State of the Environment Report (SoE) for the Cape Metropolitan Area Year Two 1999 1 September 2000 CAPE METROPOLITAN COUNCIL KAAPSE METROPOLITAANSE RAAD IBHUNGA LOLAWULO LWENQILA YEKAPA i Foreword The Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) has experienced significant change in the past year. Continued growth and development have placed additional pressure on the environment, resulting in more resources being used and more pollutants being produced. In light of the challenges local government and others must enact various measures to protect the environment as well as to satisfy the needs of the inhabitants of this region. At the same time there are a number of initiatives which show a clear movement towards the promotion and protection of a sustainable environment and it is these developments that we should celebrate. We have the comprehensive Year One (1998) State of the Environment (SoE) Report as our benchmark. This Year Two (1999) SoE Report provides the opportunity to start identifying trends and emergent patterns in the data and the management responses that link to this data. Evaluating the effectiveness of past efforts, developing goals and strategies for future improvements and forging partnerships are actions that this report strives to accomplish. The value of this document to the decision–makers, managers and the public lies in its’ ability to raise awareness of conditions and trends that are evident in the CMA’s environment. Some of the inferences and conclusions from the available data should, however, be carefully considered given the relatively short time periods for comparison (1998 to 1999) and the level of accuracy of various data. SoE reporting is an important part of the Council’s Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) process as it helps to identify priorities for policy formulation in the CMA. In addition SoE reporting will continue to inform and update IMEP as it is finalised and implemented. Integrated Development Planning (IDP) is a key mechanism for local government in the CMA to meet its developmental objectives. The integration of environmental considerations in the Unicity IDP and emerging City Development Strategy process would strengthen local sustainability planning and management. We urge you to use the report, seek additional information for subsequent SoE reports and become more involved in ensuring a sustainable environment in the CMA. Dr S. Fisher Chief Executive Officer: Cape Metropolitan Council Cape Town i Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Executive Summary This is the second State of Environment (SoE) Report for the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA), South Africa. The Year One (1998) SoE Report provided the baseline of the most up to date information available on the natural, built and socio-economic environments of this unique metropolitan area. This Year Two (1999) SoE Report provides an update on the Year One Report. The updating process has proven valuable. It allowed for the assessment of existing Year One indicators and the management responses to pressures on the environment. It is anticipated that this report will offer decision-makers and the public a better understanding of changes in the environment, as well as provide some early indications of tendencies or longer-term trends that are beginning to emerge. Great strides have been made in recent years to improve and protect the environments of the CMA. This is reflected in improvements to water, biota, environmental governance and the environmental effects relating to infrastructure and transport. There are however, indications that we are failing to maintain or improve the environment with respect to soil, urbanisation, energy, waste and health issues. Clearly these issues are very important and will need to receive greater attention from all stakeholders (including local authorities, non-government organisations and community-based organisations). As part of the Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) process the public were encouraged, through a number of workshops and by way of response cards, to identify and list their environmental priorities for the CMA. Feedback from the public showed that waste and litter issues along with air quality, water, biota and urbanisation were regarded as priorities in the CMA in 1999. The process of refining the indicators has proved invaluable in that the conditions for good environmental or sustainability indicators have not been met in all cases. Fast, simple, cheap, representative, current and readily available are adjectives for the indicators that need to be applied rigorously. A summary of the findings and a coarse performance rating of the 14 themes is presented in Table 1. ii Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 1: CMA State of the Environment Performance Summary for 1999. (Note: é = Positive impact, ó = No change, ô = Mixed trend, ê = Negative impact) Theme Comment Performance Rating 1. Air Quality General improvement in SO2, NO2 and lead over the past ô few years (although some increases were observed in the past year). Some increase in ozone and particulate matter concentrations. 2. Water Most indicators revealed an improvement, notably é biological water quality, water supply and water demand management. 3. Environmental Health Increases in incidences and deaths from TB as well as ê increased toxic algal blooms and increased exceedances of bacteriological standards in milk. 4. Soil No new information available, hence no change. ó 5. Biota Total land area conserved increased, progress was made é on a number of terrestrial conservation projects and coastal water quality improved. The marine resources remain under severe threat. 6. Urban Form and Efficiency The housing backlog has increased significantly (32%), ê development continues unabated, but progress is being made with the Metropolitan Open Space System. 7. Infrastructure In terms of development the indicators for piped water and é telephones in dwellings as well as refuse removal showed increases or remained stable over the past few years. 8. Transport The international and domestic arrivals at Cape Town é Airport continue to rise. Road fatalities and accidents decreased slightly on previous years. Many public transport projects initiated / continued. 9. Energy Nuclear issues attracted attention during 1999, with the ê proposed Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear Reactor at Koeberg and transport of nuclear waste around Cape Point. Electricity prices increased significantly. 10. Waste More solid waste generated per capita than in previous ê years, although there are steps to rationalise the waste sites. Wastewater re-use remained static. Medical waste iii Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) remains an issue. Vast sums of money are spent on clearing illegal dumping and littering. 11. Economy Economic growth has improved along with national and international visitor Unemployment has numbers increased over the although last there é year. are indications that the informal sector absorbed some of these losses. 12. Education Number of schools per 1000 population is decreasing, ó although the other indicators showed no change. 13. Safety and Security Most crime categories experienced little rate change ô between 1998 and 1999, whilst some increased and others decreased over the longer term. 14. Environmental Governance Funding, staffing and EIA report processing and co- é operative governance have increased significantly. Glossary SoE reporting: A mechanism to provide information that will allow role players (local authorities and others) to develop appropriate responses to environmental challenges. Pressure – State – Response model: A model to identify the driving forces and pressures impacting on the environment, the quantifiable state of the environment, review of the current responses and new initiatives required to meet future goals. Indicators: Direct or indirect measures of environmental quality that are used to assess the status and trends of environmental conditions. Responses: Actions, initiatives and policy mechanisms used to alter pressures on the environment. Themes: The fourteen themes comprising the State of Environment (SoE) Report were identified by specialists and are loosely based on the format of other SoE Reports. Issues: Each theme focuses on those issues that are presently deemed a priority in the CMA. iv Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Abbreviations ACSA Airports Company of South Africa CAPE Cape Action Plan for the Environment CMA Cape Metropolitan Area (managed and serviced by the CMC and the six MLCs) CMC / Council Cape Metropolitan Council. A single Unicity to be named the City of Cape Town and comprising the CMC and six MLCs will come into effect in December 2000 CMCWQC Cape Metropolitan Coastal Water Quality Committee CNC Cape Nature Conservation CPNP Cape Peninsula National Park CPPNE Cape Peninsula Protected Natural Environment CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DEAT National Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism DECAS Western Cape Department of Environmental and Cultural Affairs and Sport DWAF National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EIA Environmental Impact Assessment IEMS Integrated Environmental Management System IDP Integrated Development Planning MSDF Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework MPA Marine Protected Area MLCs Metropolitan Local Councils of the CMA, including Blaauwberg, City of Tygerberg, Oostenberg, Helderberg, City of Cape Town and South Peninsula. NBI National Botanical Institute PAWC Provincial Administration of the Western Cape PNE Protected Natural Environment SAPS South African Police Services SANP South African National Parks WCNCB Western Cape Nature Conservation Board v Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table of Contents Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………..i Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………...ii Glossary…………………………………………………………………………………………..iv Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………..v Context 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................2 2. The Cape Metropolitan Area in Context..........................................................................4 3. Purpose of this Report.....................................................................................................5 4. Guide to Reading this Report ..........................................................................................5 Themes 5.1 Air Quality.......................................................................................................................7 5.2 Water ...........................................................................................................................15 5.3 Environmental Health ..................................................................................................30 5.4 Soil ...............................................................................................................................37 5.5 Biota .............................................................................................................................39 5.6 Urban Form and Efficiency..........................................................................................53 5.7 Infrastructure................................................................................................................62 5.8 Transportation..............................................................................................................65 5.9 Energy..........................................................................................................................75 5.10 Waste.........................................................................................................................81 5.11 Economy....................................................................................................................95 5.12 Education .................................................................................................................103 5.13 Safety and Security..................................................................................................107 5.14 Environmental Governance.....................................................................................114 Closure 6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................117 7. Indicators and Institutional data sources – summary table.........................................117 8. References ................................................................................................................124 Appendices Appendix 1: Feedback from Public on IMEP (Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy) Response Cards ..................................................................................................126 Appendix 2: Contact Details for CMC and Municipal Local Councils .............................128 Appendix 3: National Legislation promulgated during 1999 ...........................................130 Appendix 4: Acknowledgements .....................................................................................132 1 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 1. Introduction This report is the second State of Environment (SoE) Report for the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). It provides an update on the state of the CMA’s environment for 1999. It also begins to present a picture regarding shorter term tendencies and the longer term trends in the quality of the environment of the CMA. For those who are unfamiliar with the SoE reporting process, this report must be read in conjunction with the baseline Year One (1998) SoE Report which provides information on the purpose of and context for SoE reporting in the CMA. SoE reporting is an important part of the Council’s Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) process as it helps to identify priorities for policy, programmes and projects in the CMA. SoE reporting will thus continue to inform and update IMEP. The draft IMEP addresses each of the sectoral issues and provides clear directives on Council’s commitment to improving the CMA’s environment. Towards sustainable SoE reporting SoE reporting provides one important mechanism for better planning and allocation of resources, factors that are of increasing importance within the rapidly urbanising CMA. To manage our unique environment we must be able to detect and measure priorities and trends. This requires sound, up to date information in order to measure the effectiveness of past management efforts, responses and policies. Central to this measurement process is the suite of environmental indicators that have been selected to measure the quality of the environment and to track change over time. Indicators identified in the SoE Report reflect available information that is of reasonable quality. The intention is to refine these indicators as the quality of information improves in future years. In addition qualitative information on environmental issues, including public perception, is also valuable as a monitoring tool. For example, information provided by the public indicates that litter is the most prevalent environmental issue in the CMA. Waste issues received the most responses (31% in total, Appendix 1). Issues relating to air quality, water, biota and urban form and efficiency were found to be equally important. For further information regarding public perception of environmental priorities refer to Appendix 1. 2 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Responding to environmental priorities A number of initiatives have been successfully completed and others initiated in the past year, highlighting the efforts of the local authorities and others to improve and protect the environment of the CMA. Awareness about the state of our environment has been raised through the Year One (1998) SoE Report and as well as many other public and civil society initiatives. Collaboration with other spheres of government, Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and other organisations, as well integration within local authorities, has improved the institutional responses to the CMA environmental challenges. However to strengthen the SoE reporting process requires further integration and collaboration amongst all role players in the CMA’s environment. The creation of one Unicity administration, which will come into effect towards the end of 2000, is likely to provide opportunities for such integration. In this respect the SoE reporting process will play a more important role in integrating information systems and linking with planning processes such as the Unicity Integrated Development Plan (IDP). Other areas where it could play a role are aspects of performance management, indicators, public reporting and prioritising strategic interventions. 3 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 2. The Cape Metropolitan Area in Context The Cape Metropolitan Area is a unique, scenic and florisitically important part of South Africa (Figure 1). It is the southern most Metropolitan area on the African continent and spans an area of 2 175 km 2. The area is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and mountains, and encloses a valuable and eclectic mix of cultural and natural resources which are important components of the flourishing tourism industry. There are, however, a number of environmental challenges facing this area and these are largely the result of the burgeoning population of approximately 3 million people and their concomitant need for infrastructure, jobs, housing and education. These challenges must be addressed to halt environmental degradation and, hopefully, improve the state of the environment and quality of life for the inhabitants of the CMA. Figure 1: Map of the Cape Metropolitan Area, showing municipalities and place names. 4 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 3. Purpose of this Report This report aims to: • Update the issues, indicators and other information in the Year One SoE Report • Investigate, demonstrate and explain tendencies and trends in the data • Report on progress, or lack thereof, of current responses and policies 4. Guide to Reading this Report Format Most of this report focuses on information pertaining to the various components of the CMA’s environment, hereafter referred to as themes. Each of the aspects / themes is structured according to the Pressure – State – Response model, which is the essence of the SoE reporting process. Changes in the pressures causing changes in the environment, the current state of the relevant issue, the indicators (€) used to assess change in the environment and the responses of the authorities and others will be reported on. The format of the report is simplified. This report therefore, for those who are unaware of the SoE process, should be read in conjunction with the baseline Year One (1998) SoE Report. Refer to the contact details in Appendix 2 or visit the website (http://www.cmc.gov.za/soe) to obtain a copy of the baseline report. Themes The environment of the CMA has been broadly defined to include 14 themes namely: • Air Quality • Transport • Water • Energy • Environmental Health • Waste • Soil • Economy • Biota • Education • Urban Form and Efficiency • Safety and Security • Infrastructure • Environmental Governance Each of the themes has associated with it one or more issues, each with a number of indicators. These issues and indicators form the structuring elements of the theme chapters. 5 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Certain sections of the Year One (1998) SoE Report have not been updated because the data are not available (e.g. Year 2 indicators for issues within the most of the themes) or because there is no new information on the state of the environment (e.g. Soil and Biota themes). Consequently certain themes are covered more comprehensively (e.g. Water) than others. The Year One (1998) SoE Report presented data for 78 indicators. In addition 78 potential Year Two (1999) indicators were identified. Through the SoE reporting process some of the indicators (Year One and Year Two) have proved to be inappropriate as annual indicators. Indicators (€) This last point suggest that there are short term and long term indicators of change and that in future the two will perhaps need to be separated. From this report it is evident that many of the indicators, especially those relating to development issues (e.g. Transportation), are not useful or measurable in an annual update. The value of these indicators is likely to be seen where change occurs over a longer period, for example three to five years. On the other hand many of the indicators relating to the natural environment, especially air quality and water, clearly lend themselves to an annual update. The full set of indicators is listed under a separate chapter (Chapter 7). Each of the themes will now be discussed in detail. 6 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.1 Air Quality Air pollution results from a number of sources including motor vehicles, industry and many other activities. The results of this air pollution influence people’s lives through aspects such as health, acid rain and corrosion as well as global climate change. There are two issues for air and no new issues in this update to report on. The issues are: 5.1.1. Frequency and Intensity of Air Pollution Events 5.1.2 Potential for Health Risks and Effects due to Air Pollution 5.1.1. Frequency and Intensity of Air Pollution Events State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The air pollution indicators referred to in the following paragraphs indicate a mix of trends, some increasing, and some decreasing. € Annual average levels for key atmospheric pollutants: Although there are 9 monitoring sites (Figure 3, overleaf) throughout the CMA there are only long-term data for 2 of the sites, namely the City Centre and Goodwood. The levels of the pollutants are discussed below. Nitrogen Dioxide € Nitrogen dioxide: 100 for the year) for NO 2 (Figure 2) suggests a 80 decrease in pollution levels at both sites (City Centre and Goodwood). Over the shorter term (1998 – 1999) there is a detectable decrease for both sites. NO2 - µg/m3 The long term annual trend (average values City Centre Goodwood 60 40 20 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Year Figure 2: Average annual NO2 concentrations at two sites in the CMA 7 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 3: Air Quality Monitoring Points in the Cape Metropolitan Area (Source: CMC Scientific Services and Spatial Planning Departments). 8 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Sulphur dioxide: Sulphur Dioxide 50 nitrogen with decreasing average annual 40 levels. SO2 concentrations have increased in the City Centre and decreased in Goodwood over the past year. SO2 - µg/m3 The trend for SO2 (Figure 4) mirrors that of City Centre Goodwood 30 20 10 0 1990 1992 € Particulate matter: are the high particulate matter levels for Particulate Matter - PM10 Khayelitsha, a township located 15km east Khayelitsha PM10 - µg/m3 40 30 20 10 Goodwood. An additional concern is the 0 1995 increase in the 1999 particulate levels for € Ozone: for 1997/8 (Figure 6). The 1999 levels are the highest on record for Goodwood and to a lesser extent the City Centre. 1997 Year 1998 1999 Ozone City Centre 50 Goodwood OZONE - µg/m3 Goodwood is not clear given the lack of data 1996 Figure 5: Average annual particulate matter levels at 3 sites in the CMA The ozone concentration for the city centre seems to be stable, while the trend for Goodwood 50 energy provided in the City Centre and the City Centre and Goodwood. City Centre 60 of Cape Town. This is largely due to the use to electricity, which is the dominant form of 1998 Figure 4: Average annual SO2 concentrations at two sites in the CMA increasing over time. Of particular concern cooking and heating purposes as opposed 1996 Year Particulate matter (Figure 5) appears to be of wood and other energy sources of fuel for 1994 40 30 20 10 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year Figure 6: Average annual ozone levels at 2 sites in the CMA 9 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Lead: The long-term trends for lead seems to Lead 0.8 indicate a 100% increase in the annual average for the City Centre relative to the 1998 data (Figure 7). The trend for Goodwood is also a concern given that there has been no decrease in lead levels despite LEAD - µg/m3 indicate that the lead levels at the City Hall have decreased. However the 1999 data City Hall Goodwood 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Year the introduction of unleaded petrol. Figure 7: Average annual lead levels at 2 sites in the CMA 10 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • The Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) identifies air pollution control to be a local government responsibility. The CMC is in the process of establishing systems and skills needed to effect this responsibility through diesel vehicle testing and emissions control. From February 1999 CMC’s Department of Air Pollution Control conducted tests on diesel vehicles and informed owners and drivers of non-compliance. Late in 1999 three diesel inspection teams, comprising two people each, were appointed to expand this process. In April 2000 full law enforcement in terms of diesel emissions will be put into effect in the CMA. • Air Pollution Control will be expanding the number of monitoring stations, replacing others and intend to acquire a mobile monitoring unit during 2000. • National government is being pressured to replace outdated national air pollution legislation. Existing Air Pollution Control Legislation dates back to 1965 and is in serious need of revision to meet current and future air pollution control needs. The Department of Transport has been approached to include vehicle emissions testing in existing compulsory vehicle testing procedures. In addition Air Pollution Control have applied to the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism for metro-wide legislation, including uniform by-laws for the CMA. • The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic Component, known as “Moving Ahead” was completed in September 1999. The Transport Plan provides guidance for long range planning as well as short term, annual budgetary cycle, guidance. Parts of the Transport Plan will be updated on annual basis, as necessary. 11 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.1.2 Potential for Health Risks and Effects due to Air Pollution State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Health risks are measured in terms of international standards, with exceedances of these standards presented in the following figures. Exceedances are presented as number of days per annum that Number of exceedances EXCEEDANCES FOR NO2 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION GUIDELINE [200µg/m3] 50 for exceedances illustrate Goodwood 40 30 20 10 0 1990 the guidelines were exceeded. The long-term trends City Centre 1992 1994 1996 1998 Year improving Figure 8: Annual number of NO2 exceedances at 2 sites in the CMA compliance for NO 2 (although a sharp increase must be noted between 1998 and 1999), but more ozone. Of the pollutants particulate matter poses the most serious health risk as it can penetrate deep into the lungs and has been linked to respiratory problems and cancer. In addition there are associated negative effects in terms of visible air pollution (smog) over the CMA. EXCEEDANCES FOR PM-10 UK/AUSTRALIAN GUIDELINE - 50 µg/m3 Number of exceedances exceedances for particulate matter, SO2 and City Centre Goodwood Khayelitsha 100 80 60 40 20 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year € Nitrogen dioxide: Figure 9: Annual number of soot exceedances at 3 sites in the CMA Guidelines for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) have been approached or exceeded at Goodwood and, to a decreasing, despite a speak in 1999 (Figure 8). € Particulate matter (soot and dust): Particulate matter levels have been increasing during the past three years. This is further EXCEEDANCES FOR SO2 U.K.15 Min. GUIDELINE OF 265µg/m3 Number of exceedances lesser extent, City Hall. The overall trend is highlighted by the high level in Khayelitsha during 1999, when monitoring commenced (Figure 9). This is a cause for concern given the serious health implications associated with particulate matter. 6 City Centre Goodwood Tableview 4 2 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year Figure 10: Annual number of SO2 exceedances at 3 sites in the CMA 12 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) The exceedances for sulphur dioxide are an order of magnitude lower than other forms of air pollution. There are, however, no clear long-term trends from the data available (Figure 10). € Ozone: EXCEEDANCES FOR OZONE O3 U.K.8HR GUIDELINE OF 98µg/m3 8 4 0 smog and causes 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year breathing problems, aggravates asthma, and increases the Figure 11: Annual number of SO2 exceedances at 3 sites in the CMA severity and incidence of respiratory infections. Ozone exceedances, relative to the United AIR POLLUTION EPISODES PER ANNUM Kingdom guidelines, are relatively low in number € Air pollution events: The annual number of air pollution events / episodes (number of days that a monitoring was exceeded) appears to be 80 60 40 20 0 1995 increasing, following a low in 1997 (Figure 12). The number of air pollution episodes has been increasing since 1997. 1996 1997 Complaints and Notices Complaints Notices served 300 Number 250 200 150 notices worked well and it was not necessary to 100 institute legal proceedings, hence no successful 50 prosecutions. This represents a 17% decline on 0 1998 the 1998 data, which had 303 complaints with 70 notices and no prosecutions. 1999 Figure 12: Annual number of air pollution events in the CMA € Complaints, notices and prosecutions: 78 notices served (Figure 13). The serving of 1998 Year 350 In 1999 there were 258 registered complaints with Data for Cental City and Goodwood - O3, PM-10 and NO2 100 Number of days on which episodes occurred (Figure 11). guideline Goodwood 12 Ground level ozone is the main component in photochemical City Centre 16 Number of exceedances € Sulphur dioxide: Year 1999 Figure 13: Annual number of air pollution complaints and notices in the CMA 13 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • Diesel vehicle testing and emissions control is being undertaken by the Air Pollution Control section of CMC and assisted by the Traffic Departments of the MLCs. During 1999 diesel vehicles were tested as part of a public awareness campaign. During 2000 drivers will be subject to full law enforcement in terms of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act. • The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic Component, known as “Moving Ahead”, was completed in September 1999. Draft chapters for the roads, airport and harbour were prepared for Part 3 of the Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. Reflections and Summary - Air Quality The air monitoring data illustrate a long-term decrease in NO 2, SO2 and lead concentrations with increases in soot (particulate matter) and ozone. Of concern is the fact that the number of air pollution events / episodes has steadily increased over the past three years. All the indicators work well and provide relevant information on the state of the environment and the trends that illustrate long term changes in the environment. The responses to the state of the CMA’s air quality are limited but clearly focussed. From the Year One (1998) SoE Report diesel emissions were found to account for 48% of particulate air pollution and resultant brown haze. The diesel vehicle testing and emissions control will serve to reduce the particulate counts in the heavily urbanised areas. However, the particulate matter counts are highest in Khayelitsha with result that a strategy needs to be developed and implemented to deal with sources of particulate emissions (e.g. tyre burning) in this area as well. The increasing number of air pollution events (no. of days that a monitoring guideline was exceeded) over the past three years suggests that the mechanism for improvement in the CMA’s air quality is likely to remain slow. 14 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.2 Water Water is a vital resource in a semi-arid country like South Africa. This is particularly prevalent in the CMA which experiences hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. There are a number of issues relating to the water situation in the CMA, although no new issues have been identified for this update. The water issues in the CMA comprise those that deal with ecological health and those relating to water demand. Human health implications in relation to water are discussed in the following chapter. The issues are: 5.2.1 Health of Rivers, Vleis, Wetlands and Estuaries 5.2.2 Water Demand for Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use 5.2.1 Health of Rivers, Vleis, Wetlands and Estuaries State and Trends What is the state of the environment? There are 19 drainage areas in the CMA (Figure 14). Of the 19 catchments, six currently receive effluent from the sewage treatment works. In addition a number of the catchments are impacted by other anthropogenic influences, including industry. On the whole the indicators reveal little change between 1998 and 1999, except for biological water quality measures which revealed an improvement in 1999, relative to data collected prior to 1998. € Number of toxic algal blooms. There were three toxic algal blooms during 1999, two at Wildevoëlvlei and the other at “Die Oog” in the Bergvliet / Pekalmy area. This is one extra occurrence on the previous year. Table 2 provides a list of all the recorded toxic and non-toxic algal blooms during 1999. The occurrence of algal blooms is influenced by, amongst other factors, high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in rivers flowing into wetlands, vleis and waterbodies. 15 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 14: Geographic Drainage Catchments of the Cape Metropolitan Area (Source: CMC Catchment Management Department). 16 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 2: Occurrence of phytoplankton blooms in the CMA during 1999. (Data source: CMC Scientific Services Department) (Note: Chlorophyceae = green algae, Cyanophyceae = cyanobacteria (blue-green “algae”)). Water Body Wildevoëlvlei Zeekoëvlei Period of Bloom Toxins Detected January – April ‘99 Dominant Phytoplankton Group 1 (Probably Cyanophyceae ) October – November ‘99 Chlorophyceae Not applicable December ’99 Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and Anabaena spp.) Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and Anabaena spp.) Chlorophyceae Yes Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and Oscillatoria spp.) Chlorophyceae Chlorophyceae No Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and Oscillatoria spp.) Chlorophyceae No Cyanophyceae (Microcystis and Anabaena spp.) Yes October ‘99 – ongoing September ‘99 Princessvlei Langevlei Rondevlei October – December ’99 October – December ‘99 October – November ’99 December ‘99 October – November ‘99 Yes 2 2 No Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Die Oog December ‘99 2 € Summary statistics for selected water quality parameters (total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll – a) A broad summary of changes in median concentration of seven of the 16 water quality constituents routinely monitored by the CMC’s Scientific Services Department is presented in Table 3. The magnitude of change has not been reported here (contact the department for more detailed information). Over 50% of the sample points showed an increase in the median concentration of total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate in 1999 compared to 1998. In contrast, the majority of sample points showed decreases in the median concentrations of total phosphorus and orthophosphate. 1 Note: determination of phytoplankton species composition and abundance was only initiated in September 1999. 2 Intracellular toxins (i.e. no toxins released into the water). 17 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential plant nutrients, which in excess lead to problems of increased aquatic plant and algae growth. Non-natural sources of these constituents include domestic sewage, industrial effluent and runoff from urban and rural areas. Table 3: Summary of changes in the median concentration of selected water quality constituents measured at sample points for which data for both 1998 and 1999 are available. Total Nitrogen Ammonia Number of common sample points analysed in 1998 and 1999 45 99 Nitrite + Nitrate Total Phosphorus Orthophosphate 97 99 49 4.1 1.0 6.1 52.6 46.5 44.9 43.3 52.5 48.9 Chlorophyll-a Total Suspended Solids 21 46 4.8 8.7 61.9 54.4 33.3 36.9 Water Quality Constituent % of samples showing no change in median conc. between 1998 and 1999 % of samples showing an increase in median conc. between 1998 and 1999 % of samples showing a decrease in median conc. between 1998 and 1999 2.2 2.0 53.3 54.5 44.4 43.4 Chlorophyll-a (a photosynthetic pigment present in most plants and algae) provides a measure of algae biomass in aquatic ecosystems such as vleis. Just under 62% of the sample points analysed showed an increase in median chlorophyll-a concentration. This is perhaps a reflection on the availability of essential nutrients and the suitability of other environmental factors conducive for rapid growth of algae. Measuring total suspended solids provides an indication of the amount of material (such as silt and other organic particles) suspended in water. Erosion resulting from poorly managed developments and agricultural activities in the catchment as well as domestic and industrial effluent are some anthropogenic causes of high suspended solids loads in our rivers. 18 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Health of selected rivers based on the Southern African scoring system (SASS4) for monitoring invertebrates. The Southern African Scoring System (SASS4) bio-monitoring methodology is used to sample aquatic invertebrates in rivers in the CMA (for more information see River Health Programme, 2000). The SASS4 methodology assumes that the invertebrate community at any location within a river integrates and reflects both past and present physical, chemical and biological conditions at that site. Aquatic invertebrates are therefore excellent indicators of river health. Positive or negative trends in the health of a river can only be inferred by interpretation of several years of data. Therefore, it is envisaged that future SoE reports will be able to comment more fully on such trends. Of the 40 sites sampled prior to 1999 and 43 sites sampled in 1999, 18 were shared. The comparative statistics are presented in Table 4. On the whole an improvement was witnessed between 1998 and 1999. The reader should, however, be cautioned that the surveys were undertaken in different seasons. It can be clearly seen that some of the CMA’s rivers appear to be “healthier” than others (see data in Table 4). Samples collected from relatively unimpacted mountain streams tend to have higher scores than those collected from downstream reaches which have been exposed to a variety of anthropogenic influences. In addition, samples collected downstream of potential sources of pollution (such as formal and informal settlements, industrial areas and wastewater treatment works) generally score lower than samples located upstream of impacts. It is interesting to note that scores obtained in artificially engineered canals are among the lowest - lack of appropriate habitat and, possibly poor water quality too, accounts for the low scores obtained in these artificial structures. Not all canals are concrete, some may consist of armour-flex blocks, gabions or simply hard-packed earth and it is possible that some types of canals may satisfy some habitat requirements and therefore score higher than other types. In earth canals, the river may appear to be “natural” but the straightness of the stream channel and the presence of mown lawns of exotic grass species on the stream banks indicates considerable artificial intervention. 19 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 4: Summary of SASS4 and ASPT scores obtained at various sample locations prior to 1999 and during 1999 (pre-1999 data: various consultant reports; 1999 data: CMC Scientific Services Department; d/s = downstream; u/s = upstream). River Sample Point Description Big Lotus Blotus1 d/s of Strandfontein Rd Black NR07 Near Raapenburg Rd bridge Bokramspruit Bok2 Bottelary SASS4 ASPT pre 1999 1999 pre 1999 1999 45 - 4.09 - - 43 - 3.58 u/s Kommetjie Rd bridge (earth canal) 54 - 4.50 - B02 d/s of Scottsdene WWTW 32 - 3.56 - D11 On farm road leading to R45 40 50 4.40 4.55 D09 u/s of Malmesbury 57 70 4.75 4.67 D08 d/s of Malmesbury 22 37 3.67 4.63 D07 Road to Abbotsdale 25 45 3.57 4.09 D06 Road to Kabaskraal 36 48 4.00 3.43 D05A Farm Nooitgedacht 45 59 4.09 4.54 D05 u/s of Mosselbank River confluence 57 61 4.07 4.35 D04 d/s of Mosselbank River confluence 38 60 3.78 4.00 D03 N7 road bridge 56 32 4.60 3.56 D02 Blaauwberg Rd bridge 29 57 3.62 5.18 Diep Diep1 Rhodes Drive 73 - 6.64 - (Constantia) Diep3 u/s of Doordrift Rd bridge 35 - 5.83 - EK14 Stellenbosch near Dorp Rd bridge - 50 - 3.85 E1 u/s of Macassar WWTW 29 - 3.63 - E2 d/s of Macassar WWTW 11 - 2.75 - E01 Diemersdal St - 51 - 3.64 E02 Golf Driving Range nr Belville USB - 15 - 3.00 Diep (Blaauwberg) Eerste Elsieskraal Hout Bay / Disa Jakkalsvlei Campus (earth canal) E03 Tienie Meyer Dr (earth canal) - 47 - 3.92 DR09 u/s of Hely-Hutchinson Dam - 87 - 7.25 DR08 Mountain tributary - 76 - 6.91 DR07 d/s of weir in Orangekloof N.R. - 90 - 6.00 DR04 u/s of Longkloof weir - 56 - 4.31 DR06 u/s of Disa River Rd bridge 71 - 4.44 DR05 u/s of Bethal Rd crossing - 72 - 4.80 DR02 Victoria Rd - 70 - 4.12 J02 Opposite Bunga Avenue, 30m from - 41 - 3.42 - 45 - 3.75 bridge (earth canal) Kalksteen J01 u/s of Bonteheuwel (earth canal) Keysers Keyser1 d/s of Main Rd (armour-flex canal) 36 - 4.00 - K15A In pine forest d/s of R312 bridge 62 27 5.10 3.00 K14 R304 d/s of K15A 69 38 4.60 3.80 Klapmuts 20 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) River Kuils Liesbeek Sample Point Description Kuils1 SASS4 ASPT pre 1999 1999 pre 1999 1999 u/s of Van Riebeek Rd (gabion canal) 43 - 4.30 - Kuils3 u/s of Stellenbosch Arterial Rd 39 - 3.90 - Kuils4 u/s of Zandvliet WWTW 31 - 3.10 - Kuils5 d/s of Zandvliet WWTW 15 - 3.75 - L01 Skeleton Gorge - 53 - 8.83 L02 Window Gorge - 76 - 9.50 L03 Window gorge - 88 - 8.00 L04 Winchester Rd (earth canal) - 39 - 3.90 L05 Sans Souci Rd (canal) - 38 - 4.22 L06 Station Rd, Observatory (earth canal) - 47 - 3.92 L07 Liesbeek Parkway, opposite Malta - 36 - 4.50 Park (earth canal) Little Lotus Mosselbank Philadelphia Prinskasteel Llotus1 Ottery Station (earth canal) 34 - 4.25 - M19 R304 near Tygerberg Zoo 15 50 3.75 3.84 M18 R312 near Fisantkraal 17 22 2.83 2.75 M16 d/s of road to Melish 11 31 2.75 3.87 M13A d/s of R304, west of R302 junction 29 35 4.14 3.50 M12 u/s of confluence with Diep River 16 35 4.00 4.37 Phil Near town of Philadelphia 57 55 4.75 4.58 PK3 u/s of confluence with Spaanschemat 52 - 4.73 - 75 - 8.33 - 105 - 6.56 - 49 - 4.45 - River (earth canal) SM2 u/s of Ou Kaapse Weg Bridge SM3 500m u/s of Clovelly Country Club SM4 Pedestrian bridge Country Club Sir Lowry’s Pass SLP2 u/s of Gordon’s Bay WWTW 45 - 4.50 - SLP3 u/s of Sir Lowry’s Pass Village Rd 43 - 3.91 - Spaanschemat SP1 Main Rd, Constantia (channelised) 70 - 5.83 - V01 d/s of Vanguard Dr, Parktown (earth - 24 - 3.43 Silvermine d/s of Clovelly canal) V02 Cornflower Street, Bridgetown (earth canal) - 32 - 3.56 V03 Loerie St (earth canal) - 45 - 3.75 V04 u/s Athlone WWTW (earth canal) - 25 - 3.13 BL1 d/s Athlone WWTW (earth canal) 30 - 3.33 - Wlake2 Near Main Rd 33 - 3.67 - Vygekraal Westlake 21 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • The CMC has adopted Integrated Catchment Management as a process and in 1997 established the Catchment Management Department (CMD). Integrated Catchment Management involved the drafting of Catchment Management Plans and the establishment of Catchment Management Forums to prioritise catchment management issues and strategies. Such forums have been established for Noordhoek Valley (Wildevoëlvlei), Kuils River, Salt River, Sand River, Hout Bay and Zeekoë catchments. A Silvermine Catchment Management Committee was established to oversee the development of the integrated catchment management plan for this area. • Management plans have been developed for the Noordhoek and Sand River (Phase 1) Catchments and for the Khayelitsha Wetlands. A State of the Diep and Mosselbank Rivers (assessment of river health) and Nutrient Flux Study in the Kuils River have been completed. Other CMD studies initiated in 1999 include the Salt River Hydrological Study, Sand River Catchment Management Plan, Nooiensfonteinvlei Management Plan, Moddergatspruit Baseline Study and the Salt River Catchment Management Plan (Phase 1). • Increasing problems with the management and control of flood prone areas resulted in the following two Catchment Management studies: § The CMC initiated the compilation of development control guidelines for flood prone areas incorporating engineering, planning and environmental considerations and will be completed in mid-2000. § An investigation into legislation to manage dumpling, infiltration and excavation in flood prone areas • The Catchment Management Department spent in the order of R 1,5 million in 1999 on the monitoring of water quality and health of rivers, vleis and beach-bathing areas in the CMA (monitoring undertaken by Scientific Services). The Scientific Services Department furthermore initiated a Biological Monitoring Programme for the CMA’s rivers. 22 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • The upgrade of Wildevoëlvlei Wastewater Treatment Works, which incorporated nutrient removal, was completed in 1999. • River maintenance guidelines were developed for use by the six MLCs in the CMA. These guidelines are being extensively used by the MLCs for river maintenance activities and will be refined and updated as necessary. In addition the Department of Environment and Cultural Affairs and Sport have granted certain river maintenance activities as exempt from the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, on the basis of these guidelines. • Procedure to facilitate compliance with EIA Regulations has been authorised and is currently being implemented for all river corridor activities in the CMA. An Operators handbook is being developed to assist with the implementation of environmentally sound river maintenance activities and should be in use by June 2000. • The Scientific Services and Catchment Management Department have initiated a process which aims to develop a water pollution abatement strategy for the CMA. • The CMC is co-ordinating aquatic weed control and river maintenance activities in the CMA. This response was initiated in 1998 and is ongoing. • Establishment of a Monitoring Information System (MONIS) designed specifically to manage catchment-related information generated within the CMA was initiated in 1998 and will be completed in 2000. The MONIS will automatically transfer monitored data (rainfall, flow and water quality) to the CMC corporate GIS database from where it can be accessed, analysed and made available to users. • An Environmental Significance Mapping Project was commissioned and will include a number of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) layers and databases, including an aquatic component of the CMA. The resource is based on existing and available information. This project will be completed in the first half of 2000. 23 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.2.2 Water Demand for Industrial, Commercial and Residential Use State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Water demand data suggest a decrease in 1998/9. However, this is probably due to an estimation error on the previous year’s data. The data for full supply capacity indicate a better situation than the previous year. Treated effluent re-use has remained constant. € Percentage population served with safe and adequate water supply. Residential water service delivery remained stable over the period 1995 to 1997. Table 5: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling Year Households with piped 1995 1996 1997 82% 79% 81% October Household Census October Household water in dwelling (%) Source Survey Survey € Water demand per annum (in m 3). The estimated consumption by the six Metropolitan Local Councils (MLCs) for the 1998/9 financial year is 286 734 000 m3. Although this represents an increase on the 1997/8 estimate of 279 985 352 m3 it is likely that the 1997/8 figure was overestimated because not all the monitoring procedures were in place. As a result it would be inappropriate to draw inference on this difference. € Percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying the CMC with raw water for treatment. The value as at 31 October 1998 was 91% with a higher value of 97% on the 31 October 1999. This indicator shows that the water supply situation at the end of the wet season was better in 1999 than in 1998, giving an indication of higher rainfall and / or better water management. The CMC obtains approximately 95% of its raw water from outside the boundaries of the CMA (Table 6). Approximately 70% of the CMC’s water requirements are obtained from 24 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) dams operated and controlled by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). Table 6 below gives a breakdown of the raw water sources utilised by the Water Department of the CMC. All raw water abstracted is treated to potable standards before being supplied to users within and outside the CMA. Table 6: Raw water sources utilised by CMC’s Water Department - Approximate Annual Percentage of Supply (Source: CMC Water Department). Source Controlling 1993/4 1994/5 1995/6 1998/9 Authority Outside CMA Theewaterskloof Dam DWAF 37.9% 41.7% 44.5% 43% Voëlvlei Dam DWAF 25.6% 25.6% 22.2% 20% Palmiet River DWAF 7% Wemmershoek Dam CMC 21.5% 21% 20.2% 15% Steenbras Dam and Lower CMC 13.7% 10.4% 11.5% 10,7% Dams Inside CMA Lewis Gay Dam (Simon’s CMC 0,4% Town) Kleinplaas Dam Table Mountain Dams Woodhead CMC 1.3% 1.2% 1.3% 1,5% Hely Hutchinson De Villiers Dam Victoria Dam Alexandra Lourens River (Land-en CMC 0,6% Atlantis Aquifers CMC 1,5% Albion Springs CMC 0,3% Zeezicht Dam) From Table 6 it is apparent that Theewaterskloof dam is a principle supply source of water to the distribution system in the CMA. This role has been consolidated over the past four years. Voëlvlei, Wemmershoek and Steenbras dams are playing a decreasing role in the bulk supply of the CMA’s water requirements. Water demand management requires limiting end user levels and is preferable to increasing supply, for example through the construction of new dams. 25 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) An increase in water use (hence an increase in supply) can be seen in Helderberg and Oostenberg with increases of 28% and 21% respectively (Table 7). The figures for Cape Town, Tygerberg and South Peninsula are estimates and it is premature to comment on these. Table 7: Water supplied (kl) by the CMC to MLCs during 1997/98 and 1998/99 (1 July to 30 June) (Note: The figures for the MLCs marked * include estimates as the separation of the network was still in progress during the first part of the year). (Source: CMC Water Department). Municipality (MLC) 1997/8 1998/9 14 788 054 15 308 000 4 2 459 821 3 095 000 26 1 151 800 1 636 000 42 Blaauwberg Municipality 27 985 557 26 857 000 -4 City of Cape Town 95 160 582 88 651 000* -7* Helderberg Municipality 11 371 496 14 506 000 28 Oostenberg Municipality 20 310 808 24 477 000 21 South Peninsula Municipality 42 328 905 55 782 000* 38* City of Tygerberg 82 828 004 76 461 000* -8* Paarl Municipality (Outside CMA) Wellington Municipality % Change (Outside CMA) Winelands District Municipality (Outside CMA) Riparian owners Private consumers 3 384 000 970 000 The current developed water resources are almost fully utilised, and it is therefore important that planning for new water resource development be undertaken in tandem with water demand management in order to ensure a long-term sustainable supply of water to the CMA. Early indications are that significant savings could be made through appropriate water demand management initiatives. € Household water source. In the Year One (1998) SoE Report it was estimated that 2.9% of the population of the CMA do not have access to water supplies within 50m of their household. An update on this information in not available for 1999. 26 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Proportion of treated effluent re-used. The amount of effluent re-used remains static at 9%. This value may increase in light of the predicted future shortage of fresh water. The wastewater produced during 1998 was in the region of 514 Ml produced per day, not 528 Ml per day as reported in the Year One (1998) SoE. The 1999 data reflect an average of 512 Ml per day. The 1998 figure of approximately 12 000 Ml / annum of wastewater discharged in to the sea via long marine outfall remains the same for 1999. There were at least 16 raw sewage spills, mostly into the Kuils or Eerste Rivers, during 1999 (West, 2000). Four of the 16 spills were due to Eskom power failures, unauthorised entry and electrical vandalism of a particular pump station. The remainder of the overflows were the result of capacity problems. Information on raw sewage spills was not available for 1998, but it may prove to be an important indicator in the future. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The CMC’s Directorate: Water and Waste has committed itself to: • Upgrading and expanding water metering systems in the CMA. The metering systems for the bulk water providers (CMC) were put in place during 1999 and the MLCs will be doing the same over the next few years. • The establishment of broadly representative Catchment Management Committees tasked with the preparation of Catchment Management Plans for the Khayelitsha Wetlands, Noordhoek Valley (Wildevoëlvlei) and the Sand River catchment. End user education plays an important role in water demand management. • The implementation of Water Demand Management Strategy. R5 million was budgeted for water demand management during the 1998/99 financial year. R4.3 million of this was allocated to the six MLCs to reduce water wastage. • In February 1998, the CMC’s Water Department appointed a Water Demand Manager to draft and implement a strategy and programme to reduce the demand for water in the CMA by 10% by the year 2010. The Strategy and Programme were drafted and submitted to the Water and Waste Committee in November 1998. Council accepted the report in January 1999. 27 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • In terms of the Water Services Act (No. 108 of 1997), every Local and Metropolitan Authority has to draft a Water Services Development Plan (WSDP). The CMC’s Water Department submitted an “Interim” WSDP to DWAF in December 1998. The “Interim” WSDP is a strategic document concerning the CMC’s bulk water supply and broadly outlines the following issues: water resources, bulk water supply infrastructure, environmental issues, customer care and involvement, water services management, institutional arrangements and financial arrangements. The Water Department is in the process of revising the “Interim” WSDP and the revised edition will be completed by July 2000. • In November 1999 the Water Department of the CMC commissioned consultants to carry out an Integrated Water Resource Planning Study. The study is divided into two areas of focus. § The first area is to investigate the technical, financial and environmental feasibility of developing water supply schemes from the Lourens River, Eerste River and from the Cape Flats Aquifer. § The second area of focus is to consider all possible water demand management initiatives which could be undertaken. These initiatives would be compared on a basis of potential water saving, timeframe to implement, cost to implement and constraints associated with implementation. Completion date is scheduled for December 2000. • In January 1998, the CMC commissioned consultants to develop a master plan for the CMC’s bulk water supply system. The study also entails the development of a computer model (WADISO) of the bulk supply system. The model will be able to analyse the present bulk water supply system, assist in the planning of future bulk water supply infrastructure and assist in making operational decisions. The model would also be capable of integrating land use and water demand. It is anticipated the study will be completed by July 2000. Additional response underway: • DWAF continued with the national Working for Water Programme, including the clearing of invasive alien vegetation in river catchments in and around the CMA in order to create jobs and improve run-off to rivers and streams. 28 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Reflections and Summary - Water Many new projects have been initiated, from bio-monitoring to water demand management, including the successful establishment of seven catchment management forums to share information with stakeholders and to develop and implement catchment management plans. Some of the indicators are not useful in the shorter term (e.g. Volume of effluent as a proportion of total flow). In addition some of the water demand management indicators are too broad and are ineffective as annual indicators. 29 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.3 Environmental Health Increases in incidences and deaths from Tuberculosis (TB) along with increases in toxic algal blooms and exceedances of bacteriological standards in milk are the data for the environmental health theme that are most pertinent. Data for a number of the other indicators are difficult to obtain and the usefulness of these indicators is in question. The issues are: 5.3.1 Health Risks Resulting from Air and Water Pollution 5.3.2 Health Problems Resulting from Inadequate Provision and Access to Physical Infrastructure and Services 5.3.3 Potential Health Risks Associated with Food Production 5.3.1 Health Risks Resulting from Air and Water Pollution State and Trends What is the state of the environment? € Exceedances of WHO guidelines for lead, SO2 and NO 2 and UK guidelines for PM10. Ozone and SO2 are relatively low in number whilst particulate matter and NO 2 are an order of magnitude higher (see section 5.1.2). The air monitoring data illustrate a longterm decrease in NO 2, SO2 and lead concentrations with increases in soot (particulate matter) and ozone (see section 5.1.1). Of concern is the fact that the number of air pollution events / episodes has steadily increased over the past three years. € Exceedances of WHO guidelines for Esherichia. coli. E. coli is a highly specific indicator of faecal pollution which originates from humans and warm-blooded animals. Faecal coliform bacteria, on the other hand, are primarily used as a practical indicator of faecal pollution. Data for a number of the coastal water quality monitoring points suggest high levels of faecal coliforms (see Table 12 - section 5.5.3), far in excess of the DWAF’s Water Quality Guidelines of 1 000 cells F. coli per 100ml for intermediate-contact recreation. The growing pollution from stormwater is a matter of 30 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) concern as the multi-point influence of such pollution presents significant problems which cannot be economically addressed. € Number of toxic algal blooms. There were three toxic algal blooms during 1999, two at Wildevloëlvlei and the other at Die Oog, Bergvliet / Pekalmy. This is one extra occurrence on the previous year (see Table 2: section 5.2.1). Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • The CMC’s Air Pollution Control Department will be expanding the number of monitoring stations, replacing others and hopes to acquire a mobile monitoring unit during 2000. A large portion of particulate emissions (smog) is attributable to diesel vehicles emissions. Particulate matter poses a serious health risk as it can penetrate deep into the lungs and has been linked to respiratory problems and cancer. • Integrated Catchment Management involved the drafting of Catchment Management Plans and Catchment Management Forums to prioritise catchment management issues and strategies. Such forums have been established for Noordhoek Valley (Wildevoëlvlei), Kuils River, Salt River, Sand River, Hout Bay and Zeekoë catchments. Information on water quality and other issues relating to use and health aspects are discussed at these fora. 31 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.3.2 Health Problems Resulting from Inadequate Provision and Access to Physical Infrastructure and Services State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Meningitis is on the decrease and TB is on the increase. Although the Western Cape has a lower incidence of HIV/AIDS than many other provinces the HIV infection rate is increasing rapidly. The TB epidemic in South Africa (accelerated by the incidence of HIV/AIDS) has been documented as one of the worst in the world with the Western Cape Province one of the hardest hit provinces (Provincial Administration of the Western Cape, 2000). € Percentage of population with safe and accessible drinking water. Residential water service delivery remained stable over the period 1995 to 1997. Table 8: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling Year Households with piped 1995 1996 1997 82% 79% 81% October Household Census October Household water in dwelling (%) Source Survey Survey € Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation. Data from 1995 (Year One SoE Report) showed that 11% of dwellings in the CMA did not have on-site waterborne sanitation, with 1% of the population reliant on pit latrines. Given the influx of people in to the CMA in the past 5 years it is likely that these figures have increased substantially. There is no more recent information than this. € Percentage of the population with adequate refuse removal. From this data (Table 9, below) the indications are that the refuse removal services are improving in the CMA. This data doesn’t, however, give an indication of whether there are anomalies in the geographical distribution of removal services. 32 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 9: Refuse removal in the CMA. Year 1995 1996 1997 Households with refuse removed 84% 91% 93% October Household Census October Household at least weekly (%) Source Survey € Meningococcal meningitis rate. During 1998 there were 119 registered Survey Meningococcal Meningitis Deaths cases with 10 deaths. The data for 1999 120 seem to indicate a decline with 109 118 registered cases and 6 deaths (Figure 15). Cases 12 10 116 8 114 112 € Tuberculosis rate. 6 110 4 108 The pattern that is emerging from the TB 106 data suggests steady increases in the 104 2 0 1998 number of reported cases and the number of deaths (Figure 16). The increases, as 1999 Figure 15: Annual number of Meningitis cases and deaths in the CMA much as 8% per annum, are far in excess of the natural population increases in the CMA. Cases Tuberculosis Deaths The number of deaths due to TB for 1999 18500 700 was not available at the time of this report. It 18000 600 is likely that many of these deaths are AIDS 17500 500 17000 400 16500 300 16000 200 The health risks of contracting TB, and 15500 100 HIV/AIDS, are intimately linked to the issues 15000 related. 0 1997 1998 1999 of water, transport and urban form and efficiency, as well as infrastructure. Figure 16: Annual number of Tuberculosis cases and deaths in the CMA 33 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The CMC is also involved in the following initiatives: • A CMA Healthy Cities / Local Agenda 21 Initiative aimed at selecting environmental health indicators is being continued. • Social development indicators are being developed involving a partnership between the Directorates of Protection, Health and Trading and Economic and Social Development. • Other partnerships include the Disability Network and the CMC’s Transport Directorate, in support of the Dial-a-Ride pilot project for disabled communities in Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain. • The CMC’s Directorate of Protection, Health and Trading is involved in a number of initiatives that involve partnerships with regards to health and development issues: § In the South Peninsula a Healthy Cities programme is being developed with the community of Ocean View. This is linked to the TB programme – Beyond the Medical Model. § In Blaauwberg a Peace Garden was initiated and is linked to the TB programme. § In the City of Tygerberg partnerships with the Khayelitsha Task Team, Medical Research Council, University of the Western Cape’s Health Programme and PAWC’s Health Department have been developed. One of the projects involves tackling the problem of the helminth worm and this is being accomplished at three levels, namely medical treatment (de-worming), addressing community environmental factors that exacerbate the problem and developing educational material for schools. § In Oostenberg and Helderberg District based strategies are being developed to address TB and HIV-AIDS health problems. 34 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.3.3 Potential Health Risks Associated with Food Production State and Trends What is the state of the environment? CMC’s Municipal Health Services have been involved in a metro-wide study into informal slaughtering for the past two years. The objective of the study is to combat the health risks associated with this activity. Other important work involves bacteriological monitoring of food stuffs. € Exceedances of the bacteriological standards as specified in the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants (1972) for packaged milk and milk sold in bulk tanks. Bacteriological standards were exceeded much more frequently in pasteurised milk sold via bulk tanks compared to packaged milk. In 1999, approximately 76% of samples taken of pasteurised bulk retail milk exceeded the standard for coliform bacteria. In the same period, over 36% of samples, twice as many samples as 1998, taken of pasteurised packaged milk exceeded this standard. This is a cause for concern. The status of the dairy industry in the townships is, however, currently receiving attention. € Bacterial monitoring of prepared foods. The presence of Escherichia coli in prepared foods is an indication of poor food handling processes and / or poor personal hygiene of food handlers. E. coli is a highly specific indicator of faecal pollution which originates from humans and warm-blooded animals. Certain strains of E. coli are known to cause food poisoning. Where E.coli is present there is the likelihood of the presence of other pathogenic organisms. Most of the bacteriological monitoring in the CMA is done through the accredited South African Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR) laboratory. During 1999 CMC’s Protection, Health and Trading Directorate increased the capacity of its’ food and milk laboratory in order to conduct samples on prepared foodstuffs. Results for 1999 are presented in Table 10. Of concern is the fact that 10% of samples conducted on prepared foods in the CMA contained E. coli. 35 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 10: Monitoring results for prepared food samples analysed within the CMA during 1999. Laboratory CMC’s No. of samples No. of samples tested Percentage non- analysed positive for E. coli compliance Food and 148 0 0% Institute for 849 85 10% Milk Lab SA Medical Research Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • An informal slaughtering project throughout the CMA is being co-ordinated to improve the health and hygiene aspects associated with informal slaughtering of animals for the purpose of sale of meat to the public. • The extension of the dairy produce database and monitoring programmes for townships continues. The CMC is also participating in the following initiatives: • The development of health promotion media aimed at improving food handling practices and hygiene. • Healthy Cities/Local Agenda 21 Initiatives along with partnerships with other stakeholders at Provincial level, MLC level and the Medical Research Council are being developed to implement projects. Reflections and Summary - Environmental Health The environmental health theme is influenced by urban efficiency, infrastructure, water and air quality and economic issues. As a result a number of the indicators cut across these themes. Although most of the indicators are adequate an indicator on HIV/AIDS occurrence should be included in future updates. The impact of this disease is likely to influence the economic, urban efficiency and infrastructural themes in particular. 36 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.4 Soil The soil resource in the CMA performs an important biological function in supporting the fauna and flora as well as an agricultural role. The soil resource is however being lost to development through urban expansion and sprawl and is being utilised for building material at an undocumented rate. The issues are: 5.4.1 Loss of Soils and Agricultural Potential due to Urban Expansion and Sprawl 5.4.2 Loss of Soils due to the Mining of Minerals, Sand and Clay State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Little is known about the soil resource and utilisation levels in the CMA and this is a cause for concern. 5.4.1 Loss of Soils and Agricultural Potential due to Urban Expansion and Sprawl There is currently no information available. 5.4.2 Loss of Soils due to the Mining of Minerals, Sand and Clay There is currently no information available. Potential indicators: € Loss of arable land (ha/annum). € Soil loss through development (ha/annum). € Area of mining activities in a given area (ha/annum). € Cumulative area mined (ha/annum). There are no data to update this theme’s issues and indicators. There is a need to research this information gap. 37 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • The Directorate: Planning, Environment and Housing in 1998 commissioned the preparation of a Mining Structure Plan for the Cape Metropolitan Region and Adjoining West Coast Areas. The plan will identify areas of potential mineral deposits, including sand mining and provide both substantive and procedural guidelines for the evaluation of applications to mine, as well as conditions to be attached to the approval of mining activities. This product will be completed in 2000. Reflections and Summary - Soil The fact that the responsible authorities are unable to measure the soil indicators suggests that the importance of the soil resource is not seen in the same light as the other themes in this document. This is a cause for concern in that lack of measurement precludes any effective management of the resource. 38 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.5 Biota The CMA contains a diverse and unique set of ecosystems due to the Mediterranean climate, the location of Table Mountain and its associated microhabitats, the surrounding sand flats and the sea. The CMA is also located in the smallest, but richest of the plant kingdoms, the Cape Floral Kingdom. The biotic habitats and biodiversity of the CMA are, however, under pressure from development. The issues of terrestrial and marine ecosystems remain pertinent. No new issues have been identified. The issues are: 5.5.1 Habitat and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems 5.5.2 Alteration of Marine and Coastal Habitats and the Increased Exploitation of Resources 5.5.3 Discharge of Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Effluent into the Sea 5.5.1 Habitat and Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Our global responsibility to conserve the smallest and richest of the plant kingdoms in the world is onerous on all the peoples of the CMA. One important initiative to review and implement conservation programmes is the Cape Action Plan for the Environment (CAPE) initiative. In addition, the biota of the CMA is arguably one of the most important cross-cutting themes in the CMA. The tourism industry with its job creation / poverty alleviation potential as well as indigenous plant utilisation for medicinals and cut flowers are but three important activities that rely on the health of this resource. € Area of land within CMA having formal conservation status. Land area with formal conservation status has risen significantly to 476km 2, from 300km 2 in 1998 (See Figure 17). This total represents approximately 22% of the CMA’s total area of 2 175km 2. 39 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 17: Map of Protected Areas and Marine Protected Areas in the Cape Metropolitan Area (Source: CMC Spatial Planning and Environmental Management Depts.) 40 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Flora A total of 37 core botanical sites requiring comprehensive conservation have been identified on the Cape Flats. These sites contain over 97.5% of the unique plants of the Cape Flats. These 37 areas are recommended as the core floral / botanical conservation areas for the Cape Flats and include the initial 15 core sites identified by the Botanical Society of Southern Africa (Botsoc) in 1997. The increase from 15 sites, containing 80% of the Red Data species, to 37 sites represents a significant improvement between 1998 and 1999. Fauna The information on this section in the Year One (1998) SoE Report was restricted to the Cape Peninsula. The Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (WCNCB) have, however, updated the information for 1999. Approximately 27 amphibian species have been recorded, or are likely to occur in the CMA, including the critically endangered Table Mountain ghost frog. There are records for 60 reptile species (including the endangered Geometric tortoise) 90 mammal species (including whales and dolphins) and 10 fresh water fish species. There are a few monitoring programmes that use bio-indicators in the CMA including the Avian Demography Unit’s (UCT) Co-ordinated Waterbird Counts (CWAC), WCNCB’s endangered frog surveys and the CMC’s Scientific Services invertebrate bio-monitoring programme, initiated in 1999. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are being undertaken by the CMC: • An Environmental Significance Mapping project, which will include ecosystems mapping of the CMA, will be completed in the first half of 2000. Environmental Significance Mapping will form a key input to the further definition and protection of a Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) as envisaged in the MSDF. • Catchment Management Plans are being prepared, which inter alia, will determine interim MOSS area demarcation and management guidelines. More information in this regard is presented in the chapters on water and urbanisation. 41 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • A Feasibility Study (Implementation and Management Plan) and an Urban Development Evaluation for the western portion of Driftsands were completed. Implementation of the recommendations of the Feasibility Study will commence in 2000. • The mapping of all reserves and protected areas in the CMA has been completed and will be updated during 2000 by the Environmental Management Department. Additional responses underway: • A working group of the Botanical Society of South Africa, CMC and MLC representatives has been set up to ensure adequate conservation and management of the core botanical sites. • A number of initiatives are underway to declare nature reserves and protected natural environments, e.g. Rietvlei, False Bay Coastal Park and Blaauwberg. § Rietvlei: In 1989 Rietvlei was declared a nature area and in 1992 gained Protected Natural Environment (PNE) status. In late 1998 Blaauwberg Municipality applied for local authority nature reserve status. As at December 1999 an impasse developed. Despite the fact that there was no on-the-ground management the provincial authority were not willing to confer local authority status. The municipality in turn could not appoint staff without the necessary legal status. During 1994 the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) developed the Rietvlei Management Plan. The Diep River Management Plan study was completed in December 1999. It is intended that the two areas will be managed as one. § Blaauwberg Conservation Area: A Development and Management Plan is being developed by consultants, CMC, Department of Environmental and Cultural Affairs and Sport (DECAS), Blaauwberg Municipality and National Monuments Council. A draft document will be completed by mid-2000. The total land area, which includes a core conservation area plus an interface buffer zone, for the project is approximately 4 000 ha. § False Bay Coastal Protected Natural Environment: During 1999 a number of steering committee and working group meetings with stakeholders (CMC Directorates Water and Waste and Planning, Environment and Housing, Cape Nature Conservation) were held to provide information and address possible concerns regarding legality and commitments of the PNE status. 42 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • The Western Cape Nature Conservation Board started planning and collating data for a State of Biodiversity Report for the Western Cape Province. Data collection and collation for this project will continue through 2000. • The Table Mountain Fund is currently undertaking a number of studies and initiatives as part of the development of a plan for the conservation and management of the Cape Floristic Kingdom, which includes the CMA. • Cape Action Plan for the Environment (CAPE) has made significant progress during 1999. A terrestrial study, identifying the conservation priorities in the Cape Floral Kingdom, was undertaken by the University of Cape Town (UCT). A study of the marine and freshwater components analysing the threats and priorities for future conservation priorities was completed. The CSIR facilitated the development of a 20year strategy for the conservation of the Cape Floral Kingdom. A comprehensive public participation process was undertaken to assist in the development of this strategy. An implementation programme focussing on actions required for the next five years was prepared with input for the lead implementing agencies. A CAPE Funders Conference is scheduled for late September 2000, to identify the conservation projects that will be funded. 43 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.5.2 Alteration of Marine and Coastal Habitats and the Increased Exploitation of Resources State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The marine resources are arguably the most threatened natural resource in the CMA at present. Rock lobster, abolone and 10 species of endemic line fish have been listed as technically over-fished and some face the threat of extinction in the near future. Fishing quotas and poaching of abolone (perlemoen) and rock lobster were regularly reported in the local media during 1999. The marine resources are not adequately protected. The Marine Living Resources Act (Act No. 18 of 1998) came into effect on 1 September 1998. € Area of coastline conserved (% of total) The one marine protected area (MPA) and five restricted areas comprise 41.5km of coastline. Of 307km of coastline within the CMA this represents 13.5% with some conservation status. There is only one MPA in the CMA, namely Miller’s Point / Castle Rocks, a stretch of 3.5km. For more details please consult Table 11. 44 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 11: Marine reserves in the CMA. (See Figure 17 for location of reserves). The goals for these reserves include conservation of biodiversity, fisheries management, research, education and recreational opportunities. No. Name Type of reserve Restricted Area Managing Body DEAT 6b Cape of Good Hope Closed Area 23 Miller’s point/ Castle Rocks Marine Protected Area DEAT 15 Jagger’s Walk to Glencairn Beach Restricted Area DEAT 24 Neptune’s Corner (Muizenberg to St. James Station) St. James to Kalk Bay Restricted Area DEAT Restricted Area DEAT Strand Restricted Area DEAT 19 29 Location, regulations, size and management objective From Schuster Bay (Scarborough) to the Cape Point lighthouse, extending 500 m from the high water mark. Length of reserve: 25 km Reserve area: 12 km 2 From Bakoven Rock to Bobbejaansklip Length of reserve: 3,5 km Reserve area: 6,6 km 2 Extending 500 m seawards from the highwater mark. Length of reserve: 2,5 km Reserve area: 1,25 km 2 Extending 500 m seawards from the highwater mark. Length of reserve: 1,5 km Reserve area: 0,75 km 2 Extending 500 m seawards from the high water mark. Length of reserve: 1 km Reserve area: 0,5 km 2 From the security fence next to the Lorens River, Strand, to the eastern breakwater of the fishing harbour at Gordon’s Bay, extending 500 m seawards. Shore angling and the collection of washed up red-bait is allowed. Length of reserve: 8 km Reserve area: 4 km 2 45 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Legislation & date of proclamation Regulations in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998) Proclaimed 1977 Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998) Proclaimed 1977 Regulations in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998) Proclaimed 1977 Regulations in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998) Proclaimed in 1977 Regulations in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998) Proclaimed in 1977 Regulations in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (Act 18 of 1998) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway: • The establishment, in 1998, of the Cape Peninsula National Park (CPNP) will allow the incorporation of Marine Protected and Restricted Areas into terrestrial conservation areas, thus creating a single conservation management entity from mountain peak to the ocean floor. • South African National Parks (SANP) plan to initiate a two year project on the marine component of the Cape Peninsula Protected Natural Environment (CPPNE). • The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) have initiated the preparation of a national Coastal Management Policy due for release in 2000. The policy formulation process has included extensive public, authority and interest group participation, grouped into a number of demarcated areas of the coast. The CMA is one of these areas and CMC has participated in the process. A draft White Paper had been produced in July 1999. • The Department of Planning, local Government and Housing of the Provincial Administration of the Western Cape (PAWC) is drafting a Coastal Zone Policy for the Western Cape. During 1999 the draft policy was circulated for comment. It is intended that the Policy Document will be published for general public comment towards the end of 2000, and submitted for final approval by the Provincial Cabinet early in 2001. 46 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.5.3 Discharge of Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Effluent into the Sea State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The discharge of industrial and domestic effluents, including treated sewage effluent, as well as stormwater discharge and litter occurs at points along the coastline. Data for the indicators suggest a mixed result with slight improvement in some cases and disappointing results in other cases. € Exceedances of DWAF guidelines for faecal coliform counts in coastal water These sites are important for bathing and recreational water sport use. The locations of the monitoring sites are shown in Figure 18. The South African Water Quality Guidelines for Coastal Marine Waters bacteriological water quality exceeded the 80th percentile at five locations in False Bay and 14 locations on the Atlantic Coast in 1998. The data for 1999 indicate only one point in False Bay and eight on the Atlantic Coast showing exceedances at the 80th percentile. The 95th percentile was exceeded at no sites in False Bay and five sites on the Atlantic Coast (Figures 19 and 20). This indicates a significant improvement on the previous year’s data. These data suggest that water quality at the monitoring points has improved during the past year although the same sites are showing excessive faecal coliform pollution, namely Kalk Bay Harbour Beach and Hout Bay beach as well as Graaff’s pool, Milton pool and Sunset pool on the Atlantic coast. Particular pollution problems are associated with Kalk Bay as a working harbour. Stormwater is identified as a significant source of pollution (Table 12). On the False Bay coast the stormwater outlets are sited near some of the bathing and recreational areas and, hence, are likely to impact the exceedances at these sites. A significant improvement has been noted at the monitoring points on the False Bay Coast (Table 12), with an order of magnitude improvement. The Atlantic Coast monitoring points indicate quite the opposite with an order of magnitude increase in faecal coliforms at Three Anchor Bay, for example. The DWAF Water Quality Guidelines (1 000 cells / 100ml) have, however, been exceeded at all monitoring points. 47 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 18: Coastal Monitoring Points in the Cape Metropolitan Area (Source: CMC Catchment Management Department). 48 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figures 19 & 20: DWAF Guidelines Figures for Water Quality (faecal coliforms / 100ml) (Source: CMC Scientific Services Department). 49 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 12: Bacteriological levels in stormwater at selected sites along the Atlantic and False Bay Coasts (Key: I.D = Insufficient data to accurately calculate this value. N.D. = No data available) (Source: CMC Scientific Services). DWAF Water Quality Guidelines (1 000 cells / 100ml) for intermediate – contact recreation. Sampling point Samples Faecal coliforms/100 ml examined Percentiles in 1999 80% in1998 80% in 1999 95% in 1998 Three Anchor Bay Stormwater A 21 2 500 000 1 826 360 3 900 000 30 000 000 Three Anchor Bay Stormwater B 21 1 100 000 1 997 588 4 200 000 30 000 000 Saunders Rocks Stormwater 19 430 000 300 451 > 5 600 000 3 000 000 Horne Bay Stormwater 6 N.D. 5 000 N.D. I.D. Graafs Pool Stormwater 2 12 N.D. 897 311 N.D. 3 430 000 Graafs Pool Stormwater 3 7 N.D. 5 930 456 N.D. I.D. Muizenberg Station Stormwater 22 71 000 30 000 280 000 54 300 Mitchells Plain West Stormwater 23 150 000 5 533 680 000 56 400 24 170 000 18 582 1 100 000 82 300 2 139 N.D. 26 300 95% in 1999 Atlantic Coast False Bay Coast Outlet Mitchells Plain East Stormwater Outlet Bailey’s Cottage Stormwater 26 N.D. € Contaminant levels of heavy metals in mussels (at 26 sampling sites) In 1994 and 1995, the South African Bureau of Standards limit for cadmium was exceeded at 11 out of the 26 mussel sampling sites along the CMA coastline, although in terms of the DWAF guidelines all the sites conform for 1994 and 1995. Data for the years 1996 to 1999 are not available from DEAT’s Directorate of Marine and Coastal Management. This is a cause for concern given the importance of this indicator. 50 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • The Cape Metropolitan Coastal Water Quality Committee (CMCWQC) is a voluntary forum representing local authorities and other interest groups. The CMCWQC, coordinated by CMC, annually reports the results of sea water quality monitoring at 47 sites on the CMA coastline. Responses co-ordinated by the CMCWQC include: § Establishment of an Advisory Committee for False Bay who have initiated a jointly funded False Bay Review Study. Stakeholders include a minister-elected representative with other local authority representatives, CBOs and NGOs to promote research, education, review, policy and legislation, state of water quality, priorities and plan with desired state. § Establishment of a working group to address the causes of harbour pollution that has implemented a Kalk Bay Harbour clean up pilot project. § Coastal water quality is monitored on a continual basis to monitor compliance with bathing water quality criteria. • Catchment management plans aim to manage impact of land based sources of pollution on the marine environment. Management plans have been developed for the Noordhoek and Sand River (Phase1) catchments and the Khayelitsha wetlands. • The strategic bulk water investigation was completed in 1999 and forms a guide for wastewater improvements over the next 20 years in the CMA. • The effluent re-use study has been completed and is incorporated in the Strategic Investigation Bulk Wastewater report. • The CMC appointed a consortium of engineers to undertake a study into sludge management for implementing improved sludge management at each of its wastewater treatment works. This study will be completed in April 2000. 51 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Reflections and Summary - Biota The terrestrial component of the CMA's environment is receiving a lot of support as evidenced through increases in land area conserved and the number and size of conservation-related projects that are currently underway or have been initiated by the local authorities and others. The indicators in this section appear appropriate, are being monitored and will serve to give an accurate representation of trends in the environment in the future. Some of these indicators may, however, require a longer-term cycle to deliver meaningful trends. In addition some shorter-term indicators, for example monitoring the numbers, health and distribution of frog species or other bio-indicators, may be useful provided that the information is readily and regularly available. The marine component is in a critical state in terms of abolone and 10 endemic species of line fish. The current indicator, percentage of coastline conserved, does not yield an adequate representation of this issue. Other indicators that should be investigated and reported on should include population levels, recruitment rates, harvesting rates, poaching and prosecutions and, most importantly, staffing levels for law enforcement and monitoring. Faecal coliform counts between 1998 and 1999 showed mixed tendencies with improvements in False Bay and poor results for the Atlantic Coast. High faecal counts are largely influenced by stormwater discharge. 52 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.6 Urban Form and Efficiency Rapid urbanisation continues in the CMA. The need for housing and infrastructure continues unabated. This is evidenced most clearly through the growing backlog for housing. The issues of housing, urban sprawl, urban structure and Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) remain relevant to understanding urban efficiency and no new issues have been identified. The issues are: 5.6.1 Need for Housing for Low- and Middle-Income Residents 5.6.2 Urban sprawl 5.6.3 Urban Structure 5.6.4 Metropolitan Open Space 5.6.1 Need for Housing for Low- and Middle-Income Residents State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The housing backlog and the need for housing continue to grow. € Percentage population with formal / informal housing. In October 1996 the Western Cape Province had the highest percentage (75%) of formal housing relative to the other eight provinces. The CMA has an estimated 640 000 units of a range of types. The estimated current backlog for 1999 was 220 000 units comprising: • 78 000 shacks in informal settlements, • 23 000 shacks on serviced sites (or inadequately housed), • 51 000 over-crowded housing, • 61 000 shacks in backyard residences • 7 000 other The formal: informal housing ratio in the CMA was 78: 22 in 1996. No more recent data are available for this indicator. 53 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) The housing backlog in the CMA was estimated at a minimum of 150 000 houses in 1998. By 1999 this backlog had risen to 221 000, a 32% increase (Palmer, 1999). The estimated demand, taking into account population growth only, is projected to be a further 260 000 units by the year 2010. € Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage). The CMA has a population of approximately 3 million people with a growth rate of approximately 2%. This comprises a natural growth rate of 1.1% and an in-migration rate of approximately 1% (Dorrington, 2000). Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • An informal settlements study, which focused on unplanned and un-serviced squatter settlements, was completed in 1999. • The development of a Metropolitan Housing Policy to ensure more effective housing delivery and reduce housing backlogs is due to be completed in 2000. The housing policy will be supported by a housing information system which was up and running by the end of 1999. • A study to investigate which informal settlements could not be developed / upgraded where they are presently located was initiated. A report is due in late 2000. • A Housing Strategy is being developed to ensure more effective housing delivery, reduce housing backlogs and to investigate institutional restructuring towards a Unicity administration. A draft Housing Strategy is anticipated in 2000. • The Accelerated Managed Land Settlement Programme, for families living in crisis conditions is being implemented. • R 42 million was allocated to bulk / link infrastructure (including bulk sewage, electricity and water services) for housing. • Studies looking at land tenure options for rapid release of land were initiated. • Suitable vacant land for low income housing was identified and mapped. Some MLCs have developed housing finance options through, for example, the Blaauwberg Housing Association, South Peninsula Municipality’s Micro Finance Scheme 54 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) and the development of Cape Town Community Housing Company. This will aid in meeting the increasing need for houses in the CMA. 55 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.6.2 Urban sprawl State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Containment of the urban sprawl in the CMA received a boost with CMC’s acceptance of the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF). Key structuring elements of the MSDF are nodes, corridors, Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) and a defined urban edge. € Number of amendments beyond the urban edge – change of land use from open space, agricultural rural to other. The CMC Spatial Planning Department received a total of 17 erfs for land use changes during 1999. 2 € Expansion of urban edge (in km ). The total growth on the edge of development for the period 1993 to 1996 was 3.8km 2. No more recent data are available. € Rate of development. The collective extent of urban development for 1993 was 287km 2 with an additional 22km 2 having been added by 1996. Thus the rate of development was, on average, approximately 2.5% per annum or approximately 4.5km 2 per annum. € Number of constructions completed. A total of 5 631 constructions were completed during 1998. No more recent data are available. 56 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by CMC: • The MSDF was accepted by CMC in 1999 and will be submitted to the Executive Committee of the Western Cape Province for endorsement during 2000. • One of the MSDF principles is to contain urban sprawl which will help to ensure integrated land use and transport planning and to provide for high density public transport corridors. • Work on the Urban Edge Studies continued and drafts will be sent to the MLCs in 2000. • A migration study entitled “En Waarheen Nou? Migration and Settlement in the Cape Metropolitan Area” was completed in 1999. • The “Moving Ahead” Integrated Transport Plan Part 2: Public Transport Strategic Component was completed in 1999. • The processes for the sub-regional plans continues although they no longer rest with CMC, except the Atlantis Growth Corridor management plan which is due to be completed by 2000 and will be sent to CMC for approval. Additional responses underway: • The City of Tygerberg completed its Spatial Development Framework in 1999. • The City of Cape Town completed its Spatial Development Framework in 1999. 57 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.6.3 Urban Structure State and Trends What is the state of the environment? With the exception of the MSDF little appears to have been done to address the inefficient and inequitable urban structure of the CMA. Closer integration between landuse planning and transportation planning will ensure sustainable benefits to development of urban structure. € Number of mixed use rezoning approvals. There were five approvals received by CMC’s Spatial Planning Department during 1998. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • The MSDF was accepted by CMC in 1999 and will be submitted to Western Cape Province for endorsement during 2000. • A MSDF Corridor Quantification Study was completed in 1999. • A densification study and vacant land study have been completed. • Philippi Market Study is currently being undertaken and the establishment of a Philippi Utility Company is underway. • A Built Environment Study has been initiated to identify and manage sites for preservation in the CMA. The completion date has been extended to June 2000. • The planning database project was initiated in 1998 to determine where development pressures are occurring in the CMA and is ongoing. • The “Moving Ahead” Integrated Transport Plan Part 2: Public Transport Strategic Component was completed in 1999. This document will be used to guide long term strategy and shorter term budgetary requirements. • An investigation of the impact of “mega projects” on MSDF structuring elements, goals and principles was initiated. • An investigation into the interpretation and development of the MSDF corridors and nodes was initiated. 58 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • A strategy to communicate and promote the principles and proposals contained in the MSDF was initiated. • The collection of land use information in the CMA is being developed and codified. This database will indicate the type of development and ascertain where it is taking place. 59 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.6.4 Metropolitan Open Space State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Despite development pressures on open space the indicators (identified as potential Year 2 indicators) suggest a favourable situation with opportunities for formal MOSS status in 2000. € Percent of non-urban land in the CMA. A total of 29% of the CMA’s land area (636km 2) comprises protected areas (476km 2) and general metropolitan open space (160km 2). Agricultural land accounts for approximately 40% of the CMA’s land area. € Green area per capita (ha/person). Green area approximates 0.0212ha/person (212m 2/person), from 636km 2 and a population of approximately 3 million. Compared with the other metropolitan cities of Pretoria (0.01ha/person) and Johannesburg (on average 10 to 21m 2/person), the CMA rates favourably (Websites 1 and 2 respectively). € Area of CMA that has formal status as MOSS. No land had formal MOSS status in 1999. The MOSS study will be completed in 2000. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by CMC: • The preparation of Catchment Management Plans, which inter alia, will determine interim MOSS area demarcation and management guidelines. • Detailed MOSS studies are being initiated, of which the Kuilsriver Moss study has been completed. • The mapping of environmentally significant areas in the CMA, including ecosystems mapping was commenced in 1999. This will provide a foundation for the finalisation of a detailed MOSS in accordance with the MSDF. 60 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • A metropolitan wide MOSS study which will define MOSS at a metro level and local level, provide broad guidelines to assist with the management and implementation of MOSS and synthesise the various MOSS studies was initiated. • Funds are allocated for the acquisition of land for conservation and recreational purposes in the MLCs. • A GIS study of all proclaimed nature areas in the CMA has been completed and will be updated annually. • A planning database has been initiated to determine where development pressures are occurring in the CMA. This project is ongoing. • Drafts for the Urban Edge Studies were completed and will be submitted to all MLCs in 2000. Reflections and Summary - Urban Form and Efficiency The majority of the indicators in the urbanisation theme, particularly those relating to MOSS were identified in the Year One (1998) SoE Report as potential Year 2 (1999) indicators. As a result there are no trends to analyse and their real value will only be appreciated in future updates of the SoE Report. Most of the indicators are appropriate for annual updates but their usefulness depends on the availability and age of the data. There are, however, a number of the transport indicators and other urban efficiency indicators that are not relevant on an annual basis. The MSDF and associated products and their universal acceptance within the CMA are crucial to the future trends to be witnessed in this theme. 61 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.7 Infrastructure Rapid population growth in the CMA, in particular in the informal settlement sector (111% between 1993 and 1996 and 21% between 1996 and 1998, Abbott & Douglas, 1999) has placed immense pressure on the service delivery functions of the local authorities. Despite this the data suggest that service delivery is improving. The issue is: 5.7.1 Provision of Basic Services and Infrastructure 5.7.1 Provision of Basic Services and Infrastructure State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The data for the indicators in this section suggest that basic infrastructural development is matching or exceeding population growth. In development terms these are positive signs. € Households receiving refuse disposal services. Table 13: Household reuse removal in the CMA. Year 1995 1996 1997 Households with refuse 84% 91% 93% October Household Census October Household removed at least weekly (%) Source Survey Survey From this data (Table 13) the indications are that the refuse removal services are improving in the CMA. This data doesn’t, however, give an indication of whether there are anomalies in the geographical distribution of removal services. € Sanitation availability (type). The Year One (1998) SoE Report provided data for 1995 – there are no more recent data available. 62 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Water availability by source. Residential water service delivery remained stable over the period 1995 to 1997. Table 14: Percentage of households with piped water in the dwelling Year 1995 1996 1997 Households with piped 82% 79% 81% October Household Census October Household water in dwelling (%) Source Survey Survey € Telephone availability (as a %). Table 15: Telephone availability in households in the CMA. Year 1995 1996 1997 Households with access to telephone 91% 61% 71% SoE Year One - Census October / cellphone in the dwelling (%) Source OHS Household Survey (OHS) There is a possibility that the data for 1995 (91%), as reported in the Year One (1998) SoE Report, are incorrect. The percentage increase between 1996 and 1997 was fairly significant at 10%. This is largely attributable to increasing cellphone usage, particularly in formerly un-serviced households. 63 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • The development of a Metropolitan Housing Policy to ensure more effective housing delivery and reduce housing backlogs is due to be completed in 2000. • The Housing Information System comprises a number of databases and is used, improved and updated on an annual basis. Additional responses underway: • National and Provincial Government continue to support programmes on infrastructural development in the CMA. • Statistics South Africa undertakes an annual October Household Survey, which includes the collection of data on the adequacy and availability of physical services and infrastructure. Although not a management response this is the single most important source of infrastructural and developmental data at national, provincial and, to a lesser extent, metropolitan levels in South Africa. Reflections and Summary - Infrastructure Data for infrastructural development indicates that service delivery in the CMA is improving, although there is room for further and more rapid improvement. Approximately 20% of the population are still without access to water in the dwelling. Refuse removal has improved, but without complete coverage this situation will further exacerbate the illegal dumping and littering problems. The indicators in the infrastructure theme are relevant on an annual basis provided that the data are available timeously. The problems with this theme and the previous one on urban form and efficiency relates to the out of date data. As a result these data are largely ineffective in portraying the current situation as regards infrastructure and urban efficiency in the CMA. 64 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.8 Transportation Congestion, public transport, and road traffic safety remain important issues within the transportation theme. Congestion and public transport, in particular, are contentious and difficult issues which directly impact the CMA’s environment. Congestion results in increased levels of air pollution, stress, health problems as well as loss of productivity and labour time. Most of the transport indicators, excluding road traffic accidents and airport and harbour data, have been computer modelled. There are no actual data points for these indicators. The issues are: 5.8.1 Private Vehicle Usage resulting in Traffic Congestion 5.8.2 Public Transport Services 5.8.3 Need to Expand Metropolitan Airports and Harbours to meet Growing Demand 5.8.4 Road Traffic Safety 5.8.1 Private Vehicle Usage resulting in Traffic Congestion State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Many of the indicators in this theme are unable to yield a comprehensive report for private vehicle usage. The reasons are that the data are largely dated, computer modelled and have been collected on an ad hoc rather than a metro-wide basis. In addition half of the indicators were identified as potential Year 2 indicators and thus require a longer time period to evaluate. € Vehicles per 1 000 population. This is not an annual indicator and is revised infrequently when the Metropolitan Transport Plan is revised. There were, on average, 170 vehicles per 1 000 people in 1998 and it is likely that this figure will remain stable. 65 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Modal split percentages (public versus private transport). This is not an annual indicator and is revised infrequently when the Metropolitan Transport Plan is revised. The data from 1991 indicated a modal split of approximately 50:50 public to private. There are no other available data to indicate that the situation has changed. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic Component, known as “Moving Ahead”, was completed in September 1999. Draft chapters for the roads and traffic (Part 3) and airport and harbour (Part 4) were prepared for the Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. The “Moving Ahead” component represents an update on a portion of the Metropolitan Transport Plan. Components of the plan are updated on an annual basis. This plan includes a longer-term component of 20 years and a shorter-term 5-year strategy that guides the annual business plan budgetary process. • One of the MSDF principles is to contain urban sprawl which will help to ensure integrated land use and transport planning and to provide for high density public transport corridors. • Improved security at the 13 transport interchanges in the CMA has resulted in increased public transport usage. Other responses: • During 1999 Metrorail reduced rail services at night and on the weekend and increased the rail fares. This action may have undone the improvements associated with crime prevention at the transport interchanges and highlights the need for integrated transport planning. 66 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.8.2 Public Transport Services State and Trends What is the state of the environment? A number of changes along with the introduction of new projects and programmes were evidenced in 1999. Fundamental shifts in the public:private split were not evidenced. This section has many indicators, a number of which are inappropriate on annual or longer-term basis. € Modal split percentages (road- versus rail-based transport and public versus private transport). For public transport the road:rail split was 35%:65% in 1999. The data from 1991 indicated a modal split of approximately 50:50 public to private. There are no other available data to indicate that the situation has changed. € Transport to / from work by mode. There are, on average, a total of 1.2 million public transport trips per day in the CMA. 400 000 occur in the morning peak and 400 000 in the evening peak with the balance of 400 000 occurring in the off peak period. € Public subsidies for public transport for all modes. During the 1998/9 financial year the bus and rail services received R 255 million and R 160 million in subsidies, respectively. The figures for the 1999/2000 subsidies are R 240 million and R 150 million, reflecting an annual decline of 6% for both services. 67 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Safety and security on public Metrorail crime statistics 700 decreasing crime levels for assault, robbery 600 Between 1998 and 1999 theft and robbery incidents increased significantly with rape and No. of incidents The trends over the past five years indicate and rape on Metrorail property (Figure 21). Theft Robbery Assault Murder Rape 800 transport. murder declining slightly. The pattern with regards murder is corroborated for the crime 500 400 300 200 100 0 statistics in the East and West Metropoles 1995 1996 1997 Year 1998 1999 where violence decreased between 1998 and 1999 (see section 5.13.1 - Figures 27 and 28). Figure 21: Annual number of crime incidents on Metrorail property Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • The Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan: Part 2 – Public Transport Strategic Component, known as “Moving Ahead”, was completed in September 1999. Draft chapters for the roads, traffic, airport and harbour were prepared for Parts 3 and 4 of the Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. • The Metropolitan Transport Authority aims to implement new national legislation for land-based transportation, in attempts to ensure integration of transport planning with spatial and environmental planning processes. This process was initiated in the financial year 1998/9 and is due to be completed in 2000. • A taxi recapitalisation programme was initiated by National Government. During 1999 tenders for 18 and 36-seater diesel vehicles were called for. Part of the programme requires that vehicles are subject to a compulsory maintenance to minimise the effects of air pollution. Brown haze is largely attributed to poorly maintained diesel vehicles. A special legislation process for taxis was completed in the CMA. Many taxis did not qualify because of poor roadworthy results. 68 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • Planning and design for new bus contracts was initiated with an aim to breaking up the current single contract, currently held by Golden Arrow, into smaller contracts in order to stimulate growth in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and allow for competition in the industry. Province have extended Golden Arrow’s interim contract until 31 March 2001. The first contracts for competitors will go out to tender in October 2000. • Rail is still under National Government control but National Government has a performance based interim concession with Metrorail. This concession is designed to encourage Metrorail to attract new customers. At the same time Metrorail is being pressured to become more competitive through reductions in government subsidies. As a result rail services have decreased with reductions in night time and weekend services. This has resulted in increased economic costs and negative impacts on local businesses in terms of shift work and overtime. Fare increases were above inflation resulting in further problems. Fare evasion, as high as 70% on some lines, has been curbed with 300 security guards being present in the system daily. • Despite the presence of security guards in the Metrorail system the crime levels for theft and vandalism remain high with fencing theft directly attributable to many people being killed on the tracks. • The CMC increased the contract for the metropolitan transport information centre which provides routes, fares and timetable information. This is provided by means of a toll free 24 hours number (0800-656 463) in English, Afrikaans and Xhosa. • The CMC continued with the Dial-a-Ride project for disabled communities in Khayelitsha and Mitchell’s Plain. Other responses: • A business plan for restructuring public transport in the CMA was approved by National Government in 1999. National Government (70% of total budget), Provincial Government (20%) and CMC (10%) financed the Business Plan of R 22 million. In total 40 separate initiatives were commenced, having both planning and implementation components to them. 69 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.8.3 Need to Expand Metropolitan Airports and Harbours to meet Growing Demand State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Expansion and improvement of strategic infrastructure are supporting the shift to global competitiveness. Increases in tourism to the CMA mirror a growth in world travel. This makes the expansion of these facilities necessary. To ensure the potential of tourism as a creator of jobs is realised, it is important to protect the resource base (the natural and cultural environments) upon which it relies. € Total tonnage of cargo moved per annum International Arrivals (in t/a). The Port of Cape Town handled 11.7 million 3000 tonnes of cargo in 1998, with an annual turnover 2500 of approximately R 700 million, with 3 910 ships 2000 having docked during the year. The data for 1999 indicate little change with 10.2 million tonnes of 1500 1000 500 cargo, a turnover of R 705 million and involving 3 0 1993/4 716 ships having docked. € Number of containers (TEUs) moved as a Int. Arrivals 1995/6 1997/8 1999/0 Figure 22: Annual number of international flights to Cape Town Airport proportion of capacity. The port of Cape Town container terminal was Domestic Arrivals Dom Arrivals 50000 operating at 80 – 83% of capacity during 1999. 40000 € Number of international flights arriving per annum. 30000 20000 The patterns for the domestic and international 10000 flights show similar increases in that flight numbers increased to Cape steadily Town International (Figures 22 and have 0 1993/4 1995/6 1997/8 1999/0 23). Figure 23: Annual number of national flights to Cape Town Airport 70 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) International arrivals increased by 23% and domestic arrivals by 8.5% between 1998 and 1999. € Million passengers per annum (mppa). The annual number of passengers is a function of the number of flights, with result that the same pattern is observed. The explanation for the International Departing Pax 600000 500000 400000 international pattern is that South Africa attracted 300000 a great deal of attention post-1994, hence steadily 200000 improving tourists. 100000 Departures, and by implication arrivals, for 0 numbers of international 1993/4 international tourists increased by 5% (Figure 24). In addition Cape Town is proving to be a popular holiday destination for many South Africans (Figure 25). € Air traffic movements per annum as a proportion of capacity. This information is not available due to expansion of the airport and ongoing capacity changes. Int. Dep. Pax 1995/6 1997/8 1999/0 Figure 24: Annual number of international visitors departing from Cape Town Airport Domestic Departing Pax Dom. Dep.Pax 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 € Total passengers per annum as a proportion 1993/4 1995/6 1997/8 1999/0 of capacity. This information is not available due to expansion of the airport and ongoing capacity changes. Figure 25: Annual number of domestic visitors departing from Cape Town Airport 71 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • Portnet has initiated an EIA to investigate the expansion of the container terminal in the Port of Cape Town. A scoping document was completed by July 1999 with specialist studies identified. Motivation for funding to complete this project will be a priority in 2000. • The first phase of an expansion plan for the Cape Town International Airport has begun. Future plans include a second runway, redevelopment of the terminus buildings and the addition of internal and external transport links. • The CMC’s Integrated Development Plan has identified “strengthening the CMA’s global economic position” as one of five metropolitan strategic themes. In addition one of the Unicity’s purposes will be to create a globally competitive city for the 21st century. 72 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.8.4 Road Traffic Safety State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The indicators in this section suggest decreases in the absolute numbers and the percentages of accidents and fatalities over the past three years. € Total number of accidents. Table 16: Total number of accidents in the CMA. Year Total accidents 1997 1998 1999 62 561 62 528 61 056 A total of 62 528 accidents were recorded during 1998 calendar year, 33 less than in 1997 (CMC, 1999b). During 1999 the total number of accidents had decreased by 1 472 from the previous year (CMC, 2000a). € Number of fatalities. Table 17: Total number of fatalities in the CMA. Year Total fatalities 1997 1998 1999 724 697 664 The number of fatalities in the CMA is indicative of a poor road traffic safety record. The trends, however, indicate decreasing fatalities in spite of rising population numbers and traffic. € Percentage of casualties and fatalities involving pedestrians. Table 18: Percentages of pedestrian casualties and fatalities in the CMA. Year Pedestrian casualties Total casualties Pedestrian fatalities Total fatalities 1997 1998 1999 4 768 (39%) 3 554 (28%) 3 082 (26%) 12 118 12 759 11763 404 (56%) 379 (54%) 334 (50%) 724 697 664 73 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) The absolute number of pedestrian casualties as well as the percentage of the total number of accident casualties decreased between 1997 and 1999. The number and percentage of pedestrian fatalities remains high, although there has been a decline over the past three years. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • The production of an annual accident audit report, by the CMC’s Transport Directorate, serves to inform decision-makers and planners of the magnitude and costs (in excess of R 1.5 billion per annum) of the problem. • Support for the National Government’s Arrive Alive campaign continues. Reflections and Summary - Transportation Despite significant increases in the population of the CMA over the past few years the road traffic accidents and fatalities have decreased slightly. Some of the indicators are not suitable as annual indicator because they are not based on actual data or they are based on modelled data and cannot be updated on an annual basis. The issues, however, remain of utmost importance because of their impact on the people and the environment of the CMA. The public transport sector has many initiatives but these do not appear to be attracting private vehicle users as the public:private modal split has remained fairly constant. Despite rail transporting the majority of the public transport passengers and providing the cleanest alternative to other forms of public transport it is still fraught with over-crowding on some lines, under-utilisation on others and crime. 74 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.9 Energy Nuclear issues continue to receive significant attention and comment. The transport of nuclear waste around the Cape Point and the proposed Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear Reactor proposed to be based at Koeberg. Alternative energy sources such as the proposed Kudu Gas Project, with piped gas from the Namibian gas fields, was an additional energy issue for consideration in 1999 and the future. The issues are: 5.9.1 Continued Use of Wood and Paraffin Fuels by a Large Sector of the Population 5.9.2 Location of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station within the CMA 5.9.3. Demand for Energy 5.9.1 Continued Use of Wood and Paraffin Fuels by a Large Sector of the Population State and Trends What is the state of the environment? € Percentage of (un) electrified homes. Table 19: Households with electricity in the CMA Year 1995 1996 1997 Households receiving 86% 88% 90% October Household Census October Household electricity (%) Source Survey Survey The number of households receiving electricity in the CMA is on the increase. By implication the emissions from burning wood and coal for cooking and heating purposes should start to plateau and, in time, decrease. Care must be exercised in drawing conclusions from the October Household Survey as the data are weighted to reflect characteristics of the population at a provincial level. However the sample of the metropole is deemed large enough to instil reasonable confidence in the data. Data for 75 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 1998 and 1999 October Household Surveys were not available in time for inclusion in this report. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • The CMC is involved in the Integrated Development Planning process that aimed to improve the delivery of basic services including electricity. Additional responses underway: • In 1991 Eskom embarked on a national electrification programme to provide informal settlements with electricity. • A national policy is being developed to promote the use of alternative energy sources. • Integrated Energy Planning Process has been initiated. 76 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.9.2 Location of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station within the CMA State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The EIA for the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) proposed for the Koeberg site was initiated in 1999. It is proposed that the PBMR project will run as a pilot project. Another key concern was the transport of high level nuclear waste from France, where it had been reprocessed, around the Cape en route back to Japan in August 1999. € Safety rating. The safety rating for Koeberg Power Station, awarded by the National Occupational Safety Association, remains as the ultimate NOSCAR rating. € Number of reported leakages of radioactive material per annum There were no reported leakages during 1999. Spent radioactive fuel from Koeberg is currently stored on-site while all low level and intermediate waste is transported to a disposal site at Vaalputs in the northern Cape. Low level waste was substantially reduced in 1999, whilst intermediate level waste increased significantly. Table 20: Waste generated at Koeberg Power Station. Year Low level waste (drums = 210l) Intermediate level (concrete drums = 37l to 300l) 1997 1998 1999 960 1200 360 0 24 144 € Proportion of electricity used that was supplied by Koeberg. The electricity generated at Koeberg is put out on the national grid for general distribution. Koeberg, does however, generate enough electricity for the Western Cape during the summer months. By implication, therefore, almost all of the electricity used in the CMA is generated by Koeberg. 77 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The CMC is involved in the following: • The CMC is involved in the Integrated Development Plan process that aimed to improve the delivery of basic services including electricity. Additional responses underway: • In 1991 Eskom embarked on a national electrification programme to provide informal settlements with electricity. • A national policy is being developed to promote the use of alternative energy sources. • Integrated Energy Planning Process. 78 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.9.3. Demand for Energy State and Trends What is the state of the environment? € Cost of electricity (in cents/kWh). The standard cost of electricity supplied by Eskom for domestic use was 23.19c/KWh in 1998 and is now 35.89c/kWh. This represents an annual increase in the cost of electricity of 55% and was caused by a decrease in the subsidy along with an inflationary increase. € Percentage of electrified homes. The number of households receiving electricity in the CMA is on the increase (refer section 5.9.1). Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • The CMC is involved in the Integrated Development Planning process that aimed to improve the delivery of basic services including electricity. Additional responses underway: • In 1991 Eskom embarked on a national electrification programme to provide informal settlements with electricity. • A national policy is being developed to promote the use of alternative energy sources. • Integrated Energy Planning Process. • The Sustainable Energy, Environment and Development Programme (SEED) aims to promote the integration of sustainable energy and environmental practices into urban low cost housing projects in South Africa. SEED does this in partnership with local authorities and housing NGOs through placement of staff (SEED Advisors), providing information, networking, support and training and national publicity and policy input. SEED partners in Cape Town and City of Tygerberg are Development Action Group. To date, the focus has been on work in the partner organisation housing projects; 79 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) this is leading into larger scale implementation of particular interventions with the partner organisations, such as solar water heating, ceilings, energy efficient lighting and staff training projects. The Energy & Development Group is implementing the urban component of SEED. SEED is a co-operation programme between South Africa and Denmark and receives support from Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development (DANCED). Reflections and Summary - Energy Alternative energy sources and the implications for the CMA formed the focus of the energy theme for 1999. In moves towards sustainable development the initiation of partnerships with NGOs such as SEED should be seen in a positive light as well as investigations into alternative energy sources. The indicators in this theme are adequate but could be improved upon. The link between electrification and use of wood and paraffin needs to be strengthened. Fuel consumption in the CMA, provided the information is easily available and current, may prove to be a useful indicator for sustainability. The cross-reference between fuel consumption and air quality may be more easily established. The indicators for Koeberg are not environmental / sustainability indicators and are unlikely to change over time, hence there is no possibility to establish a trend. The amount of high level nuclear waste stored on site may be a more appropriate indicator. 80 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.10 Waste Litter is still regarded as a priority in the CMA, as seen in the public response to the IMEP response cards (Appendix 1). The perceptions that people have of their environment are influenced largely by what they see / witness around them. Illegal dumping and litter consume precious public funding. The implementation of an integrated waste strategy and control of solid waste disposal sites are issues that are being dealt with proactively. Medical waste remained a concern in 1999 due to continued illegal dumping incidents throughout the CMA. A large number of the indicators are in development and the information is unavailable. The issues are: 5.10.1 Need for an Integrated Waste Management Strategy for the CMA 5.10.2 Licensing and Safe Operation of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities 5.10.3 The Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes 5.10.4 The Transport and Disposal of Medical Wastes 5.10.5 The Management and Reduction of Litter and Illegal Dumping 5.10.1 Need for an Integrated Waste Management Strategy for the CMA State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The need for an implementable and fast-acting waste management strategy is more evident than before in light of the revised (upwards) solid waste estimates, slow support for recycling initiatives and Wastewater Treatment Works reaching capacity with associated risks of sewage spills. € Volume of waste received at the landfills (t/a). Almost 1.6 million tonnes of waste was received in landfill sites in the CMA during 1999. This equates to approximately 1.37kg of waste per day per person. Although the 1998 figures gave an estimate of 1 million tonnes, it is likely that this increase can be attributed to an under representation and not due to a marked increase in waste production. 81 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Percentage of waste recycled and re-used. This information is not readily available at a metropolitan level, although there are a number of initiatives that are proving successful. For example, the glass and recycling facilities at Ladies Mile drop off (in Constantia) last year yielded 33 tonnes and 18 tonnes respectively. All indications are that these values will be exceeded in 2000. € Capacity of wastewater treatment works (WWTW). The total wastewater treatment capacity, of the 20 WWTW in the CMA, is 589.86Ml per day. From July 1998 to June 1999, the average wastewater flow was 512Ml per day. This represents an average increase of 5% on the previous year’s average value of 489.07Ml per day. This was largely due to the drier than normal winter period in 1999. During 1999 approximately 12 000Ml of wastewater was disposed of via three long deep-sea pipelines, thus there was no change from 1998. € Quantities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering sewage works and ocean outflow. The total marine outfall capacity is 40.5Ml per day. From July 1998 to June 1999, the average marine outfall flow was 32Ml per day i.e. 6.25% of the average wastewater flow. This figure represents a 4% increase on the 1998 marine outfall flow of 30.8Ml per day. € Percentage of sewage sludge re-used. This indicator was identified as a priority in the Year One (1998) SoE Report, however the information was not available for 1999 due to the confused interpretation of the DWAF Guidelines for the Permissible Utilisation and Disposal of Sewage Sludge. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are being undertaken by the CMC: • An Integrated Waste Management Project in support of the National Waste Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been completed. Two 82 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) projects are underway to reduce and recycle industrial and residential waste. Specific initiatives launched include: § Training of local government staff in implementation of waste minimisation practices in small and medium enterprises. § A public information and education programme and the development of a waste information exchange service. § • Initiation of an Industry Waste Minimisation Award programme. Development of a guide document for responsible management of used and waste solvents. • A sludge management study is being undertaken which will recommend improved sludge management systems at each wastewater treatment works. • The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to raise awareness about issues such as waste management. • Capacity building among MLCs and NGOs with regard to integrated waste management. • The City of Tygerberg, in conjunction with the CMC, were running an integrated waste management programme in Khayelitsha in 1999 aimed at involving the community in an education and implementation campaign. This was part of the Integrated Development Planning process. 83 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.10.2 Licensing and Safe Operation of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The tonnage of waste produced in the CMA per annum was estimated at 1.6 million for 1999. For 1998 a value of 1 million was provided as the estimate for solid waste. This figure was based on the best available information and has been improved upon with a breakdown by municipality in Table 21. Of the total amount of waste produced more than 90% is land-filled by the CMC (Table 21). Table 21: Current waste landfilled by CMC for 1999. Municipality Population, 1999 Total Solid Waste Landfilled By (Millions) CMC (tonnes / annum) Cape Town 1.09 526 543 South Municipality 0.40 295 196 Blaauwberg 0.16 72 334 Tygerberg 0.94 383 661 Helderberg 0.18 47 329 Oostenberg 0.29 133 833 CMC Total 3.06 1 458 896 € Available air space in existing landfill sites. Information on this indicator is discussed below. € Percentage of waste disposal sites that are licensed. Council operates 6 disposal sites. The status of the sites is as follows: Vissershok: Currently permitted as H-H, H-L GLB+ (H-H: Landfill can take all four hazardous waste ratings, GLB+: General waste, Large and Water balance + meaning that rainfall exceeds evaporation and is therefore leachate producing). The lifespan at the current rate of deposition is approximately 10 years. This could change dramatically if other sites in the CMA are closed and the waste diverted to Vissershok. A permit application process has been commenced for extending the footprint and increasing the 84 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) height of the landfill to increase the lifespan to approximately 25 years, which will accommodate waste from other areas of the CMA as the smaller landfills close down. Coastal Park: Permit application is well advanced and a GLB+ precinct should be granted before the end of 2000. The lifespan of this site is expected to be approximately 15 years, dependent upon the final permitted height. Belville landfill: Due to its central location, this site has become the largest in the CMA. The remaining airspace is sufficient for only 12 months. The permit application process has been commenced, with the intention of increasing the height and extending the footprint. This will increase the life of the site by approximately 20 years. Swartklip landfill: This site has a fatal flaw due to the proximity to the Cape Flats aquifer and must be closed. The permit application process “to operate to closure” will commence during 2000. Remaining lifespan is approximately 18 months. Faure landfill: This site will be closed due to unsuitable substrate and proximity to the urban environment. The permit application process “to operate to closure ”will commence during 2000, with a remaining lifespan 2 years. Brackenfell landfill: This site has a GMB+ (General waste, medium size and leachate producing) permit with a remaining lifespan of 3-4 years. Regional site: Consultants will be appointed during 2000 to identify a suitable regional landfill site for the CMA / Western Cape. All landfill sites within the CMA will be registered, permitted and operated in accordance with the minimum requirements by 2005. 85 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • An Integrated Waste Management Project is being undertaken in support of the National Waste Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been completed and is assisting in the decision-making process. • The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to raise awareness about issues such as waste management. Additional responses underway: • The National Waste Management Strategy aims to formalise and control salvaging (i.e. waste picking), by 2003 and have it phased out in the longer term. • A proposal call has been initiated for a materials recovery facility to operate in conjunction with a transfer station once Swartklip landfill is closed. 86 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.10.3 The Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes State and Trends What is the state of the environment? € Space available in hazardous waste disposal facilities. The space available is difficult to determine as it is based on the total waste generated and whether the Bellville “Special Waste” site closes down or not. The ratio of waste: special waste is 9:1 by weight. The CMC Vissershok Special Waste site has a current lifespan of 12 – 18 years depending on whether the Bellville “Special Waste” site closes down or not. € Amount of nuclear waste generated by Koeberg. Low-level was reduced substantially whilst intermediate waste increased significantly (Refer Table 17: section 5.9.2) Low-level and intermediate-level nuclear waste generated by Koeberg Nuclear Power Station is stored temporarily at Koeberg and then transported to a disposal site at Vaalputs in the Northern Cape Province. € Hazardous waste generation compared to amount disposed through formal facilities. Approximately 458 601 tonnes of “Special Waste” were disposed at CMC Vissershok site during 1999. The Vissershok private disposal site also disposes of hazardous waste. Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • An Integrated Waste Management Project is being undertaken in support of the National Waste Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been completed and is assisting in the decision-making process. • The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to raise awareness about issues such as waste management. 87 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Additional responses underway: • The National Waste Management Strategy aims to formalise and control salvaging (i.e. waste picking), by 2003 and have it phased out in the longer term. 88 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.10.4 The Transport and Disposal of Medical Wastes State and Trends What is the state of the environment? € Volume of waste received at the incineration facilities (tonnes/annum). The total quantity of medical waste currently incinerated in the CMA is estimated at 1 700 tonnes during 1998, with an estimate of 2 490 tonnes for 1999. This represents a 47% increase of medical waste incinerated between 1998 and 1999. There are two medical waste incinerators in the CMA currently permitted by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the Enviroserv incinerator at Vissershok and a smaller facility at Delft operated by BCL Envirocare Services. These incineration facilities have a combined capacity to burn approximately 2 670t/a and currently receive 2 490t/a. The largest generators of medical waste are the Provincial hospitals with a monthly average of 4 871kg per hospital. The total amount of medical waste generated from Provincial hospitals in the CMA is estimated at 88 000kg per month. In the Year One (1998) SoE Report the monthly estimates were 139 182kg per month. This figure was incorrect and should have been 87 716kg per month with result that there has been no significant change in the amount of medical waste produced. It is estimated that private hospitals in the CMA generate 72 660kg per month. There is thus no change on the 1998 figures. € Volume of medical waste received at the incinerators as a percentage of estimated medical waste generated. Approximately 80% of all medical waste generated is incinerated. This leaves an estimated 20% of medical waste generated that is not disposed of at the two permitted medical waste incinerators. In 1998, 70% of the medical waste was incinerated. As a result there has been an increase in the amount of waste incinerated. 89 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Table 22: Number of incidents associated with medical waste in the CMA during 1999. Municipality No. of medical waste incidents Blaauwberg 3 City of Cape Town 2 City of Tygerberg No response Helderberg Not available Oostenberg 2 South Peninsula 3 Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following response is underway by the CMC: • An Integrated Waste Management Project is being undertaken in support of the National Waste Management Strategy. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been completed and is assisting the decision-making process. The National Waste Management Strategy focuses on four strategic areas, namely waste minimisation, general waste, hazardous waste and a waste information system. The key departure points of this Strategy are: • § Preventing and reducing the generation of waste. § Providing and improving service delivery in un-serviced areas. The CMC is involved in capacity building among MLCs with regard to integrated waste management. • The CMC was undertaking two projects to reduce and recycle industrial and residential waste. These projects were discontinued in 1999. • The initiation of an industry waste minimisation award programme was discontinued in 1999. • The development of a guide document for responsible management of used and waste solvents was discontinued in 1999. The CMC is also participating in the following initiatives: • A proposal call has been made for the establishment of a medical waste incinerator at Council’s Swartklip site. 90 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.10.5 The Management and Reduction of Litter and Illegal Dumping State and Trends What is the state of the environment? In terms of public opinion, litter (see Appendix 1) and, to a lesser extent, illegal dumping are two aspects of the CMA’s environment that require immediate attention. The number of waste complaints and the costs of street sweeping give a clear indication of the magnitude of this issue in the CMA. € Total number of waste complaints. Table 23: Waste related complaints by Municipality in the CMA (1999). (Note: 1 - Domestic, trade and garden refuse, No response = No response by the municipality to the request for information). Municipality 1 Street sweeping and litter Total number of complaints collection complaints waste complaints 1 564 - 4 840 - - 1 748 97 124 221 Tygerberg No response No response No response Helderberg Not available Not available Not available Oostenberg No response No response No response Cape Town South Municipality Blaauwberg Refuse € Illegal dumping cleared per MLC (t/pa). Reports from the MLCs suggest that practically all the illegally dumped material is cleared. € Tonnage of illegal dumping. This information is presented in Table 24 below. 91 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Cost of remediation by each MLC per annum for street sweeping and litter collection Approximately R 100 million per annum is spent on street sweeping and litter collection in the CMA (Table 24) and yet, in terms of public perception, litter remains the most urgent environmental issue (Appendix 1). Unfortunately conviction rates, for littering and illegal dumping, are practically non-existent. Table 24: Illegal dumping and costs for street sweeping and litter collection. Municipality Illegal dumping Costs for street sweeping Ratio between reports (t/yr) and litter collection (R/yr) and convictions Cape Town 5 000 R 72 million Not available South Municipality 2 000 R 5.7 million 1:100 100 R 5.5 million Not available Tygerberg No response No response No response Helderberg Not available R 3 million Not available Oostenberg 18 250 R 5.2 million Not available Blaauwberg € Quantity and type of litter in seven catchment areas. No data were obtained for 1999. The first litter traps were only installed towards the end of 1999. It is intended that 2000 will yield a full year of sampling data, on all seven catchments. The project will continue into 2002. € Number of schools involved in litter projects. During 1999 the Fairest Cape Association held workshops at 27 schools on Wise-UpOn-Waste in the CMA. In the South Peninsula Municipal area 16 schools were involved in litter projects and seven were involved in recycling. In Oostenberg 10 schools were involved in litter projects during 1999. Some of the other municipalities mentioned that certain schools participate in litter projects but that this information was not monitored or collated. 92 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • An Integrated Waste Management Project in support of the National Waste Management Strategy is being undertaken. A Solid Waste Feasibility Study has been completed and guides waste management decisions. • The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to raise awareness about issues such as waste management. The CMC is also participating in the following initiatives: • A litter management project is being co-funded by the CMC and the Water Research Commission. This project aims to quantify and identify sources of litter and aid in the development of litter management plans. Litter traps were installed in all the pilot catchments in 1999 and monitoring of litter is ongoing. The study is expected to be complete in 2001. • A Khayelitsha Anti-litter Campaign was initiated in partnership with the City of Tygerberg and the Fairest Cape Association and had made good progress by late 1999. This was part of the Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process. Other initiatives: • Fairest Cape Association (FCA, 1999) activities during 1999 included: § An Annual Review for 1998. § The Cleaner, Caring Cape Campaign, which was a three week long, metro-wide campaign with five municipalities and CMC with sponsors, BP (SA) and Good Hope FM. § FCA also assisted CMC and consultants to produce “A Feasibility Study towards an Integrated Waste Management Plan for the CMA”. § FCA produced a Wise-Up-On-Waste booklet and poster, hosted three 4-day Solid Waste Management Planning Workshops. § Conducted Wise-Up-On-Waste workshops with teachers at 27 schools. § Hosted the 1999 Dentyne High School’s Environmental Quiz. 93 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Reflections and Summary - Waste Concerted efforts have been made with regards to solid waste in the CMA. Issues that retain a high profile include litter and medical waste. Unfortunately, the less visible issues like hazardous waste also pose a threat to the environment and sustainable development and require judicious management and disposal mechanisms. As most of the indicators only have data for one year their value will only be realised in subsequent SoE Reports. 94 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.11 Economy The CMA is located close to the southern tip of Africa, with a seaport, international airport and modern road infrastructure linking it with the rest of the country and the rest of the world. The economy continued to adjust to global trends, showing signs of growth in certain areas (tourism, foreign investment) and signs of insufficient growth in others (total output and employment). Within the global economy the CMA is strategically located to provide international access for tourists and business. The urgent need to promote the CMA’s global competitiveness, while reducing poverty, can take place in part by ensuring the careful management of the CMA’s valuable natural and cultural resources. A number of the indicators in this section are in the process of development and are only starting to be monitored on an annual basis at a metropolitan level. The issues are: 5.11.1 Realising the Potential for Global Competitiveness and Economic Growth 5.11.2 Need for Jobs 5.11.3 Reducing Levels of Poverty 5.11.1 Realising the Potential for Global Competitiveness and Economic Growth State and Trends What is the state of the environment? € Total output as Gross Geographic Product (GGP) by sector. The Metropolitan value of output was R 86.5 billion in 1999 (in nominal terms, or not adjusted for inflation), accounting for 10.8% of South Africa’s GDP and 75% of the Western Cape’s GGP. This represents a 13% increase (in nominal terms) in GGP on the previous year’s value of R 79.4 billion (CMC, 1999c), or approximately 1% in real terms (i.e. adjusted for inflation). € Annual growth in real output by sector. Overall annual growth in real output was 0.7%. 95 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Percentage of labour force that are professional, skilled, semi-skilled and/or low skilled. The total 1999 metropolitan labour force, or economically active population, of approximately 1.25 million people (CMC, 1999d) has a higher proportion of white and blue collar skilled workers (45% in 1996) than the national average. Nevertheless, 32% (in 1996) of the labour force is classified as semi-skilled or unskilled. The only data available are from the 1996 Census and these data are presented in Table 25, below. Table 25: Percentages and categories of the metropolitan labour force (CMC, 2000b). Category Percentage White collar skilled (e.g. managers, professionals, legislators) 29% of the labour force White collar unskilled (e.g. clerical, sales / service staff) 23% of the labour force Blue collar skilled (e.g. skilled agricultural and fisheries trades) 16% of the labour force Blue collar unskilled (e.g. machine operators and assemblers) 9% of the labour force Unskilled (e.g. elementary occupations) 23% of the labour force € Number of new registered businesses. This indicator was not reported in the Year One (1998) SoE Report. A total of 1 679 net new registrations for the RSC Levy took place. The net registrations consisted of 3 901 new registrations and 2 222 liquidations (CMC, 2000c). The rate of net registrations provides an indication of the general health of the macro and micro economy, as well as the strength of the entrepreneurial culture and small business support systems. € Number of international tourists visiting the CMA. The number of international tourists visiting the CMA has increased steadily over the past 5 years and jumped 23% between 1998 and 1999. (See Figures 22 and 24 in section 5.8.3 -Transportation theme). € Average per capita income in the CMA. Population Group Per Capita monthly income (R) in 1996 Black 404 Coloured 693 Asian 1178 White 2573 96 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC’s Directorate: Economic and Social Development in partnership with a range of other business, provincial and national government, non-profit and community role players: • The ongoing development of a CMA Economic Development Framework (EDF) and a Local Government Economic Development Strategy (EDS). The EDS includes strategies to enhance the global competitiveness of the CMA and reduce poverty and its implementation is being undertaken in close co-ordination with the provincial economic strategy (PAWC, 2000) and other role players. • The formulation of a CMA Major Events Strategy is being finalised in 1999. • The development of a database of 75 Major Event Facilities was developed to promote the optimal utilisation of facilities and to assist the events industry. • The primary funder of the Provincial Investment and Trade Promotion Agency (Wesgro). • A small business support strategy focusing on training, infrastructure as well as a CMC procurement policy which is supportive of SMMEs and affirmable business enterprises (ABE’s), is being developed and implemented. • Tourism marketing and development programmes are being implemented by Cape Metropolitan Tourism. • Metropolitan economic development information databases have been developed to improve the availability of metropolitan economic information. • Provision of support to the development of key sectors (e.g. Information Technology, film industry, clothing). • Many metropolitan facilities, such as an International Convention Centre, are being developed in partnership with other role players. • A Metropolitan Social Development Policy Framework development process has been initiated in 1999. • The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) has identified ‘strengthening the CMA’s global economic position’ as one of five metropolitan strategic themes. 97 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.11.2 Need for Jobs State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The economy needs to grow at about 4% growth in real output per annum to reduce the level of unemployment. In the mean time, the informal sector continues to grow and is of major importance in terms of providing a safety net and entry point into the formal economy for over 250,000 people. As the process of economic restructuring in response to global pressures continues, job growth has taken place in certain sectors while jobs have declined slightly in other sectors. The promotion of an environment which encourages both local and foreign investment, and entrepreneurship and small business support, has a crucial impact on the prospects for job creation. € Total number/percentage of people unemployed. Approximately 324 000 (or 24.6% of the economically active population) are unemployed (CMC, 1999d). € Unemployment and the formal and informal sectors (number and percentage). Table 26: Formal unemployment levels Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 Formal unemployment 20% 21% 23% 25% Census Projected Projected CMC (1999) from from Census Census Source Although formal sector unemployment is on the increase there are indications that the informal sector is absorbing some of these individuals. As a result some form of substitution is taking place. The growth in formal sector jobs between 1998 - 1999 was 0.3%, while the growth in informal sector employment was approximately 1%. The informal sector constitutes approximately 20% of the labour force. 98 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) A 1999/2000 survey of approximately 20,000 formal companies in Metropolitan Cape Town (Figure 26) found that 95% of all companies are classified as small, medium, micro enterprises (SMMEs) in terms of employment (CMC, 2000c). The majority of future employment growth will take place in SMMEs. Metropolitan Cape Town: Company Size (%) Survey of +-20,000 companies (1999/2000) 50.00% 47.56% Micro (1-4 wkrs) 40.00% 24.99% 19.74% 30.00% Very Small (5-9 wkrs) Small (10 - 49 wkrs) 20.00% 10.00% 4.20% 3.50% 0.00% Total Medium (50 - 99 or 199 wkrs) Large (100+ or 200+ wkrs) Figure 26: Company Size in the CMA Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC’s Directorate: Economic and Social Development: • The ongoing development of a CMA Economic Development Framework (EDF) and a Local Government Economic Development Strategy (EDS). The EDS includes strategies to enhance the global competitiveness of the CMA and reduce poverty. • A Community-based Job Creation and SMME Support Fund has supported the implementation of over 40 on-the-ground projects (including training, markets infrastructure, capacity-building, industrial hives, and tourism projects). • A Directory of over 1300 small business support service providers has been published to assist small businesses in finding relevant assistance in establishing or growing their businesses. • Databases of markets and industrial hives have been developed to inform the future delivery of this infrastructure as well as to provide a resource to small businesses. 99 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.11.3 Reducing Levels of Poverty State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Poverty is a complex reality with many features (e.g. access to income generating opportunities, access to facilities and amenities, access to basic services). The growing and wide-ranging impacts of HIV/Aids are beginning to be understood. The further development of indicators is required to monitor key aspects of poverty. Many indicators are not appropriate to monitor on an annual basis. € Percentage of the population in poverty (household subsistence level). This indicator was not reported in the Year One (1998) SoE Report. In 1996, 25% of all households lived below the household subsistence level (which was an income of R959.52 per month for a household of 5 members). This metropolitan average hides the fact that the level of poverty between population groups still exhibits major inequalities: Table 27: Percentage of households in the CMA living below the Household Subsistence Level. Population Group % Below Household Subsistence Level Black 54 Coloured 20 Asian 15 White 8 TOTAL 25 € Dependency ratio The dependency ratio is a well-known index which provides a rough, but serviceable measure of the number of people in the so-called “active” ages (potential labour force), 15-64 years, as compared to those in the “dependent” age groups, 0-14 and 65 and above. The lower the ratio, presumably the more “productive” the population because of a lower dependency load. The dependency ratio combines the young and the old into one total. 100 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) We know, however, that the actual physical and social requirements of these two groups are quite different. Therefore we need an index, which will express the relationship of the young to the old in a given population; that is an index of aging. This index has a much greater range than the dependency ratio. Table 28: Dependency Ratio and Index of Aging for Population Groups in the CMA. Population Group Dependency ratio Index of aging Asian 38 20 Black 43 9 Coloured 52 14 White 44 61 101 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • The ongoing development of a CMA Economic Development Framework (EDF) and a Local Government Economic Development Strategy (EDS) to promote global competitiveness and reduce poverty through a wide range of strategies and its implementation is being undertaken in close co-ordination with the provincial economic strategy (PAWC, 2000) and other role players. • A Metropolitan Social Development Policy Framework development process has been initiated. • A Community-based Job Creation and SMME Support Fund has supported the implementation of over 40 on-the-ground projects (including training, markets infrastructure, capacity-building, industrial hives, and tourism projects) • A Local Government Street People's Policy has been formulated and a metropolitan survey of street people has been initiated to inform the identification of interventions • A CMA Local Government social development plan is being formulated to promote social development. Reflections and Summary – Economy Economic growth in the CMA showed a 1% increase between 1998 and 1999. National and international visitors increased substantially over the past year. Unemployment increased slightly, although there are indications that the informal sector has absorbed some of the losses from the formal sector. 102 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.12 Education The issue is: 5.12.1 The Need to Improve Access to Education Opportunities to Ensure Appropriate Skills Development State and Trends What is the state of the environment? € Adult literacy rate (%). The adult literacy rate is 83% for adults over 20 years of age and more than 6 years of schooling. In the Year One (1998) SoE Report the Western Cape Province had an adult literacy rate of 95%. Contrasting data sources make this a difficult indicator to measure in terms of development. € Number of schools per 1000 people. There are 1061 schools in the CMA. Of a population of 3 million people the number of schools per 1000 people calculates to 0.4. This represents a decrease from 1998 where a figure of 0.5 schools per 1000 people was given. Reasons for the decline include rapid influx of people into the province, many of whom are not literate, and because of the rate at which they are arriving the Department of Education is unable to keep up with a school building programme. € Pupil:Teacher Ratios. There are 23 382 registered public school teachers in the Western Cape Province. There are no accurate records for the number of private school teachers. As a result a ratio will be an inaccurate measure without the number of private school teachers. € Enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions. See Tables 29 and 30 for enrolments for 1999. As this is a Year Two (1999) indicator there are no data for 1998. Future updates of this indicator will serve to better inform the education theme. 103 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 29: Enrolment numbers for schools during 1999 in the CMA. (Note: LSEN = Learners for Special Education Needs) Area Office Type # Schools PUBLIC Athlone Preprimary Primary Intermediate Secondary # Learners PRIVATE LSEN 93 140 4 616 117 11 66 605 1 204 8 50 Primary Intermediate 8 43 055 8 920 3 739 12 2 302 2 63 102 4 016 87 6 57 883 632 6 250 283 9 Secondary 33 1 33 541 151 Combined 1 5 1 234 337 LSEN Kuils River 10 Preprimary Primary Intermediate Secondary 1 884 24 75 1 002 1 85 616 5 5 367 31 41 677 Combined 3 LSEN 133 252 8 Mitchell's Plain Preprimary 1 648 81 Primary 66 Intermediate 19 Secondary 26 LSEN 6 044 LSEN Preprimary PRIVATE 1 Combined Bellville PUBLIC 4 799 5 59 894 3 861 14 713 1 33 017 244 Combined LSEN Wynberg Preprimary Primary Intermediate 6 2 69 174 4 426 80 9 47 346 2 221 3 2 589 Secondary 34 6 27 216 841 Combined 2 14 1 285 4 743 LSEN Totals 938 15 651 410 51 2 084 533 748 38 420 8 856 104 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 30: Enrolment numbers for technical colleges during 1999. # Institutions # Full Time Theory Practical 12 704 1 626 Enrolments Technical College 16 14 330 Summary of Responses What is being done about it? • The CMC hosted the first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment in February 1999. A key focus of the Festival was to raise environmental awareness amongst students. Twenty-two schools participated in the development of a school environmental policy. A component of the festival, namely the Youth Environmental Schools (YES) programme, will be hosted by CMC in mid 2000. Another environmental education project involved the Edutrain programme ran in conjunction with Metrorail. • In support of the sustained co-operation of stakeholders, capacity building and the realisation of the goals of Integrated Catchment Management, the CMC is involved in a number of educational initiatives regarding catchment management, such as: § The development of outcome based education material to support teachers, learners and NGOs. § Capacity building among NGOs as part of Catchment Management Forums. § Supporting education and research in tertiary institutions. § Developing partnerships with Environmental Education practitioners and business (e.g. Conducting a Millennium Mural Competition in association with the Fairest Cape Association and Plascon focussing on the impacts of waste on catchments). § An awareness campaign on World Wetlands Day - Wetland Conservation and Management in urban areas • The Department of Education is undertaking a five-year Culture of Learning and Teaching Campaign launched in 1997. This campaign covers the entire education and training system. It incorporates Adult Basic Education and Training, Early Childhood Development, as well as schools and colleges. 105 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • The National Schools Building Programme aims to ensure efficient or sustainable use of resources in the CMA such as the application of alternative energy systems, water saving devices, grey-water systems or rainwater collection systems in schools. Reflections and Summary - Education The most effective indicators in the education theme are the literacy rate, number of schools and pupil:teacher ratios and the data suggest a decrease in overall performance in the CMA in terms of education. Other indicators, for example matric pass and university exemption rates, may need to be considered to reflect a balanced perspective on this theme. 106 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.13 Safety and Security The issue is: 5.13.1 Incidence of Crime State and Trends What is the state of the environment? The crime rate in the CMA has been fairly stable and has generally increased since 1996, although it decreased in the western metropole in the last year (Figures 27 and 28). attempted of violent murder crime and No. of crimes per 100 000 pop. property related crime has not followed this trend (murder, robbery Property related crime Social fabric crime Violent crime 7000 over the past few years. Of interest is the fact that € Incidence Vehicle theft Western Metropole 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 with 1994 1995 aggravating circumstances). 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year The violent crime rate has remained stable over the past five years in both the West and East Figure 27: Crime rates in the West Metropole of the CMA. Metropoles. € Incidence of property related crime (all 4500 forms of burglary and theft, including stock increased related in the crime rate has past five years generally in both metropoles. The data suggest that the property related crime rate in the East Metropole (Figure 28) is increasing at a faster rate than the West No. of crime per 100 000 pop. 4000 theft and car theft). Property Vehicle theft Property related crime Social fabric crime Violent crime Eastern Metropole 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Metropole (Figure 27). This may be largely 0 1994 attibuted to increasing stock theft in Oostenberg 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year 1999 and Helderberg. Figure 28: Crime rates in the East Metropole of the CMA. 107 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) € Incidence of social fabric crimes (rape, assault causing grievous bodily harm and common assault). Social fabric crimes rates are relatively stable in both metropoles although incidence is slightly higher in the East Metropole. € Vehicle theft (including car-jacking). The vehicle theft rate has remained stable over the last few years, although it has increased slightly in 1999 in the West Metropole. The incidence of crime in 1998 is clearly geographically based with the City and City Bowl police districts indicating the highest violent crime, properly related crime and vehicle theft categories (Figures 29, 30 and 31). Parts of Oostenberg, Helderberg and the Atlantic seaboard showed high levels of social fabric crime (Figure 32). Table 31: Number of metropolitan security personnel per 100 000 of population. Cops Civilians Total Per 100 000 Per 1 000 Western Metropole 2197 362 2559 15.65 0.156 Eastern Metropole 2016 265 2281 14.53 0.145 The South African national average is three South African Police Services (SAPS) employees per 1000 head of population. Excluding civilians and non-operational management and support services brings the national average down to two SAPS employees per 1000. For comparison other national averages per 1000, albeit developed nations, are European Union (3.2), America (3.6) and Japan (4) (Wiley, 2000). Quite clearly Table 32 shows that the CMA is under-resourced in terms of police personnel per 1000 of population (0.15 / 1000). € Number of convictions as a percentage of total number of arrests. The number of convictions for the West Metropole, during 1999, amounted to 4 611. East Metropole convictions amounted to 3 981. Data for the number of arrests are not readily available. A graphic portrayal of the crime incidence for the four crime categories is presented in the next few pages. 108 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 29: Incidence of Violent Crime in the CMA during 1998 (Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department). 109 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 30: Incidence of Property Related Crime in the CMA during 1998 (Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department). 110 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 31: Incidence of Social Fabric Crime in the CMA during 1998 (Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department). 111 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Figure 32: Incidence of Vehicle Theft in the CMA during 1998. (Source: SAPS and CMC Information Services Department). 112 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses underway: • The SAPS has a number of initiatives currently underway, aimed at addressing various forms of crime, these include: § Operation Recoil, focusing on violent crime, and drug - related crimes. This operation is due to end in early 2000. § Operation Good Hope, focussing on urban terrorism. This operation is due to end in early 2000. § Operation Crackdown is being planned for early 2000. § The Scorpions Units was established in 1999 to deal with high profile cases of urban terror. § Gang Investigation Unit focuses on reducing gang-related crimes; and, § Joint initiatives involving the SAPS and the Defence Force focusing on specific areas in the East and West Metropoles. • SAPS, Traffic Police and other law enforcement agencies collaborated on a number of initiatives. • The City of Cape Town initiated a Business Against Crime Campaign in the Central Business District. This campaign will be extended to the City Bowl area with additional reinforcements and community police officials. • The Multi-Agency Delivery Action Mechanism structure at PAWC, focussing on the integration and co-ordination of safety and security activities on a provincial wide basis, including the CMA. • The implementation of a single emergency number telephone service for the CMA including emergency call points in informal settlement areas where telephones are lacking. This system will be effective in 2000. Reflections and Summary - Safety and Security Most crime categories experienced little rate change between 1998 and 1999, whilst some increased and others decreased over the longer term. The property related crime rate increased in both metropoles, although the rate of increase was more pronounced in the East Metropole. The crime indicators are relevant and give a clear representation on the crime situation in the CMA on annual basis. 113 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 5.14 Environmental Governance In terms of the legislation (Constitution (Act 108 of 1996), Local Government Transition Act (209 of 1993) the environmental management function can rest at one of the three levels of responsibility (national, provincial and local). The CMA environment is currently influenced by all three, with differing degrees of effectiveness, given capacity and financial resource constraints. While capacity and effectiveness, at a local level, have improved in 1999, the anticipated local government restructuring affords an opportunity to go further to alleviate capacity shortages in critical areas. The issue is: 5.14.1 The Effectiveness of the Environmental Management Function in Local Government 5.14.2 The Effectiveness of the Environmental Management Function in Local Government State and Trends What is the state of the environment? Environmental management is a concurrent responsibility of national, provincial and local government and a delegated responsibility to local government. The trends over the past two years indicate an increase in capacity and funding in environmental management in the CMA, although the environmental function remains under-resourced in critical areas at local government level. reports) per annum: Approximately 112 scoping reports were submitted to Cape Nature Conservation (CNC) in 1998, with about 20 of these requiring additional investigation up to a full No. of scoping reports € Number of EIA applications (scoping 250 200 150 100 50 0 1998 EIA. CNC restructured itself during 1999 with its functions split between a separate Scoping Reports 300 1999 Year Figure 33: Annual number of scoping reports processed by Provincial government 114 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Department of Environment, Cultural Affairs and Sport (DECAS) and a Western Cape Nature Conservation Board. The Environmental Impact Management Unit of DECAS received 268 scoping reports during 1999, representing a significant (140%) increase in the number of applications and improved capacity in Provincial government (Figure 33). € Number of people committed by local government to environmental management: During 1998 a total of 23 people were Staff 40 employed in local government in the CMA to the CMC and 13 in the six MLCs. The newly formed Environmental Department additional at CMC permanent Management appointed staff during seven 35 Permanent Staff promote environmental management, 10 at 25 20 15 10 5 1999 0 (Figure 34). 1998 During 1998 none of the seven local authorities in the CMA had environmental management 30 systems in place. Year 1999 Figure 34: Environmental Management staff in the CMA The appointment of an Environmental Management Systems (EMS) specialist in 1999 saw the ground work for the development of 2 pilot CMC EMS projects being initiated during 1999. In addition Council is committed to the implementation of an integrated environmental strategy at metropolitan level, underpinned by an Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP). Summary of Responses What is being done about it? The following responses are underway by the CMC: • An Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP) for the CMA is being developed as the first step to developing and implementing an Integrated Environmental Management Strategy. Completion of a draft IMEP is scheduled for 2000. A number of significant events in this process included: 115 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) § Successful completion of 13 capacity building and public workshops throughout the CMA as part of the IMEP process. § Participation in the international launch of the Cities Environment Reports on the Internet (CEROI) project in October 1999. § Launch of the Year One (1998) State of the Environment Report on 3 December 1999. • The first Cape Metropolitan Festival of the Environment was held in February 1999 to raise environmental awareness and promote environmental management in the CMA. • Two projects that were initiated in 1998 under the IDP theme of ‘enhancing the environment’, namely an Environmental Significance Mapping Study of the CMA and an Anti-litter Campaign for Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain. These projects are due to be completed during 2000. Additional responses underway in the CMA by the South African National Parks (SANP): • Global Environmental Facility funding has been secured for the management of the newly established Cape Peninsula National Park. An Integrated Environmental Management System (IEMS) for the CPNP was initiated. The IEMS identifies the need for a broad spatial framework to guide conservation and development in the park. • Existing legislation is being strengthened to allow for more effective management of the urban interface and bi-lateral forums with local authorities have been established. • SANP’s Socio-Ecology Department is involving the general public in the operations of all national parks. They have three main areas of focus: volunteers (fire fighters and tour guides), environmental education and economic empowerment and projects are channelled through these areas. Reflections and Summary - Environmental Governance The Environmental Management function in the CMA has been boosted in terms of capacity and funding during 1999. With a single Unicity administration later in 2000 the functioning and role of environmental management is likely to improve through better cooperative governance within the current MLCs and other Provincial bodies, notably DECAS and SANP. 116 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) 6. Conclusion The CMA’s environment has undergone significant change in the past year. A wealth of information and knowledge has been generated, a large number of initiatives and programmes have been implemented and overall an improvement to the natural, built and socio-economic environments was witnessed. Water, biota, infrastructure, transport and environmental governance themes showed improvements on the data collected for the previous year (1998). Unfortunately a number of the other themes showed no change or a negative tendency and greater effort is needed in these areas to ensure a path toward truly sustainable development. The process of refining the indicators has proved invaluable in that the conditions for good environmental or sustainability indicators have not been met in all cases. Fast, simple, cheap, representative and current are adjectives for the indicators that need to be applied rigorously. In some cases data for the indicators have been not been readily available. The update of the Year One (1998) SoE Report has proved to be a valuable process in starting to draw trends and make inferences about the data. At the same time the process has brought other issues to light, has helped shape the policies and responses of some CMC and MLC departments and yielded some information on the usefulness of the indicators that were identified in the Year One (1998) SoE Report. The real value of the SoE reporting process is to focus awareness on critical issues, to be able to track the changes over time and to provide information on the policies and processes required to bring about sustainable development. At the same time this process helps to identify gaps in our knowledge about the environment. In this respect it is evident and concerning that still very little is known about the soil resource in the CMA. Like the Year One (1998) SoE Report it is the intention of the CMC to produce a web version and accessible summary document to complement this Year Two (1999) SoE Report. The Year Three SoE Report, due in 2001, will be produced within the context of a single Unicity administration for the CMA. A lot will change in the interim but hopefully it will bring with it a host of benefits, with data access and retrieval methods greatly improved. 117 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Table 32: Indicators and Institutional data sources – summary table (Key: Annual: indicator is relevant on an annual basis and data are, for the most part, readily available, Update every 3-5 years: these are longer term indicators, No information available: no information was available for 1999). Theme Air Quality Water Indicators € Annual average levels for key atmospheric pollutants -SO2, NO2, PM10, O3 and Pb € Exceedances of WHO and UK guidelines for SO2, NO2, PM10, O3 and Pb. € Number of complaints registered. € Number of notices served. € Number of successful prosecutions. € Number of (un) electrified homes. Assessment period Annual € € € Number and intensity of air pollution days per annum. Levels of PM10 (visibility measurement). Tonnage of emissions in the CMA. € € € € Ecological Status Class of selected rivers and wetlands. Number of toxic algal blooms. Proportion of treated effluent re-used. Water quality summary statistics for key parameters (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll – a and faecal coliforms) 3 Water demand per annum (in m ). Percentage of full supply capacity of the dams supplying the CMC with raw water for treatment. Household water source. Percentage population served with safe and adequate water supply. Annual No information available No information available Update every 3-5 years Annual Annual Annual € € € € € € € € € Health of selected rivers based on (i) Southern African scoring system (SASS4) for monitoring invertebrates Total water inflow as a proportion of total storage capacity. Rate of infrastructure development (meters and monitoring points). Water balance determinations. Water use by sector (Ml/annum). Annual Directorate: Water and Waste, CMC Annual Annual Annual Annual Directorate: Corporate Services, CMC Annual Annual No information available Annual Annual No No No No information information information information 118 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Monitored by Directorate: Protection, Health and Trading, CMC available available available available Directorate: Water and Waste, CMC Directorate: Corporate Services, CMC Theme Indicators € Annual demand as proportion of available resource. € Volume of effluent as a proportion of total flow. Assessment period No information available No information available Monitored by Environmental Health € € € € € € Annual Annual No information available Annual Annual Annual Directorate of Corporate Services, CMC € € € € € Soil Biota Percentage of population with safe and accessible drinking water. Percentage of population served with safe and adequate sanitation. Percentage of the population with adequate refuse removal. Meningococcal meningitis rate. Tuberculosis rate. Exceedances of WHO guidelines for lead, SO2 and NO2 and UK guidelines for PM10. Exceedances of WHO guidelines for E. coli. Number of toxic algal blooms. Exceedances of the bacteriological standards as specified in the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants (1972) for packaged milk and milk sold in bulk tanks. € € € € No Percentage of population living with adequate housing. Percentage of the population with access to public health care facilities. Number of reported respiratory problems due to air pollution. Industrial health rating (formal and informal sector). Awareness campaign measurements. Bacterial monitoring of prepared foods indicators for soil loss currently exist. € € € € Loss of arable land (ha/annum). Soil loss through development (ha/annum). Area of mining activities in a given area (ha/annum). Cumulative area mined (ha/annum). € € € € Area of land within the CMA having formal conservation status. Current status and number of Red Data Book species. Area of coastline conserved (% of total). Exceedances of DWAF guidelines for faecal coliform counts in coastal waters (at 47 sampling sites). Contaminant levels of heavy metals in mussels (at 26 sampling sites). € Annual Annual Annual Department of Health, PAWC Directorate: Water and Waste, CMC No information available No information available No information available No information available No information available Annual Directorate: Planning, Environment & Housing, CMC No information available No information available No information available No information available Annual Update every 3-5 years Update every 3-5 years Annual No information available 119 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Directorate: Protection, Health and Trading, CMC Directorate: Planning, Environment & Housing, CMC Directorate: Water and Waste, CMC Marine and Coastal Management, DEAT Theme Urban Form and Efficiency Indicators € Area remaining for each habitat and/or vegetation type. € Presence and change of selected indicator species. € Area of dunes or other coastal habitats disturbed or lost each year. € Percentage population with formal / informal housing. € Urban housing type profile. € Average travel distance for all commuter trips. € Total person trips in km per day per head of the population. Assessment period Update every 3-5 years No information available Update every 3-5 years No information available No information available Update every 3-5 years Update every 3-5 years € Public housing availability (proportion eligible who are not in public housing). Annual population growth (absolute number and percentage). Number of amendments beyond the urban edge – change of land use from open space, agricultural rural to other. 2 Expansion of urban edge (in km ). Rate of development. Number of constructions completed. Average distance per capita to key amenities and facilities. Number of mixed use rezoning approvals. Percent of non-urban land in the CMA. Green area per capita (ha/person). Area of CMA that has formal status as MOSS. Households receiving refuse disposal services. Sanitation availability (type). Water availability by source Telephone availability (as a %). No information available Number of dwellings that do not have access to drinking water within 50m of the dwelling. Vehicles per 1000 population. Modal split percentages (public versus private transport). Modal split percentages (road- versus rail-based transport and public versus private transport). Passenger kilometers traveled divided by seat-kilometers per mode. Transport to/from work by mode. Public subsidies for public transport for all modes. No information available € € Infrastructure € € € € € € € € € € € € € Transportation € € € € € € Annual Annual No information No information No information No information No information Annual Annual No information No information No information No information No information Cape Nature Conservation Directorate: Corporate Services, CMC Directorate: Transportation and Traffic, CMC Directorate: Planning, Environment and Housing, CMC available available available available available available available available available available Update every 3-5 years Update every 3-5 years Update every 3-5 years Directorate: Corporate Services, CMC Directorate: Transportation and Traffic, CMC Portnet, Port of Cape Town No information available Update every 3-5 years Annual 120 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Monitored by Zoology Department, UCT Airports Company South Africa, Cape Town International Airport Theme Indicators € Safety and security on public transport. € Total number of accidents. € Number of fatalities. € Percentage of casualties and fatalities involving pedestrians. € Total tonnage of cargo moved per annum (in t/a). € Number of international flights arriving per annum. € Million passengers per annum (mppa). € € € € € € € Public transport seats per 1000 population. Percentage of income spent on public transport. Numbers of commuters using public transport to schools. Inadequacy of public transport network (using demand and supply ratio). Commuters by public transport for private purposes. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes per selected point. Time-Volume of private vehicles proportional to capacity at selected points on the road. Air traffic movements per annum as a proportion of capacity. Total passengers per annum as a proportion of capacity. Number of containers (TEUs) moved as a proportion of capacity € € € € € € Percentage of (un) electrified homes. Safety rating. Number of reported leakages of radioactive material per annum. Cost of electricity (in cents/kWh). Type and quantity of fuel sold. Proportion of electricity used that was supplied by Koeberg. € € € € € € € € Volume of waste received at the landfills (t/a). Available air space in existing landfill sites. Percentage of waste disposal sites that are licensed. Space available in hazardous waste disposal facilities. Percentage of waste recycled and re-used. Amount of nuclear waste generated by Koeberg. Volume of waste received at the incineration facilities (t/a). Volume of medical waste received at the incinerators as a percentage of estimated medical waste generated. € € € Energy Waste Assessment period Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Update every 3-5 years Annual No information available No information available No information available No information available No information available Annual No information No information Annual Annual Annual Annual No information No information Annual Annual Annual Annual No information Annual Annual Annual 121 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Monitored by available available Directorate: Corporate Services, CMC Eskom available available Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Directorate: Water and Waste, CMC Eskom available Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Directorate: Protection, Health and Trading, CMC Theme Indicators € Capacity of wastewater treatment works. Assessment period Annual € Annual € € € € € € € € € € € € € Economy € € € € € € € € € € € Quantities, types and dilution ratios of industrial effluent entering sewage works and ocean outflow. Percentage of sewage sludge re-used. Number of complaints from a known sample of residents in an area. Total number of waste complaints. Hazardous waste generation compared to amount being disposed through formal facilities. Number of incidents associated with medical waste. Illegal dumping cleared per MLC. Tonnage of illegal dumping. Illegal dumping cleared per MLC (t/pa). Ratio between reports and convictions. Cost of remediation by each MLC per annum for street sweeping and litter collection (R/pa). Social surveys to find out litter problems. Quantity and type of litter in seven catchment areas. Number of schools involved in litter projects. Total output as Gross Geographic Product (GGP) by sector. Annual growth in real output by sector. Percentage of labour force that are professional, skilled, semi-skilled and/or low skilled. Percentage of labour force that is unemployed, formally employed or in the informal sector. Percentage of the population in poverty (household subsistence level). Total number/percentage of people unemployed. (Un) employment in formal and informal sectors (number and percentage). Dependency ratio Number of new registered businesses. Number of international tourists visiting the CMA. Vulnerability index (composite of individual indicators relating to infrastructure, poverty, welfare, jobs, space and livelihoods) or levels of No No No No information information information information available available available available Annual Annual Annual No information available No information available Annual Update every 3-5 years Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual No information available No information available Annual No information available Annual Annual Annual No information available 122 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Monitored by Directorate: Economic and Social Development, CMC Directorate: Corporate Services, CMC Theme Education Safety and Security Indicators living per suburb. € Average per capita income in the CMA. € € Adult literacy rate (%). € Number of schools per 1000 people. € Pupil:Teacher Ratios. Assessment period € € Expenditure on infrastructure and instructual personnel per student. Enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions. No information available Annual € Incidence of violent crime (murder, attempted murder and robbery with aggravating circumstances). Incidence of property related crime (all forms of burglary and theft, including stock theft and car theft). Incidence of social fabric crimes (rape, assault causing grievous bodily harm and common assault). Vehicle theft (including car-jacking). Annual € € € Environmental Governance € € € Number of EIA applications (scoping reports) per year. Number of report up to full EIAs undertaken per year. Number of people committed by local government to environmental management € Amount allocated by local government to environmental awareness raising (R/annum). Percentage of Council’s budget allocated to environmental management. Total number of people committed (employed) for environmental management purposes € € No information available Annual Annual Annual Department of Education, PAWC South African Police Services Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Department of Environmental and Cultural Affairs and Sport, PAWC No information available Annual Annual 123 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Monitored by Directorate: Planning, Environment and Housing, CMC 8. References Abbott, J. & Douglas, 1999. Trends in Informal Settlement in the Cape Metropolitan Area – May 1999. Report to CMC Housing Department. Cape Metropolitan Council, 1998. Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. Part 1: Contextual Framework. Directorate: Transportation and Traffic. Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999a. Cape Metropolitan Transport Plan. Part 2: Public Transport Component. Directorate: Transportation and Traffic. Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999b. Cape Metropolitan Area Road Traffic Accidents Statistics (1997). Directorate: Transportation and Traffic. Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999c. Economic and Social Development Directorate, Update of Economic Trends and Spatial Patterns Study (July 1999). Cape Metropolitan Council, 1999d. Economic and Social Development Directorate, Going Global, Working Local: An Economic Development Framework and Local Government Strategy for the Cape Metropolitan Council Area Draft One for Comment (June 1999). Cape Metropolitan Council, 2000a. Cape Metropolitan Area Road Traffic Accidents Statistics (1998). Directorate: Transportation and Traffic. Cape Metropolitan Council, 2000b. Corporate Services: Development Information Centre, ongoing analysis of 1996 Census. Cape Metropolitan Council, 2000c. Economic and Social Development Directorate, Unpublished Analysis of RSC Levy Database and Survey of Levy Payers. Cross, C., Bekker, S. & Eva, G. 1999. En Waarheen Nou? Migration and Settlement in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). Occasional Paper No. 6a (August 1999). Department of Housing, CMC and Department of Sociology, University of Stellenbosch. 124 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Dorrington, 2000. In: Projection of the Population of the Cape Metropolitan Area 19962031, Roy Gentle’s item to Council, 17 February 2000. FCA, 1999. Report on the work done during 1999 by the Fairest Cape Association in the Cape Metropolitan Area. Palmer Development Group, 1999. An Investigation to Determine Low-Income Household’ Levels of Affordability to Pay for Services and Housing in the Cape Metropolitan Area (October, 1999). Provincial Administration of the Western Cape, 2000. Green Paper: Preparing the Western Cape for the Knowledge Economy of the 21st Century (May 2000). Department of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Tourism. River Health Programme, 2000 Website addresses http://www-dwaf.pwv.gov.za/Newsletters/RiverHealth http://www-dwaf.pwv.gov.za/Directorates/IWQS/biomon/index.html Website 1. 2000. Johannesburg’s State of the Environment Report http://www.csoe.co.za/csoe Website 2. 2000 Pretoria’s State of the Environment Report http://www.sustainablecommunities.co.za/soe/ West, B. 2000. Upgrade for sewage works at Zandvliet – R70m plan approved. Cape Times newspaper (8/5/2000). Wiley, M. 2000. Challenges facing Steve Tshwete. Cape Argus newspaper (18/5/2000). 125 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Appendix 1: Feedback from Public on IMEP (Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy) Response Cards Towards the end of 1999 and into 2000 a number of response cards were distributed or made available to stakeholders and the public in all the municipalities in the CMA. The question posed was “What are the environmental issues that worry you?” The results (from 148 respondents) suggest that litter and air pollution are two of the largest environmental issues in the CMA. Clearly the waste theme received the most responses (31% in total) although issues relating to air quality, water, biota and urbanisation were equally important (all >10% of the total responses). Table 33: Summary statistics from 148 respondents on environmental issues in the CMA (Source: CMC Environmental Management Department). Environmental Issue Air Quality Air pollution Percentage of Responses 12 12 Water Water pollution Wasting water Poor water quality 7 5 1 Biota Alien vegetation Rare animals Urban desertification Protect natural habitats Lack of regard for plants & animals in townships 7 1 1 1 1 Urban Form and Efficiency Population explosion / influx Rapid urban development Approval of developments with unacceptable environmental damage Informal settlements in open spaces Housing Poor urban & conservation signage Protection of MOSS & sensitive area Infrastructure Sewage Trade and services in former disadvantaged areas Lack of sanitation in informal settlements 13 11 13 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 126 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Environmental Issue Transport Public transport Unsound transport policy Unroadworthy vehicles Percentage of Responses 4 2 1 1 Energy Electricity Nuclear power 3 2 1 Waste Litter Recycling Waste Illegal dumping Noise pollution 19 4 3 2 3 Economy Street children / vagrants Unemployment Poverty 2 2 1 31 5 Environmental Health Stray dogs 1 Education Environmental education & awareness 2 Safety and Security Crime / poaching 2 Environmental Governance Dissemination of environmental information Lack of proper law enforcement and implementation of policy Environmental protection & violation 2 1 1 Totals Note: Totals are 104% because of rounding errors! 1 2 2 4 104 104 During 2000 and 2001 the local authority for the CMA proposes conducting an environmental household survey on people’s attitudes and perceptions towards their environment. It is intended that this exercise will help to refine the indicators in the SoE Report and to give an indication of priorities with regards the CMA’s environment. 127 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Appendix 2: Contact Details for CMC and Municipal Local Councils BLAAUWBERG MUNICIPALITY P.O. Box 35, Milnerton, 7435 Tel: 550 1111 Fax: 552 2835 Disaster Management: 550 1355 Municipal offices: Milnerton, Atlantis and Mamre CAPE METROPOLITAN COUNCIL PO Box 16548, Vlaeberg, 8018 Tel: 487 2911 Air Pollution: 930 4850 Water Pollution: 424 7715 Chemical Pollution: 424 7715 Noise Pollution: 400 4294 Municipal offices: Contact the general number above for a comprehensive list CITY OF CAPE TOWN P. O. Box 298, Cape Town, 8000 Tel: 400 1111 Air Pollution: 930 4850 Noise Pollution: 400 4294 Municipal offices: Contact the general number above for a comprehensive list CITY OF TYGERBERG PO Box 11, Parow, 7499 Tel: 938 8111 Fax: 938 8457 128 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Disaster Management: 590 1900 Municipal Offices: Bellville, Parow, Goodwood, Khayelitsha, Mmfuleni and Durbanville HELDERBERG MUNICIPALITY P.O. Box 3, Strand, 7139 Tel: 850 4000 Fax: 850 4004 Disaster Management: 853 1188 850 4236 082 461 1342 Municipal offices: Gordon’s Bay, Lawandle, Macassar, Nomzamo, Sir Lowry’s Pass, Somerset West and Strand OOSTENBERG MUNICIPALITY Private Bag X16, Kuilsriver, 7579 Tel: 900 1500/1800 Fax: 903 8225 Disaster Management: 980 1232/8 Fires: 083 225 6591 Municipal offices: Brackenfell, Kuilsriver, Kraaifontein, Melton Rose and Scottsdene SOUTH PENINSULA MUNICIPALITY Private Bag X5, Plumstead 7800 Tel: 710 8000 Air Pollution: 782 1112 Water Pollution: 710 8130 Noise Pollution: 733 075 082 937 9681 Municipal offices (excluding depots for refuse removal): Fish Hoek, Ottery, Plumstead, Simon’s Town and Tokai. 129 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Appendix 3: National Legislation promulgated during 1999 Water National Water Amendment Act No. 45 of 1999 Conservation World Heritage Convention Act No. 49 of 1999 National Veld and Forest Fires Act No. 101 of 1998 National Veld and Forest Fire Bill (B 122B-98) Urbanisation and Local Governance Local Government: Municipal Structures Amendment Act No 58 of 1999 Disestablishment of the Local Government Affairs Council Act No. 59 of 1999 Rental Housing Act No. 50 of 1999 Housing Second Amendment Act of 1999 Housing Amendment Act No. 28 of 1999 Rental Housing Bill (B 29C-99) Municipal Systems Bill (August 1999) Land Restitution and Reform Laws Amendment Bill (B 9-99) Portfolio Committee Amendments to Land Affairs General Amendment Bill (B 64A-99) Transportation National Road Traffic Amendment Act No. 21 of 1999 Administrative Adjudication of Road Traffic Offences Amendment Act No. 22 of 1999 National Road Traffic Amendment Bill (B 5B-99) National Land Transport Transition Bill (B 5-2000) Select Committee Amendments to National Road Traffic Amendment Bill (B 5A-99) 130 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Energy Nuclear Energy Act No. 46 of 1999 National Nuclear Regulator Act No. 47 of 1999 Commencement of the Nuclear Energy Act No. 46 of 1999 Recreation and Culture National Heritage Council Act No. 11 of 1999 National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999 Education Education Laws Amendment Act No. 48 of 1999 Higher Education Amendment Act No. 55 of 1999 National Student Financial Aid Scheme Act No. 56 of 1999 Further Education and Training Bill (B 57B-98) Portfolio Committee Amendments to Education Laws Amendment Bill (B 44A-99) Safety and Security Prevention of Organised Crime Second Amendment Act No. 24 of 1999 Prevention of Organised Crime Second Amendment Act No. 38 of 1999 131 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) Appendix 4: Acknowledgements The Environmental Management Department (Directorate Planning, Environment and Housing) of the Cape Metropolitan Council acknowledges the following organisations for their assistance and / or contributions to the development of this report: Cape Metropolitan Council: • Directorate of Corporate Services • Directorate of Economic and Social Development • Directorate of Planning, Environment and Housing • Directorate of Protection Health and Trading • Directorate of Transportation and Traffic • Directorate of Water and Waste Metropolitan Local Councils: MLC officials in the Solid Waste, Community Services and Planning Departments. Other Institutions / Organisations: • Portnet • Eskom • Metrorail • Koeberg Power Station • Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) • South African Police Services (SAPS) • Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) • Cape Nature Conservation (CNC) • South African National Parks Board (SANP) • University of Cape Town (UCT) – Environmental Evaluation Unit • Medical Research Council (MRC) – Communicable Diseases Department • Provincial Administration of the Western Cape (PAWC) – Education Department • Department of Cultural and Environmental Affairs and Sport (DECAS) Environmental Impact Management Unit 132 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999) • Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) – Marine and Coastal Management NGOs: • Fairest Cape Association (FCA) • Environmental Monitoring Group (EMG) • Sustainable Energy, Environment and Development (SEED) Programme 133 Cape Metropolitan Area: State of the Environment Year 2 (1999)