RESIDENTIAL
ADOBE: MUD
CALIFORNIA
FORM
by
Diana Leigh Daymond
B.A., University of California
Berkeley, California
June, 1980
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE AT
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FEBRUARY 1985
(0
Diana Leigh Daymond 1984
The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute
publicly copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.
Signature of author . . . . .
-..
. .
-
- -
Diana
mond
- -
- -
- - - - - - -
-- - - -
' - - '
De artment of Architecture, December 21, 1984
Certified by
* **..
- - - - - -.-- - - - -* - - -- - - - .
. . . . .
Supervisor
Thesis
Fernando Domeyko, Ass iat Pr6fesor.of Architecture,
Accepted by
* ' ' - ' ' ' - * *
. . - . . . - - - - Shun Kanda, Cha rmanlepartlhenlal Committee on Graduate Student
1
FE BHUSE2
19-
FEB822 1985
2
is only the shell and the real interest must
"The
house after all
come
If this is done carefully and with
from
those who are to live in it.
earnestness,
it will give the inmates a sense of satisfaction and rest
and will have the same power over the mind as music or poetry or any
healthy activity in any kind of human experience".
Bernard Maybeck
1908
4
)
"That's technology for you-prestressed adobe!"
5
6
47
=1.:......,
,01=
WLCOME
H7
To
AND
THE ILLUSION OF OWNING~
YOUR OWN PROPERTY
8
ABSTRACT
RESIDENTIAL CALIFORNIA ADOBE:
MUD FORM
by
Diana Leigh Daymond
1984
the Department of Architecture on December 21,
Submitted to
the requirements for the Degree of Master
fulfillment of
partial
Architecture.
in
of
Northern California
has a rich tradition of adobe architecture.
Formed
with earth,
defined
by site,
climate and use,
the adobe
structures
exemplify a building methodology in harmony with nature and
the lifestyle of it's inhabitants.
The use of adobe as a construction
material
is currently gaining in popularity.
This thesis
seeks
to
understand it's historic form and provide a framework for incorporating
these principals in contemporary design.
The foundation of this framework is built upon a detailed analysis
of historic, non-ecclesiastical adobe buildings.
Through observation
and analysis of measured drawings,
the principals which guided early
builders
are
delineated.
The framework is then expanded
to
suggest
sensitive
design innovations in consideration of modern
technological
opportunities and contemporary social requirements.
The framework generated from the synthesis of the historic analysis
and design exploration is used and tested in the design of an attached
housing project sited in Cotati, California.
It is concluded that the
historic principals are well suited to contemporary adobe construction.
Indeed,
they are important
lessons worth incorporating
in design
solutions using any material.
Thesis Supervisor:
Fernando Domeyko
Title: Associate Professor of Architecture
9
10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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TABLE
ABSTRACT .
.
OF CONTENTS
.
. .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.
.
.
. .
.
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
12
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
15
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING AND SITE
. .
23
24
26
28
30
31
INTRODUCTION
.
.
Solar Orientation .
Climatic Factors
.
Terrain . . . . . . .
Landscape Elements
.
Urban Setting . . . .
PROJECT COMPOSITION . . . .
Building Complex . . .
Connected Buildings . .
Positive Outdoor Space
Manipulate the Climate
Massing . . . . . . . .
Roof Lines
. . . . . .
Presentable Facades . .
33
34
36
39
42
43
44
47
INTERIOR LAYOUT . . . . .
Rectangle Plan
. . .
Courtyard Plan
. . .
Center Hall Plan
. .
Privacy Hierarchy . .
Sun Definition of Use
Exterior Access . . .
Separate Structures .
51
52
54
56
58
61
63
66
.
.
.
..
.
INTERIOR-EXTERIOR INTEGRATION
Space
Outdoor
Hierarchy of
. . . . . - - - Corredor
.
Courtyard . . . . .. . .
..
.
.
.
.
Entrance
Garden
BUILDING EDGE DEFINITION
. . . .
Foundation
. . .. .
Wall
Garden
. . .
.
.
.
Doors .
. . ..
.
Windows . .
Balconies . . . . .
INTERIOR DEFINITION
.
.
. .
. .
- .. .
. .
. . . . ..
..
. .
.. .
.
- - -.
-.
.
- . -.
. .
. -.
. . -. .
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.. .
. .
. .
- .
.
67
68
. . .
.
- -.
- - -.
. .
.
- - - . .
-.
83
84
86
88
91
93
.
.
. .
..
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
-. .
.
74
76
80
97
. 98
. . . - - - - - -.
Thick Walls . . .. .
- 100
.
.
.
.
Flooring
101
. . .. . . . . .
. 103
. .. . .
. ..
Strategic Wood Location .
Kitchen and Bathroom . .
.
.
. . .
EXTERIOR DEFINITION
Continuous Flooring .
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
. . . .
.. . .
.
.
. 105
. 106
108
- -. . -. . .
Soft Space . . . . . . ..
. 110
Filtered Light . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Colors
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
..
..
.. .
DESIGN PROJECT . . . ..
Problem Statement . . . . . .
-. . . .
-.
112
- - - - - 113
-.
114
. . . .. . .
118
. . . .. . . . .
Site Analysis . . . .. .
Site Plan . . . . . . . .. . . - - - - - - 124
. .
Unit Designs
Unit Clusters . .
CONCLUSION . . . . . ..
140
.. . . . .
. . . . .. .
- - - - - - - 161
- -. .
..
.
- - -.
-.
- - -.
179
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - 181
13
14
INTRODUCTION
Formed
and
climate
exude
with
a
earth,
lifestyle,
spirit
of
defined
by
adobes
California's
and
sincerity
absolute
intimacy
in
their interaction
Designed
to
meet the
with
simple needs
Padres
site,
nature.
of
Spain
from
were
Mexico
responsible
construction
to
and
for
soldiers
bringing
California during
eighteenth century.
the
from
adobe
late
Beginning in 1769, these
early
settlers
California settlers, their rugged textures and
pueblos,
unrefined
California coast between San Diego and Sonoma.
atmosphere are perfectly suited
Built
California's robust outdoor lifestyle.
of
mud
bricks and articulated with
to
redwood,
they form a distinct built typology which
can
suggest and give guidance to the creation of a
framework
for
buildings.
Such
contemporary
designing
a
framework
advantage
of
California's mild
sensitive
to
it s
would
climate,
topography
dynamic
take
be
and
facilitate the vital outdoor lifestyle of it s
residents.
*15
These
founded
and
a
series
of
presidios at points
buildings conformed both in
missions,
along
the
appearance
and in the materials used, to the architecture
of
their mother country -
Spain.
Ranging in
size and design from impressive Missions;
as
that at Carmel and Santa Barbara,
one-room
ranch houses,
all of the
to
such
tiny,
buildings
have in common their thick, sturdy adobe walls
and
an
integration in plan and
their surrounding landscape.
siting
with
DON J.5L D-
16
dJsL5 VALLL-JD A
-
-A
The
all but universal use of adobe as
building material throughout the
a
colonization
procedure,
region
was
the heavy black soil or clay of the
mixed with whatever binders
period sprang from a variety of circumstances.
available at the site.
First,
grass,
it
was
to
familiar
authorities,
rain,
construction
the
friars
methodology
and
military
as it had long been used in both
Spain and Mexico.
the region;
a
Second, the mild climate of
long dry summers with only winter
made adobe construction practical.
And
The
to
the
indian
converts
from
whose
padres
labor
emerged the mission structures.
The
adobes
erected during
were of two general types.
this
In the
period
customary
generally 11"
between each row,
with a thin layer of
to form a
wall.
The
wall was covered on the outside with a coating
be long lasting.
a technology easily taught by the
This
These bricks were then
laid one upon the other,
of
was
twigs, or shells from the beach.
x 22" inches in size.
if the adobe were properly cared for, it would
Finally, adobe construction
These might be reeds,
mixture was formed into bricks,
mud
were
plaster to protect it from
second
building
present
process
forms
-
day
consisted
similar
concrete
to
the
elements.
of
employing
those
used
construction.
walls
were made by filling the space
forms
with
dampened earth.
solidly tamped down,
The
in
The
between
earth
was
and after the forms were
IANYAS..
1.
1717
removed,
a protective coating was applied
to
the outer surface.
provided
certain
observed.
One
protected
from
coating
of
a
precautionary
indefinitely
adjoining
rules
generally
mixed.
shaped.
the
series
elements
by
water-resistant
an
outer
substance,
linie
After the walls had been coated,
they were whitewashed.
It was also necessary
that
the roof be kept in repair and
eaves
project far enough beyond the
so
were
was that the earthen walls be
commonly a thin layer of sand with which
was
each
or
of
roof
directly
overhangs
which activity could extend,
rain
from
The
the
harsh
"L"
of
these
"corredor"
protected
sun.
afternoon
building
walled-in
area where most family living
clear
place.
These settlers
a
into
all adobe dwellings was a patio
the early nineteenth century families
1a
rooms which opened
were
or
were typically composed
were extended to form a
dwellings
to
began to settle in California.
of
or
dwellings
rectangular
one-story,
other.
.under
These
dwellings
pueblos
founded
newly
presidios.
They
adobe
Adjoining
of the walls.
18
in
modest
the
that
that the bulk of the rain water fell
In
building
clustered
buildings would last
These
began
or
took
Both patios and corredores were sited
take full advantage of the
sun.
Indeed,
these areas become the center of all household
activity.
-A
Prior
to 1835,
adobe
construction
was
firmly grounded in the Spanish tradition.
But
an immigrant from New England -
in this year,
Subsequent decades saw the refinement and
integration
Colonial
of both the Spanish and
design
Thomas Larkin constructed an adobe house whose
increased
use
design
exterior,
a
was primarily based in the New England
tradition while incorporating some elements of
Carolina
plantation architecture.
From
the
styles.
of
in
was
grounded
with the out of doors.
the
hipped
verandahs;
water
shake
built
erosion,
plantation
established
roof
to protect the
were
tradition.
a
and
new
based in
The
style
surrounding
relevant
walls
century.
the
Carolina
Larkin
of
architecture - Monterey Colonial.
from
house
California
typology
style
a central
While
the
This rich
materials
hall and staircase.
on
California evolved.
New England tradition came the floor plan with
interior
Together with
wood
building
and
a desire
Monterey
the
to
the
building
unique
to
architectural
use
of
native
integrate
living
It-s principals are as
today as they were in the eighteenth
Enthusiasm and nostalgia for the colonial
dwellings
must
understanding
of
be
the lack
offered their residents.
without
tempered
of
with
an
comfort
they
Of course, they were
most of the modern amenities we
take
19
L ARKIN
20
HOUE
#
MON-TE.RE-T
for
places
technology
reproductions,
electrical,
demands
not be met
could
which
such
in
be
strict
historic
reinforcement,
plumbing requirements.
and
used
construction
on
as
modern technology can offer
can
modern
Additionally,
today.
granted
to
overcome
But
detailing
design
contemporary construction.
golden
with
replicas
of
salt
boxes,
England
compromises.
It
sensitive
limitations
of
dynamic
landscape,
lighting, and water solubility.
tempered
with
it s
of
historic
design
principals with modern technology
design
innovation
could
offer
a
adobe
and
framework
design
New
tradition
lifestyle,
be
considerations.
functions
integrate
environment
and
This tradition should
construction,
and
covered
and mild climate needs to
native
advantage
tudors
the
reincorporate
environment,
consolidation
English
contemporary
main
for
In an era when the
to the robust California
be re-established.
Yet,
relevant
hills of California are being
traditional adobe design such as poor interior
The
principals
will
be
materials
buildings
to provide an
into
into
ideal
in which residents can take
of the living qualities
to
the
built
full
California
has to offer.
21
22
BUILDING
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
I The
P
construction of colonial adobes
the beginning of
whereby
design solutions which
would
take
advantage of a sites' positive features.
full
the turn of this century,
California
continued.
craftsman
the
rich architectural tradition
consideration of a buildings' context
suggested
At
was
this
possible
preserve
the
failure.
Before
site?
From
They
landscape.
believed that a building should not stand
out
be
taken
elements,
How
does
access?
Initial
is
a
crucial
Decisions
siting of a building or
stage in the
design
arrived at during this
complex
process.
stage
will
does
to
one can start to design the
answered,
all factors
affecting
the
across
the
blow?
How
the sun travel
where does the wind
does water flow?
landscape?
from the landscape but fit into it.
of
understanding
the
everything
them
doom
individual building, they must have a thorough
How
in
success or
their
encouraging
site.
tradition took pride in considering
to
shape all future design decisions,
tradition
architects
surrounding context and doing
inevitably
SITE
AND
Is there a lovely vista
advantage
of?
Which
to
landscape
such as trees, should be preserved?
the
How
Only
site
relate
and where do
when
to
the
larger
vehicles
all these questions
gain
are
and the consequences of the answers
understood, is the designer ready to place the
building on the site.
23
NOri'e,-ntation
Sol.ar
1
40 TH. 3,CAIZ
NOPTH
4
0
a
is
s
0
a
A
P
a
P
Ly~~~~mmm..Lp
a
a
5
1*
d
iS
nl
a
1
a
Sam 1
CAPRJL-L-o A
5A!ITA RD5A
By
devoid
and large,
of
colonial
CoNlZAc-A AroDt
5HuE.wZV
L05
5ALIflA5
DANOS5
in
during
the
while
those
bathed
day.
south or east,
was the
single
determining the
adobes.
RfPJCH
allowing sun light to enter all
orientation
factor
s
south,
sunshine are alive.
important
a a
spaces cast in shadow are
activity,
Solar
Da a
ai
a
=
a Pa
Except
in
established
street
patterns
orientation,
houses
were
siting
towns,
would
oriented
most
of
where
dictate
north
-
morning
rooms
the
Patios were placed to
in order to maximum access
to
light.
The north elevation,
always
cast in shadow,
had minimal openings.
While
west light was filtered or minimized in
order
to diminish the effects of the harsh afternoon
sun.
B
'U
rQna00
:
I
~
N ifU
b0
a
WcALE.
410 -TH.
NDETH
P-TALUMA
AO^'
Today
spaces
it remains ideal
where
sunlight.
Harsh
Additionally,
placed
on
they
the
will
to place
outdoor
receive
maximum
light should
the
be
filtered.
building itself should
northern edge
of
the
be
site,
maximizing southern exposure.
25
Climatic Factors
Wind
sunlight.
can
comfort
effect
as
much
as
A summer breeze cools while a wind
causes discomfort.
Thus, cross ventilation in
summer is to be encouraged while a winter wind
is blocked from entering living spaces.
urban lot,
O0
since
On an
wind control is not a large factor
it s
effect
is
minimized
through
deflection off of neighboring buildings.
on
a rural site,
taken
But
prevailing winds need to be
into account.
Outdoor
living
spaces
should be shielded by the form of the building
-
or
landscape
elements such as garden
trees or hedges.
PE.TALUMA AD~Lt
26
#
DpMA
walls,
Adobe walls
With wind, often comes rain.
are
sensitive
to
designer
building edges
to
the
requiring
very vulnerable to water,
Thus,
rain.
on
roof overhangs
facing the rain,
must be particularly deep in order to preserve
and maintain the adobe wall.
Northern
In
fog
California,
The fog rolls
climatic element.
everpresent
an
is
cools
the
evening air to make sleeping comfortable.
In
off
the
the ocean,
morning,
Sometimes
bottom
of
to the west.
it rolls out,
however,
It
over the
the fog is trapped at the
valley's,
not to dissipate
late morning or early afternoon.
fogs
off
ocean.
settling nature,
until
Because
of
it is best to build up
the edge of the valley floor.
27
Terrain
LAND:5AfE
California
topography is
composed
of mountain and hill ranges
sequence
north to south,
Resulting
of
a
running
in parallel with one another.
from this formation are a series of
valleys
which also run from north
between
the ranges.
direction
Thus,
the
to
south,
predominant
of the landscape is north
-
south.
twisting
Historically,
oriented
the
crossing
path
even
north -
the
south,
the
high
early
adobes
were
in concordance
with
orientation of the landscape.
roofs
hills.
And
their
angled up in the same direction as
the
hills.
With
in a site,
it is best to place
an
In the wine country, water runs from the north
adobe building on high ground, safe from water
to
drainage.
San Francisco Bay,
travel
28
TWtA0 t
,5
LLE..MTNT3
along
in the
south.
valley floors with only a
Roads
rare
This
location
will
earthen walls from water erosion.
protect
the
N Df- TH
*44
UDUTH
29
LandScap e
Many
sites
EI e Me nts
are blessed
with
beautiful
individual landscape elements which should
be
rather
construction.
than
A
pointed
In
place in the building.
Northern California a majestic oak or rock
bulldozed
lovely
preserved and taken advantage of at all costs.
cropping are elements which should be designed
30
around
vista
to
should
ease
be
out and become visible from a special
Urban SettingA
*~~ ~
6...
w
is
It
principals
rural
tight,
take
ANTA
*
EL CUAR.TEE
obvious
how
the
preceeding
Different than the rural site,
relevent
to
a
site
is
But in an urban setting,
on
a
such
as a lack of privacy and usable
particularly
are
site.
DAR-6AR
defined
particular
site,
care
the designer needs
in
preserving
encouraging district landscape elements
are all too rare.
to
and
which
space.
the urban
often burdened with unique
problems
outdoor
Historically, these inadequacies have
been dealt with using two different solutions.
The
first,
through
is
a
out Spanish
townhouse
America.
design
The
common
building
31
presents
to
opened
only
garden
gate.
the street a severe
by
blank
grill guarded windows
Beyond
the gate
is
wall
or
a
a
quiet
covered
transition
corredor
which
serves
as
the
zone between the private house and
the public street.
Larger homes may be in the
garden surrounded by walls which serves as the
plan of an "L" or "U", with the resulting back
entry
courtyard
second
court and private outdoor
design
presents
to the
space.
street
a
The
long
serving
outdoor area.
as the
residents
private
PROJECT COMPOSITION
-
village.
or
had
household
to
This
supporting.
tasks
of
miniature
be
self
completely
necessity required that
be
completed
to
historic
the growing community.
adobe building rarely existed
single element.
and
Thus,
attached
as
an
a
It incorporated the landscape
itself to adjacent
structures,
forming a building complex.
structures and space
and
community of people formed which extended
household
a
interrelate
the
within
to carry out these tasks
needed
'a
In earlier times,
Appropriate
household.
were
- --
from it's resemblence to a
compound,
variety
!--
of the charm of a colonial adobe is
Much
derived
got-w-
a
the
people
than
developed
over
include many more
family members.
This
dynamic
household
time and would transform an originally
dwelling.
and
Multiple
landscape
modest
buildings would be added
elements used to
connect
and
33
Building Complex
Historically,
architectural
composition
process.
was a factor of time and an additive
The
resulting
reflected
form,
the
a thoughtful,
building
complex,
human scale,
derived
from a variety of demands.
Parallel
contemporary,
result
monolithic
can
suggest
buildings
of one shot construction.
intended
that
Additionally,
ignores
take
thinking
the
that
are
It is
a
not
these buildings be transformed.
their
singular
variety of activities
place within it thus denying
construction
which
the
may
scale
of the individual or sub-group.
A contemporary lifestyle, as much as that
of the early California settlers,
LA P.KIh fDU--DE
34
..
is composed
-A
of a variety of activities.
These activities
demand
spaces providing a variety of
levels
and outdoor access.
Consequently,
should strive to create
designer
complex.
Through
privacy
a
a
absolutely
available,
necessary.
the
As
money
rest can be added,
becomes
forming a
harmonious whole.
building
the building form and
the
addition of landscape elements, a hierarchy of
spaces
should be defined for different
At the residential scale,
uses.
small buildings for
vehicles or storage will expand a house into a
building complex.
An
also
additive
be
an
construction process
economic
affordable housing.
residents
build
solution
only
building
If money is insufficient,
could plan the entire
first
in
might
the
parts
project
but
which
are
35
TO
In
order to form a building complex from
a collection of buildings,
DUILDIMQ5
connect the buildings.
literally
it is necessary to
The buildings can
connected to each other or
be
through
the addition of a third built element.
In
IVPJWITAL
LON NECriaT
plan,
connected
with the addition of a corredor
verandah.
buildings
adobe buildings are most often
The
corredor is attached
thus forming
circulation link.
architectural
a
common,
or
between
protected
The garden wall is a second
element
used
for
connection.
The wall not only links outlying buildings but
encloses the space between them.
On
CA5
36
Pr- LA C1UFM2A
the
vertical level,
a
common
roof
might
join multiple buildings to become
one.
While
horizontal
from
continuity can result
I-P\PKIN
NDU5E-
IAL
one,
E)WIL-DINCI,5
ON4
+
f5UlLE)ltjq5+ COMEPOPf-5-
37
the
addition
between
when
separate
flooring
material
two different areas.
The
that
of a common
beauty of the connective process
a
new element
structures,
inevitably results.
a
is
new
used
kind
to
of
is
join
space
Positive
Outdoor Space!
rL WP1-ALr-
CA5A Mrf)f
R.MCA
One
of
is
the
definition
outdoor space.
space
will
positive
space
is
or a
process
connective
plan
the most positive results of
and
building
enclosure
of
itself
the
space.
characteristics
Positive
of
outdoor
defined as a convex space which
in
feels
protected
enclosing.
space
in
It
is
which sun and
usually
wind
a
are
under control.
The
If formed appropriately, this
take on
outdoor
sensitive
the
to
create
first
positive
building itself.
take
element one should
outdoor
space
manipulate
is
the
The building can be sited to
full advantage of the sun while blocking
39
MIRANDA HOME5AN1TA 5/\PbtAP-A
DANA flDLJ5F
40
VJIA7' flODLIr
3AflTA MPAJZvA
Fr-TAIWMA
AP6't,
CA5A.Dr LA CI4Ei2IRA
L-A CA 5A PEI- PP"tO
5AM
0I1!qC
unfavorable
towards the
can
gesture
embracing and
forming
It s
winds.
landscape,
plan
Through the
sub-outdoor space adjacent to it.
use
of
outdoor
building
a rambling
when
space
more
claim
the building can
walls,
is
inappropriate.
The
creation
to
positive,
protected
adjacent to the building, will
outdoor space,
maximize
of
the amount of living space available
residents.
Living
space
is
combination of indoor and outdoor space
offers
privacy
elements.
and
protection
The mild California
from
climate,
that
which
the
and
outdoor lifestyle of it s residents makes full
utilization
of
outdoor
living
space
of
,,/ L_^ ZKIH flDU5L
paramount importance.
41
Manipulate
the
Climate
To
the
create protected outdoor living space
weather must
outdoor
be
manipulated.
Positive
space will benefit from the
addition
of landscape elements which modify the weather
making these spaces more inviting.
The
garden
prevents harsh winds from entering the
Sensitively
effect.
space.
planted trees will have the
same
Too much sun can be modified through
the addition of trellis's,
shade trees,
glare surfaces,
water and cool colors.
outdoor
with too little
enhanced
then
wall defines space and
spaces
sun
nonWhile
can
be
by reflecting walls and paving which
captures light that does enter.
MA 3,5 INAq
element
key
A
of
massing
successful
General
massing
are rarely more
that a
building
complex
stories
building
an
area
should
of higher
house
the
most
density.
This
important
area
public
When
using
adobe,
the material
itself
length
Their
but
from north to south,
rolling
landscape.
can
vary
a wall extension or job is
When oriented
needed after approximately 20'.
long
function of the complex.
than 20' wide or more than two
tall.
considerably,
dimensions
Individual adobe buildings
and configuration.
it s elements.
needs a center which may be a taller
or
the
will determine much of the massing
is
building
a
suggest
principals
the
complex
of
composition
in
F4>TO T--f PP-
hills
their massing mimics the
of
the
California
Lines
Roof
CARDN
HDU>C. *
ALMADE.I
Intrinsic in massing composition are roof
lines.
The
fall
of
the
roofs
can
together dispirate elements or call out
pull
those
more important.
Adobe
graceful,
44
linearity
are admired for
rooflines which
their
emphasize
of
the
adobe
structure
harmonize the structure within the
and
landscape.
Most adobe roofs are framed in redwood, and in
Northern
structures
flowing
the
shingles.
out
California,
covered
with
redwood
They are gently pitched, flattening
over corredores.
Adobes designed in the
mmmmk
-AY Ap M Ao *
SONOM A
45
Colonial
Monterey
style
have
often
hipped
roofs.
In
an
adobe
particularly
soluability
building,
important.
of
Due
the
to
the earthen walls,
roof
the
the
must protect them from inclement weather.
this
reason,
overhangs.
adobe
buildings
have
is
water
roof
For
deep
These overhangs further emphasize
building linearity and bring it s mass towards
the ground.
Facade~s
Presentable
4
CU5TDM
One
of
the great attractions
U-JPT
of
adobe
structures and contributes to their success as
building
complexes,
is
the fact
rarely have a blank or "back"
each
facade
may
differ
that
facade.
dramatically
they
While
LLE.VATION
reaction
elevations
The
to
climate,
are
site,
presentable to
multiple direction of
contribute
their
use,
or
the
all
visitor.
orientation
to the wholeness of their design.
in
47
CusLITDO
484
NDtHsW)T
fLLVATIOH
CU TOM NDLZE-* rTTRL
49
50
INTERIOR
LAYOUT
California,
Throughout
the linearity of
the landscape is repeatedly emphasized through
the
flow
of the water,
the
length
valley's and the rise of the hills.
landscape,
the
also linear.
of
the
Like the
plans of adobe structures are
This linearity is necessary due
and demands
for
The resulting form has
the
advantage of beautifully harmonizing with
the
to
structural requirements,
interior
landscape
light.
and
inconspicuously
integrating
itself with in it.
51
Rectangle
Plan
. V.-
5Tr1F- 5EAT
-A
T
4 ioRTH
4
IE.AR.
The
CU>TOM
IhID.
MONT2tf
0
PL-AN
earliest
and
most
primitive
the
largest
California adobes were rectangular in plan and
space.
general
A
form.
They were one story high
generally composed of 2-4 rooms,
into
the next.
The center
and
each leading
room was generally
and served as
the family
The smaller end rooms were
corredor
was
built
extending the roof line.
on
the
living
bedrooms.
exterior
by
This covered passage
served as the primary circulation space.
The lack of adequate interior circulation
Additionally,
the linear relationship between
emphasized
rooms
entity
disadvantage.
this plans' primary
was
space
rather
as
a
singular
encouraging
a
dynamic
each
than
room
relationship with it's neighbors.
With
for
the
a rectangular plan it is
building
form itself
create positive outdoor space.
to
difficult
claim
or
This can only
be accomplished when a three sided garden wall
is attached.
53
Courtyard Plan
As
the
increased,
wealth
they
of
early
settlers
added on to their
initially
modest homes or built new ones.
homes
had "L"
known
as
embraces
space
This
or "U" shaped plans which
courtyard
extending
plans.
into the site,
the
as
plan
These grander
landscape,
With it s
the courtyard
claiming the
a courtyard for
was
were
expressive
of
the
the patio.
perimeter
house
Like
of
'opens'
directly
the rectangle plan,
Each room
onto
in
space
in
with
only
story
wealth,
to two
in
the
stories.
room
entertainment
or
"sala"
one
increased
wing might be raised
embracing
itself
the early simple
the landscape,
forges
But
it s
like
circulation
for
on
an
was
unalterable
the rectangle
plans.
By
relationship
the
plan,
the
zone must be more self
adaptation
requirements.
vast
the form of the house
inhabitants and
successful
privacy
a
was
house
courtyard
The
the
the
Bedrooms or
usually located on the second floor.
between
serves
usually
But
large
the
corredor.
the corredor
as
an exterior
circulation
absence of an interior hall.
54
the
was
improvement
A corredor runs around
the patio.
A
gracious
large door leading from the street directly
into
plan
central
A visitor enters a courtyard home through
a
This
plan
unhurried life of early residents.
public
work spaces are located in the extended wings.
height.
inhabitants.
it s
the central wing.
living areas in
wings
central
the
of rooms finds
layout
The
to
outdoors.
interior
contained
contemporary
-Z24
CADA DL LA
D
CUELr\
55
Center
As
discussed in
construction
in
suggested
new
a
Plan
Hall
introduction,
the
1835
of the
plan
Larkin
typology
for
the
House,
off
of
Bedrooms
which open the public
or
living
more private common
adobe
located
beyond
The plan was heavily based on the
located
in
room S.
spaces
a re
these rooms or up the stairs
-d
dwellings.
New England architectural tradition and lacked
some
basic
requirements
understanding
in
of
California
as
cross
ventilation.
The
the
center
California
hall
of Casa Amesti
with
building
excellent example of
a
integrated
more
sensitive
is
an
the center hall plan.
In
It
typology.
this plan, the visitor enters directly off the
street and on to the corredor.
is
found to the side or
main door,
56
In this plan,
back.
The courtyard
Through
they enter directly into
the
the hall,
the
seco
has been provided.
interior circulation spa ce
This allows the
to become two rooms wide.
building
on
floor.
architectural
such
the center hall -
have
buildi nig
Consequently, roo ms
a single outdoor facade rather than
double exposure found in earlier plans.
t he
CAp\A
CtfrNTff
P\MEZ)TI
SMONHTEJ-E-'
flAW, ML-Nj
g
57
Privacy
Hierarchy
uNE/PK PL/e
I5UQTYfYQD
HOLbL
rU5UC
PPJVPc-f
Intrinsic
privacy
the three basic plans is
hierarchy
differentiates
between
public,
public,
private.
58
in
semi
IER ARCH'f
which
four
semi
defines
privacy
private,
"Public
a
and
is
defined
as
area
rightfully transgressed by everyone.
"Semi-Public
zones:
and
Space"
Space" is a transition zone
between public and private.
is
the
exterior
In this case
space adjoining
a
it
private
__= 4
CFNTfE . fALL
FPJVPCY
HIER.ARCH IE
building where visitors might be assessed.
practical
terms,
it
is
the
In
or
corredor
admittance
Space"
"Private
Space"
is
controlled by the individual.
courtyard of an adobe home.
"Semi-Private
group's private realm such as a living room.
is the area open to
to family and friends.
It
is
a
the
territory
In a home, this
space is a bedroom.
In the horizontal dimension,
the privacy
.59
hierarchy
is well defined by
the
California
adobes.
Public space is that area beyond the
to
corredor
or
often,
The
garden wall facing
semi-public space is
corredor or courtyard.
are
located
the
street.
contemporary design it is
imperative
maintain this privacy hierarchy.
distinctions
are broken down
All too
between
contained within the
zones, resulting in a loss of understanding in
The semi-private areas
the built environment or an inability to claim
directly off the
main
interior
space
as
an individual.
In areas of
dense
entrance, most often towards the center of the
construction
it it particularly important
to
building.
create adequate semi-public space in order
to
The
private space is
beyond
the
semi-private and at the edge of the plan.
In the vertical
space
with
salas
is
dimension,
semi-private
generally found on the first
private bedrooms located
differentiate
above.
were originally located on
the
floor
Where
second
floor, they have usually been transformed into
bedrooms.
60
In
between
that of a neighbor.
one private space
and
Sun
The
privacy
importance
However,
in
hierarchy
laying
out
of
is
a
UseA
the
plan.
sunpath
use areas and wall openings of
defined
of
primary
house
with in the hierarchy,
Definition
adobe
structures.
most common lay out finds
The
the kitchen,
east
and
living
afternoon
extend
and work space opening up to the
catch the morning
to
all
bedrooms,
eating
sun to the
the
areas
west.
sun.
The
would
catch
Outdoor
way from east to
west
storage and service areas claiming the
L/5
large
the
spaces
with
shaded
w
-
5Lj
F IMD
-
':
north.
61
L
i
tioR.Th
ThL rWkThIuE PDOrE
Exterior
Access
In early adobe dwellings it was necessary
the
all
rooms to have direct access
to
outdoors
because circulation occured
through
for
an
corredor.
exterior
advent
of
hall,
the
a
central,
interior
the
with
even
But
circulation
direct relationship between
every
interior room and the outdoors was maintained.
This
relationship allows the resident to take
full advantage of the outdoors,
is
extended
room
to each room,
admitted
is
and
maximum light
living
space
each
the privacy hierarchy for
expanded.
It
is
a
condition
desirable today as it was during the
is
as
colonial
period.
Californians
indoors.
The
live
from
relationship
outdoors
between
.-
to
these
C /\5A
AMETI
I-ooQ
TV'o
63
x
spaces
should
not
merely be a
that
window
visually connects these spaces, or a door that
opens.
It should be a complete sheltered area
which defines a space in itself.
free
patio
connection to the corredor and
flowing
in
a
living areas should have
Common
with one another.
connected
relationship,
extended.
the
Private
living
areas
Through such
a
is
space of
each
such
bedrooms
as
should have walled in patios or balconies
-14-/
are
a relationship where all these spaces
for
the exclusive use of their inhabitants.
When
should
CA5A
AMEJTI
ACCE"
EXTER9JOPL
64
.
.
*
.
.a
PLO-Z
TX
defined
designing
be
a
building,
each
laid out in a manner where
by both interior and exterior
room
it
is
space.
10'
I-
$t' nCTIOMr
LIHT
Care
should
connection
be made in
so
that
the
quality
seperately
of
they
the
complete
are
become dynamic.
elements but
in
combination,
they
65
Separate
Structures
absence
of
indoor
ventilation
requiring
for
such
separate
plumbing
extensive
facilities
structures.
and
adequate
tasks
cooking,
were
shunted
lean-to's
These
to
were
found on the edge of the property.
Today of course, the kitchen and bathroom
have
been
incorporated inside of
the
house
thus greatly increasing a home's comfort.
there
'
MTET
5j$2V1CrZ
9PCeT Th A-PE
1WE
are still some activities
logically
be
from
main
the
placed in
building.
could include the garage,
One
early
life
in
adobe
dwellings
with
a
a workshop,
structures
These
the detachment of some spaces,
the
linkage
In
the
complex becomes more tangible.
we take for granted today.
separate
activities
or even a guest cottage.
elements,
might
storage facilities,
realization that this life lacked many of
comforts
6 6-
must temper their romantic vision of
which
Yet
Through
together
with
the creation of a building
INTERIOR- EXTERIOR
Successful integration between indoor and
outdoor
spaces is paramount in expanding
the
area claimable as living space.
Outdoor space
makes indoor space seem larger.
Outdoor space
has
a beneficial effect upon life within
house.
A
extends
the
terrace
the
house
outside
a
living
living space beyond the walls
into
the
landscape.
Even
weather will not permit the use of
area,
the
room
of
when
INTEGRATION
successfully manipulated,
the dwelling
gains
an additional room at minimal cost.
Adobe
landscape
structures
and
use
a
repertoire
built elements to protect
of
the
structure from erosion and create a variety of
outdoor spaces.
Today we can continue to use
these elements for privacy,
climate and light
manipulation.
the outdoor
it seems to make the inside room larger
both visually and emotionally.
From
an
economic
extension
of
indoor
proximity
with
Exterior
space
construct.
space
outdoor
is
Thus,
standpoint,
space
much
if
through
less
the
is
the
it s
crucial.
costly
weather
to
is
67
AHierarchy
of
Outdoor Space
6
b
b
b
b
b
b
0
ruDLC
ILLUO. A
PLDLic
'hVATEL
ILLU3. f>
Integral
to
the
privacy
hierarchy
realized
that
these
initiate
elements
corredor
hierarchies of climate and light manipulation.
and patio to define semi public space and make
In adobe structures, the primary elements
earlier,
discussed
the
first
was the use the
declaration
that private
property
exists separate from that of the public.
discussion of outdoor space,
be
In a
this concept must
expanded in order to fully understand
breadth
of contribution these
towards the privacy hierarchy.
68
be
elements
the
make
It should also
used
in
corredor,
wall,
each
exterior
the patio or courtyard,
and the
of
these
individually.
how
-
these
space definition
trellis.
elements
are
the
the garden
Later in this section
will
be
discussed
Presently, it will be explored
elements work together to
form
a
bb
ILL.LJ..
s
It
C
private
is
spc
inero
hierarchy of spaces differentiating
light,
of privacy, climate, and
At it's most primitive level (illus.
the
A),
adobe structure is simply placed upon the
lanscae.
while
argued
t
-itro
it s exterior is public.
that
it
does
claim
It could
some
...
an
ill defined and difficult to defend as
it
is
considered
essentially
absolute
so
public.
Climate control is simplistic.
dwle
s
proetdisd
u
The
meitl
the door she is essentially
exposed.
e
territory
beyond it s walls as semi-public space such as
the area under it's eves.
is
rvaeoutside
is
spc
.
..
%adcae
qualities
However, this area
dr
nieadlgtotie
Wt
h
diino
ordr
B), a semi-public zone is introduced.
ils
For the
3FMI
MVATff
b
6
MVATE-
b
b
b
. . . . . .ZZ, Z
......
. . . . . . .. . . .
.......
................
b
0
6
. .................
.
b
e
0b
T-LL[J.
first
is
time,
D
area beyond the building's walls
definitively claimed as belonging
dwelling.
A
to
the
transition zone is formed where
visitors can be assessed before admittance
the
private
territory
707
realm.
where
Conversely,
residents
can
it
observe
is
to
a
the
public while under the protection of their own
property.
In addition to a sense of safety, a
corredor
creates
outdoor territory.
living
weather.
space
It
a
climatically
It expands the amount
available
allows more
.
protected
in
mild
climate
of
inclement
protection
-
to
.
... --m-NOC"
b
66
b
b
b6
b
1rEM rliucr
FRIVATE
fueuc.
ILLU5S Eadobe walls than a
delicate
overhang.
intermediate
A
corredor
of
zone
itself receives
simple
also
light.
filtered light.
extended
creates
The
an
corredor
-However, the
This
configuration relatively
qualities
each
of
side of
privacy,
the
the
climate and light
on
Differences
in
building.
arise
equalizes
through
environmental
qualities
will
light levels to the interior area, just beyond
factors..
Light levels will vary at different
the corredor are greatly diminished.
times of day. Privacy will differ depending on
A
corredor
structure (illus.
on
C),
each side of
the
adobe
is a common condition.
building access,
be
and weather penetration will
determined by the direction of
&6
prevailing
71
L11
72
-A
In
winds.
effects,
view
of different
environmental
may be prudent to determine
it
the
A balcony placed over a corredor, (illus.
D),
in
private
nature
is
which
due
than the corredor
it's limited access.
with
space
outdoor
creates
of
and climate is similar to that
garden wall
a
courtyard
The
The wall
thus formed becomes an outdoor room.
to
to
living
to extend into the space on sunny
of
the
block
unwanted winds
will
plantings
be manipulated
and
the
allows
but
The light in this
windy fall and spring days.
area
and
through
addition
of
sensitive
trellis's,
semi-public
of
(illus. E) the
territory
is
greatly
starts
to
read
corredor
This
expanded.
more
the interior living
semi-private.
enclose
to
is used
territory beyond the dwelling,
becomes
private.
public and
zone
transition
the
and
(illus F).
When
extension
as
acts
serves
corredor.
The
corredor
more
It connects upper levels
the outdoors while it's manipulation
light
the
between
form of each corredor individually.
the area between the garden wall
because
is
as
space
an
and
possible
k=
73
orredor
The
adobe
role
___
of
the corredor added
building has been repeatedly
in previous
sections.
traditional
interior
area and
adobe walls is well known.
discussed
is
an
discussed
That it served as
circulation space,
living
to
extended
protected
the
What remains to be
the form which guarantees
it's
success.
the corredor would
extend
the entire facade of a building,
forge a link and offer
circulation between
wrap
simply
space.
a
To be a space,
is
not
as
important
as
of spaces.
Thus,
in
contemporary
settles
-
the
main
an
outdoor
the
roof
they are
With a width of 4',
But if it has a
width of 6' it is a place
Vertically,
is
the corredor must have
the corredor is only a path.
that it s function was to connect a
not
It
Traditionally,
between 6' and 10' wide.
well as a path.
length
realm but
circulation
But
sequence
rooms.
fulfills a variety of needs.
it
minimum
it s
alternative
The corredor is a dynamic element because
it s courtyard or completely surround a house.
realizing
74
certainly
adequate dimension.
Historically,
across
construction, it may not be long but it should
the
fragile
__
corredor
towards
to
sit
as
roof
gently
the
ground
plane.
This
is
accomplished
through
flattening the roof pitch over the corredor to
a slope of 3" to the foot.
corredor,
the
traditionally
ground
9',
to
At the face of the
roof
height
rising to 11' at the
A AV
AV
is
wall
edge.
In
California,
bugs are not a
problem.
Thus, if the corredor is properly constructed,
the
dweller
will
be constantly
invited
to
throw open the doors for a cool breeze or step
outside.
An
undeniable
link
between
the
indoors and outside will be forged.
75
Courtyard
When
corredor.
just
found
be
will
courtyard
patio
"L"
it's
building,
of the
or
the
beyond
formed by the "U" or
Ideally
configuration
shaped
the
space is available,
enclosure might be completed by a garden wall,
an
forming
thus
in
Activity
the patio is
room.
outdoor
important
guaranteed by
it's
immediate connection through the corredor,
several
-.
-.----....
-
Traditionally
76
1JAX-
TO
in
protected
leisure
t-L CfUAZMVL
rooms.
located
-
of
the
work
time
the
courtyard
space.
increased,
and
But
as
it was
it
a
and
transformed
a garden in which all aspects of
life
took
With
was
wealth
into
place.
was
supply
water
California's
family
mild
-=24
climate,
this outdoor room continues to be an
indespensible
location for
eating,
cooking,
sunbathing or childs play.
its
However,
location must gain adequate
care
days.
sun.
must be taken to add landscape
elements which will screen the sun during
hottest
made more inhabitable and inviting through the
The courtyard should also
plants or a whispering fountain.
the
be
or
accomplished through the configuration of
the
wind.
This
building or a garden wall.
The
dimensions
courtyard
in
order
must
to allow a
activities to take place within.
adequate
variety
of
The minimum
eating
from
functions
of
courtyard is often that as the front room
entry room.
Visitors can enter
street into
the
gaining
have
of the most important
One
can
the
covered
and
a barbecue
And with the
area, it can become an outdoor dining room.
the
from
of
addition
be
screened
niches for
incorporation of built in benches,
In order to guarantee the success of this
space,
The patio can be
dimension should be 12 feet.
admittance
courtyard
will
the
inside
welcome
maintaining
the sanctity of
inclusion
of
this
directly
courtyard
the
the
the
home.
guest
home.
relationship
before
The
while
The
seems
77
CA3A DONIFACIO
78
MONTEr.X
particularly appropriate in small contemporary
where
homes
dimensions
entry hall.
interior
density projects,
can
rooms
insure
by
do
allow
not
Furthermore,
in
an
high
the inclusion of a courtyard
for
all
towards
an
adequate outdoor access
orienting
the
plan
interior courtyard.
79
When
entrance
the courtyard serves as an
room,
the
actual entrance into
becomes very important.
have
a
distinct
location.
owners.
It
outdoor
it
Every dwelling should
entrance
in
an
obvious
should be controllable by
the
Traditionally, an arch was formed in
the garden wall and a strong, often ornimented
wood door was hung.
is
What
friend
and
important
is
to
welcome
discourage the unwanted
the
visitor.
The friend may be welcomed with a bench by the
door
CccF'-1z
FIQL.rIZA
upon which to rest or a bell with
to ring his arrival.
to
Inside the wall the path
the door may be defined and protected by a
covered
trellis.
discouraged
80
which
by
The
stranger
emphasizing
the
can
be
entrance
-A
transition
zone
through a change
level,
surface,
of
light,
and view.
sand,
direction,
These
orchistrations will make it clear
that
he
is entering a private zone and
greeted before proceeding further.
should
be
82
BUILDING
EDGE
Integration
DEFINITION
and
between indoor
space requires more than proximity.
outdoor
In order
landscape,
for
the building to meld into the
the
building edge must break down and open up
to
facilitate visual and physical
between spaces.
the
ground
can
The buildings connection
mold
a
landscape or set it apart.
building
transgression
into
to
the
While the quality
of it's openings can facilitate or
the
connection
between
discourage
indoors
and
outdoors.
83
Foundation
An
it s
adobe wall meets the
foundation.
transition
massive
It
the adobe
protects
it
to touch
were
the
from absorbing
the
only light,
used.
stone
wall's
By
ground,
ground
would weaken the wall.
however,
any,
accepts
and distributes it.
allowing
which
through
At
not
it
moisture
Historically,
foundations,
if
This fact accounts for the
the wall from settling or absorbing
dampness.
adobe
to
be
a
viable
modern
construction
wide) base
Yet,
upon
from
it is easy to envision
It could
into much more than the base upon
grow
the
impossible.
itself
when
impractical
or
roles of the wall
adobe
with
The
grow into piers,
which
It could begin to take on
the wall is placed.
of
are
concrete
foundation
could
or stairs.
An excellent example of this concept
be
found
House.
in
to
It must extend
an expanded role for the foundation.
excessive
Concrete foundations help to allow
ample (2' plus,
water drainage.
moves
Concrete provides a strong base which prevents
has
a foundation
18" above the ground to protect the wall
walls during severe earthquakes.
concrete.
an
minimum,
which to place the adobe wall.
some
foundations are made of
s
it
provide
dampness in adobe buildings and the falling of
Today
134
material.
The foundation serves as a
zone.
weight
ground
the historic
Monterey
can
Custom
It s adobe walls are built on a stone
foundation.
This foundation grows to become a
fireplace and a garden wall.
In the front, it
extends 18" above the floor and widens to four
feet becoming a seat at the base of the
wall.
Thus,
adobe
the growth and expansion of the
foundation, can firmly root an adobe structure
in the landscape.
CufTOM tiOL
85
Garden
Wall
The
walls
traditional adobe
as
the
which
device with
In
enclosure.
structure uses it's
many ways the
to
define
building
will
resemble a shoe box with punched out openings.
However,
when
they
garden
it s
are
wall
connects
SURRts
adobe
-
-An
-
enclosed the
height,
garden
walls.
courtyard
and
down
The
or
And because of
it starts to
bring
the
wall line of the building into
the
plane of the
-L.
used as
outlying buildings.
lower
-continuous
walls do begin to break
landscape.
adobe wall flows from the pitch of the
-roof
to the base of the floor.
But
due
to
it s maleable nature, it can transcend itself.
uM2-TrRD
#
MONTEr-Y
It can widen into a window seat,
into
86
a counter,
then flow up
then a garden wall.
Niches
can be carved
into it
for plants,
keys or the
The garden wall can expand to form a
mailbox.
bench or a barbecue.
It might flow up,
into
an arch for a garden gate and then down into a
low wall.
Finally,
it can become stairs and
flow back into the foundation.
An adobe wall
can become all these things provided,
some
way,
it
is
always
excessive direct assault by
though
that in
protected
moisture.
the flowing rhythms of the
from
Thus,
wall,
the
building will grow right out the landscape.
87
In order to realize the
carefully considered.
and
outdoors,
must
and physical transgression
visual
through
place
indoors
between
connection
protected. the
openings
were splayed back so that when the door
was opened, light would penetrate further.
important,
building
adobe
point
of
out one
the
maintenance
the material.
an
best
the
solid wooden doors were used.
wall.
experience,
it s
inside
is
needed,
The opening itself becomes
an
commonly
Early
builders,
aware
of
this
used the thickness of the wall
opening,
Doors were
so that the thick
to
placed
wall
privacy
was
But,
in areas
required,
and
a
light
visible
connection with the outdoors is desired, glass
paned doors were used.
greatest advantage.
the
penetration
of
entire transition zone due to the thickness of
of
such as at a home's main entrance,
the mass
of adobe construction -
features
in
for doors
created
waiting
On the inside, the
where maximum privacy is not
The
88-
walls
the
pass.
the
overhead
visitor from the weather.
Where
physically
can
one
which
through
elements
extending
take
are
Doors
walls.
the
and
infrequent
walls be
adobe
in
openings
than
require
considerations
Structural
found
between common living
and the courtyard,
which
Glass doors were most
or,
abutted a balcony.
spaces
in second floor rooms
These doors
allow
both visual and physical transgression between
indoors and outdoors.
n8-T9
C-A2'A AM
90
T
CLAD
DOO5
of
interiors
The
buildings
adobe
Structural requirements
often dark and dank.
glazed
the punching out of extensive
prevent
Additionally,
areas.
overhangs
are
corredores
prevent excessive
and
deep
sunlight
direct
from reaching these few windows.
In order to maximize
in
the exterior wall.
with
was placed
flush
The interior
would
thick wood casement,
a
glazing,
sunlight,
splay back dramatically in order to facilitate
light penetration.
might
or
be paneled,
sort of bay.
The deep interior
reveal
thus forming a window seat
Like a
the
deep
transition
zone
doorway,
the window was a
reveal
of
between
the interior and exterior.
91
The
earliest
casements
Interior
which
which
glazed
could open up all
it
window
In the mid eighteenth
became stylish to use
most
historic buildings.
might
window
yankee
circulation.
L92it1 houP
commonly
seen
this
6
This is
today
in
Contemporary construction
want to reintroduce the cheaper
as
way.
shutters
over 6 windows in adobe construction.
the
were
the
to the windows were wooden
opened inwards.
century,
windows
style
allows
hinged
maximum
air
Balconies
With
the
advent
Like
the
story
corredor,
adobe
popular
became
balconies
construction,
features.
two
of
balconies
initially served as circulation space and were
by
accessed
an
exterior
protected
the
adobe
extending
the
protected
stair.
wall
They
from
rain
living
space.
stairs
were moved to the interior,
became
semi-private outdoor space
too
while
-
As
balconies
for
upper
level inhabitants.
Usually
of three distinct types.
common,
to
had
the roof.
balconies were
made of redwood,
The first, and most
supporting posts from the ground
The second was a
balcony with posts supporting the
third,
and
most
balcony and roof.
rare
was
a
cantilevered
roof.
The
cantilevered
It had no supporting posts.
93
of
all balconies had closed ends
Practically
vertical boarding or simple lattice work
wide
sported
always
balconies almost
Additionally,
protection.
wind
partial
and
privacy
more
gave
which
picket railings
would
which
the
further filter the light traveling beyond
balcony edge.
In
possible
the
to open up an adobe wall and
balcony
building
into
interior.
to
be
The
lightly
considerations.
fenestration
VLtl~ -u.,V
what
it
is
extend
the
previously
resulting
framed
closure
would
for
load
But a light frame allows more
which would admit more light
't
the building's interior.
94
was
the balcony and interior space
between
have
construction
contemporary
to
57 f V -N'2c
0L(hr~~
t fiCLOh
#
IncV'ONL-
C/JA
96
-r.AANO
DEFINITION
INTERIOR
It
can be the small design
moves
which
With the
humanize and personalize a building.
building successfully placed on the site, it s
relationship
defined,
elements
architectural
between
is
time
indoors
to
and
it
elements
which embellish an adobe
expand
the
role
of
the
outdoors
understand
forged;
and
and
those
structure,
elements
already
discussed.
97
Thick Walls
inherently structural
are
They
provide
and
acoustic and thermal insulation between areas.
passing through them,
When
the
wall
itself
a transition zone.
It's form can be
manipulated; carved out and
added to in order
becomes
to expand it s role.
small indentation in an adobe wall can
A
be
a
nitch
objects.
in
In
a
which
to
display
special
closets can
larger gap,
be
located and tall wooden doors attached to hide
it s contents.
W/ALL
THICK
Thick
adobe
and
heartiness
features
plastered,
of
an
they
walls
down to form a counter.
exude
of
farther,
enduring
created.
Usually,
steps
feelings
are one of the most
adobe
Inside, an adobe wall can step
building.
are soft and cool to
touch,
widen
base
and
down a
a
little
seat
is
Incremental subtraction will produce
until
the floor.
it s
Step it
finally,
the wall dissolves into
99
Flooring
Historically,
structures
evolved
"padre"
large,
well
burned
style
adobe
of
the
floor
from
packed
tiles
with the texture
brick.
Later,
wood
width were
laid.
6" and
12"
these
flooring
which
would cause the material to
materials was
of
floors,
between
composed of tongue and grooved planks
in
to
earth,
Common to all
softness
their
wear
down
and reflect use through the years.
In
contemporary
construction,
important to invest in wooden or tile
The
deny
use
of any material less
it
floors.
natural
would
the structures connection with the earth
on the plane upon which it is most crucial
emphasize and clarify this relationship.
100
is
to
Strategic
California
dramatically
through
adobes
from
their
California
their
differ
most
south-west
cousins
increased
has
use
of
more precipitation
wood.
than
the
exterior
lined
Wood
redwood trim.
with
seats while cool air was blocked with
shutters.
to
structure.
extensive
adobe
groves
of
Fortunately,
walls.
California
Redwoods,
offered a material which could be used to form
protective
barriers
balconies,
and
availability
of
such as roof
corredores.
redwood
also
where
were
window
redwood
Stairs were made of redwood as were
balcony columns,
fragile
Window reveals
paneling to create warmer
south-west, necessitating increased protection
the
Location
Wood
railings and the entire roof
was
strategically
located
it s warmth and tactile qualities could
be best appreciated.
overhangs,
easy
The
offered
the
opportunity of embellishing the home with wood
trim and paneling in strategic locations.
As
thick
previously mentioned,
redwood
plank
floors,
homes
boasted
interior
and
101
tIV6OP PROUNtP
2cOM!) AIIP
W)J11J2OV'"
K itchen
During the colonial era,
bath
were
house.
not
incorporated
Lack
of
modern
sanitation
systems
isolation.
Of
demands
their
the kitchen and
near
into
courtyard.
the
main
technology
and
necessitated
course
contemporary
integration
into
the
the cooking
done out of doors.
of
use
the year,
of
entertaining
informal.
was
enough
to hold a table and chairs.
house.
manner,
traditionally
the
Additionally,
often
Guests and family alike congregate
the kitchen
it
s many roles,
to lend a
hand.
To
satisfy
It
large
place,
an
kitchen can become
this
In
intimate
gathering area for both family and friends.
The bathroom,
and family gatherings are
in
the
cheerful
the
spaces.
living
sunny,
the
facilitate
be
In California, during much
barbecue.
This location will
a
to
adjacent
should
this is still true through
the
room and
activity between these
of
flow
of the house remains to be defined.
of
living
Bathroom
their
Consequently, their relationship with the rest
Most
the
and
on the other hand,
be located in a secluded,
house.
the
It
should
private area of the
should be easily accessible
living room but not open directly on
And despite it's modern plumbing fixtures,
from
it.
it
can gracefully fit into the adobe home through
an
extensive use of tile and perhaps a sunken
tub.
the kitchen should be located
v'
103
5TEvE1M
104
HOU'E
$
KrTCHEN
EXTERIOR
DEFINITION
P
Eventually,
the
between
defined,
after
indoors
the
and either before or after
to add exterior details.
to
has
and outdoors
details have been decided on,
help
relationship
make
special
been
interior
it becomes time
These elements will
outdoor
spaces
as
complete as any found indoors.
105
Continuous
Flooring
plane,
the
flow between indoors and outdoors
can be emphasized
flooring material.
padre
Traditional,
large, soft
tiles can be laid indoors and outdoors.
in view of the popularity of the
Or,
common
through the use of a
deck in California,
outdoor
a wood floor could extend
across both areas.
Traditionally,
however,
the differences
between territories were emphasized by using a
different
flooring
material in
each
space.
The sala was surfaced with wide redwood planks
while the corredor and patio were covered with
Earlier
we
explored
how
plan,
common
openings and vertical connections can forge
link
106-
between two spaces.
In the
a
horizontal
tile.
This is the appropriate response
it
desired to be less literal
is
the linkage of spaces.
when
concerning
'50FT -TILL
-TO
COtri1-GT
IflTf22O
AfPtXTMIOIZ
0
FcfqfL
107
Sof t
Space
Exterior built edges can be tempered
and
their connection with the environment softened
when
elements
incorporated.
such as plants and
The
connection
water
are
between
the
garden wall and the ground will be buried when
shrubbery
the
is planted in beds or in tubs along
courtyard
perimeter.
A
surfaced
area
which can become warm on summer days will cool
down with the addition of a fountain.
garden
will
grow right over the
And the
house
when
climbing, flowering plants such as bouganvilla
and wisteria cover the corredor and balcony.
108
A
e*u
WlriC
CAp .
'=
4;rsa109
CUMDlRC
FLANTf?
A
can
trellis covered with a flowering plant
become a special outdoor room if
adequate
dimensions.
It
it
has
can also act as
covered path within the courtyard,
a
connecting
the garden gate with the corredor.
A carefully located, indigenous deciduous
tree
will filter summer light while
winter light to penetrate.
allowing
Likewise,
canvas
awnings over a wooden frame offer summer shade
and winter light when they are removed.
P.TAL.LIMA A^D/).
Finally,
The afternoon light in California can
very
harsh,
special
and
zones
filtered light.
110
it is desirable
out
of
doors
be
to
create
which
offer
found
the
ever present picket
fence
on balconies or defining property lines
cause a delightful play of light and certainly
a
satisfying tackity,
tackity,
stick is pulled across it.
tack when
a
CAJeAJOaasPmAbit&1f
Colors
the
into
them
integra ting
redwood roof darkens,
landscape.
it s color mellowing to
match the brown of the hills.
becomes
is
The
Eventually, it
whose green color
covered with moss,
the same as the oak trees.
The
adobe
whitewashed
to
Historically,
walls
form
a
are
periodically
protective
coating.
the lime plaster remained white
or was tinted cream or pink to suggest warmth.
Likewise,
stained
The
here
repertoire
has
of
orgins in
materials
nature.
themselve embody the browns,
112
greens
of the landscape.
serves
to
deepen
and
The
presented
Time
meld
itself
them,
only
further
in
woodwork- was
order to lighten the
lightly
interior
of
the adobe structure.
In order to harmonize with the landscape,
materials
greys, and olive
interior
it
is desirable to maintain this
palette
when
tinting
accompanying woodwork.
the
soft,
adobe
warm
and
DESIGN
OTUcr
Or LiincA Ai2-
PROJECT
Drm 2Two Drmi
Urmr-r
113
Problem
Statement
to assess the viability
order
In
it must be implemented.
design framework,
6al,
designer
must
doing
this
so
with
struggle
the
actual
in solving an
outlined
the framework will be
process
of
A
concepts
problem.
In
refined
and
dynamic,
contribute
will
a
multidimensional qualities which are difficult
to
the
through
solely
realize
process
of
observation and analysis.
To test this framework, a housing project
California was
for the sleepy town of Cotati,
4~'
designed.
&.. I
-
wine
Located in the Northern California
country,
colonial
experiencing
town
of
growth
Sonoma,
pangs
1140
California
communities.
K-
historic
the
to
adjacent
Cotati
is
of
many
Previously
an
typical
t:=.
-A
-- NM.NCN
==a=
agricultural
beautiful,
growth
is
community;
rolling
blessed
countryside,
with
a
suburban
exerting pressure to convert
it's
open fields into densly built housing tracts.
However, in some ways Cotati is unique in
it s plight.
approaches in the quest to provide attractive,
affordable
truly
believes
city's
rural
quality
developer profits.
in
at
maintaining
the
expense
of
the
To quote the Cotati
to
design
"Cotati is a rural town, placing high value
on both human and environmental amenities.
A beautiful tree of humble structure may be
considered of greater value to the community
than a new structure. Respect for community
values should be reflected in architectural
that
should be aware
Designers
style.
Cotati wishes to promote development with an
of
many
that
from
different
image
neighboring communities."
a $20,000
In
city council constantly seeks
house
on
is
1981
city
addition to a progressive development
Cotati boasts ideal environmental
philosophy,
and
climatic
which
adobe
manufactured.
summers
for
bricks
mild
adobe
located on clay soil
can
Additionally,
and
winters
of the adobe
maintenance
the
conditions
Cotati is
construction.
be
it's
easily
long
insure
structure
dry
the
provided
walls are adequately protected from rain.
In
satisfying
requirements,
The
dedication
donated land.
from
Design Guidelines:
This
exemplified in the city's sponsorship in
It s progressive, all women city
council
housing.
a
multitude
of
Cotati is ideally suited for an
innovative
adobe building project.
115
is
It
the intent of
exercise
this
to
offers
an
alternative to conventional housing types.
It
design
should
housing
a
stated
which
Landscape your project so that it
fits in with the surrounding area
by using indigenous plant types.
6.
Landscape plans should include a
variety of plant forms including
trees, shrubs, groundcovers, vines,
and flowering deciduous and evergreen materials.
also be sympethetic to the development
of
goals
project
5.
the community.
by
the
Cotati
The
design
goals
Design
Review
which
should be met are to:
site
of
chosen for development require that
the
the
1.
Preserve existing trees.
project be integrated with the adjoining creek
2.
Design simply and honestly with
plain materials.
side
3.
Design structures that respond to
the local climate. Hot summers
require cool outdoor areas, shade
for parking and buildings; cool,
muddy winters require roof gutters,
walkways, and covered porches.
path and park.
include
4.
116
particulars
the
Additionally,
Harmonize with existing development
through use of similar colors,
textures, forms, and landscape
materials.
an
expansion of
along the creek.
the
This integration should
Finally,
activities
offered
the challenge
of
project is to maintain a rural atmosphere
within the development despite the density
construction.
of
28 attached housing units
5
1 bedroom units:
15
2 bedroom units:
8
3 bedroom units:
with carports.
at 700 sq. ft.
at 880 sq. ft.
at 1350 sq. ft.
Recreation Center
Recreation Building
25 yard pool
Tennis Court
Snack Bar
Tot Lot
Playing Field
28 additional parking spots
117
Site
K
Analysis
~
The site chosen for the adobe project
located
at
Currently
the
the
far eastern
site
serves
edge
of
as
is
town.
access is
The site itself lies 10' above the
It
municipal yard and houses maintenance vehicles
bed.
and
variation
materials.
The
site is bound on
three
on
the fourth side by the
Santa Rosa.
from
a
creek,
Arroyo
de
site's
center.
south,
site's basic orientation
as
is
Arroyo
site's western edge.
and south edges are
trees.
de Santa Rosa
northon
the
The site's north, east,
thickly planted with
pine
Consequently, the site's primary vista
is across
is
is
the creek,
towards the west.
also the direction in which the town
This
lies
a
only
with
creek
foot
four
It's vegitation
in elevation.
However,
is
a few tall pine
trees are scattered across it.
The
is
neighborhood in which the site
solely residential.
high density,
The
flat
is
mostly tall grass.
Consequently, site access is only
bridge located roughly at the
gained to the principal freeway
leading to San Francisco.
Cotati's
sides by Cotati's neighbor - Rohnert Park, and
118
and
On it s
south,
the
To the east
site borders the back
detached single family development.
field
edge,
low elevation, attached housing
is currently under construction.
and
west
lies
lays to the north.
of
a
An empty
A ten minute
walk
along the creek will bring the resident to the
Cotati's commercial center.
F--
K
1ITE
I04
K
.4.4
NI
U
I
CITY OF COTATI
CIT Y
JULY
LIMITS
I, 1980
SCALE IN FEET
119
'too
20
120
8
......
.A...
T -
(.
LAsDJC
re-
rLrMr1nw
Waefacts
The plain on which Rohnert Park
and Cotati are situated offers a
fortunate combination of climate
factors. Cool, moist marine air
moving in from the ocean
moderates temperatures while the
low range of hills to the west
protects the area from the effects of
severe Pacific storms. The coastal
range t to the east acts as a barrier
to the Central Valley heat waves.
Heavy frosts are rare, and while
snow may sometimes be glimpsed
on the eastern hilltops during
midwinter, some ten years have
passed since a snowfall last
blanketed the plain. Hailstorms are
also a rarity here.
Rainfall is concentrated in a sixmonth period, from October
through April, . peaking at an
average 7.56 inches in January. The
cycle of rains usually keeps the
winter
temperatures
above
freezing, averaging 38 degrees
during the coldest period in
December and January. Rainfall
intensity averages .40 to .75 inches
22
per hour, and average total rainfall
per year is 27.67 inches.
Relative humidity during winter
is an average 77 percent, compared
to a 50 percent low in summer. The
region's growing season, determined by days per year with
temperatures above freezing, is 230
to 260 days.
Winds on the coast become
blustery in springtime, but the
buffer of hills to the west keeps
wind speeds down to a maximum of
4 - 12 mph 49 percent of the time
here. Forty-eight percent of the
winds travel southeast to southwest, and 'the chill north-tonorthwest winds occur only 14
percent of the time.
Mild springs, with an average
temperature of 62 in February,
gradually rising to 71 in May, give
way to sunny, swimming-pool
weather in July, August and September. Outdoor activities may be
enjoyed almost year-round in our
friendly climate.
0
ITL CLINATL-
%.I
COP
0
__
~~i14
123
Site
The
Plan
spine
adjacent
it's
of
the site is
pedestrian
the creek
and
The
promenade.
promenade is energized by the activities which
activities
include a playing field,
pool, community center,
and
park.
place along it and in the
take
trellis's
Flowing
common
for more
directly
outdoor
clusters.
areas
Privatized
intimate
off the park
of
from
the
are
four
housing
spaces will encourage the
it is hoped that
and
form
124
a
these
interaction
intimate
communities within the greater community.
dual
sport
gained
space
abutted
the
common
or
homes
access
outdoor
vehicular
6-9
by
courtyard
Pedestrian
access.
pedestrian
While
is
These
units.
through
is
space.
access
is
available on it's street facade.
Primary
the
the park with
common
residents
residential
interactions.
level change,
cluster
swimming
tennis court, tot lot,
gentle
of
These
common
Each
the
center
eastern
to
either
boundary.
serviced
main road.
the
vehicular traffic flows up
site,
side
of
the
from
site's
The residential units are
through courts which extend off
In flowing up around the back
the
of
vehicular traffic does not come in
conflict with the outdoor recreation areas and
allows them to flow into each other.
.-
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ri ,omENAPL
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JTUDIE\,f
139
Unit
Designs
view
In
of the
primary
objective
maximize
the development of
space.
Subsequently,
and
exterior
in
adobe
design
unit
interior
encouraged through form.
units themself,
density,
projects
private
the
to
outdoor
between
flow
was
space
was
the
to
be
In the design of the
I strove to abide by the many
principals
laid
previously.
out
However, design innovation w as sought in order
to
bring
spaces.
introverted
walls.
140
more light into the
Another
lay
issue
out as a
was
common
living
designing
result
of
an
common
r
/1
-4c
'II
ULM
t
-A
b
PA
-
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~-.--
-- 4
4
4,
141
142
One Bedroom
A
=a= 11... .
jH I~~tifftm
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V.
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145
146
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or Linc
Dar
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Dr-pzor
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Two
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160
f'&flAC-f
HLkPZCHY
JIZtIC
fr/
Clusters
Unit
The
units are
individual
than the structures analyzed in the framework.
it
Additionally,
attached
costs.
historic
was
they
desired that
diminish
to one another in order to
These
constraints required that
forms studied be used as an
historic
clusters.
this
analogy,
in
in
this
project,
the cluster as a
each
room
unit
would
located in a single traditional building.
the
cluster
landscape.
mark
opens
And
the
on to
and
embraces
here too landscape
transition zone between
of
the
elements
the
built
form's interior space and the landscape.
However,
to
the
regard
the
Traditionally,
layout is that of a courtyard house.
However,
located
In
the
analogy
for the layout of units and consequently,
housing
be
the "U" form
Like a courtyard house,
smaller
much
corredor
the
analogy
exterior
the
However
be
building edge,
down
circulation
outdoor
in
space.
courtyard is ringed by
providing
is
breaks
a
circulation.
single units require privacy at their
circulation
and it is more appropriate for
to
take
place
within
the
courtyard.
161
1r1\)A\h
m
R-K
fUDWLJ4C
CoumT/mFA
r
0'I
17~7
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1
CM\ PUDOC cL JTtfR (r1~
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166
44
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171
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172
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178
CONCLUSION
The
a
other
critics
It is my task to question
and
whether the principals defined in
the
myself.
assess
is
design
my
best settled by
determination
than
of
success
Indeed, after
design framework were correct.
manipulating
and
testing
responsibility
them
is
it
my
to determine the viability and
appropriateness of using such a framework
for
contemporary design.
adobe
Traditionally
designed
for a single
expressed
a
hierarchy.
apply
this
single,
Thus
community.
albeit
were
buildings
great,
The
form
privacy
today it would be easiest to
hierarchy to single use
building
such a library, school, single family detached
home,
etc...
The challenge arose in applying
179
this
to
framework
constraints.
The
high
housing
density
with
problem
a
project required
in
a
rural
and
had
be
derived
from
a
setting.
understanding
a
unquestionable
worthiness.
thorough
understanding of each situation.
Then there are practical
The
viability
adobe
is
frequent,
of
assumed.
modern
It s
is not uncommon.
considerations.
construction
use,
while
bricks
with
not
But limited labor
skilled in adobe construction techniques,
difficulty
and
amassing great quantities of adobe
fuels the arguement that
building
adobe homes concurrently may be unrealistic.
180
practical
aside,
Thus, the solution was not obvious
to
and
building
References existed for each singularly but not
together.
Ideological
new
28
the
many
of
exercise
the
in
difficulties
exploring
buildings
form
was
principals
defined,
proposed are relevant and
using
construction
lessons
the
privacy
weather,
many
and
how
light,
and
viable
technology.
on how to integrate the
outdoors,
indoors
to create hierarchies
how
to
manipulate
how to define a building
edge,
more lessons are worthwhile to bring
all design solutions.
of
It is clear that
innovations
any
and
The
and
of
the
and
to
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADOBE TECHNOLOGY
"Adobe News". P.O. Box 702, Los Lunas, New Mexico. 87030
"Adobe...
Part of Western Tradition".
Sunset. 126 (5):
1961. Lane publishing Co. Menlo Park, California.
Foudreau,
E.H.
Making the
Adobe Brick.
Berkeley.:
108-115.
May
Fifth Street Press
1971
Met hods
Clifton, James.
MIT Thesis, 1978.
Dethier,
Jean.
for Characterizing Adobe Building Materials.
Down to Earth:
Adobe Architecture: An Old Idea, a New
Future.
Energy Efficient Shelter for the Owner
Low Cost,
Eugene.
Eccli,
Emmaus, Penn. Roadale Press, 1975.
Builder. PP 61-67.
Chicago,
Hassan.
Architecture for the Poor.
Fathy,
Chicago Press, 1973.
Garrison, Paul.
How to Build Adobe Houses.
Hans Sumpf Company.
University
and
of
1979.
Adobe. Fresno, California.
The Co. 1976.
How to Build a California Adobe.
Harrington, Mark R.
Ward Ritchie Press, 1948.
Los
Angeles:
Hinchcliff, Keith H. Leader Training for Aided Self Help Housing. AID,
Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of State. 1971.
181
Structures for Earthquake Regions."
173-4
James. "Adobe
(July 1927).
Long,
James. Adobe Construction. College of Agriculture, California
Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 472. Berkeley. University of
California Press, 1946;
Adobe, Make it Yourself. 1973.
McHenry, Paul Graham.
Mud, Space and Spirit:
Newcomb, Duane G.
Handmade Adobes. 1976
The Owner Built Adobe House.
Adobe Housing Use Benefits and Thermal
Palmer, Richard.
Irvine, California. The Company. 1974.
Pearce, George William.
Schultz,
Karl.
California.
Southwick, Marcia.
Stedman, Myrtle.
Turner, John.
345.
UBC.
Properties.
Six Room House for $2,800...
Adobe Craft: Illustrated
Adobe Craft Press. 1972.
Manual.
Castro Valley,
Build with Adobe.
Chicago.:
Sage Books, 1965.
Adobe Architecture.
Santa Fe.
Sunstone Press, 1973.
"Study Eyes Bigger Role for Adobe in Low Cost
News Record. 178(2):37. Jan. 5, 1967.
182
8(7):
Long,
Adobe:
Housing".
Techniques and Architecture.
"Unburned Clay Masonry" pp. 158-9.
Building Officials. 1976.
Engineering
Dec 82-Jan 83.
No.
Whittier, Calif. Int. Conf of
::=I,
"Adobe Bibliography"
Bulletin
of the
Association
for
Preservation
Techniques. V.4 (1973) 97-103.
"Adobe Bibliography",
Barne s, M.R.
Preservation Techniques. VII.II
Henning,
J.C.
"Literature
of
the Association
Bulletin of
(1975) 89-101.
Adobe,
A Brief
Bibliography."
for
Calif.
Librarian 33.3 (July 1972) 183-184.
Hopson, Rex C. Adobe:
A Complete Bibliography. 1979.
183
CALIFORNIA ARCHITECTURE
Anderson, Timothy J. Editor.
California Design.
California.:
Peregrine Smith, Inc. 1980.
Andree, Herb.
1910. Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara Architecture From Colonial to Modern.
Bangs,
Geoffrey E. Portals West. H.S. Crocker & Co. Inc. San Francisco
California
Historical Society.
Distributed by:
Lane
Publishing Co. Sunset Books. Menlo Park, California.
Bohn,
Dave and
the Junior League of Oakland.
East of
these Golden
Shores:
Architecture
of the Earlier Days of Contra Costa and
Alameda Counties. Scrimshaw Press. 1971.
Bruegmann, Robert.
Benicia.
Cardwell, Kenneth H. Bernard Maybeck.
Books, 1983.
Fitzgerald, Kathleen.
and Style of Napa.
Salt Lake City.:
Architecture Napa:
Guide to the Land, Buildings
Kirker, Harold.
California Architectural Frontier.
Peregrine Smith Books.
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