail H. El BAGOURI
Centre for Environment & Development for the Arab
Region & Europe (CEDARE)
Nile Tower, 21/23 Giza St., 13th Floor
P.O. Box 52 Orman, Giza, Egypt
Tel: 202-570-3473
Fax: 202-570-3242
Email: cedare@ritsec1.com.eg
Mr. Sa'ad BAKRI
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
P.O. Box 2412-5012
Amman, Jordon
Tel: 962 6 5687765
Fax: 962 6 5680075
E-mail: yasmin_tayyar@mwi.gov.jo
Mr. Bellechheb CHEHBANI
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Mr. Goudou DIEUDONNE
President
Energy and Environment for Rural development
P.O. Box 12418, Niamey, Niger
Tel: 227-73-2313
Fax: 227-73-7511
Email: kandadji@intnet.ne or ccfn4@ccfn.ne
Mohamed ENNABLI
Director General
Institut Nation de Recherche Scientifique et
Technique (INRST)
BP 95 – Hammam Lif
Tunis, Tunisia
Fax: 216 1 430 934
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
32
Mr. Habib FARHAT
Director, Direction de Conservation
des Eaux et des sols
Ministere de l’Agriculture
30 Rue Alian Savary
1002 Tunis Belvédère, Tunisia
Tel: 216 1 287 192
Fax: 216 1 891 516
Prof. Sayyed Ahang KOWSAR
Senior Research Scientist
Fars Research Center for Natural Resources and
Animal Husbandry
P.O. Box 71365-458, Shiraz, Iran
Tel: 98-71-52450
Fax: 98-71-705107
Email: nafissis@pearl.sums.ac.ir
Prof. Genady N. GOLUBEV
Moscow State University
Faculty of Geography,
Dept. of World Physical Geography and Geoecology
119899 Moscow, Russian Federation
Tel: 7-095-939-3842
Fax: 7-095-932-8836
Email: ggolubev@mtu-net.ru
Ahmed MAMMOU
Direction Generale des Ressources en Eaux
43 Rue de la Mannoubia
1008 Tunis, Tunisia
Fax: 216 1 391 549
Mr. Mansour HADDAD
Institut des Regions Arides (IRA)
Nahal 6051 Gabès, Tunisia
Email: Habib.jeder@ira.rnrt.tn
Mr. Kamel NAGAZ
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Noureddine NASR
Institut des Regions Arides (IRA)
Nahal 6051 Gabès, Tunisia
Email: Habib.jeder@ira.rnrt.tn
Mr. Ali HAMDANE
Direction Denerale de Genie Rural
Ministrere de l’Agriculture
30 Rue Rue Alian Savary
Tunis , Tunisia
Mr. Rachid OUAHMED
UNESCO
B.P. 363 Tunis Belvedere
1002 Tunis, Tunisia
Tel: 216-1-790947
Fax: 216-1-791588
Mr. Mouldi KARDOUS
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Dr. Houcine KHATTELI
Director General
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Email : Houcine.khatteli@ira.rnrt.tn
Prof. Iwao KOBORI
Programme Advisor
Environment and Sustainable Development
The United Nations University Headquarters
53-70, Jingumae 5-chome
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan
Tel: (+81-03)3499-2811
Fax: (+81-03)3499-2828
Email: Kobori@hq.un.edu
Mr. Mohamed OUESSAR
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Email : Houcine.khatteli@ira.rnrt.tn
Dr. Theib OWEIS
International Center for Agricultural Research in the
Dry Areas (ICARDA)
P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
Tel: (963-21) 221-3433
Fax: (963-21) 221-3490
Email: icarda@cgiar.org
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia
33
Abderrazak ROMDHANE
Institut des Regions Arides (IRA)
Nahal 6051 Gabès, Tunisia
Email: Habib.jeder@ira.rnrt.tn
Mr. Houcine TAAMALLAH
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Mr. Vladimir SAVELLO
Chief of Water and Land Resources Protection
State Committee for Nature Protection
Republic of Uzbekistan
Tel: 998-712-410-422
Fax: 998-712-413-990
Email: prognoz@ecoinf.org.uz
Dr. Wang TAO
Director, Institute of Desert Research
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000
People's Republic of China
Tel: 86-931-8839197
Fax: 86-931-8883209
Email: wangtao@ns.lzb.ac.cn
Mr. Mongi SGHAIER
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Mr. Mohamed THABET
Institut des Régions Arides (IRA)
4119 – Médenine- TUNISIA
Tel: +216 5 633 005
Fax: +216 5 633 006
Dr. Hamid SIADAT
Soil and Water Research Institute,
Jalal-al-Ahmad Avenue, Tehran, Iran
Tel: 98-21-464-0228
Fax: 98-21-63-4006
Email: swri@sinasoft.net or siadath@hotmail.com
Mohsen ZAIRI
Institut National en Genie Rural, des Eaux et des
Forets
BP 2 2080 Ariana
Tunis, Tunisia
Prof. Shaul SOREK
Ben-Gurion University of the NEGEV
J. Blaustein Institute for Desert Research
Dryland Environmental Water Resources Unit
Sde Boker Campus 84990, Israel
Tel: 972-7-659-6902
Fax: 972-7-659-6909
Email: shaul@hydro.boker.bgu.ac.il
Water Management in Arid Zones
18 – 22 October, 1999 - Médenine, Tunisia