State of the Environment Report (SoE) for the Cape Metropolitan Area

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State of the Environment Report (SoE)
for the Cape Metropolitan Area
Year Two 1999
1 September 2000
CAPE METROPOLITAN COUNCIL
KAAPSE METROPOLITAANSE RAAD
IBHUNGA LOLAWULO LWENQILA YEKAPA
i
Foreword
The Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) has experienced significant change in the past year.
Continued growth and development have placed additional pressure on the
environment, resulting in more resources being used and more pollutants being
produced. In light of the challenges local government and others must enact various
measures to protect the environment as well as to satisfy the needs of the inhabitants of
this region. At the same time there are a number of initiatives which show a clear
movement towards the promotion and protection of a sustainable environment and it is
these developments that we should celebrate.
We have the comprehensive Year One (1998) State of the Environment (SoE) Report as
our benchmark. This Year Two (1999) SoE Report provides the opportunity to start
identifying trends and emergent patterns in the data and the management responses
that link to this data. Evaluating the effectiveness of past efforts, developing goals and
strategies for future improvements and forging partnerships are actions that this report
strives to accomplish. The value of this document to the decision–makers,
managers and the public lies in its’ ability to raise awareness of conditions and
trends that are evident in the CMA’s environment. Some of the inferences and
conclusions from the available data should, however, be carefully considered given the
relatively short time periods for comparison (1998 to 1999) and the level of accuracy of
various data.
SoE reporting is an important part of the Council’s Integrated Metropolitan Environmental
Policy (IMEP) process as it helps to identify priorities for policy formulation in the CMA.
In addition SoE reporting will continue to inform and update IMEP as it is finalised and
implemented. Integrated Development Planning (IDP) is a key mechanism for local
government in the CMA to meet its developmental objectives. The integration of
environmental considerations in the Unicity IDP and emerging City Development
Strategy process would strengthen local sustainability planning and management.
We urge you to use the report, seek additional information for subsequent SoE reports
and become more involved in ensuring a sustainable environment in the CMA.
Dr S. Fisher
Chief Executive Officer: Cape Metropolitan Council
Cape Town
i
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Executive Summary
This is the second State of Environment (SoE) Report for the Cape Metropolitan Area
(CMA), South Africa. The Year One (1998) SoE Report provided the baseline of the
most up to date information available on the natural, built and socio-economic
environments of this unique metropolitan area.
This Year Two (1999) SoE Report
provides an update on the Year One Report.
The updating process has proven valuable. It allowed for the assessment of existing
Year One indicators and the management responses to pressures on the environment. It
is anticipated that this report will offer decision-makers and the public a better
understanding of changes in the environment, as well as provide some early indications
of tendencies or longer-term trends that are beginning to emerge.
Great strides have been made in recent years to improve and protect the environments
of the CMA.
This is reflected in improvements to water, biota, environmental
governance and the environmental effects relating to infrastructure and transport. There
are however, indications that we are failing to maintain or improve the environment with
respect to soil, urbanisation, energy, waste and health issues. Clearly these issues are
very important and will need to receive greater attention from all stakeholders (including
local authorities, non-government organisations and community-based organisations).
As part of the Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) process the public
were encouraged, through a number of workshops and by way of response cards, to
identify and list their environmental priorities for the CMA. Feedback from the public
showed that waste and litter issues along with air quality, water, biota and urbanisation
were regarded as priorities in the CMA in 1999.
The process of refining the indicators has proved invaluable in that the conditions for
good environmental or sustainability indicators have not been met in all cases. Fast,
simple, cheap, representative, current and readily available are adjectives for the
indicators that need to be applied rigorously. A summary of the findings and a coarse
performance rating of the 14 themes is presented in Table 1.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 1: CMA State of the Environment Performance Summary for 1999.
(Note: é = Positive impact, ó = No change, ô = Mixed trend, ê = Negative impact)
Theme
Comment
Performance
Rating
1. Air Quality
General improvement in SO2, NO2 and lead over the past
ô
few years (although some increases were observed in the
past year). Some increase in ozone and particulate matter
concentrations.
2. Water
Most
indicators
revealed
an
improvement,
notably
é
biological water quality, water supply and water demand
management.
3. Environmental
Health
Increases in incidences and deaths from TB as well as
ê
increased toxic algal blooms and increased exceedances
of bacteriological standards in milk.
4. Soil
No new information available, hence no change.
ó
5. Biota
Total land area conserved increased, progress was made
é
on a number of terrestrial conservation projects and
coastal water quality improved. The marine resources
remain under severe threat.
6. Urban Form
and Efficiency
The housing backlog has increased significantly (32%),
ê
development continues unabated, but progress is being
made with the Metropolitan Open Space System.
7. Infrastructure
In terms of development the indicators for piped water and
é
telephones in dwellings as well as refuse removal showed
increases or remained stable over the past few years.
8. Transport
The international and domestic arrivals at Cape Town
é
Airport continue to rise. Road fatalities and accidents
decreased slightly on previous years. Many public
transport projects initiated / continued.
9. Energy
Nuclear issues attracted attention during 1999, with the
ê
proposed Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear Reactor at
Koeberg and transport of nuclear waste around Cape
Point. Electricity prices increased significantly.
10. Waste
More solid waste generated per capita than in previous
ê
years, although there are steps to rationalise the waste
sites. Wastewater re-use remained static. Medical waste
iii
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
remains an issue. Vast sums of money are spent on
clearing illegal dumping and littering.
11. Economy
Economic growth has improved along with national and
international
visitor
Unemployment
has
numbers
increased
over
the
although
last
there
é
year.
are
indications that the informal sector absorbed some of
these losses.
12. Education
Number of schools per 1000 population is decreasing,
ó
although the other indicators showed no change.
13. Safety and
Security
Most crime categories experienced little rate change
ô
between 1998 and 1999, whilst some increased and
others decreased over the longer term.
14. Environmental
Governance
Funding, staffing and EIA report processing and co-
é
operative governance have increased significantly.
Glossary
SoE reporting: A mechanism to provide information that will allow role players (local
authorities and others) to develop appropriate responses to environmental challenges.
Pressure – State – Response model: A model to identify the driving forces and
pressures impacting on the environment, the quantifiable state of the environment,
review of the current responses and new initiatives required to meet future goals.
Indicators: Direct or indirect measures of environmental quality that are used to assess
the status and trends of environmental conditions.
Responses: Actions, initiatives and policy mechanisms used to alter pressures on the
environment.
Themes: The fourteen themes comprising the State of Environment (SoE) Report were
identified by specialists and are loosely based on the format of other SoE Reports.
Issues: Each theme focuses on those issues that are presently deemed a priority in the
CMA.
iv
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Abbreviations
ACSA
Airports Company of South Africa
CAPE
Cape Action Plan for the Environment
CMA
Cape Metropolitan Area (managed and serviced by the CMC and the
six MLCs)
CMC / Council
Cape Metropolitan Council. A single Unicity to be named the City of
Cape Town and comprising the CMC and six MLCs will come into
effect in December 2000
CMCWQC
Cape Metropolitan Coastal Water Quality Committee
CNC
Cape Nature Conservation
CPNP
Cape Peninsula National Park
CPPNE
Cape Peninsula Protected Natural Environment
CSIR
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
DEAT
National Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism
DECAS
Western Cape Department of Environmental and Cultural Affairs and
Sport
DWAF
National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
IEMS
Integrated Environmental Management System
IDP
Integrated Development Planning
MSDF
Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework
MPA
Marine Protected Area
MLCs
Metropolitan Local Councils of the CMA, including Blaauwberg, City
of Tygerberg, Oostenberg, Helderberg, City of Cape Town and South
Peninsula.
NBI
National Botanical Institute
PAWC
Provincial Administration of the Western Cape
PNE
Protected Natural Environment
SAPS
South African Police Services
SANP
South African National Parks
WCNCB
Western Cape Nature Conservation Board
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table of Contents
Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………..i
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………...ii
Glossary…………………………………………………………………………………………..iv
Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………..v
Context
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................2
2. The Cape Metropolitan Area in Context..........................................................................4
3. Purpose of this Report.....................................................................................................5
4. Guide to Reading this Report ..........................................................................................5
Themes
5.1 Air Quality.......................................................................................................................7
5.2 Water ...........................................................................................................................15
5.3 Environmental Health ..................................................................................................30
5.4 Soil ...............................................................................................................................37
5.5 Biota .............................................................................................................................39
5.6 Urban Form and Efficiency..........................................................................................53
5.7 Infrastructure................................................................................................................62
5.8 Transportation..............................................................................................................65
5.9 Energy..........................................................................................................................75
5.10 Waste.........................................................................................................................81
5.11 Economy....................................................................................................................95
5.12 Education .................................................................................................................103
5.13 Safety and Security..................................................................................................107
5.14 Environmental Governance.....................................................................................114
Closure
6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................117
7. Indicators and Institutional data sources – summary table.........................................117
8. References ................................................................................................................124
Appendices
Appendix 1: Feedback from Public on IMEP (Integrated Metropolitan
Environmental
Policy) Response Cards ..................................................................................................126
Appendix 2: Contact Details for CMC and Municipal Local Councils .............................128
Appendix 3: National Legislation promulgated during 1999 ...........................................130
Appendix 4: Acknowledgements .....................................................................................132
1
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
1. Introduction
This report is the second State of Environment (SoE) Report for the Cape Metropolitan
Area (CMA). It provides an update on the state of the CMA’s environment for 1999. It
also begins to present a picture regarding shorter term tendencies and the longer term
trends in the quality of the environment of the CMA.
For those who are unfamiliar with the SoE reporting process, this report must be read in
conjunction with the baseline Year One (1998) SoE Report which provides information
on the purpose of and context for SoE reporting in the CMA. SoE reporting is an
important part of the Council’s Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP)
process as it helps to identify priorities for policy, programmes and projects in the CMA.
SoE reporting will thus continue to inform and update IMEP. The draft IMEP addresses
each of the sectoral issues and provides clear directives on Council’s commitment to
improving the CMA’s environment.
Towards sustainable SoE reporting
SoE reporting provides one important mechanism for better planning and allocation of
resources, factors that are of increasing importance within the rapidly urbanising CMA.
To manage our unique environment we must be able to detect and measure priorities
and trends. This requires sound, up to date information in order to measure the
effectiveness of past management efforts, responses and policies. Central to this
measurement process is the suite of environmental indicators that have been selected to
measure the quality of the environment and to track change over time. Indicators
identified in the SoE Report reflect available information that is of reasonable quality.
The intention is to refine these indicators as the quality of information improves in future
years.
In addition qualitative information on environmental issues, including public perception,
is also valuable as a monitoring tool. For example, information provided by the public
indicates that litter is the most prevalent environmental issue in the CMA. Waste issues
received the most responses (31% in total, Appendix 1). Issues relating to air quality,
water, biota and urban form and efficiency were found to be equally important. For
further information regarding public perception of environmental priorities refer to
Appendix 1.
2
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Responding to environmental priorities
A number of initiatives have been successfully completed and others initiated in the past
year, highlighting the efforts of the local authorities and others to improve and protect the
environment of the CMA. Awareness about the state of our environment has been raised
through the Year One (1998) SoE Report and as well as many other public and civil
society initiatives. Collaboration with other spheres of government, Non-Government
Organisations (NGOs) and other organisations, as well integration within local
authorities, has improved the institutional responses to the CMA environmental
challenges.
However to strengthen the SoE reporting process requires further integration and
collaboration amongst all role players in the CMA’s environment. The creation of one
Unicity administration, which will come into effect towards the end of 2000, is likely to
provide opportunities for such integration. In this respect the SoE reporting process will
play a more important role in integrating information systems and linking with planning
processes such as the Unicity Integrated Development Plan (IDP). Other areas where it
could play a role are aspects of performance management, indicators, public reporting
and prioritising strategic interventions.
3
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
2. The Cape Metropolitan Area in Context
The Cape Metropolitan Area is a unique, scenic and florisitically important part of South
Africa (Figure 1). It is the southern most Metropolitan area on the African continent and
spans an area of 2 175 km 2. The area is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and mountains,
and encloses a valuable and eclectic mix of cultural and natural resources which are
important components of the flourishing tourism industry.
There are, however, a number of environmental challenges facing this area and these
are largely the result of the burgeoning population of approximately 3 million people and
their concomitant need for infrastructure, jobs, housing and education. These challenges
must be addressed to halt environmental degradation and, hopefully, improve the state
of the environment and quality of life for the inhabitants of the CMA.
Figure 1: Map of the Cape Metropolitan Area, showing municipalities and place names.
4
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
3. Purpose of this Report
This report aims to:
•
Update the issues, indicators and other information in the Year One SoE Report
•
Investigate, demonstrate and explain tendencies and trends in the data
•
Report on progress, or lack thereof, of current responses and policies
4. Guide to Reading this Report
Format
Most of this report focuses on information pertaining to the various components of the
CMA’s environment, hereafter referred to as themes. Each of the aspects / themes is
structured according to the Pressure – State – Response model, which is the essence of
the SoE reporting process. Changes in the pressures causing changes in the
environment, the current state of the relevant issue, the indicators (€) used to assess
change in the environment and the responses of the authorities and others will be
reported on.
The format of the report is simplified. This report therefore, for those who are unaware of
the SoE process, should be read in conjunction with the baseline Year One (1998) SoE
Report. Refer to the contact details in Appendix 2 or visit the website
(http://www.cmc.gov.za/soe) to obtain a copy of the baseline report.
Themes
The environment of the CMA has been broadly defined to include 14 themes namely:
•
Air Quality
•
Transport
•
Water
•
Energy
•
Environmental Health
•
Waste
•
Soil
•
Economy
•
Biota
•
Education
•
Urban Form and Efficiency
•
Safety and Security
•
Infrastructure
•
Environmental Governance
Each of the themes has associated with it one or more issues, each with a number of
indicators. These issues and indicators form the structuring elements of the theme
chapters.
5
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Certain sections of the Year One (1998) SoE Report have not been updated because
the data are not available (e.g. Year 2 indicators for issues within the most of the
themes) or because there is no new information on the state of the environment (e.g.
Soil
and
Biota
themes).
Consequently
certain
themes
are
covered
more
comprehensively (e.g. Water) than others. The Year One (1998) SoE Report presented
data for 78 indicators. In addition 78 potential Year Two (1999) indicators were identified.
Through the SoE reporting process some of the indicators (Year One and Year Two)
have proved to be inappropriate as annual indicators.
Indicators (€)
This last point suggest that there are short term and long term indicators of change and
that in future the two will perhaps need to be separated. From this report it is evident that
many of the indicators, especially those relating to development issues (e.g.
Transportation), are not useful or measurable in an annual update. The value of these
indicators is likely to be seen where change occurs over a longer period, for example
three to five years. On the other hand many of the indicators relating to the natural
environment, especially air quality and water, clearly lend themselves to an annual
update. The full set of indicators is listed under a separate chapter (Chapter 7).
Each of the themes will now be discussed in detail.
6
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.1 Air Quality
Air pollution results from a number of sources including motor vehicles, industry and
many other activities. The results of this air pollution influence people’s lives through
aspects such as health, acid rain and corrosion as well as global climate change. There
are two issues for air and no new issues in this update to report on.
The issues are:
5.1.1. Frequency and Intensity of Air Pollution Events
5.1.2 Potential for Health Risks and Effects due to Air Pollution
5.1.1. Frequency and Intensity of Air Pollution Events
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The air pollution indicators referred to in the following paragraphs indicate a mix of
trends, some increasing, and some decreasing.
€ Annual average levels for key atmospheric pollutants:
Although there are 9 monitoring sites (Figure 3, overleaf) throughout the CMA there are
only long-term data for 2 of the sites, namely the City Centre and Goodwood. The levels
of the pollutants are discussed below.
Nitrogen Dioxide
€ Nitrogen dioxide:
100
for the year) for NO 2 (Figure 2) suggests a
80
decrease in pollution levels at both sites
(City Centre and Goodwood). Over the
shorter term (1998 – 1999) there is a
detectable decrease for both sites.
NO2 - µg/m3
The long term annual trend (average values
City Centre
Goodwood
60
40
20
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
Year
Figure 2: Average annual NO2 concentrations
at two sites in the CMA
7
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 3: Air Quality Monitoring Points in the Cape Metropolitan Area
(Source: CMC Scientific Services and Spatial Planning Departments).
8
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Sulphur dioxide:
Sulphur Dioxide
50
nitrogen with decreasing average annual
40
levels. SO2 concentrations have increased
in the City Centre and decreased in
Goodwood over the past year.
SO2 - µg/m3
The trend for SO2 (Figure 4) mirrors that of
City Centre
Goodwood
30
20
10
0
1990
1992
€ Particulate matter:
are the high particulate matter levels for
Particulate Matter - PM10
Khayelitsha, a township located 15km east
Khayelitsha
PM10 - µg/m3
40
30
20
10
Goodwood. An additional concern is the
0
1995
increase in the 1999 particulate levels for
€ Ozone:
for 1997/8 (Figure 6). The 1999 levels are
the highest on record for Goodwood and to
a lesser extent the City Centre.
1997
Year
1998
1999
Ozone
City Centre
50
Goodwood
OZONE - µg/m3
Goodwood is not clear given the lack of data
1996
Figure 5: Average annual particulate matter
levels at 3 sites in the CMA
The ozone concentration for the city centre
seems to be stable, while the trend for
Goodwood
50
energy provided in the City Centre and
the City Centre and Goodwood.
City Centre
60
of Cape Town. This is largely due to the use
to electricity, which is the dominant form of
1998
Figure 4: Average annual SO2
concentrations at two sites in the CMA
increasing over time. Of particular concern
cooking and heating purposes as opposed
1996
Year
Particulate matter (Figure 5) appears to be
of wood and other energy sources of fuel for
1994
40
30
20
10
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
Figure 6: Average annual ozone levels at 2
sites in the CMA
9
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Lead:
The long-term trends for lead seems to
Lead
0.8
indicate a 100% increase in the annual
average for the City Centre relative to the
1998
data
(Figure
7).
The
trend
for
Goodwood is also a concern given that there
has been no decrease in lead levels despite
LEAD - µg/m3
indicate that the lead levels at the City Hall
have decreased. However the 1999 data
City Hall
Goodwood
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
Year
the introduction of unleaded petrol.
Figure 7: Average annual lead levels at 2 sites
in the CMA
10
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
The Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) identifies air pollution control to be a local
government responsibility. The CMC is in the process of establishing systems and
skills needed to effect this responsibility through diesel vehicle testing and emissions
control. From February 1999 CMC’s Department of Air Pollution Control conducted
tests on diesel vehicles and informed owners and drivers of non-compliance. Late in
1999 three diesel inspection teams, comprising two people each, were appointed to
expand this process. In April 2000 full law enforcement in terms of diesel emissions
will be put into effect in the CMA.
•
Air Pollution Control will be expanding the number of monitoring stations, replacing
others and intend to acquire a mobile monitoring unit during 2000.
•
National government is being pressured to replace outdated national air pollution
legislation. Existing Air Pollution Control Legislation dates back to 1965 and is in
serious need of revision to meet current and future air pollution control needs. The
Department of Transport has been approached to include vehicle emissions testing
in existing compulsory vehicle testing procedures. In addition Air Pollution Control
have applied to the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism for metro-wide
legislation, including uniform by-laws for the CMA.
•
The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic
Component, known as “Moving Ahead” was completed in September 1999. The
Transport Plan provides guidance for long range planning as well as short term,
annual budgetary cycle, guidance. Parts of the Transport Plan will be updated on
annual basis, as necessary.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.1.2 Potential for Health Risks and Effects due to Air Pollution
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Health risks are measured in terms of international
standards, with exceedances of these standards
presented in the following figures. Exceedances
are presented as number of days per annum that
Number of exceedances
EXCEEDANCES FOR NO2
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION GUIDELINE
[200µg/m3]
50
for
exceedances
illustrate
Goodwood
40
30
20
10
0
1990
the guidelines were exceeded. The long-term
trends
City Centre
1992
1994
1996
1998
Year
improving
Figure 8: Annual number of NO2
exceedances at 2 sites in the CMA
compliance for NO 2 (although a sharp increase
must be noted between 1998 and 1999), but more
ozone. Of the pollutants particulate matter poses
the most serious health risk as it can penetrate
deep into the lungs and has been linked to
respiratory problems and cancer. In addition there
are associated negative effects in terms of visible
air pollution (smog) over the CMA.
EXCEEDANCES FOR PM-10
UK/AUSTRALIAN GUIDELINE - 50 µg/m3
Number of exceedances
exceedances for particulate matter, SO2 and
City Centre
Goodwood
Khayelitsha
100
80
60
40
20
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Year
€ Nitrogen dioxide:
Figure 9: Annual number of soot
exceedances at 3 sites in the CMA
Guidelines for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) have been
approached or exceeded at Goodwood and, to a
decreasing, despite a speak in 1999 (Figure 8).
€ Particulate matter (soot and dust):
Particulate matter levels have been increasing
during the past three years. This is further
EXCEEDANCES FOR SO2
U.K.15 Min. GUIDELINE OF 265µg/m3
Number of exceedances
lesser extent, City Hall. The overall trend is
highlighted by the high level in Khayelitsha during
1999, when monitoring commenced (Figure 9). This
is a cause for concern given the serious health
implications associated with particulate matter.
6
City Centre
Goodwood
Tableview
4
2
0
1994
1995
1996 1997
1998
1999
Year
Figure 10: Annual number of SO2
exceedances at 3 sites in the CMA
12
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
The exceedances for sulphur dioxide are an order
of magnitude lower than other forms of air
pollution. There are, however, no clear long-term
trends from the data available (Figure 10).
€ Ozone:
EXCEEDANCES FOR OZONE O3
U.K.8HR GUIDELINE OF 98µg/m3
8
4
0
smog
and
causes
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
breathing
problems, aggravates asthma, and increases the
Figure 11: Annual number of SO2
exceedances at 3 sites in the CMA
severity and incidence of respiratory infections.
Ozone exceedances, relative to the United
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES PER ANNUM
Kingdom guidelines, are relatively low in number
€ Air pollution events:
The annual number of air pollution events /
episodes (number of days that a monitoring
was
exceeded)
appears
to
be
80
60
40
20
0
1995
increasing, following a low in 1997 (Figure 12).
The number of air pollution episodes has been
increasing since 1997.
1996
1997
Complaints and Notices
Complaints
Notices served
300
Number
250
200
150
notices worked well and it was not necessary to
100
institute legal proceedings, hence no successful
50
prosecutions. This represents a 17% decline on
0
1998
the 1998 data, which had 303 complaints with 70
notices and no prosecutions.
1999
Figure 12: Annual number of air pollution
events in the CMA
€ Complaints, notices and prosecutions:
78 notices served (Figure 13). The serving of
1998
Year
350
In 1999 there were 258 registered complaints with
Data for Cental
City and
Goodwood - O3,
PM-10 and NO2
100
Number of days on which
episodes occurred
(Figure 11).
guideline
Goodwood
12
Ground level ozone is the main component in
photochemical
City Centre
16
Number of exceedances
€ Sulphur dioxide:
Year
1999
Figure 13: Annual number of air pollution
complaints and notices in the CMA
13
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
Diesel vehicle testing and emissions control is being undertaken by the Air Pollution
Control section of CMC and assisted by the Traffic Departments of the MLCs. During
1999 diesel vehicles were tested as part of a public awareness campaign. During
2000 drivers will be subject to full law enforcement in terms of the Atmospheric
Pollution Prevention Act.
•
The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic
Component, known as “Moving Ahead”, was completed in September 1999. Draft
chapters for the roads, airport and harbour were prepared for Part 3 of the Cape
Metropolitan Transport Plan.
Reflections and Summary - Air Quality
The air monitoring data illustrate a long-term decrease in NO 2, SO2 and lead
concentrations with increases in soot (particulate matter) and ozone. Of concern is the
fact that the number of air pollution events / episodes has steadily increased over the
past three years. All the indicators work well and provide relevant information on the
state of the environment and the trends that illustrate long term changes in the
environment.
The responses to the state of the CMA’s air quality are limited but clearly focussed. From
the Year One (1998) SoE Report diesel emissions were found to account for 48% of
particulate air pollution and resultant brown haze. The diesel vehicle testing and
emissions control will serve to reduce the particulate counts in the heavily urbanised
areas. However, the particulate matter counts are highest in Khayelitsha with result that
a strategy needs to be developed and implemented to deal with sources of particulate
emissions (e.g. tyre burning) in this area as well. The increasing number of air pollution
events (no. of days that a monitoring guideline was exceeded) over the past three years
suggests that the mechanism for improvement in the CMA’s air quality is likely to remain
slow.
14
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.2 Water
Water is a vital resource in a semi-arid country like South Africa. This is particularly
prevalent in the CMA which experiences hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. There
are a number of issues relating to the water situation in the CMA, although no new
issues have been identified for this update. The water issues in the CMA comprise those
that deal with ecological health and those relating to water demand. Human health
implications in relation to water are discussed in the following chapter.
The issues are:
5.2.1 Health of Rivers, Vleis, Wetlands and Estuaries
5.2.2 Water Demand for Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use
5.2.1 Health of Rivers, Vleis, Wetlands and Estuaries
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
There are 19 drainage areas in the CMA (Figure 14). Of the 19 catchments, six currently
receive effluent from the sewage treatment works. In addition a number of the
catchments are impacted by other anthropogenic influences, including industry. On the
whole the indicators reveal little change between 1998 and 1999, except for biological
water quality measures which revealed an improvement in 1999, relative to data
collected prior to 1998.
€ Number of toxic algal blooms.
There were three toxic algal blooms during 1999, two at Wildevoëlvlei and the other at
“Die Oog” in the Bergvliet / Pekalmy area. This is one extra occurrence on the previous
year. Table 2 provides a list of all the recorded toxic and non-toxic algal blooms during
1999. The occurrence of algal blooms is influenced by, amongst other factors, high
nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in rivers flowing into wetlands, vleis and
waterbodies.
15
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 14: Geographic Drainage Catchments of the Cape Metropolitan Area
(Source: CMC Catchment Management Department).
16
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 2: Occurrence of phytoplankton blooms in the CMA during 1999.
(Data source: CMC Scientific Services Department) (Note: Chlorophyceae = green
algae, Cyanophyceae = cyanobacteria (blue-green “algae”)).
Water Body
Wildevoëlvlei
Zeekoëvlei
Period of Bloom
Toxins Detected
January – April ‘99
Dominant Phytoplankton
Group
1
(Probably Cyanophyceae )
October – November ‘99
Chlorophyceae
Not applicable
December ’99
Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and
Anabaena spp.)
Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and
Anabaena spp.)
Chlorophyceae
Yes
Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and
Oscillatoria spp.)
Chlorophyceae
Chlorophyceae
No
Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and
Oscillatoria spp.)
Chlorophyceae
No
Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and
Anabaena spp.)
Yes
October ‘99 – ongoing
September ‘99
Princessvlei
Langevlei
Rondevlei
October – December ’99
October – December ‘99
October – November ’99
December ‘99
October – November ‘99
Yes
2
2
No
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable
Die Oog
December ‘99
2
€ Summary statistics for selected water quality parameters (total nitrogen, total
phosphorus and chlorophyll – a)
A broad summary of changes in median concentration of seven of the 16 water quality
constituents routinely monitored by the CMC’s Scientific Services Department is
presented in Table 3. The magnitude of change has not been reported here (contact the
department for more detailed information).
Over 50% of the sample points showed an increase in the median concentration of total
nitrogen, ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate in 1999 compared to 1998. In contrast, the
majority of sample points showed decreases in the median concentrations of total
phosphorus and orthophosphate.
1
Note: determination of phytoplankton species composition and abundance was only initiated in
September 1999.
2
Intracellular toxins (i.e. no toxins released into the water).
17
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential plant nutrients, which in excess lead to problems
of increased aquatic plant and algae growth. Non-natural sources of these constituents
include domestic sewage, industrial effluent and runoff from urban and rural areas.
Table 3: Summary of changes in the median concentration of selected water quality
constituents measured at sample points for which data for both 1998 and 1999 are
available.
Total Nitrogen
Ammonia
Number of
common
sample
points
analysed in
1998 and
1999
45
99
Nitrite + Nitrate
Total Phosphorus
Orthophosphate
97
99
49
4.1
1.0
6.1
52.6
46.5
44.9
43.3
52.5
48.9
Chlorophyll-a
Total Suspended Solids
21
46
4.8
8.7
61.9
54.4
33.3
36.9
Water Quality
Constituent
% of samples
showing no
change in
median conc.
between 1998
and 1999
% of samples
showing an
increase in
median conc.
between 1998
and 1999
% of samples
showing a
decrease in
median conc.
between 1998
and 1999
2.2
2.0
53.3
54.5
44.4
43.4
Chlorophyll-a (a photosynthetic pigment present in most plants and algae) provides a
measure of algae biomass in aquatic ecosystems such as vleis. Just under 62% of the
sample points analysed showed an increase in median chlorophyll-a concentration. This
is perhaps a reflection on the availability of essential nutrients and the suitability of other
environmental factors conducive for rapid growth of algae.
Measuring total suspended solids provides an indication of the amount of material (such
as silt and other organic particles) suspended in water. Erosion resulting from poorly
managed developments and agricultural activities in the catchment as well as domestic
and industrial effluent are some anthropogenic causes of high suspended solids loads in
our rivers.
18
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Health of selected rivers based on the Southern African scoring system (SASS4)
for monitoring invertebrates.
The Southern African Scoring System (SASS4) bio-monitoring methodology is used to
sample aquatic invertebrates in rivers in the CMA (for more information see River Health
Programme, 2000). The SASS4 methodology assumes that the invertebrate community
at any location within a river integrates and reflects both past and present physical,
chemical and biological conditions at that site. Aquatic invertebrates are therefore
excellent indicators of river health.
Positive or negative trends in the health of a river can only be inferred by interpretation of
several years of data. Therefore, it is envisaged that future SoE reports will be able to
comment more fully on such trends.
Of the 40 sites sampled prior to 1999 and 43 sites sampled in 1999, 18 were shared.
The comparative statistics are presented in Table 4. On the whole an improvement was
witnessed between 1998 and 1999. The reader should, however, be cautioned that the
surveys were undertaken in different seasons.
It can be clearly seen that some of the CMA’s rivers appear to be “healthier” than others
(see data in Table 4). Samples collected from relatively unimpacted mountain streams
tend to have higher scores than those collected from downstream reaches which have
been exposed to a variety of anthropogenic influences. In addition, samples collected
downstream of potential sources of pollution (such as formal and informal settlements,
industrial areas and wastewater treatment works) generally score lower than samples
located upstream of impacts.
It is interesting to note that scores obtained in artificially engineered canals are among
the lowest - lack of appropriate habitat and, possibly poor water quality too, accounts for
the low scores obtained in these artificial structures. Not all canals are concrete, some
may consist of armour-flex blocks, gabions or simply hard-packed earth and it is possible
that some types of canals may satisfy some habitat requirements and therefore score
higher than other types. In earth canals, the river may appear to be “natural” but the
straightness of the stream channel and the presence of mown lawns of exotic grass
species on the stream banks indicates considerable artificial intervention.
19
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 4: Summary of SASS4 and ASPT scores obtained at various sample locations prior
to 1999 and during 1999 (pre-1999 data: various consultant reports; 1999 data: CMC
Scientific Services Department; d/s = downstream; u/s = upstream).
River
Sample
Point
Description
Big Lotus
Blotus1
d/s of Strandfontein Rd
Black
NR07
Near Raapenburg Rd bridge
Bokramspruit
Bok2
Bottelary
SASS4
ASPT
pre 1999
1999
pre 1999
1999
45
-
4.09
-
-
43
-
3.58
u/s Kommetjie Rd bridge (earth canal)
54
-
4.50
-
B02
d/s of Scottsdene WWTW
32
-
3.56
-
D11
On farm road leading to R45
40
50
4.40
4.55
D09
u/s of Malmesbury
57
70
4.75
4.67
D08
d/s of Malmesbury
22
37
3.67
4.63
D07
Road to Abbotsdale
25
45
3.57
4.09
D06
Road to Kabaskraal
36
48
4.00
3.43
D05A
Farm Nooitgedacht
45
59
4.09
4.54
D05
u/s of Mosselbank River confluence
57
61
4.07
4.35
D04
d/s of Mosselbank River confluence
38
60
3.78
4.00
D03
N7 road bridge
56
32
4.60
3.56
D02
Blaauwberg Rd bridge
29
57
3.62
5.18
Diep
Diep1
Rhodes Drive
73
-
6.64
-
(Constantia)
Diep3
u/s of Doordrift Rd bridge
35
-
5.83
-
EK14
Stellenbosch near Dorp Rd bridge
-
50
-
3.85
E1
u/s of Macassar WWTW
29
-
3.63
-
E2
d/s of Macassar WWTW
11
-
2.75
-
E01
Diemersdal St
-
51
-
3.64
E02
Golf Driving Range nr Belville USB
-
15
-
3.00
Diep
(Blaauwberg)
Eerste
Elsieskraal
Hout Bay / Disa
Jakkalsvlei
Campus (earth canal)
E03
Tienie Meyer Dr (earth canal)
-
47
-
3.92
DR09
u/s of Hely-Hutchinson Dam
-
87
-
7.25
DR08
Mountain tributary
-
76
-
6.91
DR07
d/s of weir in Orangekloof N.R.
-
90
-
6.00
DR04
u/s of Longkloof weir
-
56
-
4.31
DR06
u/s of Disa River Rd bridge
71
-
4.44
DR05
u/s of Bethal Rd crossing
-
72
-
4.80
DR02
Victoria Rd
-
70
-
4.12
J02
Opposite Bunga Avenue, 30m from
-
41
-
3.42
-
45
-
3.75
bridge (earth canal)
Kalksteen
J01
u/s of Bonteheuwel (earth canal)
Keysers
Keyser1
d/s of Main Rd (armour-flex canal)
36
-
4.00
-
K15A
In pine forest d/s of R312 bridge
62
27
5.10
3.00
K14
R304 d/s of K15A
69
38
4.60
3.80
Klapmuts
20
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
River
Kuils
Liesbeek
Sample
Point
Description
Kuils1
SASS4
ASPT
pre 1999
1999
pre 1999
1999
u/s of Van Riebeek Rd (gabion canal)
43
-
4.30
-
Kuils3
u/s of Stellenbosch Arterial Rd
39
-
3.90
-
Kuils4
u/s of Zandvliet WWTW
31
-
3.10
-
Kuils5
d/s of Zandvliet WWTW
15
-
3.75
-
L01
Skeleton Gorge
-
53
-
8.83
L02
Window Gorge
-
76
-
9.50
L03
Window gorge
-
88
-
8.00
L04
Winchester Rd (earth canal)
-
39
-
3.90
L05
Sans Souci Rd (canal)
-
38
-
4.22
L06
Station Rd, Observatory (earth canal)
-
47
-
3.92
L07
Liesbeek Parkway, opposite Malta
-
36
-
4.50
Park (earth canal)
Little Lotus
Mosselbank
Philadelphia
Prinskasteel
Llotus1
Ottery Station (earth canal)
34
-
4.25
-
M19
R304 near Tygerberg Zoo
15
50
3.75
3.84
M18
R312 near Fisantkraal
17
22
2.83
2.75
M16
d/s of road to Melish
11
31
2.75
3.87
M13A
d/s of R304, west of R302 junction
29
35
4.14
3.50
M12
u/s of confluence with Diep River
16
35
4.00
4.37
Phil
Near town of Philadelphia
57
55
4.75
4.58
PK3
u/s of confluence with Spaanschemat
52
-
4.73
-
75
-
8.33
-
105
-
6.56
-
49
-
4.45
-
River (earth canal)
SM2
u/s of Ou Kaapse Weg Bridge
SM3
500m u/s of Clovelly Country Club
SM4
Pedestrian bridge
Country Club
Sir Lowry’s
Pass
SLP2
u/s of Gordon’s Bay WWTW
45
-
4.50
-
SLP3
u/s of Sir Lowry’s Pass Village Rd
43
-
3.91
-
Spaanschemat
SP1
Main Rd, Constantia (channelised)
70
-
5.83
-
V01
d/s of Vanguard Dr, Parktown (earth
-
24
-
3.43
Silvermine
d/s
of
Clovelly
canal)
V02
Cornflower Street, Bridgetown (earth
canal)
-
32
-
3.56
V03
Loerie St (earth canal)
-
45
-
3.75
V04
u/s Athlone WWTW (earth canal)
-
25
-
3.13
BL1
d/s Athlone WWTW (earth canal)
30
-
3.33
-
Wlake2
Near Main Rd
33
-
3.67
-
Vygekraal
Westlake
21
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
The CMC has adopted Integrated Catchment Management as a process and in 1997
established the Catchment Management Department (CMD). Integrated Catchment
Management involved the drafting of Catchment Management Plans and the
establishment
of
Catchment
Management
Forums
to
prioritise
catchment
management issues and strategies. Such forums have been established for
Noordhoek Valley (Wildevoëlvlei), Kuils River, Salt River, Sand River, Hout Bay and
Zeekoë catchments. A Silvermine Catchment Management Committee was
established to oversee the development of the integrated catchment management
plan for this area.
•
Management plans have been developed for the Noordhoek and Sand River (Phase
1) Catchments and for the Khayelitsha Wetlands.
A State of the Diep and
Mosselbank Rivers (assessment of river health) and Nutrient Flux Study in the Kuils
River have been completed. Other CMD studies initiated in 1999 include the Salt
River
Hydrological
Study,
Sand
River
Catchment
Management
Plan,
Nooiensfonteinvlei Management Plan, Moddergatspruit Baseline Study and the Salt
River Catchment Management Plan (Phase 1).
•
Increasing problems with the management and control of flood prone areas resulted
in the following two Catchment Management studies:
§
The CMC initiated the compilation of development control guidelines for flood
prone
areas
incorporating
engineering,
planning
and
environmental
considerations and will be completed in mid-2000.
§
An investigation into legislation to manage dumpling, infiltration and excavation in
flood prone areas
•
The Catchment Management Department spent in the order of R 1,5 million in 1999
on the monitoring of water quality and health of rivers, vleis and beach-bathing areas
in the CMA (monitoring undertaken by Scientific Services). The Scientific Services
Department furthermore initiated a Biological Monitoring Programme for the CMA’s
rivers.
22
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
The upgrade of Wildevoëlvlei Wastewater Treatment Works, which incorporated
nutrient removal, was completed in 1999.
•
River maintenance guidelines were developed for use by the six MLCs in the CMA.
These guidelines are being extensively used by the MLCs for river maintenance
activities and will be refined and updated as necessary. In addition the Department of
Environment and Cultural Affairs and Sport have granted certain river maintenance
activities as exempt from the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, on
the basis of these guidelines.
•
Procedure to facilitate compliance with EIA Regulations has been authorised and is
currently being implemented for all river corridor activities in the CMA. An Operators
handbook is being developed to assist with the implementation of environmentally
sound river maintenance activities and should be in use by June 2000.
•
The Scientific Services and Catchment Management Department have initiated a
process which aims to develop a water pollution abatement strategy for the CMA.
•
The CMC is co-ordinating aquatic weed control and river maintenance activities in
the CMA. This response was initiated in 1998 and is ongoing.
•
Establishment of a Monitoring Information System (MONIS) designed specifically to
manage catchment-related information generated within the CMA was initiated in
1998 and will be completed in 2000. The MONIS will automatically transfer
monitored data (rainfall, flow and water quality) to the CMC corporate GIS database
from where it can be accessed, analysed and made available to users.
•
An Environmental Significance Mapping Project was commissioned and will include
a number of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) layers and databases, including
an aquatic component of the CMA. The resource is based on existing and available
information. This project will be completed in the first half of 2000.
23
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.2.2 Water Demand for Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Water demand data suggest a decrease in 1998/9. However, this is probably due to an
estimation error on the previous year’s data. The data for full supply capacity indicate a
better situation than the previous year. Treated effluent re-use has remained constant.
€ Percentage population served with safe and adequate water supply.
Residential water service delivery remained stable over the period 1995 to 1997.
Table 5: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
Year
Households
with
piped
1995
1996
1997
82%
79%
81%
October Household
Census
October Household
water in dwelling (%)
Source
Survey
Survey
€ Water demand per annum (in m 3).
The estimated consumption by the six Metropolitan Local Councils (MLCs) for the
1998/9 financial year is 286 734 000 m3. Although this represents an increase on the
1997/8 estimate of 279 985 352 m3 it is likely that the 1997/8 figure was overestimated
because not all the monitoring procedures were in place. As a result it would be
inappropriate to draw inference on this difference.
€ Percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying the CMC with raw water
for treatment.
The value as at 31 October 1998 was 91% with a higher value of 97% on the 31 October
1999. This indicator shows that the water supply situation at the end of the wet season
was better in 1999 than in 1998, giving an indication of higher rainfall and / or better
water management.
The CMC obtains approximately 95% of its raw water from outside the boundaries of the
CMA (Table 6). Approximately 70% of the CMC’s water requirements are obtained from
24
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
dams operated and controlled by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF).
Table 6 below gives a breakdown of the raw water sources utilised by the Water
Department of the CMC. All raw water abstracted is treated to potable standards before
being supplied to users within and outside the CMA.
Table 6: Raw water sources utilised by CMC’s Water Department - Approximate Annual
Percentage of Supply (Source: CMC Water Department).
Source
Controlling
1993/4
1994/5
1995/6
1998/9
Authority
Outside CMA
Theewaterskloof Dam
DWAF
37.9%
41.7%
44.5%
43%
Voëlvlei Dam
DWAF
25.6%
25.6%
22.2%
20%
Palmiet River
DWAF
7%
Wemmershoek Dam
CMC
21.5%
21%
20.2%
15%
Steenbras Dam and Lower
CMC
13.7%
10.4%
11.5%
10,7%
Dams
Inside CMA
Lewis Gay Dam (Simon’s
CMC
0,4%
Town) Kleinplaas Dam
Table Mountain Dams
Woodhead
CMC
1.3%
1.2%
1.3%
1,5%
Hely Hutchinson
De Villiers Dam
Victoria Dam
Alexandra
Lourens River (Land-en
CMC
0,6%
Atlantis Aquifers
CMC
1,5%
Albion Springs
CMC
0,3%
Zeezicht Dam)
From Table 6 it is apparent that Theewaterskloof dam is a principle supply source of
water to the distribution system in the CMA. This role has been consolidated over the
past four years. Voëlvlei, Wemmershoek and Steenbras dams are playing a decreasing
role in the bulk supply of the CMA’s water requirements. Water demand management
requires limiting end user levels and is preferable to increasing supply, for example
through the construction of new dams.
25
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
An increase in water use (hence an increase in supply) can be seen in Helderberg and
Oostenberg with increases of 28% and 21% respectively (Table 7). The figures for Cape
Town, Tygerberg and South Peninsula are estimates and it is premature to comment on
these.
Table 7: Water supplied (kl) by the CMC to MLCs during 1997/98 and 1998/99 (1 July to
30 June) (Note: The figures for the MLCs marked * include estimates as the separation
of the network was still in progress during the first part of the year). (Source: CMC Water
Department).
Municipality (MLC)
1997/8
1998/9
14 788 054
15 308 000
4
2 459 821
3 095 000
26
1 151 800
1 636 000
42
Blaauwberg Municipality
27 985 557
26 857 000
-4
City of Cape Town
95 160 582
88 651 000*
-7*
Helderberg Municipality
11 371 496
14 506 000
28
Oostenberg Municipality
20 310 808
24 477 000
21
South Peninsula Municipality
42 328 905
55 782 000*
38*
City of Tygerberg
82 828 004
76 461 000*
-8*
Paarl Municipality (Outside CMA)
Wellington Municipality
% Change
(Outside CMA)
Winelands District Municipality
(Outside CMA)
Riparian owners
Private consumers
3 384 000
970 000
The current developed water resources are almost fully utilised, and it is therefore
important that planning for new water resource development be undertaken in tandem
with water demand management in order to ensure a long-term sustainable supply of
water to the CMA. Early indications are that significant savings could be made through
appropriate water demand management initiatives.
€ Household water source.
In the Year One (1998) SoE Report it was estimated that 2.9% of the population of the
CMA do not have access to water supplies within 50m of their household. An update on
this information in not available for 1999.
26
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Proportion of treated effluent re-used.
The amount of effluent re-used remains static at 9%. This value may increase in light of
the predicted future shortage of fresh water.
The wastewater produced during 1998 was in the region of 514 Ml produced per day,
not 528 Ml per day as reported in the Year One (1998) SoE. The 1999 data reflect an
average of 512 Ml per day. The 1998 figure of approximately 12 000 Ml / annum of
wastewater discharged in to the sea via long marine outfall remains the same for 1999.
There were at least 16 raw sewage spills, mostly into the Kuils or Eerste Rivers, during
1999 (West, 2000). Four of the 16 spills were due to Eskom power failures, unauthorised
entry and electrical vandalism of a particular pump station. The remainder of the
overflows were the result of capacity problems. Information on raw sewage spills was not
available for 1998, but it may prove to be an important indicator in the future.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The CMC’s Directorate: Water and Waste has committed itself to:
•
Upgrading and expanding water metering systems in the CMA. The metering
systems for the bulk water providers (CMC) were put in place during 1999 and the
MLCs will be doing the same over the next few years.
•
The establishment of broadly representative Catchment Management Committees
tasked with the preparation of Catchment Management Plans for the Khayelitsha
Wetlands, Noordhoek Valley (Wildevoëlvlei) and the Sand River catchment. End
user education plays an important role in water demand management.
•
The implementation of Water Demand Management Strategy. R5 million was
budgeted for water demand management during the 1998/99 financial year. R4.3
million of this was allocated to the six MLCs to reduce water wastage.
•
In February 1998, the CMC’s Water Department appointed a Water Demand
Manager to draft and implement a strategy and programme to reduce the demand for
water in the CMA by 10% by the year 2010. The Strategy and Programme were
drafted and submitted to the Water and Waste Committee in November 1998.
Council accepted the report in January 1999.
27
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
In terms of the Water Services Act (No. 108 of 1997), every Local and Metropolitan
Authority has to draft a Water Services Development Plan (WSDP). The CMC’s
Water Department submitted an “Interim” WSDP to DWAF in December 1998. The
“Interim” WSDP is a strategic document concerning the CMC’s bulk water supply and
broadly outlines the following issues: water resources, bulk water supply
infrastructure, environmental issues, customer care and involvement, water services
management, institutional arrangements and financial arrangements. The Water
Department is in the process of revising the “Interim” WSDP and the revised edition
will be completed by July 2000.
•
In November 1999 the Water Department of the CMC commissioned consultants to
carry out an Integrated Water Resource Planning Study. The study is divided into
two areas of focus.
§
The first area is to investigate the technical, financial and environmental
feasibility of developing water supply schemes from the Lourens River, Eerste
River and from the Cape Flats Aquifer.
§
The second area of focus is to consider all possible water demand management
initiatives which could be undertaken. These initiatives would be compared on a
basis of potential water saving, timeframe to implement, cost to implement and
constraints associated with implementation. Completion date is scheduled for
December 2000.
•
In January 1998, the CMC commissioned consultants to develop a master plan for
the CMC’s bulk water supply system. The study also entails the development of a
computer model (WADISO) of the bulk supply system. The model will be able to
analyse the present bulk water supply system, assist in the planning of future bulk
water supply infrastructure and assist in making operational decisions. The model
would also be capable of integrating land use and water demand. It is anticipated the
study will be completed by July 2000.
Additional response underway:
•
DWAF continued with the national Working for Water Programme, including the
clearing of invasive alien vegetation in river catchments in and around the CMA in
order to create jobs and improve run-off to rivers and streams.
28
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Reflections and Summary - Water
Many new projects have been initiated, from bio-monitoring to water demand
management, including the successful establishment of seven catchment management
forums to share information with stakeholders and to develop and implement catchment
management plans.
Some of the indicators are not useful in the shorter term (e.g. Volume of effluent as a
proportion of total flow). In addition some of the water demand management indicators
are too broad and are ineffective as annual indicators.
29
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.3 Environmental Health
Increases in incidences and deaths from Tuberculosis (TB) along with increases in toxic
algal blooms and exceedances of bacteriological standards in milk are the data for the
environmental health theme that are most pertinent. Data for a number of the other
indicators are difficult to obtain and the usefulness of these indicators is in question.
The issues are:
5.3.1 Health Risks Resulting from Air and Water Pollution
5.3.2 Health Problems Resulting from Inadequate Provision and Access to Physical
Infrastructure and Services
5.3.3 Potential Health Risks Associated with Food Production
5.3.1 Health Risks Resulting from Air and Water Pollution
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
€ Exceedances of WHO guidelines for lead, SO2 and NO 2 and UK guidelines for
PM10.
Ozone and SO2 are relatively low in number whilst particulate matter and NO 2 are an
order of magnitude higher (see section 5.1.2). The air monitoring data illustrate a longterm decrease in NO 2, SO2 and lead concentrations with increases in soot (particulate
matter) and ozone (see section 5.1.1). Of concern is the fact that the number of air
pollution events / episodes has steadily increased over the past three years.
€ Exceedances of WHO guidelines for Esherichia. coli.
E. coli is a highly specific indicator of faecal pollution which originates from humans and
warm-blooded animals. Faecal coliform bacteria, on the other hand, are primarily used
as a practical indicator of faecal pollution. Data for a number of the coastal water quality
monitoring points suggest high levels of faecal coliforms (see Table 12 - section 5.5.3),
far in excess of the DWAF’s Water Quality Guidelines of 1 000 cells F. coli per 100ml for
intermediate-contact recreation. The growing pollution from stormwater is a matter of
30
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
concern as the multi-point influence of such pollution presents significant problems which
cannot be economically addressed.
€ Number of toxic algal blooms.
There were three toxic algal blooms during 1999, two at Wildevloëlvlei and the other at
Die Oog, Bergvliet / Pekalmy. This is one extra occurrence on the previous year (see
Table 2: section 5.2.1).
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
The CMC’s Air Pollution Control Department will be expanding the number of
monitoring stations, replacing others and hopes to acquire a mobile monitoring unit
during 2000. A large portion of particulate emissions (smog) is attributable to diesel
vehicles emissions. Particulate matter poses a serious health risk as it can penetrate
deep into the lungs and has been linked to respiratory problems and cancer.
•
Integrated Catchment Management involved the drafting of Catchment Management
Plans and Catchment Management Forums to prioritise catchment management
issues and strategies. Such forums have been established for Noordhoek Valley
(Wildevoëlvlei), Kuils River, Salt River, Sand River, Hout Bay and Zeekoë
catchments. Information on water quality and other issues relating to use and health
aspects are discussed at these fora.
31
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.3.2 Health Problems Resulting from Inadequate Provision and Access to
Physical Infrastructure and Services
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Meningitis is on the decrease and TB is on the increase. Although the Western Cape
has a lower incidence of HIV/AIDS than many other provinces the HIV infection rate is
increasing rapidly. The TB epidemic in South Africa (accelerated by the incidence of
HIV/AIDS) has been documented as one of the worst in the world with the Western Cape
Province one of the hardest hit provinces (Provincial Administration of the Western
Cape, 2000).
€ Percentage of population with safe and accessible drinking water.
Residential water service delivery remained stable over the period 1995 to 1997.
Table 8: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
Year
Households
with
piped
1995
1996
1997
82%
79%
81%
October Household
Census
October Household
water in dwelling (%)
Source
Survey
Survey
€ Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation.
Data from 1995 (Year One SoE Report) showed that 11% of dwellings in the CMA did
not have on-site waterborne sanitation, with 1% of the population reliant on pit latrines.
Given the influx of people in to the CMA in the past 5 years it is likely that these figures
have increased substantially. There is no more recent information than this.
€ Percentage of the population with adequate refuse removal.
From this data (Table 9, below) the indications are that the refuse removal services are
improving in the CMA. This data doesn’t, however, give an indication of whether there
are anomalies in the geographical distribution of removal services.
32
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 9: Refuse removal in the CMA.
Year
1995
1996
1997
Households with refuse removed
84%
91%
93%
October Household
Census
October Household
at least weekly (%)
Source
Survey
€ Meningococcal meningitis rate.
During 1998 there were 119 registered
Survey
Meningococcal Meningitis
Deaths
cases with 10 deaths. The data for 1999
120
seem to indicate a decline with 109
118
registered cases and 6 deaths (Figure 15).
Cases
12
10
116
8
114
112
€ Tuberculosis rate.
6
110
4
108
The pattern that is emerging from the TB
106
data suggests steady increases in the
104
2
0
1998
number of reported cases and the number
of deaths (Figure 16). The increases, as
1999
Figure 15: Annual number of Meningitis
cases and deaths in the CMA
much as 8% per annum, are far in excess of
the natural population increases in the CMA.
Cases
Tuberculosis
Deaths
The number of deaths due to TB for 1999
18500
700
was not available at the time of this report. It
18000
600
is likely that many of these deaths are AIDS
17500
500
17000
400
16500
300
16000
200
The health risks of contracting TB, and
15500
100
HIV/AIDS, are intimately linked to the issues
15000
related.
0
1997
1998
1999
of water, transport and urban form and
efficiency, as well as infrastructure.
Figure 16: Annual number of Tuberculosis
cases and deaths in the CMA
33
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The CMC is also involved in the following initiatives:
•
A CMA Healthy Cities / Local Agenda 21 Initiative aimed at selecting environmental
health indicators is being continued.
•
Social development indicators are being developed involving a partnership between
the Directorates of Protection, Health and Trading and Economic and Social
Development.
•
Other partnerships include the Disability Network and the CMC’s Transport
Directorate, in support of the Dial-a-Ride pilot project for disabled communities in
Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain.
•
The CMC’s Directorate of Protection, Health and Trading is involved in a number of
initiatives that involve partnerships with regards to health and development issues:
§
In the South Peninsula a Healthy Cities programme is being developed with the
community of Ocean View. This is linked to the TB programme – Beyond the
Medical Model.
§
In Blaauwberg a Peace Garden was initiated and is linked to the TB programme.
§
In the City of Tygerberg partnerships with the Khayelitsha Task Team, Medical
Research Council, University of the Western Cape’s Health Programme and
PAWC’s Health Department have been developed. One of the projects involves
tackling the problem of the helminth worm and this is being accomplished at
three levels, namely medical treatment (de-worming), addressing community
environmental factors that exacerbate the problem and developing educational
material for schools.
§
In Oostenberg and Helderberg District based strategies are being developed to
address TB and HIV-AIDS health problems.
34
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.3.3 Potential Health Risks Associated with Food Production
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
CMC’s Municipal Health Services have been involved in a metro-wide study into informal
slaughtering for the past two years. The objective of the study is to combat the health
risks associated with this activity. Other important work involves bacteriological
monitoring of food stuffs.
€ Exceedances of the bacteriological standards as specified in the Foodstuffs,
Cosmetics and Disinfectants (1972) for packaged milk and milk sold in bulk
tanks.
Bacteriological standards were exceeded much more frequently in pasteurised milk sold
via bulk tanks compared to packaged milk. In 1999, approximately 76% of samples
taken of pasteurised bulk retail milk exceeded the standard for coliform bacteria. In the
same period, over 36% of samples, twice as many samples as 1998, taken of
pasteurised packaged milk exceeded this standard. This is a cause for concern. The
status of the dairy industry in the townships is, however, currently receiving attention.
€ Bacterial monitoring of prepared foods.
The presence of Escherichia coli in prepared foods is an indication of poor food handling
processes and / or poor personal hygiene of food handlers. E. coli is a highly specific
indicator of faecal pollution which originates from humans and warm-blooded animals.
Certain strains of E. coli are known to cause food poisoning. Where E.coli is present
there is the likelihood of the presence of other pathogenic organisms. Most of the
bacteriological monitoring in the CMA is done through the accredited South African
Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR) laboratory. During 1999 CMC’s Protection,
Health and Trading Directorate increased the capacity of its’ food and milk laboratory in
order to conduct samples on prepared foodstuffs. Results for 1999 are presented in
Table 10. Of concern is the fact that 10% of samples conducted on prepared foods in the
CMA contained E. coli.
35
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 10: Monitoring results for prepared food samples analysed within the CMA during
1999.
Laboratory
CMC’s
No. of samples
No. of samples tested
Percentage non-
analysed
positive for E. coli
compliance
Food
and
148
0
0%
Institute
for
849
85
10%
Milk Lab
SA
Medical Research
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
An informal slaughtering project throughout the CMA is being co-ordinated to
improve the health and hygiene aspects associated with informal slaughtering of
animals for the purpose of sale of meat to the public.
•
The extension of the dairy produce database and monitoring programmes for
townships continues.
The CMC is also participating in the following initiatives:
•
The development of health promotion media aimed at improving food handling
practices and hygiene.
•
Healthy Cities/Local Agenda 21 Initiatives along with partnerships with other
stakeholders at Provincial level, MLC level and the Medical Research Council are
being developed to implement projects.
Reflections and Summary - Environmental Health
The environmental health theme is influenced by urban efficiency, infrastructure, water
and air quality and economic issues. As a result a number of the indicators cut across
these themes. Although most of the indicators are adequate an indicator on HIV/AIDS
occurrence should be included in future updates. The impact of this disease is likely to
influence the economic, urban efficiency and infrastructural themes in particular.
36
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.4 Soil
The soil resource in the CMA performs an important biological function in supporting the
fauna and flora as well as an agricultural role. The soil resource is however being lost to
development through urban expansion and sprawl and is being utilised for building
material at an undocumented rate.
The issues are:
5.4.1 Loss of Soils and Agricultural Potential due to Urban Expansion and Sprawl
5.4.2 Loss of Soils due to the Mining of Minerals, Sand and Clay
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Little is known about the soil resource and utilisation levels in the CMA and this is a
cause for concern.
5.4.1 Loss of Soils and Agricultural Potential due to Urban Expansion and Sprawl
There is currently no information available.
5.4.2 Loss of Soils due to the Mining of Minerals, Sand and Clay
There is currently no information available.
Potential indicators:
€ Loss of arable land (ha/annum).
€ Soil loss through development (ha/annum).
€ Area of mining activities in a given area (ha/annum).
€ Cumulative area mined (ha/annum).
There are no data to update this theme’s issues and indicators. There is a need to
research this information gap.
37
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The Directorate: Planning, Environment and Housing in 1998 commissioned the
preparation of a Mining Structure Plan for the Cape Metropolitan Region and
Adjoining West Coast Areas. The plan will identify areas of potential mineral
deposits, including sand mining and provide both substantive and procedural
guidelines for the evaluation of applications to mine, as well as conditions to be
attached to the approval of mining activities. This product will be completed in 2000.
Reflections and Summary - Soil
The fact that the responsible authorities are unable to measure the soil indicators
suggests that the importance of the soil resource is not seen in the same light as the
other themes in this document. This is a cause for concern in that lack of measurement
precludes any effective management of the resource.
38
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.5 Biota
The CMA contains a diverse and unique set of ecosystems due to the Mediterranean
climate, the location of Table Mountain and its associated microhabitats, the surrounding
sand flats and the sea. The CMA is also located in the smallest, but richest of the plant
kingdoms, the Cape Floral Kingdom. The biotic habitats and biodiversity of the CMA are,
however, under pressure from development. The issues of terrestrial and marine
ecosystems remain pertinent. No new issues have been identified.
The issues are:
5.5.1
Habitat and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems
5.5.2
Alteration of Marine and Coastal Habitats and the Increased Exploitation of
Resources
5.5.3
Discharge of Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Effluent into the Sea
5.5.1 Habitat and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Our global responsibility to conserve the smallest and richest of the plant kingdoms in
the world is onerous on all the peoples of the CMA. One important initiative to review
and implement conservation programmes is the Cape Action Plan for the Environment
(CAPE) initiative. In addition, the biota of the CMA is arguably one of the most important
cross-cutting themes in the CMA. The tourism industry with its job creation / poverty
alleviation potential as well as indigenous plant utilisation for medicinals and cut flowers
are but three important activities that rely on the health of this resource.
€ Area of land within CMA having formal conservation status.
Land area with formal conservation status has risen significantly to 476km 2, from 300km 2
in 1998 (See Figure 17). This total represents approximately 22% of the CMA’s total
area of 2 175km 2.
39
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 17: Map of Protected Areas and Marine Protected Areas in the Cape Metropolitan
Area (Source: CMC Spatial Planning and Environmental Management Depts.)
40
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Flora
A total of 37 core botanical sites requiring comprehensive conservation have been
identified on the Cape Flats. These sites contain over 97.5% of the unique plants of the
Cape Flats. These 37 areas are recommended as the core floral / botanical conservation
areas for the Cape Flats and include the initial 15 core sites identified by the Botanical
Society of Southern Africa (Botsoc) in 1997. The increase from 15 sites, containing 80%
of the Red Data species, to 37 sites represents a significant improvement between 1998
and 1999.
Fauna
The information on this section in the Year One (1998) SoE Report was restricted to the
Cape Peninsula. The Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (WCNCB) have,
however, updated the information for 1999. Approximately 27 amphibian species have
been recorded, or are likely to occur in the CMA, including the critically endangered
Table Mountain ghost frog. There are records for 60 reptile species (including the
endangered Geometric tortoise) 90 mammal species (including whales and dolphins)
and 10 fresh water fish species.
There are a few monitoring programmes that use bio-indicators in the CMA including the
Avian Demography Unit’s (UCT) Co-ordinated Waterbird Counts (CWAC), WCNCB’s
endangered frog surveys and the CMC’s Scientific Services invertebrate bio-monitoring
programme, initiated in 1999.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are being undertaken by the CMC:
•
An Environmental Significance Mapping project, which will include ecosystems
mapping of the CMA, will be completed in the first half of 2000. Environmental
Significance Mapping will form a key input to the further definition and protection of a
Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) as envisaged in the MSDF.
•
Catchment Management Plans are being prepared, which inter alia, will determine
interim MOSS area demarcation and management guidelines. More information in
this regard is presented in the chapters on water and urbanisation.
41
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
A Feasibility Study (Implementation and Management Plan) and an Urban
Development Evaluation for the western portion of Driftsands were completed.
Implementation of the recommendations of the Feasibility Study will commence in
2000.
•
The mapping of all reserves and protected areas in the CMA has been completed
and will be updated during 2000 by the Environmental Management Department.
Additional responses underway:
•
A working group of the Botanical Society of South Africa, CMC and MLC
representatives has been set up to ensure adequate conservation and management
of the core botanical sites.
•
A number of initiatives are underway to declare nature reserves and protected
natural environments, e.g. Rietvlei, False Bay Coastal Park and Blaauwberg.
§
Rietvlei: In 1989 Rietvlei was declared a nature area and in 1992 gained
Protected Natural Environment (PNE) status. In late 1998 Blaauwberg
Municipality applied for local authority nature reserve status. As at December
1999 an impasse developed. Despite the fact that there was no on-the-ground
management the provincial authority were not willing to confer local authority
status. The municipality in turn could not appoint staff without the necessary
legal status. During 1994 the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) developed the Rietvlei Management Plan. The Diep River Management
Plan study was completed in December 1999. It is intended that the two areas
will be managed as one.
§
Blaauwberg Conservation Area: A Development and Management Plan is being
developed by consultants, CMC, Department of Environmental and Cultural
Affairs and Sport (DECAS), Blaauwberg Municipality and National Monuments
Council. A draft document will be completed by mid-2000. The total land area,
which includes a core conservation area plus an interface buffer zone, for the
project is approximately 4 000 ha.
§
False Bay Coastal Protected Natural Environment: During 1999 a number of
steering committee and working group meetings with stakeholders (CMC
Directorates Water and Waste and Planning, Environment and Housing, Cape
Nature Conservation) were held to provide information and address possible
concerns regarding legality and commitments of the PNE status.
42
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
The Western Cape Nature Conservation Board started planning and collating data
for a State of Biodiversity Report for the Western Cape Province. Data collection and
collation for this project will continue through 2000.
•
The Table Mountain Fund is currently undertaking a number of studies and initiatives
as part of the development of a plan for the conservation and management of the
Cape Floristic Kingdom, which includes the CMA.
•
Cape Action Plan for the Environment (CAPE) has made significant progress during
1999. A terrestrial study, identifying the conservation priorities in the Cape Floral
Kingdom, was undertaken by the University of Cape Town (UCT). A study of the
marine and freshwater components analysing the threats and priorities for future
conservation priorities was completed. The CSIR facilitated the development of a 20year strategy for the conservation of the Cape Floral Kingdom. A comprehensive
public participation process was undertaken to assist in the development of this
strategy. An implementation programme focussing on actions required for the next
five years was prepared with input for the lead implementing agencies. A CAPE
Funders Conference is scheduled for late September 2000, to identify the
conservation projects that will be funded.
43
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.5.2 Alteration of Marine and Coastal Habitats and the Increased Exploitation of
Resources
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The marine resources are arguably the most threatened natural resource in the CMA at
present. Rock lobster, abolone and 10 species of endemic line fish have been listed as
technically over-fished and some face the threat of extinction in the near future. Fishing
quotas and poaching of abolone (perlemoen) and rock lobster were regularly reported in
the local media during 1999. The marine resources are not adequately protected. The
Marine Living Resources Act (Act No. 18 of 1998) came into effect on 1 September
1998.
€ Area of coastline conserved (% of total)
The one marine protected area (MPA) and five restricted areas comprise 41.5km of
coastline. Of 307km of coastline within the CMA this represents 13.5% with some
conservation status. There is only one MPA in the CMA, namely Miller’s Point / Castle
Rocks, a stretch of 3.5km. For more details please consult Table 11.
44
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 11: Marine reserves in the CMA. (See Figure 17 for location of reserves). The goals for these reserves include conservation of
biodiversity, fisheries management, research, education and recreational opportunities.
No.
Name
Type of
reserve
Restricted
Area
Managing
Body
DEAT
6b
Cape of Good
Hope Closed
Area
23
Miller’s point/
Castle Rocks
Marine
Protected Area
DEAT
15
Jagger’s Walk to
Glencairn Beach
Restricted
Area
DEAT
24
Neptune’s Corner
(Muizenberg to
St. James
Station)
St. James to Kalk
Bay
Restricted
Area
DEAT
Restricted
Area
DEAT
Strand
Restricted
Area
DEAT
19
29
Location, regulations, size and
management objective
From Schuster Bay (Scarborough) to the
Cape Point lighthouse, extending 500 m
from the high water mark.
Length of reserve: 25 km
Reserve area: 12 km 2
From Bakoven Rock to Bobbejaansklip
Length of reserve: 3,5 km
Reserve area: 6,6 km 2
Extending 500 m seawards from the highwater mark.
Length of reserve: 2,5 km
Reserve area: 1,25 km 2
Extending 500 m seawards from the highwater mark.
Length of reserve: 1,5 km
Reserve area: 0,75 km 2
Extending 500 m seawards from the high
water mark. Length of reserve: 1 km
Reserve area: 0,5 km 2
From the security fence next to the Lorens
River, Strand, to the eastern breakwater of
the fishing harbour at Gordon’s Bay,
extending 500 m seawards. Shore angling
and the collection of washed up red-bait is
allowed.
Length of reserve: 8 km
Reserve area: 4 km 2
45
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Legislation & date of
proclamation
Regulations in terms of the
Marine Living Resources Act,
1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
Proclaimed 1977
Marine Living Resources Act,
1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
Proclaimed 1977
Regulations in terms of the
Marine Living Resources Act,
1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
Proclaimed 1977
Regulations in terms of the
Marine Living Resources Act,
1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
Proclaimed in 1977
Regulations in terms of the
Marine Living Resources Act,
1998 (Act 18 of 1998)
Proclaimed in 1977
Regulations in terms of the
Marine Living Resources Act,
1998
(Act 18 of 1998)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway:
•
The establishment, in 1998, of the Cape Peninsula National Park (CPNP) will allow
the incorporation of Marine Protected and Restricted Areas into terrestrial
conservation areas, thus creating a single conservation management entity from
mountain peak to the ocean floor.
•
South African National Parks (SANP) plan to initiate a two year project on the marine
component of the Cape Peninsula Protected Natural Environment (CPPNE).
•
The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) have initiated the
preparation of a national Coastal Management Policy due for release in 2000. The
policy formulation process has included extensive public, authority and interest group
participation, grouped into a number of demarcated areas of the coast. The CMA is
one of these areas and CMC has participated in the process. A draft White Paper
had been produced in July 1999.
•
The Department of Planning, local Government and Housing of the Provincial
Administration of the Western Cape (PAWC) is drafting a Coastal Zone Policy for the
Western Cape. During 1999 the draft policy was circulated for comment. It is
intended that the Policy Document will be published for general public comment
towards the end of 2000, and submitted for final approval by the Provincial Cabinet
early in 2001.
46
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.5.3 Discharge of Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Effluent into the Sea
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The discharge of industrial and domestic effluents, including treated sewage effluent, as
well as stormwater discharge and litter occurs at points along the coastline. Data for the
indicators suggest a mixed result with slight improvement in some cases and
disappointing results in other cases.
€ Exceedances of DWAF guidelines for faecal coliform counts in coastal water
These sites are important for bathing and recreational water sport use. The locations of
the monitoring sites are shown in Figure 18. The South African Water Quality Guidelines
for Coastal Marine Waters bacteriological water quality exceeded the 80th percentile at
five locations in False Bay and 14 locations on the Atlantic Coast in 1998. The data for
1999 indicate only one point in False Bay and eight on the Atlantic Coast showing
exceedances at the 80th percentile. The 95th percentile was exceeded at no sites in
False Bay and five sites on the Atlantic Coast (Figures 19 and 20). This indicates a
significant improvement on the previous year’s data.
These data suggest that water quality at the monitoring points has improved during the
past year although the same sites are showing excessive faecal coliform pollution,
namely Kalk Bay Harbour Beach and Hout Bay beach as well as Graaff’s pool, Milton
pool and Sunset pool on the Atlantic coast. Particular pollution problems are associated
with Kalk Bay as a working harbour.
Stormwater is identified as a significant source of pollution (Table 12). On the False Bay
coast the stormwater outlets are sited near some of the bathing and recreational areas
and, hence, are likely to impact the exceedances at these sites. A significant
improvement has been noted at the monitoring points on the False Bay Coast (Table
12), with an order of magnitude improvement. The Atlantic Coast monitoring points
indicate quite the opposite with an order of magnitude increase in faecal coliforms at
Three Anchor Bay, for example. The DWAF Water Quality Guidelines (1 000 cells /
100ml) have, however, been exceeded at all monitoring points.
47
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 18: Coastal Monitoring Points in the Cape Metropolitan Area
(Source: CMC Catchment Management Department).
48
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figures 19 & 20: DWAF Guidelines Figures for Water Quality (faecal coliforms / 100ml)
(Source: CMC Scientific Services Department).
49
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 12: Bacteriological levels in stormwater at selected sites along the Atlantic and
False Bay Coasts (Key: I.D = Insufficient data to accurately calculate this value. N.D. =
No data available) (Source: CMC Scientific Services). DWAF Water Quality Guidelines
(1 000 cells / 100ml) for intermediate – contact recreation.
Sampling point
Samples
Faecal coliforms/100 ml
examined
Percentiles
in 1999
80% in1998
80% in 1999
95% in 1998
Three Anchor Bay Stormwater A
21
2 500 000
1 826 360
3 900 000
30 000 000
Three Anchor Bay Stormwater B
21
1 100 000
1 997 588
4 200 000
30 000 000
Saunders Rocks Stormwater
19
430 000
300 451
> 5 600 000
3 000 000
Horne Bay Stormwater
6
N.D.
5 000
N.D.
I.D.
Graafs Pool Stormwater 2
12
N.D.
897 311
N.D.
3 430 000
Graafs Pool Stormwater 3
7
N.D.
5 930 456
N.D.
I.D.
Muizenberg Station Stormwater
22
71 000
30 000
280 000
54 300
Mitchells Plain West Stormwater
23
150 000
5 533
680 000
56 400
24
170 000
18 582
1 100 000
82 300
2 139
N.D.
26 300
95% in 1999
Atlantic Coast
False Bay Coast
Outlet
Mitchells Plain East Stormwater
Outlet
Bailey’s Cottage Stormwater
26
N.D.
€ Contaminant levels of heavy metals in mussels (at 26 sampling sites)
In 1994 and 1995, the South African Bureau of Standards limit for cadmium was
exceeded at 11 out of the 26 mussel sampling sites along the CMA coastline, although
in terms of the DWAF guidelines all the sites conform for 1994 and 1995. Data for the
years 1996 to 1999 are not available from DEAT’s Directorate of Marine and Coastal
Management. This is a cause for concern given the importance of this indicator.
50
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The Cape Metropolitan Coastal Water Quality Committee (CMCWQC) is a voluntary
forum representing local authorities and other interest groups. The CMCWQC, coordinated by CMC, annually reports the results of sea water quality monitoring at 47
sites on the CMA coastline. Responses co-ordinated by the CMCWQC include:
§
Establishment of an Advisory Committee for False Bay who have initiated a
jointly funded False Bay Review Study. Stakeholders include a minister-elected
representative with other local authority representatives, CBOs and NGOs to
promote research, education, review, policy and legislation, state of water quality,
priorities and plan with desired state.
§
Establishment of a working group to address the causes of harbour pollution that
has implemented a Kalk Bay Harbour clean up pilot project.
§
Coastal water quality is monitored on a continual basis to monitor compliance
with bathing water quality criteria.
•
Catchment management plans aim to manage impact of land based sources of
pollution on the marine environment. Management plans have been developed for
the Noordhoek and Sand River (Phase1) catchments and the Khayelitsha wetlands.
•
The strategic bulk water investigation was completed in 1999 and forms a guide for
wastewater improvements over the next 20 years in the CMA.
•
The effluent re-use study has been completed and is incorporated in the Strategic
Investigation Bulk Wastewater report.
•
The CMC appointed a consortium of engineers to undertake a study into sludge
management for implementing improved sludge management at each of its
wastewater treatment works. This study will be completed in April 2000.
51
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Reflections and Summary - Biota
The terrestrial component of the CMA's environment is receiving a lot of support as
evidenced through increases in land area conserved and the number and size of
conservation-related projects that are currently underway or have been initiated by the
local authorities and others. The indicators in this section appear appropriate, are being
monitored and will serve to give an accurate representation of trends in the environment
in the future. Some of these indicators may, however, require a longer-term cycle to
deliver meaningful trends. In addition some shorter-term indicators, for example
monitoring the numbers, health and distribution of frog species or other bio-indicators,
may be useful provided that the information is readily and regularly available.
The marine component is in a critical state in terms of abolone and 10 endemic species
of line fish. The current indicator, percentage of coastline conserved, does not yield an
adequate representation of this issue. Other indicators that should be investigated and
reported on should include population levels, recruitment rates, harvesting rates,
poaching and prosecutions and, most importantly, staffing levels for law enforcement
and monitoring.
Faecal coliform counts between 1998 and 1999 showed mixed tendencies with
improvements in False Bay and poor results for the Atlantic Coast. High faecal counts
are largely influenced by stormwater discharge.
52
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.6 Urban Form and Efficiency
Rapid urbanisation continues in the CMA. The need for housing and infrastructure
continues unabated. This is evidenced most clearly through the growing backlog for
housing. The issues of housing, urban sprawl, urban structure and Metropolitan Open
Space System (MOSS) remain relevant to understanding urban efficiency and no new
issues have been identified.
The issues are:
5.6.1 Need for Housing for Low- and Middle-Income Residents
5.6.2 Urban sprawl
5.6.3 Urban Structure
5.6.4 Metropolitan Open Space
5.6.1 Need for Housing for Low- and Middle-Income Residents
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The housing backlog and the need for housing continue to grow.
€ Percentage population with formal / informal housing.
In October 1996 the Western Cape Province had the highest percentage (75%) of formal
housing relative to the other eight provinces. The CMA has an estimated 640 000 units
of a range of types. The estimated current backlog for 1999 was 220 000 units
comprising:
•
78 000 shacks in informal settlements,
•
23 000 shacks on serviced sites (or inadequately housed),
•
51 000 over-crowded housing,
•
61 000 shacks in backyard residences
•
7 000 other
The formal: informal housing ratio in the CMA was 78: 22 in 1996. No more recent data
are available for this indicator.
53
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
The housing backlog in the CMA was estimated at a minimum of 150 000 houses in
1998. By 1999 this backlog had risen to 221 000, a 32% increase (Palmer, 1999). The
estimated demand, taking into account population growth only, is projected to be a
further 260 000 units by the year 2010.
€ Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage).
The CMA has a population of approximately 3 million people with a growth rate of
approximately 2%. This comprises a natural growth rate of 1.1% and an in-migration rate
of approximately 1% (Dorrington, 2000).
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
An informal settlements study, which focused on unplanned and un-serviced
squatter settlements, was completed in 1999.
•
The development of a Metropolitan Housing Policy to ensure more effective housing
delivery and reduce housing backlogs is due to be completed in 2000. The housing
policy will be supported by a housing information system which was up and running
by the end of 1999.
•
A study to investigate which informal settlements could not be developed / upgraded
where they are presently located was initiated. A report is due in late 2000.
•
A Housing Strategy is being developed to ensure more effective housing delivery,
reduce housing backlogs and to investigate institutional restructuring towards a
Unicity administration. A draft Housing Strategy is anticipated in 2000.
•
The Accelerated Managed Land Settlement Programme, for families living in crisis
conditions is being implemented.
•
R 42 million was allocated to bulk / link infrastructure (including bulk sewage,
electricity and water services) for housing.
•
Studies looking at land tenure options for rapid release of land were initiated.
•
Suitable vacant land for low income housing was identified and mapped.
Some MLCs have developed housing finance options through, for example, the
Blaauwberg Housing Association, South Peninsula Municipality’s Micro Finance Scheme
54
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
and the development of Cape Town Community Housing Company. This will aid in
meeting the increasing need for houses in the CMA.
55
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.6.2 Urban sprawl
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Containment of the urban sprawl in the CMA received a boost with CMC’s acceptance of
the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF). Key structuring elements of
the MSDF are nodes, corridors, Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) and a
defined urban edge.
€ Number of amendments beyond the urban edge – change of land use from open
space, agricultural rural to other.
The CMC Spatial Planning Department received a total of 17 erfs for land use changes
during 1999.
2
€ Expansion of urban edge (in km ).
The total growth on the edge of development for the period 1993 to 1996 was 3.8km 2.
No more recent data are available.
€ Rate of development.
The collective extent of urban development for 1993 was 287km 2 with an additional
22km 2 having been added by 1996. Thus the rate of development was, on average,
approximately 2.5% per annum or approximately 4.5km 2 per annum.
€ Number of constructions completed.
A total of 5 631 constructions were completed during 1998. No more recent data are
available.
56
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by CMC:
•
The MSDF was accepted by CMC in 1999 and will be submitted to the Executive
Committee of the Western Cape Province for endorsement during 2000.
•
One of the MSDF principles is to contain urban sprawl which will help to ensure
integrated land use and transport planning and to provide for high density public
transport corridors.
•
Work on the Urban Edge Studies continued and drafts will be sent to the MLCs in
2000.
•
A migration study entitled “En Waarheen Nou? Migration and Settlement in the Cape
Metropolitan Area” was completed in 1999.
•
The “Moving Ahead” Integrated Transport Plan Part 2: Public Transport Strategic
Component was completed in 1999.
•
The processes for the sub-regional plans continues although they no longer rest with
CMC, except the Atlantis Growth Corridor management plan which is due to be
completed by 2000 and will be sent to CMC for approval.
Additional responses underway:
•
The City of Tygerberg completed its Spatial Development Framework in 1999.
•
The City of Cape Town completed its Spatial Development Framework in 1999.
57
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.6.3 Urban Structure
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
With the exception of the MSDF little appears to have been done to address the
inefficient and inequitable urban structure of the CMA. Closer integration between landuse planning and transportation planning will ensure sustainable benefits to
development of urban structure.
€ Number of mixed use rezoning approvals.
There were five approvals received by CMC’s Spatial Planning Department during 1998.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The MSDF was accepted by CMC in 1999 and will be submitted to Western Cape
Province for endorsement during 2000.
•
A MSDF Corridor Quantification Study was completed in 1999.
•
A densification study and vacant land study have been completed.
•
Philippi Market Study is currently being undertaken and the establishment of a
Philippi Utility Company is underway.
•
A Built Environment Study has been initiated to identify and manage sites for
preservation in the CMA. The completion date has been extended to June 2000.
•
The planning database project was initiated in 1998 to determine where development
pressures are occurring in the CMA and is ongoing.
•
The “Moving Ahead” Integrated Transport Plan Part 2: Public Transport Strategic
Component was completed in 1999. This document will be used to guide long term
strategy and shorter term budgetary requirements.
•
An investigation of the impact of “mega projects” on MSDF structuring elements,
goals and principles was initiated.
•
An investigation into the interpretation and development of the MSDF corridors and
nodes was initiated.
58
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
A strategy to communicate and promote the principles and proposals contained in
the MSDF was initiated.
•
The collection of land use information in the CMA is being developed and codified.
This database will indicate the type of development and ascertain where it is taking
place.
59
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.6.4 Metropolitan Open Space
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Despite development pressures on open space the indicators (identified as potential
Year 2 indicators) suggest a favourable situation with opportunities for formal MOSS
status in 2000.
€ Percent of non-urban land in the CMA.
A total of 29% of the CMA’s land area (636km 2) comprises protected areas (476km 2) and
general metropolitan open space (160km 2). Agricultural land accounts for approximately
40% of the CMA’s land area.
€ Green area per capita (ha/person).
Green area approximates 0.0212ha/person (212m 2/person), from 636km 2 and a
population of approximately 3 million. Compared with the other metropolitan cities of
Pretoria (0.01ha/person) and Johannesburg (on average 10 to 21m 2/person), the CMA
rates favourably (Websites 1 and 2 respectively).
€ Area of CMA that has formal status as MOSS.
No land had formal MOSS status in 1999. The MOSS study will be completed in 2000.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by CMC:
•
The preparation of Catchment Management Plans, which inter alia, will determine
interim MOSS area demarcation and management guidelines.
•
Detailed MOSS studies are being initiated, of which the Kuilsriver Moss study has
been completed.
•
The mapping of environmentally significant areas in the CMA, including ecosystems
mapping was commenced in 1999. This will provide a foundation for the finalisation
of a detailed MOSS in accordance with the MSDF.
60
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
A metropolitan wide MOSS study which will define MOSS at a metro level and local
level, provide broad guidelines to assist with the management and implementation of
MOSS and synthesise the various MOSS studies was initiated.
•
Funds are allocated for the acquisition of land for conservation and recreational
purposes in the MLCs.
•
A GIS study of all proclaimed nature areas in the CMA has been completed and will
be updated annually.
•
A planning database has been initiated to determine where development pressures
are occurring in the CMA. This project is ongoing.
•
Drafts for the Urban Edge Studies were completed and will be submitted to all MLCs
in 2000.
Reflections and Summary - Urban Form and Efficiency
The majority of the indicators in the urbanisation theme, particularly those relating to
MOSS were identified in the Year One (1998) SoE Report as potential Year 2 (1999)
indicators. As a result there are no trends to analyse and their real value will only be
appreciated in future updates of the SoE Report. Most of the indicators are appropriate
for annual updates but their usefulness depends on the availability and age of the data.
There are, however, a number of the transport indicators and other urban efficiency
indicators that are not relevant on an annual basis.
The MSDF and associated products and their universal acceptance within the CMA are
crucial to the future trends to be witnessed in this theme.
61
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.7 Infrastructure
Rapid population growth in the CMA, in particular in the informal settlement sector
(111% between 1993 and 1996 and 21% between 1996 and 1998, Abbott & Douglas,
1999) has placed immense pressure on the service delivery functions of the local
authorities. Despite this the data suggest that service delivery is improving.
The issue is:
5.7.1 Provision of Basic Services and Infrastructure
5.7.1 Provision of Basic Services and Infrastructure
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The data for the indicators in this section suggest that basic infrastructural development
is matching or exceeding population growth. In development terms these are positive
signs.
€ Households receiving refuse disposal services.
Table 13: Household reuse removal in the CMA.
Year
1995
1996
1997
Households with refuse
84%
91%
93%
October Household
Census
October Household
removed at least weekly (%)
Source
Survey
Survey
From this data (Table 13) the indications are that the refuse removal services are
improving in the CMA. This data doesn’t, however, give an indication of whether there
are anomalies in the geographical distribution of removal services.
€ Sanitation availability (type).
The Year One (1998) SoE Report provided data for 1995 – there are no more recent
data available.
62
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Water availability by source.
Residential water service delivery remained stable over the period 1995 to 1997.
Table 14: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling
Year
1995
1996
1997
Households with piped
82%
79%
81%
October Household
Census
October Household
water in dwelling (%)
Source
Survey
Survey
€ Telephone availability (as a %).
Table 15: Telephone availability in households in the CMA.
Year
1995
1996
1997
Households with access to telephone
91%
61%
71%
SoE Year One -
Census
October
/ cellphone in the dwelling (%)
Source
OHS
Household Survey
(OHS)
There is a possibility that the data for 1995 (91%), as reported in the Year One (1998)
SoE Report, are incorrect. The percentage increase between 1996 and 1997 was fairly
significant at 10%. This is largely attributable to increasing cellphone usage, particularly
in formerly un-serviced households.
63
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
The development of a Metropolitan Housing Policy to ensure more effective housing
delivery and reduce housing backlogs is due to be completed in 2000.
•
The Housing Information System comprises a number of databases and is used,
improved and updated on an annual basis.
Additional responses underway:
•
National and Provincial Government continue to support programmes on
infrastructural development in the CMA.
•
Statistics South Africa undertakes an annual October Household Survey, which
includes the collection of data on the adequacy and availability of physical services
and infrastructure. Although not a management response this is the single most
important source of infrastructural and developmental data at national, provincial
and, to a lesser extent, metropolitan levels in South Africa.
Reflections and Summary - Infrastructure
Data for infrastructural development indicates that service delivery in the CMA is
improving, although there is room for further and more rapid improvement.
Approximately 20% of the population are still without access to water in the dwelling.
Refuse removal has improved, but without complete coverage this situation will further
exacerbate the illegal dumping and littering problems.
The indicators in the infrastructure theme are relevant on an annual basis provided that
the data are available timeously. The problems with this theme and the previous one on
urban form and efficiency relates to the out of date data. As a result these data are
largely ineffective in portraying the current situation as regards infrastructure and urban
efficiency in the CMA.
64
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.8 Transportation
Congestion, public transport, and road traffic safety remain important issues within the
transportation theme. Congestion and public transport, in particular, are contentious and
difficult issues which directly impact the CMA’s environment. Congestion results in
increased levels of air pollution, stress, health problems as well as loss of productivity
and labour time. Most of the transport indicators, excluding road traffic accidents and
airport and harbour data, have been computer modelled. There are no actual data
points for these indicators.
The issues are:
5.8.1 Private Vehicle Usage resulting in Traffic Congestion
5.8.2 Public Transport Services
5.8.3 Need to Expand Metropolitan Airports and Harbours to meet Growing
Demand
5.8.4 Road Traffic Safety
5.8.1 Private Vehicle Usage resulting in Traffic Congestion
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Many of the indicators in this theme are unable to yield a comprehensive report for
private vehicle usage. The reasons are that the data are largely dated, computer
modelled and have been collected on an ad hoc rather than a metro-wide basis. In
addition half of the indicators were identified as potential Year 2 indicators and thus
require a longer time period to evaluate.
€ Vehicles per 1 000 population.
This is not an annual indicator and is revised infrequently when the Metropolitan
Transport Plan is revised. There were, on average, 170 vehicles per 1 000 people in
1998 and it is likely that this figure will remain stable.
65
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Modal split percentages (public versus private transport).
This is not an annual indicator and is revised infrequently when the Metropolitan
Transport Plan is revised. The data from 1991 indicated a modal split of approximately
50:50 public to private. There are no other available data to indicate that the situation
has changed.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic
Component, known as “Moving Ahead”, was completed in September 1999. Draft
chapters for the roads and traffic (Part 3) and airport and harbour (Part 4) were
prepared for the Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. The “Moving Ahead” component
represents an update on a portion of the Metropolitan Transport Plan. Components
of the plan are updated on an annual basis. This plan includes a longer-term
component of 20 years and a shorter-term 5-year strategy that guides the annual
business plan budgetary process.
•
One of the MSDF principles is to contain urban sprawl which will help to ensure
integrated land use and transport planning and to provide for high density public
transport corridors.
•
Improved security at the 13 transport interchanges in the CMA has resulted in
increased public transport usage.
Other responses:
•
During 1999 Metrorail reduced rail services at night and on the weekend and
increased the rail fares. This action may have undone the improvements associated
with crime prevention at the transport interchanges and highlights the need for
integrated transport planning.
66
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.8.2 Public Transport Services
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
A number of changes along with the introduction of new projects and programmes were
evidenced in 1999. Fundamental shifts in the public:private split were not evidenced.
This section has many indicators, a number of which are inappropriate on annual or
longer-term basis.
€ Modal split percentages (road- versus rail-based transport and public versus
private transport).
For public transport the road:rail split was 35%:65% in 1999. The data from 1991
indicated a modal split of approximately 50:50 public to private. There are no other
available data to indicate that the situation has changed.
€ Transport to / from work by mode.
There are, on average, a total of 1.2 million public transport trips per day in the CMA.
400 000 occur in the morning peak and 400 000 in the evening peak with the balance of
400 000 occurring in the off peak period.
€ Public subsidies for public transport for all modes.
During the 1998/9 financial year the bus and rail services received R 255 million and
R 160 million in subsidies, respectively. The figures for the 1999/2000 subsidies are
R 240 million and R 150 million, reflecting an annual decline of 6% for both services.
67
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Safety
and
security
on
public
Metrorail crime statistics
700
decreasing crime levels for assault, robbery
600
Between 1998 and 1999 theft and robbery
incidents increased significantly with rape and
No. of incidents
The trends over the past five years indicate
and rape on Metrorail property (Figure 21).
Theft
Robbery
Assault
Murder
Rape
800
transport.
murder declining slightly. The pattern with
regards murder is corroborated for the crime
500
400
300
200
100
0
statistics in the East and West Metropoles
1995
1996
1997
Year
1998
1999
where violence decreased between 1998 and
1999 (see section 5.13.1 - Figures 27 and 28).
Figure 21: Annual number of crime
incidents on Metrorail property
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic
Component, known as “Moving Ahead”, was completed in September 1999. Draft
chapters for the roads, traffic, airport and harbour were prepared for Parts 3 and 4 of
the Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan.
•
The Metropolitan Transport Authority aims to implement new national legislation for
land-based transportation, in attempts to ensure integration of transport planning with
spatial and environmental planning processes. This process was initiated in the
financial year 1998/9 and is due to be completed in 2000.
•
A taxi recapitalisation programme was initiated by National Government. During
1999 tenders for 18 and 36-seater diesel vehicles were called for. Part of the
programme requires that vehicles are subject to a compulsory maintenance to
minimise the effects of air pollution. Brown haze is largely attributed to poorly
maintained diesel vehicles. A special legislation process for taxis was completed in
the CMA. Many taxis did not qualify because of poor roadworthy results.
68
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
Planning and design for new bus contracts was initiated with an aim to breaking up
the current single contract, currently held by Golden Arrow, into smaller contracts in
order to stimulate growth in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and allow for
competition in the industry. Province have extended Golden Arrow’s interim contract
until 31 March 2001. The first contracts for competitors will go out to tender in
October 2000.
•
Rail is still under National Government control but National Government has a
performance based interim concession with Metrorail. This concession is designed to
encourage Metrorail to attract new customers. At the same time Metrorail is being
pressured to become more competitive through reductions in government subsidies.
As a result rail services have decreased with reductions in night time and weekend
services. This has resulted in increased economic costs and negative impacts on
local businesses in terms of shift work and overtime. Fare increases were above
inflation resulting in further problems. Fare evasion, as high as 70% on some lines,
has been curbed with 300 security guards being present in the system daily.
•
Despite the presence of security guards in the Metrorail system the crime levels for
theft and vandalism remain high with fencing theft directly attributable to many
people being killed on the tracks.
•
The CMC increased the contract for the metropolitan transport information centre
which provides routes, fares and timetable information. This is provided by means of
a toll free 24 hours number (0800-656 463) in English, Afrikaans and Xhosa.
•
The CMC continued with the Dial-a-Ride project for disabled communities in
Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s Plain.
Other responses:
•
A business plan for restructuring public transport in the CMA was approved by
National Government in 1999. National Government (70% of total budget), Provincial
Government (20%) and CMC (10%) financed the Business Plan of R 22 million. In
total 40 separate initiatives were commenced, having both planning and
implementation components to them.
69
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.8.3 Need to Expand Metropolitan Airports and Harbours to meet Growing
Demand
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Expansion and improvement of strategic infrastructure are supporting the shift to global
competitiveness. Increases in tourism to the CMA mirror a growth in world travel. This
makes the expansion of these facilities necessary. To ensure the potential of tourism as
a creator of jobs is realised, it is important to protect the resource base (the natural and
cultural environments) upon which it relies.
€ Total tonnage of cargo moved per annum
International Arrivals
(in t/a).
The Port of Cape Town handled 11.7 million
3000
tonnes of cargo in 1998, with an annual turnover
2500
of approximately R 700 million, with 3 910 ships
2000
having docked during the year. The data for 1999
indicate little change with 10.2 million tonnes of
1500
1000
500
cargo, a turnover of R 705 million and involving 3
0
1993/4
716 ships having docked.
€ Number of containers (TEUs) moved as a
Int. Arrivals
1995/6
1997/8
1999/0
Figure 22: Annual number of international
flights to Cape Town Airport
proportion of capacity.
The port of Cape Town container terminal was
Domestic Arrivals
Dom Arrivals
50000
operating at 80 – 83% of capacity during 1999.
40000
€ Number of international flights arriving per
annum.
30000
20000
The patterns for the domestic and international
10000
flights show similar increases in that flight
numbers
increased
to
Cape
steadily
Town
International
(Figures
22
and
have
0
1993/4
1995/6
1997/8
1999/0
23).
Figure 23: Annual number of national
flights to Cape Town Airport
70
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
International arrivals increased by 23% and domestic arrivals by 8.5% between 1998
and 1999.
€ Million passengers per annum (mppa).
The annual number of passengers is a function of
the number of flights, with result that the same
pattern is observed. The explanation for the
International Departing Pax
600000
500000
400000
international pattern is that South Africa attracted
300000
a great deal of attention post-1994, hence steadily
200000
improving
tourists.
100000
Departures, and by implication arrivals, for
0
numbers
of
international
1993/4
international tourists increased by 5% (Figure
24). In addition Cape Town is proving to be a
popular holiday destination for many South
Africans (Figure 25).
€ Air traffic movements per annum as a
proportion of capacity.
This information is not available due to expansion of
the airport and ongoing capacity changes.
Int. Dep. Pax
1995/6
1997/8
1999/0
Figure 24: Annual number of international
visitors departing from Cape Town Airport
Domestic Departing Pax
Dom. Dep.Pax
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
€ Total passengers per annum as a proportion
1993/4
1995/6
1997/8
1999/0
of capacity.
This information is not available due to expansion of
the airport and ongoing capacity changes.
Figure 25: Annual number of domestic
visitors departing from Cape Town Airport
71
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
Portnet has initiated an EIA to investigate the expansion of the container terminal in
the Port of Cape Town. A scoping document was completed by July 1999 with
specialist studies identified. Motivation for funding to complete this project will be a
priority in 2000.
•
The first phase of an expansion plan for the Cape Town International Airport has
begun. Future plans include a second runway, redevelopment of the terminus
buildings and the addition of internal and external transport links.
•
The CMC’s Integrated Development Plan has identified “strengthening the CMA’s
global economic position” as one of five metropolitan strategic themes. In addition
one of the Unicity’s purposes will be to create a globally competitive city for the 21st
century.
72
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.8.4 Road Traffic Safety
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The indicators in this section suggest decreases in the absolute numbers and the
percentages of accidents and fatalities over the past three years.
€ Total number of accidents.
Table 16: Total number of accidents in the CMA.
Year
Total accidents
1997
1998
1999
62 561
62 528
61 056
A total of 62 528 accidents were recorded during 1998 calendar year, 33 less than in
1997 (CMC, 1999b). During 1999 the total number of accidents had decreased by 1 472
from the previous year (CMC, 2000a).
€ Number of fatalities.
Table 17: Total number of fatalities in the CMA.
Year
Total fatalities
1997
1998
1999
724
697
664
The number of fatalities in the CMA is indicative of a poor road traffic safety record. The
trends, however, indicate decreasing fatalities in spite of rising population numbers and
traffic.
€ Percentage of casualties and fatalities involving pedestrians.
Table 18: Percentages of pedestrian casualties and fatalities in the CMA.
Year
Pedestrian casualties
Total casualties
Pedestrian fatalities
Total fatalities
1997
1998
1999
4 768 (39%)
3 554 (28%)
3 082 (26%)
12 118
12 759
11763
404 (56%)
379 (54%)
334 (50%)
724
697
664
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
The absolute number of pedestrian casualties as well as the percentage of the total
number of accident casualties decreased between 1997 and 1999. The number and
percentage of pedestrian fatalities remains high, although there has been a decline over
the past three years.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The production of an annual accident audit report, by the CMC’s Transport
Directorate, serves to inform decision-makers and planners of the magnitude and
costs (in excess of R 1.5 billion per annum) of the problem.
•
Support for the National Government’s Arrive Alive campaign continues.
Reflections and Summary - Transportation
Despite significant increases in the population of the CMA over the past few years the
road traffic accidents and fatalities have decreased slightly. Some of the indicators are
not suitable as annual indicator because they are not based on actual data or they are
based on modelled data and cannot be updated on an annual basis. The issues,
however, remain of utmost importance because of their impact on the people and the
environment of the CMA.
The public transport sector has many initiatives but these do not appear to be attracting
private vehicle users as the public:private modal split has remained fairly constant.
Despite rail transporting the majority of the public transport passengers and providing the
cleanest alternative to other forms of public transport it is still fraught with over-crowding
on some lines, under-utilisation on others and crime.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.9 Energy
Nuclear issues continue to receive significant attention and comment. The transport of
nuclear waste around the Cape Point and the proposed Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear
Reactor proposed to be based at Koeberg. Alternative energy sources such as the
proposed Kudu Gas Project, with piped gas from the Namibian gas fields, was an
additional energy issue for consideration in 1999 and the future.
The issues are:
5.9.1 Continued Use of Wood and Paraffin Fuels by a Large Sector of the
Population
5.9.2 Location of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station within the CMA
5.9.3. Demand for Energy
5.9.1 Continued Use of Wood and Paraffin Fuels by a Large Sector of the
Population
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
€ Percentage of (un) electrified homes.
Table 19: Households with electricity in the CMA
Year
1995
1996
1997
Households receiving
86%
88%
90%
October Household
Census
October Household
electricity (%)
Source
Survey
Survey
The number of households receiving electricity in the CMA is on the increase. By
implication the emissions from burning wood and coal for cooking and heating purposes
should start to plateau and, in time, decrease. Care must be exercised in drawing
conclusions from the October Household Survey as the data are weighted to reflect
characteristics of the population at a provincial level.
However the sample of the
metropole is deemed large enough to instil reasonable confidence in the data. Data for
75
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
1998 and 1999 October Household Surveys were not available in time for inclusion in
this report.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The CMC is involved in the Integrated Development Planning process that aimed to
improve the delivery of basic services including electricity.
Additional responses underway:
•
In 1991 Eskom embarked on a national electrification programme to provide informal
settlements with electricity.
•
A national policy is being developed to promote the use of alternative energy
sources.
•
Integrated Energy Planning Process has been initiated.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.9.2 Location of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station within the CMA
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The EIA for the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) proposed for the Koeberg site was
initiated in 1999. It is proposed that the PBMR project will run as a pilot project. Another
key concern was the transport of high level nuclear waste from France, where it had
been reprocessed, around the Cape en route back to Japan in August 1999.
€ Safety rating.
The safety rating for Koeberg Power Station, awarded by the National Occupational
Safety Association, remains as the ultimate NOSCAR rating.
€ Number of reported leakages of radioactive material per annum
There were no reported leakages during 1999.
Spent radioactive fuel from Koeberg is currently stored on-site while all low level and
intermediate waste is transported to a disposal site at Vaalputs in the northern Cape.
Low level waste was substantially reduced in 1999, whilst intermediate level waste
increased significantly.
Table 20: Waste generated at Koeberg Power Station.
Year
Low level waste (drums = 210l)
Intermediate level (concrete drums = 37l to 300l)
1997
1998
1999
960
1200
360
0
24
144
€ Proportion of electricity used that was supplied by Koeberg.
The electricity generated at Koeberg is put out on the national grid for general
distribution. Koeberg, does however, generate enough electricity for the Western Cape
during the summer months. By implication, therefore, almost all of the electricity used in
the CMA is generated by Koeberg.
77
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The CMC is involved in the following:
•
The CMC is involved in the Integrated Development Plan process that aimed to
improve the delivery of basic services including electricity.
Additional responses underway:
•
In 1991 Eskom embarked on a national electrification programme to provide informal
settlements with electricity.
•
A national policy is being developed to promote the use of alternative energy
sources.
•
Integrated Energy Planning Process.
78
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.9.3. Demand for Energy
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
€ Cost of electricity (in cents/kWh).
The standard cost of electricity supplied by Eskom for domestic use was 23.19c/KWh in
1998 and is now 35.89c/kWh. This represents an annual increase in the cost of
electricity of 55% and was caused by a decrease in the subsidy along with an
inflationary increase.
€ Percentage of electrified homes.
The number of households receiving electricity in the CMA is on the increase (refer
section 5.9.1).
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The CMC is involved in the Integrated Development Planning process that aimed to
improve the delivery of basic services including electricity.
Additional responses underway:
•
In 1991 Eskom embarked on a national electrification programme to provide informal
settlements with electricity.
•
A national policy is being developed to promote the use of alternative energy
sources.
•
Integrated Energy Planning Process.
•
The Sustainable Energy, Environment and Development Programme (SEED) aims to
promote the integration of sustainable energy and environmental practices into urban
low cost housing projects in South Africa. SEED does this in partnership with local
authorities and housing NGOs through placement of staff (SEED Advisors), providing
information, networking, support and training and national publicity and policy input.
SEED partners in Cape Town and City of Tygerberg are Development Action Group.
To date, the focus has been on work in the partner organisation housing projects;
79
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
this is leading into larger scale implementation of particular interventions with the
partner organisations, such as solar water heating, ceilings, energy efficient lighting
and staff training projects.
The Energy & Development Group is implementing the urban component of SEED.
SEED is a co-operation programme between South Africa and Denmark and
receives support from Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development
(DANCED).
Reflections and Summary - Energy
Alternative energy sources and the implications for the CMA formed the focus of the
energy theme for 1999. In moves towards sustainable development the initiation of
partnerships with NGOs such as SEED should be seen in a positive light as well as
investigations into alternative energy sources.
The indicators in this theme are adequate but could be improved upon. The link between
electrification and use of wood and paraffin needs to be strengthened. Fuel consumption
in the CMA, provided the information is easily available and current, may prove to be a
useful indicator for sustainability. The cross-reference between fuel consumption and air
quality may be more easily established. The indicators for Koeberg are not
environmental / sustainability indicators and are unlikely to change over time, hence
there is no possibility to establish a trend. The amount of high level nuclear waste stored
on site may be a more appropriate indicator.
80
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.10 Waste
Litter is still regarded as a priority in the CMA, as seen in the public response to the
IMEP response cards (Appendix 1). The perceptions that people have of their
environment are influenced largely by what they see / witness around them. Illegal
dumping and litter consume precious public funding.
The implementation of an integrated waste strategy and control of solid waste disposal
sites are issues that are being dealt with proactively. Medical waste remained a concern
in 1999 due to continued illegal dumping incidents throughout the CMA. A large number
of the indicators are in development and the information is unavailable.
The issues are:
5.10.1 Need for an Integrated Waste Management Strategy for the CMA
5.10.2 Licensing and Safe Operation of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
5.10.3 The Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
5.10.4 The Transport and Disposal of Medical Wastes
5.10.5 The Management and Reduction of Litter and Illegal Dumping
5.10.1 Need for an Integrated Waste Management Strategy for the CMA
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The need for an implementable and fast-acting waste management strategy is more
evident than before in light of the revised (upwards) solid waste estimates, slow support
for recycling initiatives and Wastewater Treatment Works reaching capacity with
associated risks of sewage spills.
€ Volume of waste received at the landfills (t/a).
Almost 1.6 million tonnes of waste was received in landfill sites in the CMA during 1999.
This equates to approximately 1.37kg of waste per day per person. Although the 1998
figures gave an estimate of 1 million tonnes, it is likely that this increase can be
attributed to an under representation and not due to a marked increase in waste
production.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Percentage of waste recycled and re-used.
This information is not readily available at a metropolitan level, although there are a
number of initiatives that are proving successful. For example, the glass and recycling
facilities at Ladies Mile drop off (in Constantia) last year yielded 33 tonnes and 18 tonnes
respectively. All indications are that these values will be exceeded in 2000.
€ Capacity of wastewater treatment works (WWTW).
The total wastewater treatment capacity, of the 20 WWTW in the CMA, is 589.86Ml per
day. From July 1998 to June 1999, the average wastewater flow was 512Ml per day.
This represents an average increase of 5% on the previous year’s average value of
489.07Ml per day. This was largely due to the drier than normal winter period in 1999.
During 1999 approximately 12 000Ml of wastewater was disposed of via three long
deep-sea pipelines, thus there was no change from 1998.
€ Quantities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering sewage works
and ocean outflow.
The total marine outfall capacity is 40.5Ml per day. From July 1998 to June 1999, the
average marine outfall flow was 32Ml per day i.e. 6.25% of the average wastewater flow.
This figure represents a 4% increase on the 1998 marine outfall flow of 30.8Ml per day.
€ Percentage of sewage sludge re-used.
This indicator was identified as a priority in the Year One (1998) SoE Report, however
the information was not available for 1999 due to the confused interpretation of the
DWAF Guidelines for the Permissible Utilisation and Disposal of Sewage Sludge.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are being undertaken by the CMC:
•
An Integrated Waste Management Project in support of the National Waste
Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been completed. Two
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
projects are underway to reduce and recycle industrial and residential waste.
Specific initiatives launched include:
§
Training of local government staff in implementation of waste minimisation
practices in small and medium enterprises.
§
A public information and education programme and the development of a
waste information exchange service.
§
•
Initiation of an Industry Waste Minimisation Award programme.
Development of a guide document for responsible management of used and waste
solvents.
•
A sludge management study is being undertaken which will recommend improved
sludge management systems at each wastewater treatment works.
•
The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to
raise awareness about issues such as waste management.
•
Capacity building among MLCs and NGOs with regard to integrated waste
management.
•
The City of Tygerberg, in conjunction with the CMC, were running an integrated
waste management programme in Khayelitsha in 1999 aimed at involving the
community in an education and implementation campaign. This was part of the
Integrated Development Planning process.
83
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.10.2 Licensing and Safe Operation of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The tonnage of waste produced in the CMA per annum was estimated at 1.6 million for
1999. For 1998 a value of 1 million was provided as the estimate for solid waste. This
figure was based on the best available information and has been improved upon with a
breakdown by municipality in Table 21. Of the total amount of waste produced more than
90% is land-filled by the CMC (Table 21).
Table 21: Current waste landfilled by CMC for 1999.
Municipality
Population, 1999
Total Solid Waste Landfilled By
(Millions)
CMC (tonnes / annum)
Cape Town
1.09
526 543
South Municipality
0.40
295 196
Blaauwberg
0.16
72 334
Tygerberg
0.94
383 661
Helderberg
0.18
47 329
Oostenberg
0.29
133 833
CMC Total
3.06
1 458 896
€ Available air space in existing landfill sites.
Information on this indicator is discussed below.
€ Percentage of waste disposal sites that are licensed.
Council operates 6 disposal sites. The status of the sites is as follows:
Vissershok: Currently permitted as H-H, H-L GLB+ (H-H: Landfill can take all four
hazardous waste ratings, GLB+: General waste, Large and Water balance + meaning
that rainfall exceeds evaporation and is therefore leachate producing). The lifespan at
the current rate of deposition is approximately 10 years. This could change dramatically
if other sites in the CMA are closed and the waste diverted to Vissershok. A permit
application process has been commenced for extending the footprint and increasing the
84
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
height of the landfill to increase the lifespan to approximately 25 years, which will
accommodate waste from other areas of the CMA as the smaller landfills close down.
Coastal Park: Permit application is well advanced and a GLB+ precinct should be
granted before the end of 2000. The lifespan of this site is expected to be approximately
15 years, dependent upon the final permitted height.
Belville landfill: Due to its central location, this site has become the largest in the CMA.
The remaining airspace is sufficient for only 12 months. The permit application process
has been commenced, with the intention of increasing the height and extending the
footprint. This will increase the life of the site by approximately 20 years.
Swartklip landfill: This site has a fatal flaw due to the proximity to the Cape Flats aquifer
and must be closed. The permit application process “to operate to closure” will
commence during 2000. Remaining lifespan is approximately 18 months.
Faure landfill: This site will be closed due to unsuitable substrate and proximity to the
urban environment. The permit application process “to operate to closure ”will
commence during 2000, with a remaining lifespan 2 years.
Brackenfell landfill: This site has a GMB+ (General waste, medium size and leachate
producing) permit with a remaining lifespan of 3-4 years.
Regional site: Consultants will be appointed during 2000 to identify a suitable regional
landfill site for the CMA / Western Cape.
All landfill sites within the CMA will be registered, permitted and operated in accordance
with the minimum requirements by 2005.
85
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
An Integrated Waste Management Project is being undertaken in support of the
National Waste Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been
completed and is assisting in the decision-making process.
•
The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to
raise awareness about issues such as waste management.
Additional responses underway:
•
The National Waste Management Strategy aims to formalise and control salvaging
(i.e. waste picking), by 2003 and have it phased out in the longer term.
•
A proposal call has been initiated for a materials recovery facility to operate in
conjunction with a transfer station once Swartklip landfill is closed.
86
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.10.3 The Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
€ Space available in hazardous waste disposal facilities.
The space available is difficult to determine as it is based on the total waste generated
and whether the Bellville “Special Waste” site closes down or not. The ratio of waste:
special waste is 9:1 by weight. The CMC Vissershok Special Waste site has a current
lifespan of 12 – 18 years depending on whether the Bellville “Special Waste” site closes
down or not.
€ Amount of nuclear waste generated by Koeberg.
Low-level was reduced substantially whilst intermediate waste increased significantly
(Refer Table 17: section 5.9.2) Low-level and intermediate-level nuclear waste
generated by Koeberg Nuclear Power Station is stored temporarily at Koeberg and then
transported to a disposal site at Vaalputs in the Northern Cape Province.
€ Hazardous waste generation compared to amount disposed through formal
facilities.
Approximately 458 601 tonnes of “Special Waste” were disposed at CMC Vissershok
site during 1999. The Vissershok private disposal site also disposes of hazardous waste.
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
An Integrated Waste Management Project is being undertaken in support of the
National Waste Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been
completed and is assisting in the decision-making process.
•
The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to
raise awareness about issues such as waste management.
87
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Additional responses underway:
•
The National Waste Management Strategy aims to formalise and control salvaging
(i.e. waste picking), by 2003 and have it phased out in the longer term.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.10.4 The Transport and Disposal of Medical Wastes
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
€ Volume of waste received at the incineration facilities (tonnes/annum).
The total quantity of medical waste currently incinerated in the CMA is estimated at
1 700 tonnes during 1998, with an estimate of 2 490 tonnes for 1999. This represents a
47% increase of medical waste incinerated between 1998 and 1999.
There are two medical waste incinerators in the CMA currently permitted by the
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the Enviroserv incinerator at
Vissershok and a smaller facility at Delft operated by BCL Envirocare Services. These
incineration facilities have a combined capacity to burn approximately 2 670t/a and
currently receive 2 490t/a.
The largest generators of medical waste are the Provincial hospitals with a monthly
average of 4 871kg per hospital. The total amount of medical waste generated from
Provincial hospitals in the CMA is estimated at 88 000kg per month. In the Year One
(1998) SoE Report the monthly estimates were 139 182kg per month. This figure was
incorrect and should have been 87 716kg per month with result that there has been no
significant change in the amount of medical waste produced.
It is estimated that private hospitals in the CMA generate 72 660kg per month. There is
thus no change on the 1998 figures.
€ Volume of medical waste received at the incinerators as a percentage of
estimated medical waste generated.
Approximately 80% of all medical waste generated is incinerated. This leaves an
estimated 20% of medical waste generated that is not disposed of at the two permitted
medical waste incinerators. In 1998, 70% of the medical waste was incinerated. As a
result there has been an increase in the amount of waste incinerated.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Table 22: Number of incidents associated with medical waste in the CMA during
1999.
Municipality
No. of medical waste incidents
Blaauwberg
3
City of Cape Town
2
City of Tygerberg
No response
Helderberg
Not available
Oostenberg
2
South Peninsula
3
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following response is underway by the CMC:
•
An Integrated Waste Management Project is being undertaken in support of the
National Waste Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been
completed and is assisting the decision-making process. The National Waste
Management Strategy focuses on four strategic areas, namely waste minimisation,
general waste, hazardous waste and a waste information system. The key departure
points of this Strategy are:
•
§
Preventing and reducing the generation of waste.
§
Providing and improving service delivery in un-serviced areas.
The CMC is involved in capacity building among MLCs with regard to integrated
waste management.
•
The CMC was undertaking two projects to reduce and recycle industrial and
residential waste. These projects were discontinued in 1999.
•
The initiation of an industry waste minimisation award programme was discontinued
in 1999.
•
The development of a guide document for responsible management of used and
waste solvents was discontinued in 1999.
The CMC is also participating in the following initiatives:
•
A proposal call has been made for the establishment of a medical waste incinerator
at Council’s Swartklip site.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.10.5 The Management and Reduction of Litter and Illegal Dumping
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
In terms of public opinion, litter (see Appendix 1) and, to a lesser extent, illegal dumping
are two aspects of the CMA’s environment that require immediate attention. The number
of waste complaints and the costs of street sweeping give a clear indication of the
magnitude of this issue in the CMA.
€ Total number of waste complaints.
Table 23: Waste related complaints by Municipality in the CMA (1999).
(Note: 1 - Domestic, trade and garden refuse, No response = No response by the
municipality to the request for information).
Municipality
1
Street sweeping and litter
Total number of
complaints
collection complaints
waste complaints
1 564
-
4 840
-
-
1 748
97
124
221
Tygerberg
No response
No response
No response
Helderberg
Not available
Not available
Not available
Oostenberg
No response
No response
No response
Cape Town
South Municipality
Blaauwberg
Refuse
€ Illegal dumping cleared per MLC (t/pa).
Reports from the MLCs suggest that practically all the illegally dumped material is
cleared.
€ Tonnage of illegal dumping.
This information is presented in Table 24 below.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Cost of remediation by each MLC per annum for street sweeping and litter
collection
Approximately R 100 million per annum is spent on street sweeping and litter collection
in the CMA (Table 24) and yet, in terms of public perception, litter remains the most
urgent environmental issue (Appendix 1). Unfortunately conviction rates, for littering and
illegal dumping, are practically non-existent.
Table 24: Illegal dumping and costs for street sweeping and litter collection.
Municipality
Illegal dumping
Costs for street sweeping
Ratio between reports
(t/yr)
and litter collection (R/yr)
and convictions
Cape Town
5 000
R 72 million
Not available
South Municipality
2 000
R 5.7 million
1:100
100
R 5.5 million
Not available
Tygerberg
No response
No response
No response
Helderberg
Not available
R 3 million
Not available
Oostenberg
18 250
R 5.2 million
Not available
Blaauwberg
€ Quantity and type of litter in seven catchment areas.
No data were obtained for 1999. The first litter traps were only installed towards the end
of 1999. It is intended that 2000 will yield a full year of sampling data, on all seven
catchments. The project will continue into 2002.
€ Number of schools involved in litter projects.
During 1999 the Fairest Cape Association held workshops at 27 schools on Wise-UpOn-Waste in the CMA. In the South Peninsula Municipal area 16 schools were involved
in litter projects and seven were involved in recycling. In Oostenberg 10 schools were
involved in litter projects during 1999. Some of the other municipalities mentioned that
certain schools participate in litter projects but that this information was not monitored or
collated.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
An Integrated Waste Management Project in support of the National Waste
Management Strategy is being undertaken. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has
been completed and guides waste management decisions.
•
The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to
raise awareness about issues such as waste management.
The CMC is also participating in the following initiatives:
•
A litter management project is being co-funded by the CMC and the Water Research
Commission. This project aims to quantify and identify sources of litter and aid in the
development of litter management plans. Litter traps were installed in all the pilot
catchments in 1999 and monitoring of litter is ongoing. The study is expected to be
complete in 2001.
•
A Khayelitsha Anti-litter Campaign was initiated in partnership with the City of
Tygerberg and the Fairest Cape Association and had made good progress by late
1999. This was part of the Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process.
Other initiatives:
•
Fairest Cape Association (FCA, 1999) activities during 1999 included:
§
An Annual Review for 1998.
§
The Cleaner, Caring Cape Campaign, which was a three week long, metro-wide
campaign with five municipalities and CMC with sponsors, BP (SA) and Good
Hope FM.
§
FCA also assisted CMC and consultants to produce “A Feasibility Study towards
an Integrated Waste Management Plan for the CMA”.
§
FCA produced a Wise-Up-On-Waste booklet and poster, hosted three 4-day
Solid Waste Management Planning Workshops.
§
Conducted Wise-Up-On-Waste workshops with teachers at 27 schools.
§
Hosted the 1999 Dentyne High School’s Environmental Quiz.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Reflections and Summary - Waste
Concerted efforts have been made with regards to solid waste in the CMA. Issues that
retain a high profile include litter and medical waste. Unfortunately, the less visible
issues like hazardous waste also pose a threat to the environment and sustainable
development and require judicious management and disposal mechanisms. As most of
the indicators only have data for one year their value will only be realised in subsequent
SoE Reports.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.11 Economy
The CMA is located close to the southern tip of Africa, with a seaport, international
airport and modern road infrastructure linking it with the rest of the country and the rest
of the world. The economy continued to adjust to global trends, showing signs of growth
in certain areas (tourism, foreign investment) and signs of insufficient growth in others
(total output and employment). Within the global economy the CMA is strategically
located to provide international access for tourists and business. The urgent need to
promote the CMA’s global competitiveness, while reducing poverty, can take place in
part by ensuring the careful management of the CMA’s valuable natural and cultural
resources. A number of the indicators in this section are in the process of development
and are only starting to be monitored on an annual basis at a metropolitan level.
The issues are:
5.11.1 Realising the Potential for Global Competitiveness and Economic
Growth
5.11.2 Need for Jobs
5.11.3 Reducing Levels of Poverty
5.11.1 Realising the Potential for Global Competitiveness and Economic
Growth
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
€ Total output as Gross Geographic Product (GGP) by sector.
The Metropolitan value of output was R 86.5 billion in 1999 (in nominal terms, or not
adjusted for inflation), accounting for 10.8% of South Africa’s GDP and 75% of the
Western Cape’s GGP. This represents a 13% increase (in nominal terms) in GGP on the
previous year’s value of R 79.4 billion (CMC, 1999c), or approximately 1% in real terms
(i.e. adjusted for inflation).
€ Annual growth in real output by sector.
Overall annual growth in real output was 0.7%.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Percentage of labour force that are professional, skilled, semi-skilled and/or low
skilled.
The total 1999 metropolitan labour force, or economically active population, of
approximately 1.25 million people (CMC, 1999d) has a higher proportion of white and
blue collar skilled workers (45% in 1996) than the national average. Nevertheless, 32%
(in 1996) of the labour force is classified as semi-skilled or unskilled. The only data
available are from the 1996 Census and these data are presented in Table 25, below.
Table 25: Percentages and categories of the metropolitan labour force (CMC, 2000b).
Category
Percentage
White collar skilled (e.g. managers, professionals, legislators)
29% of the labour force
White collar unskilled (e.g. clerical, sales / service staff)
23% of the labour force
Blue collar skilled (e.g. skilled agricultural and fisheries trades)
16% of the labour force
Blue collar unskilled (e.g. machine operators and assemblers)
9% of the labour force
Unskilled (e.g. elementary occupations)
23% of the labour force
€ Number of new registered businesses.
This indicator was not reported in the Year One (1998) SoE Report. A total of 1 679 net
new registrations for the RSC Levy took place. The net registrations consisted of 3 901
new registrations and 2 222 liquidations (CMC, 2000c). The rate of net registrations
provides an indication of the general health of the macro and micro economy, as well as
the strength of the entrepreneurial culture and small business support systems.
€ Number of international tourists visiting the CMA.
The number of international tourists visiting the CMA has increased steadily over the
past 5 years and jumped 23% between 1998 and 1999. (See Figures 22 and 24 in
section 5.8.3 -Transportation theme).
€ Average per capita income in the CMA.
Population Group
Per Capita monthly income (R) in 1996
Black
404
Coloured
693
Asian
1178
White
2573
96
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC’s Directorate: Economic and Social
Development in partnership with a range of other business, provincial and national
government, non-profit and community role players:
•
The ongoing development of a CMA Economic Development Framework (EDF) and
a Local Government Economic Development Strategy (EDS). The EDS includes
strategies to enhance the global competitiveness of the CMA and reduce poverty
and its implementation is being undertaken in close co-ordination with the provincial
economic strategy (PAWC, 2000) and other role players.
•
The formulation of a CMA Major Events Strategy is being finalised in 1999.
•
The development of a database of 75 Major Event Facilities was developed to
promote the optimal utilisation of facilities and to assist the events industry.
•
The primary funder of the Provincial Investment and Trade Promotion Agency
(Wesgro).
•
A small business support strategy focusing on training, infrastructure as well as a
CMC procurement policy which is supportive of SMMEs and affirmable business
enterprises (ABE’s), is being developed and implemented.
•
Tourism marketing and development programmes are being implemented by Cape
Metropolitan Tourism.
•
Metropolitan economic development information databases have been developed to
improve the availability of metropolitan economic information.
•
Provision of support to the development of key sectors (e.g. Information Technology,
film industry, clothing).
•
Many metropolitan facilities, such as an International Convention Centre, are being
developed in partnership with other role players.
•
A Metropolitan Social Development Policy Framework development process has
been initiated in 1999.
•
The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) has identified ‘strengthening the CMA’s
global economic position’ as one of five metropolitan strategic themes.
97
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.11.2 Need for Jobs
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The economy needs to grow at about 4% growth in real output per annum to reduce the
level of unemployment. In the mean time, the informal sector continues to grow and is of
major importance in terms of providing a safety net and entry point into the formal
economy for over 250,000 people. As the process of economic restructuring in response
to global pressures continues, job growth has taken place in certain sectors while jobs
have declined slightly in other sectors. The promotion of an environment which
encourages both local and foreign investment, and entrepreneurship and small business
support, has a crucial impact on the prospects for job creation.
€ Total number/percentage of people unemployed.
Approximately 324 000 (or 24.6% of the economically active population) are unemployed
(CMC, 1999d).
€ Unemployment and the formal and informal sectors (number and percentage).
Table 26: Formal unemployment levels
Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
Formal unemployment
20%
21%
23%
25%
Census
Projected
Projected
CMC (1999)
from
from
Census
Census
Source
Although formal sector unemployment is on the increase there are indications that the
informal sector is absorbing some of these individuals. As a result some form of
substitution is taking place.
The growth in formal sector jobs between 1998 - 1999 was 0.3%, while the growth in
informal sector employment was approximately 1%. The informal sector constitutes
approximately 20% of the labour force.
98
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
A 1999/2000 survey of approximately 20,000 formal companies in Metropolitan Cape
Town (Figure 26) found that 95% of all companies are classified as small, medium, micro
enterprises (SMMEs) in terms of employment (CMC, 2000c). The majority of future
employment growth will take place in SMMEs.
Metropolitan Cape Town: Company Size (%)
Survey of +-20,000 companies (1999/2000)
50.00%
47.56%
Micro (1-4 wkrs)
40.00%
24.99%
19.74%
30.00%
Very Small (5-9
wkrs)
Small (10 - 49 wkrs)
20.00%
10.00%
4.20%
3.50%
0.00%
Total
Medium (50 - 99 or
199 wkrs)
Large (100+ or 200+
wkrs)
Figure 26: Company Size in the CMA
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC’s Directorate: Economic and Social
Development:
•
The ongoing development of a CMA Economic Development Framework (EDF) and
a Local Government Economic Development Strategy (EDS). The EDS includes
strategies to enhance the global competitiveness of the CMA and reduce poverty.
•
A Community-based Job Creation and SMME Support Fund has supported the
implementation of over 40 on-the-ground projects (including training, markets
infrastructure, capacity-building, industrial hives, and tourism projects).
•
A Directory of over 1300 small business support service providers has been
published to assist small businesses in finding relevant assistance in establishing or
growing their businesses.
•
Databases of markets and industrial hives have been developed to inform the future
delivery of this infrastructure as well as to provide a resource to small businesses.
99
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.11.3 Reducing Levels of Poverty
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Poverty is a complex reality with many features (e.g. access to income generating
opportunities, access to facilities and amenities, access to basic services). The growing
and wide-ranging impacts of HIV/Aids are beginning to be understood. The further
development of indicators is required to monitor key aspects of poverty. Many indicators
are not appropriate to monitor on an annual basis.
€ Percentage of the population in poverty (household subsistence level).
This indicator was not reported in the Year One (1998) SoE Report. In 1996, 25% of all
households lived below the household subsistence level (which was an income of
R959.52 per month for a household of 5 members). This metropolitan average hides the
fact that the level of poverty between population groups still exhibits major inequalities:
Table 27: Percentage of households in the CMA living below the Household Subsistence
Level.
Population Group
% Below Household Subsistence Level
Black
54
Coloured
20
Asian
15
White
8
TOTAL
25
€ Dependency ratio
The dependency ratio is a well-known index which provides a rough, but serviceable
measure of the number of people in the so-called “active” ages (potential labour force),
15-64 years, as compared to those in the “dependent” age groups, 0-14 and 65 and
above.
The lower the ratio, presumably the more “productive” the population because of a lower
dependency load. The dependency ratio combines the young and the old into one total.
100
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
We know, however, that the actual physical and social requirements of these two groups
are quite different. Therefore we need an index, which will express the relationship of
the young to the old in a given population; that is an index of aging. This index has a
much greater range than the dependency ratio.
Table 28: Dependency Ratio and Index of Aging for Population Groups in the CMA.
Population Group
Dependency ratio
Index of aging
Asian
38
20
Black
43
9
Coloured
52
14
White
44
61
101
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
The ongoing development of a CMA Economic Development Framework (EDF) and
a Local Government Economic Development Strategy (EDS) to promote global
competitiveness and reduce poverty through a wide range of strategies and its
implementation is being undertaken in close co-ordination with the provincial
economic strategy (PAWC, 2000) and other role players.
•
A Metropolitan Social Development Policy Framework development process has
been initiated.
•
A Community-based Job Creation and SMME Support Fund has supported the
implementation of over 40 on-the-ground projects (including training, markets
infrastructure, capacity-building, industrial hives, and tourism projects)
•
A Local Government Street People's Policy has been formulated and a metropolitan
survey of street people has been initiated to inform the identification of interventions
•
A CMA Local Government social development plan is being formulated to promote
social development.
Reflections and Summary – Economy
Economic growth in the CMA showed a 1% increase between 1998 and 1999. National
and international visitors increased substantially over the past year. Unemployment
increased slightly, although there are indications that the informal sector has absorbed
some of the losses from the formal sector.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.12 Education
The issue is:
5.12.1 The Need to Improve Access to Education Opportunities to Ensure
Appropriate Skills Development
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
€ Adult literacy rate (%).
The adult literacy rate is 83% for adults over 20 years of age and more than 6 years of
schooling. In the Year One (1998) SoE Report the Western Cape Province had an adult
literacy rate of 95%. Contrasting data sources make this a difficult indicator to measure
in terms of development.
€ Number of schools per 1000 people.
There are 1061 schools in the CMA. Of a population of 3 million people the number of
schools per 1000 people calculates to 0.4. This represents a decrease from 1998 where
a figure of 0.5 schools per 1000 people was given. Reasons for the decline include rapid
influx of people into the province, many of whom are not literate, and because of the rate
at which they are arriving the Department of Education is unable to keep up with a
school building programme.
€ Pupil:Teacher Ratios.
There are 23 382 registered public school teachers in the Western Cape Province. There
are no accurate records for the number of private school teachers. As a result a ratio will
be an inaccurate measure without the number of private school teachers.
€ Enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions.
See Tables 29 and 30 for enrolments for 1999. As this is a Year Two (1999) indicator
there are no data for 1998. Future updates of this indicator will serve to better inform the
education theme.
103
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 29: Enrolment numbers for schools during 1999 in the CMA.
(Note: LSEN = Learners for Special Education Needs)
Area Office
Type
# Schools
PUBLIC
Athlone
Preprimary
Primary
Intermediate
Secondary
# Learners
PRIVATE LSEN
93
140
4 616
117
11
66 605
1 204
8
50
Primary
Intermediate
8
43 055
8
920
3 739
12
2 302
2
63
102
4 016
87
6
57 883
632
6 250
283
9
Secondary
33
1
33 541
151
Combined
1
5
1 234
337
LSEN
Kuils River
10
Preprimary
Primary
Intermediate
Secondary
1 884
24
75
1 002
1
85 616
5
5 367
31
41 677
Combined
3
LSEN
133
252
8
Mitchell's Plain Preprimary
1 648
81
Primary
66
Intermediate
19
Secondary
26
LSEN
6 044
LSEN
Preprimary
PRIVATE
1
Combined
Bellville
PUBLIC
4 799
5
59 894
3 861
14 713
1
33 017
244
Combined
LSEN
Wynberg
Preprimary
Primary
Intermediate
6
2
69
174
4 426
80
9
47 346
2 221
3
2 589
Secondary
34
6
27 216
841
Combined
2
14
1 285
4 743
LSEN
Totals
938
15
651
410
51
2 084
533 748
38 420
8 856
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 30: Enrolment numbers for technical colleges during 1999.
# Institutions
# Full Time
Theory
Practical
12 704
1 626
Enrolments
Technical College
16
14 330
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
•
The CMC hosted the first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment in February
1999. A key focus of the Festival was to raise environmental awareness amongst
students. Twenty-two schools participated in the development of a school
environmental policy. A component of the festival, namely the Youth Environmental
Schools (YES) programme, will be hosted by CMC in mid 2000. Another
environmental education project involved the Edutrain programme ran in conjunction
with Metrorail.
•
In support of the sustained co-operation of stakeholders, capacity building and the
realisation of the goals of Integrated Catchment Management, the CMC is involved in
a number of educational initiatives regarding catchment management, such as:
§
The development of outcome based education material to support teachers,
learners and NGOs.
§
Capacity building among NGOs as part of Catchment Management Forums.
§
Supporting education and research in tertiary institutions.
§
Developing partnerships with Environmental Education practitioners and
business (e.g. Conducting a Millennium Mural Competition in association with the
Fairest Cape Association and Plascon focussing on the impacts of waste on
catchments).
§
An awareness campaign on World Wetlands Day - Wetland Conservation and
Management in urban areas
•
The Department of Education is undertaking a five-year Culture of Learning and
Teaching Campaign launched in 1997. This campaign covers the entire education
and training system. It incorporates Adult Basic Education and Training, Early
Childhood Development, as well as schools and colleges.
105
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
The National Schools Building Programme aims to ensure efficient or sustainable
use of resources in the CMA such as the application of alternative energy systems,
water saving devices, grey-water systems or rainwater collection systems in schools.
Reflections and Summary - Education
The most effective indicators in the education theme are the literacy rate, number of
schools and pupil:teacher ratios and the data suggest a decrease in overall performance
in the CMA in terms of education. Other indicators, for example matric pass and
university exemption rates, may need to be considered to reflect a balanced perspective
on this theme.
106
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.13 Safety and Security
The issue is:
5.13.1 Incidence of Crime
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
The crime rate in the CMA has been fairly stable
and has generally increased since 1996, although
it decreased in the western metropole in the last
year (Figures 27 and 28).
attempted
of
violent
murder
crime
and
No. of crimes per 100 000 pop.
property related crime has not followed this trend
(murder,
robbery
Property related crime
Social fabric crime
Violent crime
7000
over the past few years. Of interest is the fact that
€ Incidence
Vehicle theft
Western Metropole
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
with
1994
1995
aggravating circumstances).
1996
1997
1998
1999
Year
The violent crime rate has remained stable over
the past five years in both the West and East
Figure 27: Crime rates in the West Metropole of
the CMA.
Metropoles.
€ Incidence of property related crime (all
4500
forms of burglary and theft, including stock
increased
related
in
the
crime
rate
has
past
five
years
generally
in
both
metropoles. The data suggest that the property
related crime rate in the East Metropole (Figure
28) is increasing at a faster rate than the West
No. of crime per 100 000 pop.
4000
theft and car theft).
Property
Vehicle theft
Property related crime
Social fabric crime
Violent crime
Eastern Metropole
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Metropole (Figure 27). This may be largely
0
1994
attibuted to increasing stock theft in Oostenberg
1995
1996 1997 1998
Year
1999
and Helderberg.
Figure 28: Crime rates in the East Metropole of
the CMA.
107
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
€ Incidence of social fabric crimes (rape, assault causing grievous bodily harm and
common assault).
Social fabric crimes rates are relatively stable in both metropoles although incidence is
slightly higher in the East Metropole.
€ Vehicle theft (including car-jacking).
The vehicle theft rate has remained stable over the last few years, although it has
increased slightly in 1999 in the West Metropole.
The incidence of crime in 1998 is clearly geographically based with the City and City
Bowl police districts indicating the highest violent crime, properly related crime and
vehicle theft categories (Figures 29, 30 and 31). Parts of Oostenberg, Helderberg and
the Atlantic seaboard showed high levels of social fabric crime (Figure 32).
Table 31: Number of metropolitan security personnel per 100 000 of population.
Cops
Civilians
Total
Per 100 000
Per 1 000
Western Metropole
2197
362
2559
15.65
0.156
Eastern Metropole
2016
265
2281
14.53
0.145
The South African national average is three South African Police Services (SAPS)
employees per 1000 head of population. Excluding civilians and non-operational
management and support services brings the national average down to two SAPS
employees per 1000. For comparison other national averages per 1000, albeit
developed nations, are European Union (3.2), America (3.6) and Japan (4) (Wiley,
2000). Quite clearly Table 32 shows that the CMA is under-resourced in terms of police
personnel per 1000 of population (0.15 / 1000).
€ Number of convictions as a percentage of total number of arrests.
The number of convictions for the West Metropole, during 1999, amounted to 4 611.
East Metropole convictions amounted to 3 981. Data for the number of arrests are not
readily available.
A graphic portrayal of the crime incidence for the four crime categories is presented in
the next few pages.
108
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 29: Incidence of Violent Crime in the CMA during 1998
(Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department).
109
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 30: Incidence of Property Related Crime in the CMA during 1998
(Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department).
110
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 31: Incidence of Social Fabric Crime in the CMA during 1998
(Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department).
111
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Figure 32: Incidence of Vehicle Theft in the CMA during 1998.
(Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department).
112
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses underway:
•
The SAPS has a number of initiatives currently underway, aimed at addressing
various forms of crime, these include:
§
Operation Recoil, focusing on violent crime, and drug - related crimes. This
operation is due to end in early 2000.
§
Operation Good Hope, focussing on urban terrorism. This operation is due to end
in early 2000.
§
Operation Crackdown is being planned for early 2000.
§
The Scorpions Units was established in 1999 to deal with high profile cases of
urban terror.
§
Gang Investigation Unit focuses on reducing gang-related crimes; and,
§
Joint initiatives involving the SAPS and the Defence Force focusing on specific
areas in the East and West Metropoles.
•
SAPS, Traffic Police and other law enforcement agencies collaborated on a number
of initiatives.
•
The City of Cape Town initiated a Business Against Crime Campaign in the Central
Business District. This campaign will be extended to the City Bowl area with
additional reinforcements and community police officials.
•
The Multi-Agency Delivery Action Mechanism structure at PAWC, focussing on the
integration and co-ordination of safety and security activities on a provincial wide
basis, including the CMA.
•
The implementation of a single emergency number telephone service for the CMA
including emergency call points in informal settlement areas where telephones are
lacking. This system will be effective in 2000.
Reflections and Summary - Safety and Security
Most crime categories experienced little rate change between 1998 and 1999, whilst
some increased and others decreased over the longer term. The property related crime
rate increased in both metropoles, although the rate of increase was more pronounced
in the East Metropole. The crime indicators are relevant and give a clear representation
on the crime situation in the CMA on annual basis.
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Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
5.14 Environmental Governance
In terms of the legislation (Constitution (Act 108 of 1996), Local Government Transition
Act (209 of 1993) the environmental management function can rest at one of the three
levels of responsibility (national, provincial and local). The CMA environment is currently
influenced by all three, with differing degrees of effectiveness, given capacity and
financial resource constraints. While capacity and effectiveness, at a local level, have
improved in 1999, the anticipated local government restructuring affords an opportunity
to go further to alleviate capacity shortages in critical areas.
The issue is:
5.14.1 The Effectiveness of the Environmental Management Function in Local
Government
5.14.2 The Effectiveness of the Environmental Management Function in Local
Government
State and Trends
What is the state of the environment?
Environmental management is a concurrent responsibility of national, provincial and
local government and a delegated responsibility to local government. The trends over
the past two years indicate an increase in capacity and funding in environmental
management in the CMA, although the environmental function remains under-resourced
in critical areas at local government level.
reports) per annum:
Approximately 112 scoping reports were
submitted to Cape Nature Conservation
(CNC) in 1998, with about 20 of these
requiring additional investigation up to a full
No. of scoping reports
€ Number of EIA applications (scoping
250
200
150
100
50
0
1998
EIA. CNC restructured itself during 1999 with
its
functions
split
between
a
separate
Scoping
Reports
300
1999
Year
Figure 33: Annual number of scoping
reports processed by Provincial
government
114
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Department of Environment, Cultural Affairs and Sport (DECAS) and a Western Cape
Nature Conservation Board. The Environmental Impact Management Unit of DECAS
received 268 scoping reports during 1999, representing a significant (140%) increase in
the number of applications and improved capacity in Provincial government (Figure 33).
€ Number
of
people
committed
by
local
government
to
environmental
management:
During 1998 a total of 23 people were
Staff
40
employed in local government in the CMA to
the CMC and 13 in the six MLCs. The newly
formed
Environmental
Department
additional
at
CMC
permanent
Management
appointed
staff
during
seven
35
Permanent Staff
promote environmental management, 10 at
25
20
15
10
5
1999
0
(Figure 34).
1998
During 1998 none of the seven local
authorities in the CMA had environmental
management
30
systems
in
place.
Year
1999
Figure 34: Environmental Management
staff in the CMA
The
appointment of an Environmental Management Systems (EMS) specialist in 1999 saw
the ground work for the development of 2 pilot CMC EMS projects being initiated during
1999. In addition Council is committed to the implementation of an integrated
environmental strategy at metropolitan level, underpinned by an Integrated Metropolitan
Environmental Policy (IMEP).
Summary of Responses
What is being done about it?
The following responses are underway by the CMC:
•
An Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) for the CMA is being
developed as the first step to developing and implementing an Integrated
Environmental Management Strategy. Completion of a draft IMEP is scheduled for
2000. A number of significant events in this process included:
115
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
§
Successful completion of 13 capacity building and public workshops throughout
the CMA as part of the IMEP process.
§
Participation in the international launch of the Cities Environment Reports on the
Internet (CEROI) project in October 1999.
§
Launch of the Year One (1998) State of the Environment Report on 3 December
1999.
•
The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to
raise environmental awareness and promote environmental management in the
CMA.
•
Two projects that were initiated in 1998 under the IDP theme of ‘enhancing the
environment’, namely an Environmental Significance Mapping Study of the CMA and
an Anti-litter Campaign for Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain. These projects are due to
be completed during 2000.
Additional responses underway in the CMA by the South African National Parks (SANP):
•
Global Environmental Facility funding has been secured for the management of the
newly established Cape Peninsula National Park. An Integrated Environmental
Management System (IEMS) for the CPNP was initiated. The IEMS identifies the
need for a broad spatial framework to guide conservation and development in the
park.
•
Existing legislation is being strengthened to allow for more effective management of
the urban interface and bi-lateral forums with local authorities have been established.
•
SANP’s Socio-Ecology Department is involving the general public in the operations
of all national parks. They have three main areas of focus: volunteers (fire fighters
and tour guides), environmental education and economic empowerment and projects
are channelled through these areas.
Reflections and Summary - Environmental Governance
The Environmental Management function in the CMA has been boosted in terms of
capacity and funding during 1999. With a single Unicity administration later in 2000 the
functioning and role of environmental management is likely to improve through better cooperative governance within the current MLCs and other Provincial bodies, notably
DECAS and SANP.
116
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
6. Conclusion
The CMA’s environment has undergone significant change in the past year. A wealth of
information and knowledge has been generated, a large number of initiatives and
programmes have been implemented and overall an improvement to the natural, built
and socio-economic environments was witnessed. Water, biota, infrastructure, transport
and environmental governance themes showed improvements on the data collected for
the previous year (1998). Unfortunately a number of the other themes showed no
change or a negative tendency and greater effort is needed in these areas to ensure a
path toward truly sustainable development.
The process of refining the indicators has proved invaluable in that the conditions for
good environmental or sustainability indicators have not been met in all cases. Fast,
simple, cheap, representative and current are adjectives for the indicators that need to
be applied rigorously. In some cases data for the indicators have been not been readily
available.
The update of the Year One (1998) SoE Report has proved to be a valuable process in
starting to draw trends and make inferences about the data. At the same time the
process has brought other issues to light, has helped shape the policies and responses
of some CMC and MLC departments and yielded some information on the usefulness of
the indicators that were identified in the Year One (1998) SoE Report. The real value of
the SoE reporting process is to focus awareness on critical issues, to be able to track the
changes over time and to provide information on the policies and processes required to
bring about sustainable development. At the same time this process helps to identify
gaps in our knowledge about the environment. In this respect it is evident and
concerning that still very little is known about the soil resource in the CMA.
Like the Year One (1998) SoE Report it is the intention of the CMC to produce a web
version and accessible summary document to complement this Year Two (1999) SoE
Report.
The Year Three SoE Report, due in 2001, will be produced within the context of a single
Unicity administration for the CMA. A lot will change in the interim but hopefully it will
bring with it a host of benefits, with data access and retrieval methods greatly improved.
117
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Table 32: Indicators and Institutional data sources – summary table
(Key: Annual: indicator is relevant on an annual basis and data are, for the most part, readily available, Update every 3-5 years:
these are longer term indicators, No information available: no information was available for 1999).
Theme
Air Quality
Water
Indicators
€ Annual average levels for key atmospheric pollutants -SO2, NO2, PM10,
O3 and Pb
€ Exceedances of WHO and UK guidelines for SO2, NO2, PM10, O3 and
Pb.
€ Number of complaints registered.
€ Number of notices served.
€ Number of successful prosecutions.
€ Number of (un) electrified homes.
Assessment period
Annual
€
€
€
Number and intensity of air pollution days per annum.
Levels of PM10 (visibility measurement).
Tonnage of emissions in the CMA.
€
€
€
€
Ecological Status Class of selected rivers and wetlands.
Number of toxic algal blooms.
Proportion of treated effluent re-used.
Water quality summary statistics for key parameters (total nitrogen,
total phosphorus, chlorophyll – a and faecal coliforms)
3
Water demand per annum (in m ).
Percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying the CMC with
raw water for treatment.
Household water source.
Percentage population served with safe and adequate water supply.
Annual
No information available
No information available
Update every 3-5 years
Annual
Annual
Annual
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
Health of selected rivers based on (i) Southern African scoring system
(SASS4) for monitoring invertebrates
Total water inflow as a proportion of total storage capacity.
Rate of infrastructure development (meters and monitoring points).
Water balance determinations.
Water use by sector (Ml/annum).
Annual
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate: Corporate
Services, CMC
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
No
No
No
No
information
information
information
information
118
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Monitored by
Directorate: Protection, Health
and Trading, CMC
available
available
available
available
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC
Directorate: Corporate
Services, CMC
Theme
Indicators
€ Annual demand as proportion of available resource.
€ Volume of effluent as a proportion of total flow.
Assessment period
No information available
No information available
Monitored by
Environmental
Health
€
€
€
€
€
€
Annual
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Directorate of Corporate
Services, CMC
€
€
€
€
€
Soil
Biota
Percentage of population with safe and accessible drinking water.
Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation.
Percentage of the population with adequate refuse removal.
Meningococcal meningitis rate.
Tuberculosis rate.
Exceedances of WHO guidelines for lead, SO2 and NO2 and UK
guidelines for PM10.
Exceedances of WHO guidelines for E. coli.
Number of toxic algal blooms.
Exceedances of the bacteriological standards as specified in the
Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants (1972) for packaged milk and
milk sold in bulk tanks.
€
€
€
€
No
Percentage of population living with adequate housing.
Percentage of the population with access to public health care
facilities.
Number of reported respiratory problems due to air pollution.
Industrial health rating (formal and informal sector).
Awareness campaign measurements.
Bacterial monitoring of prepared foods
indicators for soil loss currently exist.
€
€
€
€
Loss of arable land (ha/annum).
Soil loss through development (ha/annum).
Area of mining activities in a given area (ha/annum).
Cumulative area mined (ha/annum).
€
€
€
€
Area of land within the CMA having formal conservation status.
Current status and number of Red Data Book species.
Area of coastline conserved (% of total).
Exceedances of DWAF guidelines for faecal coliform counts in coastal
waters (at 47 sampling sites).
Contaminant levels of heavy metals in mussels (at 26 sampling sites).
€
Annual
Annual
Annual
Department of Health, PAWC
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
Annual
Directorate: Planning,
Environment & Housing, CMC
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
Annual
Update every 3-5 years
Update every 3-5 years
Annual
No information available
119
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Directorate: Protection, Health
and Trading, CMC
Directorate: Planning,
Environment & Housing, CMC
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC
Marine and Coastal
Management, DEAT
Theme
Urban Form and
Efficiency
Indicators
€ Area remaining for each habitat and/or vegetation type.
€ Presence and change of selected indicator species.
€ Area of dunes or other coastal habitats disturbed or lost each year.
€ Percentage population with formal / informal housing.
€ Urban housing type profile.
€ Average travel distance for all commuter trips.
€ Total person trips in km per day per head of the population.
Assessment period
Update every 3-5 years
No information available
Update every 3-5 years
No information available
No information available
Update every 3-5 years
Update every 3-5 years
€
Public housing availability (proportion eligible who are not in public
housing).
Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage).
Number of amendments beyond the urban edge – change of land use
from open space, agricultural rural to other.
2
Expansion of urban edge (in km ).
Rate of development.
Number of constructions completed.
Average distance per capita to key amenities and facilities.
Number of mixed use rezoning approvals.
Percent of non-urban land in the CMA.
Green area per capita (ha/person).
Area of CMA that has formal status as MOSS.
Households receiving refuse disposal services.
Sanitation availability (type).
Water availability by source
Telephone availability (as a %).
No information available
Number of dwellings that do not have access to drinking water within
50m of the dwelling.
Vehicles per 1000 population.
Modal split percentages (public versus private transport).
Modal split percentages (road- versus rail-based transport and public
versus private transport).
Passenger kilometers traveled divided by seat-kilometers per mode.
Transport to/from work by mode.
Public subsidies for public transport for all modes.
No information available
€
€
Infrastructure
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
Transportation
€
€
€
€
€
€
Annual
Annual
No information
No information
No information
No information
No information
Annual
Annual
No information
No information
No information
No information
No information
Cape Nature Conservation
Directorate: Corporate
Services, CMC
Directorate: Transportation and
Traffic, CMC
Directorate: Planning,
Environment and Housing,
CMC
available
available
available
available
available
available
available
available
available
available
Update every 3-5 years
Update every 3-5 years
Update every 3-5 years
Directorate: Corporate
Services, CMC
Directorate: Transportation and
Traffic, CMC
Portnet, Port of Cape Town
No information available
Update every 3-5 years
Annual
120
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Monitored by
Zoology Department, UCT
Airports Company South Africa,
Cape Town International Airport
Theme
Indicators
€ Safety and security on public transport.
€ Total number of accidents.
€ Number of fatalities.
€ Percentage of casualties and fatalities involving pedestrians.
€ Total tonnage of cargo moved per annum (in t/a).
€ Number of international flights arriving per annum.
€ Million passengers per annum (mppa).
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
Public transport seats per 1000 population.
Percentage of income spent on public transport.
Numbers of commuters using public transport to schools.
Inadequacy of public transport network (using demand and supply
ratio).
Commuters by public transport for private purposes.
Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes per selected point.
Time-Volume of private vehicles proportional to capacity at selected
points on the road.
Air traffic movements per annum as a proportion of capacity.
Total passengers per annum as a proportion of capacity.
Number of containers (TEUs) moved as a proportion of capacity
€
€
€
€
€
€
Percentage of (un) electrified homes.
Safety rating.
Number of reported leakages of radioactive material per annum.
Cost of electricity (in cents/kWh).
Type and quantity of fuel sold.
Proportion of electricity used that was supplied by Koeberg.
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
Volume of waste received at the landfills (t/a).
Available air space in existing landfill sites.
Percentage of waste disposal sites that are licensed.
Space available in hazardous waste disposal facilities.
Percentage of waste recycled and re-used.
Amount of nuclear waste generated by Koeberg.
Volume of waste received at the incineration facilities (t/a).
Volume of medical waste received at the incinerators as a percentage
of estimated medical waste generated.
€
€
€
Energy
Waste
Assessment period
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Update every 3-5 years
Annual
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
Annual
No information
No information
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information
No information
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information
Annual
Annual
Annual
121
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Monitored by
available
available
Directorate: Corporate
Services, CMC
Eskom
available
available
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
Directorate: Water and Waste,
CMC
Eskom
available
Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
Directorate: Protection, Health
and Trading, CMC
Theme
Indicators
€ Capacity of wastewater treatment works.
Assessment period
Annual
€
Annual
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
Economy
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
€
Quantities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering
sewage works and ocean outflow.
Percentage of sewage sludge re-used.
Number of complaints from a known sample of residents in an area.
Total number of waste complaints.
Hazardous waste generation compared to amount being disposed
through formal facilities.
Number of incidents associated with medical waste.
Illegal dumping cleared per MLC.
Tonnage of illegal dumping.
Illegal dumping cleared per MLC (t/pa).
Ratio between reports and convictions.
Cost of remediation by each MLC per annum for street sweeping and
litter collection (R/pa).
Social surveys to find out litter problems.
Quantity and type of litter in seven catchment areas.
Number of schools involved in litter projects.
Total output as Gross Geographic Product (GGP) by sector.
Annual growth in real output by sector.
Percentage of labour force that are professional, skilled, semi-skilled
and/or low skilled.
Percentage of labour force that is unemployed, formally employed or in
the informal sector.
Percentage of the population in poverty (household subsistence level).
Total number/percentage of people unemployed.
(Un) employment in formal and informal sectors (number and
percentage).
Dependency ratio
Number of new registered businesses.
Number of international tourists visiting the CMA.
Vulnerability index (composite of individual indicators relating to
infrastructure, poverty, welfare, jobs, space and livelihoods) or levels of
No
No
No
No
information
information
information
information
available
available
available
available
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
No information available
Annual
Update every 3-5 years
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
No information available
Annual
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
No information available
122
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Monitored by
Directorate: Economic and
Social Development, CMC
Directorate: Corporate
Services, CMC
Theme
Education
Safety and
Security
Indicators
living per suburb.
€ Average per capita income in the CMA.
€
€ Adult literacy rate (%).
€ Number of schools per 1000 people.
€ Pupil:Teacher Ratios.
Assessment period
€
€
Expenditure on infrastructure and instructual personnel per student.
Enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary educational
institutions.
No information available
Annual
€
Incidence of violent crime (murder, attempted murder and robbery with
aggravating circumstances).
Incidence of property related crime (all forms of burglary and theft,
including stock theft and car theft).
Incidence of social fabric crimes (rape, assault causing grievous bodily
harm and common assault).
Vehicle theft (including car-jacking).
Annual
€
€
€
Environmental
Governance
€
€
€
Number of EIA applications (scoping reports) per year.
Number of report up to full EIAs undertaken per year.
Number of people committed by local government to environmental
management
€
Amount allocated by local government to environmental awareness
raising (R/annum).
Percentage of Council’s budget allocated to environmental
management.
Total number of people committed (employed) for environmental
management purposes
€
€
No information available
Annual
Annual
Annual
Department of Education,
PAWC
South African Police Services
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Department of Environmental
and Cultural Affairs and Sport,
PAWC
No information available
Annual
Annual
123
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Monitored by
Directorate: Planning,
Environment and Housing,
CMC
8. References
Abbott, J. & Douglas, 1999. Trends in Informal Settlement in the Cape Metropolitan Area
– May 1999. Report to CMC Housing Department.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 1998. Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. Part 1: Contextual
Framework. Directorate: Transportation and Traffic.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999a. Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. Part 2: Public
Transport Component. Directorate: Transportation and Traffic.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999b. Cape Metropolitan Area Road Traffic Accidents
Statistics (1997). Directorate: Transportation and Traffic.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999c. Economic and Social Development Directorate,
Update of Economic Trends and Spatial Patterns Study (July 1999).
Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999d. Economic and Social Development Directorate,
Going Global, Working Local: An Economic Development Framework and Local
Government Strategy for the Cape Metropolitan Council Area Draft One for Comment
(June 1999).
Cape Metropolitan Council, 2000a. Cape Metropolitan Area Road Traffic Accidents
Statistics (1998). Directorate: Transportation and Traffic.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 2000b. Corporate Services: Development Information
Centre, ongoing analysis of 1996 Census.
Cape Metropolitan Council, 2000c. Economic and Social Development Directorate,
Unpublished Analysis of RSC Levy Database and Survey of Levy Payers.
Cross, C., Bekker, S. & Eva, G. 1999. En Waarheen Nou? Migration and Settlement in
the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). Occasional Paper No. 6a (August 1999).
Department of Housing, CMC and Department of Sociology, University of Stellenbosch.
124
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Dorrington, 2000. In: Projection of the Population of the Cape Metropolitan Area 19962031, Roy Gentle’s item to Council, 17 February 2000.
FCA, 1999. Report on the work done during 1999 by the Fairest Cape Association in the
Cape Metropolitan Area.
Palmer Development Group, 1999. An Investigation to Determine Low-Income
Household’ Levels of Affordability to Pay for Services and Housing in the Cape
Metropolitan Area (October, 1999).
Provincial Administration of the Western Cape, 2000. Green Paper: Preparing the
Western Cape for the Knowledge Economy of the 21st Century (May 2000). Department
of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Tourism.
River Health Programme, 2000 Website addresses http://www-dwaf.pwv.gov.za/Newsletters/RiverHealth
http://www-dwaf.pwv.gov.za/Directorates/IWQS/biomon/index.html
Website 1. 2000. Johannesburg’s State of the Environment Report
http://www.csoe.co.za/csoe
Website 2. 2000 Pretoria’s State of the Environment Report
http://www.sustainablecommunities.co.za/soe/
West, B. 2000. Upgrade for sewage works at Zandvliet – R70m plan approved. Cape
Times newspaper (8/5/2000).
Wiley, M. 2000. Challenges facing Steve Tshwete. Cape Argus newspaper (18/5/2000).
125
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Appendix 1: Feedback from Public on IMEP (Integrated Metropolitan
Environmental Policy) Response Cards
Towards the end of 1999 and into 2000 a number of response cards were distributed or
made available to stakeholders and the public in all the municipalities in the CMA. The
question posed was “What are the environmental issues that worry you?” The results
(from 148 respondents) suggest that litter and air pollution are two of the largest
environmental issues in the CMA. Clearly the waste theme received the most responses
(31% in total) although issues relating to air quality, water, biota and urbanisation were
equally important (all >10% of the total responses).
Table 33: Summary statistics from 148 respondents on environmental issues in the CMA
(Source: CMC Environmental Management Department).
Environmental Issue
Air Quality
Air pollution
Percentage of Responses
12
12
Water
Water pollution
Wasting water
Poor water quality
7
5
1
Biota
Alien vegetation
Rare animals
Urban desertification
Protect natural habitats
Lack of regard for plants & animals in townships
7
1
1
1
1
Urban Form and Efficiency
Population explosion / influx
Rapid urban development
Approval of developments with unacceptable environmental
damage
Informal settlements in open spaces
Housing
Poor urban & conservation signage
Protection of MOSS & sensitive area
Infrastructure
Sewage
Trade and services in former disadvantaged areas
Lack of sanitation in informal settlements
13
11
13
6
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
126
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Environmental Issue
Transport
Public transport
Unsound transport policy
Unroadworthy vehicles
Percentage of Responses
4
2
1
1
Energy
Electricity
Nuclear power
3
2
1
Waste
Litter
Recycling
Waste
Illegal dumping
Noise pollution
19
4
3
2
3
Economy
Street children / vagrants
Unemployment
Poverty
2
2
1
31
5
Environmental Health
Stray dogs
1
Education
Environmental education & awareness
2
Safety and Security
Crime / poaching
2
Environmental Governance
Dissemination of environmental information
Lack of proper law enforcement and implementation of policy
Environmental protection & violation
2
1
1
Totals
Note: Totals are 104% because of rounding errors!
1
2
2
4
104
104
During 2000 and 2001 the local authority for the CMA proposes conducting an
environmental household survey on people’s attitudes and perceptions towards their
environment. It is intended that this exercise will help to refine the indicators in the SoE
Report and to give an indication of priorities with regards the CMA’s environment.
127
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Appendix 2: Contact Details for CMC and Municipal Local Councils
BLAAUWBERG MUNICIPALITY
P.O. Box 35, Milnerton, 7435
Tel: 550 1111 Fax: 552 2835
Disaster Management:
550 1355
Municipal offices: Milnerton, Atlantis and Mamre
CAPE METROPOLITAN COUNCIL
PO Box 16548, Vlaeberg, 8018
Tel: 487 2911
Air Pollution:
930 4850
Water Pollution:
424 7715
Chemical Pollution:
424 7715
Noise Pollution:
400 4294
Municipal offices: Contact the general number above for a comprehensive list
CITY OF CAPE TOWN
P. O. Box 298, Cape Town, 8000
Tel: 400 1111
Air Pollution:
930 4850
Noise Pollution:
400 4294
Municipal offices: Contact the general number above for a comprehensive list
CITY OF TYGERBERG
PO Box 11, Parow, 7499
Tel: 938 8111 Fax: 938 8457
128
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Disaster Management:
590 1900
Municipal Offices: Bellville, Parow, Goodwood, Khayelitsha, Mmfuleni and Durbanville
HELDERBERG MUNICIPALITY
P.O. Box 3, Strand, 7139
Tel: 850 4000 Fax: 850 4004
Disaster Management:
853 1188
850 4236
082 461 1342
Municipal offices: Gordon’s Bay, Lawandle, Macassar, Nomzamo, Sir Lowry’s Pass,
Somerset West and Strand
OOSTENBERG MUNICIPALITY
Private Bag X16, Kuilsriver, 7579
Tel: 900 1500/1800 Fax: 903 8225
Disaster Management:
980 1232/8
Fires:
083 225 6591
Municipal offices: Brackenfell, Kuilsriver, Kraaifontein, Melton Rose and Scottsdene
SOUTH PENINSULA MUNICIPALITY
Private Bag X5, Plumstead 7800
Tel: 710 8000
Air Pollution:
782 1112
Water Pollution:
710 8130
Noise Pollution:
733 075
082 937 9681
Municipal offices (excluding depots for refuse removal): Fish Hoek, Ottery, Plumstead,
Simon’s Town and Tokai.
129
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Appendix 3: National Legislation promulgated during 1999
Water
National Water Amendment Act No. 45 of 1999
Conservation
World Heritage Convention Act No. 49 of 1999
National Veld and Forest Fires Act No. 101 of 1998
National Veld and Forest Fire Bill (B 122B-98)
Urbanisation and Local Governance
Local Government: Municipal Structures Amendment Act No 58 of 1999
Disestablishment of the Local Government Affairs Council Act No. 59 of 1999
Rental Housing Act No. 50 of 1999
Housing Second Amendment Act of 1999
Housing Amendment Act No. 28 of 1999
Rental Housing Bill (B 29C-99)
Municipal Systems Bill (August 1999)
Land Restitution and Reform Laws Amendment Bill (B 9-99)
Portfolio Committee Amendments to Land Affairs General Amendment Bill (B 64A-99)
Transportation
National Road Traffic Amendment Act No. 21 of 1999
Administrative Adjudication of Road Traffic Offences Amendment Act No. 22 of 1999
National Road Traffic Amendment Bill (B 5B-99)
National Land Transport Transition Bill (B 5-2000)
Select Committee Amendments to National Road Traffic Amendment Bill (B 5A-99)
130
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Energy
Nuclear Energy Act No. 46 of 1999
National Nuclear Regulator Act No. 47 of 1999
Commencement of the Nuclear Energy Act No. 46 of 1999
Recreation and Culture
National Heritage Council Act No. 11 of 1999
National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999
Education
Education Laws Amendment Act No. 48 of 1999
Higher Education Amendment Act No. 55 of 1999
National Student Financial Aid Scheme Act No. 56 of 1999
Further Education and Training Bill (B 57B-98)
Portfolio Committee Amendments to Education Laws Amendment Bill (B 44A-99)
Safety and Security
Prevention of Organised Crime Second Amendment Act No. 24 of 1999
Prevention of Organised Crime Second Amendment Act No. 38 of 1999
131
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
Appendix 4: Acknowledgements
The Environmental Management Department (Directorate Planning, Environment and
Housing) of the Cape Metropolitan Council acknowledges the following organisations for
their assistance and / or contributions to the development of this report:
Cape Metropolitan Council:
•
Directorate of Corporate Services
•
Directorate of Economic and Social Development
•
Directorate of Planning, Environment and Housing
•
Directorate of Protection Health and Trading
•
Directorate of Transportation and Traffic
•
Directorate of Water and Waste
Metropolitan Local Councils:
MLC officials in the Solid Waste, Community Services and Planning Departments.
Other Institutions / Organisations:
•
Portnet
•
Eskom
•
Metrorail
•
Koeberg Power Station
•
Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA)
•
South African Police Services (SAPS)
•
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
•
Cape Nature Conservation (CNC)
•
South African National Parks Board (SANP)
•
University of Cape Town (UCT) – Environmental Evaluation Unit
•
Medical Research Council (MRC) – Communicable Diseases Department
•
Provincial Administration of the Western Cape (PAWC) – Education Department
•
Department of Cultural and Environmental Affairs and Sport (DECAS) Environmental Impact Management Unit
132
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
•
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) – Marine and Coastal
Management
NGOs:
•
Fairest Cape Association (FCA)
•
Environmental Monitoring Group (EMG)
•
Sustainable Energy, Environment and Development (SEED) Programme
133
Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)
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