BRIAN E. McCANDLESS
Institute of Energy Conversion
University of Delaware
Newark, DE 19716-3820
Tel: (302) 831-6240
Fax: (302) 831-6226
E-mail: bem@udel.edu
EDUCATION
B.S., Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, 1980.
EXPERIENCE
9/80-Present
Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
Associate Scientist, 3/00-Present
Research Associate III, 3/98-3/00
Research Associate II, 3/85-3/98
Research Associate I, 6/83-3/85
Research Technician, 9/80-6/83
1976-80
University of Maryland Astronomy Program, College Park, MD
Technician: Equivalent width analysis, 1978
Technical Photographer, 1976-1980
Professional Experience
Co-principal investigator on R&D contracts between the Institute of Energy Conversion and
governmental, university and private institutions, including the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, (NREL), DARPA, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO), BP Solar, SOHIO, ISET, University of Toledo, and Spire.
Contributing researcher on collaborative R&D with numerous groups worldwide.
Active participant in NREL National CdTe R&D Team since inception in 1996.
Presenter at numerous conferences worldwide.
Inventor and co-inventor on five US patents.
Author and co-author of over 80 papers.
Editor of special issue of Progress in Photovoltaics and co-editor of special issue of Thin Solid
Films.
Co-author of a book chapter on CdTe thin film solar cells.
BRIAN E. McCANDLESS
Related Skills
Inorganic chemical synthesis and thin film deposition
Spectroscopic analyses: AAS, EDS, XPS, UV-Vis, PL
Diffraction analyses: XRD, GIXRD, Laue
Microscopy: Optical, SEI, BSI, AFM, EFM
Electronic analyses: JV, Hall Effect, Hot Probe, QE
Metallurgy: cross-section preparation, etching, analysis
Photolithography: positive and negative, developed monolithic tandem solar cell in 1985
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Glass and quartz shaping and fabrication: lenses, mirrors,
Gas and chemical handling
Machine shop: end mill, lathe, drill press
Programming in Basic, Excel, Fortran, Igor, Origin
Technical writing: proposals, reports, papers, safe operating procedures, monographs
Technical reading proficiency in French and Russian
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BRIAN E. McCANDLESS
PRESENTATIONS
"Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zn3P2 Thin Films," Institute of Microelectronics, University of
São Paulo, Brazil, (1982).
"The Effects of Air Heat Treatments on Completed CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," 6th European
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, (1985).
(Invited) "Astronomical Aspects of Megalithic Structures in Great Britain," to the Delaware
Astronomical Society Annual Dinner - Lecture, Wilmington, Delaware (1985).
"Celtic History through Music," with Dr. Steven McLain, DuPont, to the Center for Lifelong
Learning, University of Delaware, Wilcastle Center, Wilmington, Delaware, (1988).
"Optimization of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells for High Efficiency," 9th European Photovoltaic Solar
Energy Conference, Freiburg, Germany, (1989).
"A Treatment to Allow Contacting CdTe with Different Conductors," 1st World Conference on
Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, (1994).
"Vapor Phase Treatment of CdTe/CdS Thin Films with CdCl2:O2," 25th IEEE PVSC, Crystal
City, Virginia, May 1996.
“CdTeS Absorber Layers for Thin-Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” 26th IEEE PVSC, Anaheim,
California, 1 Oct 1997.
“Characterizing Contacts to P-Type CdTe in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” 2nd World Conference on
Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, 8 July 1998.
Diffusion in CdS/CdTe Thin Film Couples”, 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, 3 May 2000.
(Invited) “Thermochemical and Kinetic Aspects of Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell Processing,”
Mat. Res. Soc. Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 17 April 2001.
“Role of Processing Chemistry and Stability on CdTe-based Solar Cell Performance,” NREL
NCPV Solar Review, Denver, Colorado, 25 Mar 2002.
“Vapor Transport Deposition of Cadmium Telluride Films,” 29th IEEE PVSC, New Orleans,
Louisiana, 22 May 1996.
“Cadmium Zinc Telluride Films for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,” 29th IEEE PVSC, New
Orleans, Louisiana, 22 May 1996.
“Correlation of Surface Phases with Electrical Behavior in Thin-Film CdTe Devices,” E-Mat.
Res. Soc. Spring Meeting, Strasbourg, 19 Jun 2002
“Cadmium Zinc Telluride for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,“ High Performance PV Project
Meeting, Denver, Colorado, 15 July 2002.
(Invited) “Thermochemical and Kinetic Aspects of Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cell
Processing” at Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 28 Oct 2002.
“Cadmium Zinc Telluride for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,“ High Performance PV Project
Meeting, Denver, Colorado, 20 Oct 2003.
“High Throughput Processing of Stable CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” NREL Solar Review, Denver,
Colorado, 26 Oct 2004.
(Invited) “Physical and Chemical ProcessesthControlling Composition and Band Gap in
Polycrystalline II-VI Thin-Film Alloys,”14 International Conference on Ternary and Multinary
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Compounds, Denver, Colorado, 27 Sept 2004.
(Invited) “Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction of Polycrystalline Thin Films,” Mat. Res. Soc.
Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 28 Mar 2005.
“CdZnTe Solar Cells,” High Performance PV Project Meeting, Newark, Delaware 5 Oct 2005.
“Thin CdTe Solar Cells with High Throughput Processing,” NREL Solar Review, Denver,
Colorado, 8 Nov 2005.
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PUBLICATIONS
1. "Some Notes on the Cahokia Sun Circle," Archaeoastronomy Bulletin 2(4), (1979).
2. "The Effects of Air Heat Treatments on Completed CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," B.E.
McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 6th EC PVSEC, 826 (1985).
3. "CdTe/CdS Devices for Tandem Solar Cells Based on CuInSe2," R.W. Birkmire, L.C.
DiNetta, S.C. Jackson, P.G. Lasswell, B.E. McCandless, J.D. Meakin, and J.E. Phillips, Proc.
18th IEEE PVSC, 1413 (1985).
4. "Analysis of a Transparent Cu/ITO Contact and Heat Treatments on CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,"
R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, and W.N. Shafarman, Proc.
19th IEEE PVSC, 967 (1987).
5. "Fabrication of Monolithic a-Si:H - CuInSe2/CdS Tandem Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless,
R.W. Birkmire, W.A. Buchanan, J.E. Phillips, and R.E. Rocheleau, Proc. 20th IEEE PVSC,
381 (1988).
6. "Polycrystalline CdTe on CuInSe2 Cascaded Solar Cells," P.V. Meyers, C.H. Liu, L. Russell,
V. Ramanathan, R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 20th IEEE PVSC,
1448 (1988).
7. "Control of Deposition and Surface Properties of CuInSe2 Thin Films for Solar Cells," B.E.
McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 20th IEEE PVSC, 1510 (1988).
8. "Specular CuInSe2 Films for Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire and B.E. McCandless, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 53(2), 140 (1988).
9. "CdTe/CdS Solar Cells with Transparent Contacts," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and
W.N. Shafarman, Solar Cells 23, 115 (1988).
10. "Approaches for High Efficiency CuInSe2 Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless,
W.N. Shafarman, and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Proc. 9th EC PVSEC, 134 (1989).
11. "Post Processing Treatments and Contacts for Thin Film CdS/CdTe Devices," R.W.
Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. Polycrystalline Thin Film Program
Meeting, 77 (1989).
12. "Reactor Analysis of Copper Indium Selenization," R.D. Varrin, Jr., S. Verma, R.W.
Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and TWF Russell, Proc. 21st IEEE PVSC, 529 (1990).
13. "Analysis of Post Deposition Processing for CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells," B.E.
McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Solar Cells 31, 527 (1991).
14. "Advances in CuInSe2 and CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire,
D.A. Fardig, B.E. McCandless, A. Mondal, J.E. Phillips, and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Solar Cells 30,
61 (1991).
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15. "Influence of CdS Window Layers on Thin Film CdS/CdTe Solar Cell Performance," B.E.
McCandless and S.S. Hegedus, Proc. 22nd IEEE PVSC, 967 (1992).
16. "A New Method for Forming ZnTe Contacts for CdTe Cells," A. Mondal, R.W. Birkmire,
and B.E. McCandless, Proc. 22nd IEEE PVSC, 1126 (1992).
17. "Electrochemical Deposition of Thin ZnTe Films as a Contact for CdTe Solar Cells," A.
Mondal, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 26, 181
(1992).
18. "Reaction Pathways to CuInSe2 Formation by Selenization," S. Verma, S. Yamanaka, R.W.
Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and TWF Russell, Proc. 11th EC PVSEC, 807 (1992).
19. “Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: Device Perspective,” J.E. Phillips, W.N.
Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, and B.E. McCandless, AIP Conf. Proc. 268, 206
(1992).
20. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: Processing Perspective," R.W. Birkmire, S.S.
Hegedus, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, TWF Russell, W.N. Shafarman, S. Verma, and S.
Yamanaka, AIP Conf. Proceedings 268, 212 (1992).
21. "Effects of Processing on CdTe/CdS Materials and Devices," R.W. Birkmire, B.E.
McCandless and S.S. Hegedus, Int. J. Solar Energy 12, 145 (1992).
22. "Reaction Chemistry of CuInSe2 Formation by Selenization Using Elemental Se," S.
Yamanaka, B.E. McCandless, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 23rd IEEE PVSC, 607 (1993).
23. "A Treatment to Allow Contacting CdTe with Different Conductors," B. E. McCandless, Y.
Qu, and R. W. Birkmire, 1994 IEEE First WCPEC (24th IEEE PVSC), 107 (1994).
24. "Galvanic Deposition of Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films," B.E. McCandless, A. Mondal, and
R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 36, 369 (1995).
25. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Device Perspective," J.E. Phillips, R.W.
Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, P.V. Meyers, and W.N. Shafarman, phys. stat. sol.(b) 194, 31
(1996).
26. "Thin-film Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride Alloys," D.G. Jensen, B.E. McCandless,
and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. MAT. RES. SOC. Symposium on Thin Films for Photovoltaic and
Related Device Applications 426, 325 (1996).
27. "Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with High Ga Content," W.N. Shafarman, R.
Klenk, & B.E. McCandless, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 763 (1996).
28. "Thin Film Cadmium Telluride-Cadmium Sulfide Alloys and Devices, " D.G. Jensen, B.E.
McCandless, & R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 773 (1996).
29. "Vapor Phase Treatment of CdTe/CdS Thin Films with CdCl2:O2," B.E. McCandless, H.
Hichri, G. Hanket, & R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 781 (1996).
30. "HCl Vapor Post-Deposition Heat Treatment of CdTe/CdS Films," Y. Qu, P.V. Meyers, &
B.E. McCandless, Proc. 25th IEEE PVSC, 1013 (1996).
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31. "Device and Material Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells with Increasing
Bandgap," W.N. Shafarman, R. Klenk, and B.E. McCandless, J. Appl. Phys. 79(9), 7324
(1996).
32. "Processing and Analysis of Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells Made from Uniform
Single Phase Materials," R.W. Birkmire, H. Hichri, R. Klenk, M. Marudachalam, B.E.
McCandless, J.E. Phillips, J.M. Schultz, and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf. Proc. 353, 420
(1996).
33. "Processing Issues for Thin Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire,
D.G. Jensen, J.E. Phillips, & I. Youm, 14th NREL PV Program Review Meetting, (1996).
34. "Fabrication and Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with Absorber Bandgap from
1.0 to 1.5 eV," W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, M. Marudachalam, B.E. McCandless, and
J.M. Schultz,14th NREL PV Project Review Meeting, (1996).
35. “Recrystallization and Sulfur Diffusion in CdCl2-Treated CdTe/CdS Thin Films,” B.E.
McCandless, L.V. Moulton, and R.W. Birkmire, Progress in Photovoltaics 5, 249 (1997).
36. “CdTe1-xSx Absorber Layers for Thin-Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless and
R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 307 (1997).
37. “Electrodeposited CdS Thin Films and Their Application in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” F.
Kadirgen, D. Mao, A. Balcioglu, B.E. McCandless, W. Song, T.R. Ohno, and J.U. Trefny,
Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 443 (1997).
38. "Characterizing Contacts to P-Type CdTe in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, J.E.
Phillips and J. Titus, Proc. 2nd World Conf. on PV Solar Energy, 448 (1998).
39. “Monolithically Integrated X-ray Detector Arrays for Computed Tomography,” R.
Sudharsanan, M. Yoganathan, G. Vakerlis, C.S. Ferekides, B. McCandless, R. Birkmire, R.
Deych, and R. Luhta, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp., 573 (1998).
40. “Deposition and Analysis of CdTe1-xSx/CdS Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips and
J. Titus, presented at National CdTe Team Meeting, (1998).
41. “Influence of Processing Conditions on Performance and Stability in Polycrystalline ThinFilm CdTe-Based Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. NCPV
Photovoltaics Program Review, 182 (1998).
42. “Optimization of Vapor Post-Deposition Processing for Evaporated CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,”
B.E. McCandless, I. Youm, and R.W. Birkmire, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 7(1), 21 (1999).
43. “Effect and Optimization of CdS/CdTe Interdiffusion on CdTe Electrical Properties and
CdS/CdTe Cell Performance,” W. Song, D. Mao, V. Kaydanov, T.R. Ohno, J.U. Trefney,
R.K. Ahrenkiel, D.H. Levi, S. Johnston, B.E. McCandless, AIP Conf. Proc. 462, 194 (1999).
44. “Diffusion in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Couples,” B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc.
16th EC PVSEC, 351 (2000).
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45. “Influence of Window and Absorber Layer Processing on Device Operation in Superstrate
Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC,
491 (2000).
46. “Analysis of Stress-Induced Degradation in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” S.S. Hegedus, B.E.
McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, (2000) and
Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 535 (2000).
47. “Properties of Electrodeposited CdS Films for Photovoltaic Devices with Comparison to
CdS Films Prepared by Other Methods,” F. Kadirgean, D. Mao, W. Song, T. Ohno, B.
McCandless, Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 24(1) 2000 21-34.
48. “Interdiffusion of CdS/CdTe Thin Films: Modeling X-ray Diffraction Line Profiles,” B.E.
McCandless, M.G. Engelmann and R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 87(2), 988 (2001).
49. “Initial and Stressed Performance of CdTe Solar Cells: Effect of Contact Processing,” S.S.
Hegedus, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review
Meeting, (2001).
50. “Wide Band Gap CuInSe2 and CdTe-based Thin Films for Tandem Solar Cells,” W.
Shafarman, M. Gossla and B. McCandless, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting,
(2001).
51. "Optical, Structural and Transport Properties of Reactively Sputtered ZnTe:N," J Drayton, C
Taylor, A Gupta, RG Bohn, G Rich, AD Compaan, BE McCandless, D Rose, NCPV Prog.
Rev. Mtg., 243 (2001).
52. “Thermochemical and Kinetic Aspects of Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell Processing,” B.E.
McCandless, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 668, H1.6.1 (2001).
53. “Formation and Analysis of Graded CuIn(Se1-ySy)2 Films,” M. Engelmann, B.E. McCandless
and R.W. Birkmire, Thin Solid Films 387, 14 (2001).
54. “Phase Behavior in the CdTe-CdS Pseudobinary System,” B.E. McCandless, G.M. Hanket,
D.G. Jensen and R.W. Birkmire, J. Vac. Sc. Technol. A 20(4), 1462 (2002).
55. “Cadmium Zinc Telluride Films for Wide Band Gap Solar Cells,” Brian E. McCandless,
Proc. 29th IEEE PVSC, 519 (2002).
56. "Properties of Reactively Sputtering ZnTe:N and Its Use in Recombination Junctions," J
Drayton, C Taylor, A Gupta, RG Bohn, G Rich, AD Compaan, BE McCandless, D Rose,
Proc. 29th IEEE PVS, 539 (2002).
57. Vapor Transport Deposition of Cadmium Telluride Films," BE McCandless, RW Birkmire,
W A Buchanan, S Fields, GM Hanket, Proc. 29th IEEE PVSC, 547 (2002).
58. "Correlation of Surface Phases with Electrical Behavior in Thin-Film CdTe Devices," BE
McCandless, SS Hegedus, RW Birkmire, D Cunningham, Thin Solid Films 431, 249 (2002).
59. “CuxS Back Contact for CdTe Solar Cells,” Donghwan Kim, Brian E. McCandless, Steven S.
Hegedus, and Robert W. Birkmire, Proc. WCPEC-3, (2003).
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60. "Role of Process Chemistry and Stability on CdTe-Based Solar Cell Performance," B.E.
McCandless, K.D. Dobson, S.S. Hegedus, P.D. Paulson, Proc. NCPV Rev. Mtg., 401 (2003).
61. "The Dynamics of Cadmium Telluride Etching," KD Dobson, PD Paulson, BE McCandless,
RW Birkmire, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 763, 107 (2003).
62. "Sputtered ZnTe:N and ZnO:Al for Solar Cell Electrodes and Recombination Junctions," J
Drayton, V Parikh, G Rich, A Gupta, T Osborn, RG Bohn, AD Compaan, BE McCandless,
PD Paulson, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 763, 353 (2003).
63. "Photoconductive CdS: How Does It Affect CdTe/CdS Solar Cell Performance?" S Hegedus,
D Ryan, K Dobson, BE McCandless, D Desai, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp.763, 447 (2003).
64. "Chemical Surface deposition of Ultra-Thin Cadmium Sulfide Films for High Performance
and High Cadmium Utilization," BE McCandless, WN Shafarman, Proc. PVSEC-3, 562
(2003).
65. "Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells," Ch14 in Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and
Engineering, BE McCandless, J Sites, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 617 (2003).
66. "Optical Properties of Cd1-xZnxTe Films in a Device Structure using Variable Angle
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry," P.D. Paulson, B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys.
95, 6 (2004).
67. "Physical Characterization of Thin Film Solar Cells," K Durose, S Asher, W Jaegermann, D
Levi, B McCandless, W Metzger, H Moutinho, D Paulson, C Perkins, J Sites, G Teeter, M
Terheggen, Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 12, 177 (2004).
68. "Thin Film Solar Cells,"Editorial: BE McCandless (Ed), Progress in Photovoltaics 12, 3
(2004).
69. “Processing Options for CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells,” B. McCandless, K.Dobson, Solar
Energy 77, 839 (2004).
70. “Growth and Characterization of Cd1-xZn, Te and CuIn1-xGax(Se1-ySy)2 for Wide Bandgap
Solar Cells,” W.N. Shafarman and B.E. McCandless, presented at the Solar Program Review
Meeting, (2004).
71. “Evolution of Thin Film Photovoltaics,” Robert W. Birkmire, Steven S. Hegedus and Brian
E. McCandless, paper submitted to World Renewable Energy Congress VIII and printed in
Book of Abstracts, 324 (2004).
72. “Sputtered CdZnTe films for Top Junctions in Tandem Solar Cells,” S. H. Lee, A. Gupta, S.
Wang, A. D. Compaan, B. E. McCandless, Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 86, 551
(2005).
73. “High Throughput Processing of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” B.E. McCandless, W. A.
Buchanan, 31st IEEE PVSC, 295 (2005).
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74. “Transient Degradation and Recovery of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,” S.S. Hegedus, D. Desai, D.
Ryan, B. McCandless, 31st IEEE PVSC, 319 (2005).
75. “Single Bath Electrodeposition of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 for thin Film Photovoltaic
Cells,” M.E. Calixto, K.D.Dobson, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire. 31st IEEE PVSC,
378 (2005).
76. “Cd1-xZnxTe Solar Cells with 1.6 eV Bandgap,” B.E. McCandless, 31st IEEE PVSC, 398
(2005).
77. “CdTe Contacts for CdTe/CdS Solar Cells: Effect of Cu thickness, surface preparation and
recontacting on device performance and stability,” Solar Energy Mater. & Solar Cells 88, 75
(2005).
78. “Glancing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction of Polycrystalline Thin Films,” B. E. McCandless,
Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 865, 75 (2005).
79. “Understanding Aniline Surface Treatment of CdTe,” Kevin D. Dobson, Stephanie A.
Einstein, Daniel D. Sadowsky, Brian E. McCandless and Robert W. Birkmire, Mater. Res.
Soc. Symp. Proc. 865, 293 (2005).
80. “Transparent ZnTe:Cu Contacts for Bifacial Characterization of CdTe Solar Cells,” Darshini
Desai, Steven Hegedus, Brian McCandless and Daniel Ryan, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.
865, 405 (2005).
81. “Growth Mechanisms of Electrodeposited CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2
Determined by Cyclic Voltammetry,” M. Estela Calixto, Kevin D. Dobson, Brian E.
McCandless, and Robert W. Birkmire, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 865, 431 (2005).
82. “Development of a Wide Bandgap Cell for Thin Film Tandem Solar Cells,” William
Shafarman, Shiro Nishiwaki, and Brian McCandless, presented at the Solar Program Review
Meeting, (2005).
83. “Controlling Growth Chemistry and Morphology of Single-bath Electrodeposited
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application,” M. E. Calixto, K. D. Dobson, B. E.
McCandless, R. W. Birkmire, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153 (6), G521 (2006).
84. “How CdTe Solar Cells Operate: Determining Collection Using Bifacial Device
Characterization,” D. Desai, S. Hegedus, B. McCandless, R. Birkmire, K. Dobson, D. Ryan,
Proc. 32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-4, 368 (2006).
85. “Thin Film CdZnTe Solar Cells,” B. E. McCandless, W. A. Buchanan, G. M. Hanket, Proc.
32nd IEEE PVSC and WCPEC-4, 483 (2006).
86. “Contact Wetting Angle as a Characterization Technique for Processing CdS/CdTe Solar
Cells,” M.S. Angelo, B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, S.A. Rykov and J.G. Chen, Progress
in Photovoltaics: Res. Appl. 2006: 14: 1-19.
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87. “Design of a Vapor Transport Deposition Process for Thin Film Materials,” G.M. Hanket,
B.E. McCandless, W.A. Buchanan, S. Fields, R.W. Birkmire, J. Vac. Sci. and Technology
A., 24(5), 1695 (2006).
88. “Oxygen Pressure Dependence of Copper Ion Transport in SiO2 Dielectrics,” L. P. Shepherd,
A. Mathew, B. E. McCandless, B. G. Willis, J. Vac, Science and Technology A., 24(3), 1297
(2006).
89. “Incongruent Reaction of Cu-(InGa) Intermetallic Precursors in H2Se and H2S,” G.M.
Hanket, W.N. Shafarman, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 074823
(2007). URL: http://link.aip.org/link/?JAP/102/074922
90. “High Throughput Processing CdTe/CdS Solar Cells with Thin Absorber Layers,” Brian
McCandless and Wayne Buchanan, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).
91. “Cross-Section Potential Analysis of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells by Kelvin Probe Force
Microscopy,” Brian McCandless and Sergey Rykov, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008).
92. “Characterization of 19.9%-Efficient CIGS Absorbers,” I. Repins, M. Contreras, M. Romero,
Y. Yan, W. Metzger, J. Li, S. Johnston, B. Egaas, C.DeHart, J. Scharf, NREL; B.E.
McCandless, IEC; R. Noufi, Solopower, Proc. 33rd IEEE PVSC, (2008), NREL/CP-52042539.
93. “Structure and Optoelectronics of Electrodeposited Cadmium Ditelluride (CdTe2),” Jean
Rousset, Par Olsson, Brian McCandless and Daniel Lincot, American Chemical Society,
6550 (2008).
94. “In-situ Post-deposition Thermal Annealing of Co-evaporated Cu(InGa)Se2 Thin Films
Deposited at Low Temperatures,” James D. Wilson, Brian E. McCandless, Robert W.
Birkmire, William N. Shafarman, Proc. 34th IEEE PVSC, Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 2009.
95. “A New Photoelectrochemical Test Cell and Its Use for a Combined Two-electrode and
Three-electrode Approach to Cell Testing,” Daniel V. Esposito, Ouloide Y. Goue, Kevin D.
Dobson, Brian E. McCandless, Jingguang G. Chen, and Robert W. Birkmire, Review of
Scientific Instruments 80, 125107 (2009).
96. “Alternative Approaches for Low Temperature Front Surface Passivation of Interdigitated
Back Contact Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell,” Brent Shu, Ujjwal Das, Jesse Appel, Brian
McCandless, Steven Hegedus and Robert Birkmire, Proc. 35th IEEE PVSC, Waikiki, Hawaii,
June 21-25, 2010.
PATENTS
11
U. S. Patent no. 4,709,466 dated 12/1/87
"Process for Fabricating Thin Film Photovoltaic Solar Cells"
Inventors: Brian E. McCandless and Robert W. Birkmire
U. S. Patent no. 4,909,863 dated 3/20/90
"Process for Leveling Film Surfaces and Products Thereof"
Inventors: Brian E. McCandless and Robert W. Birkmire
U. S. Patent no. 6,251,701 B1 dated 6/26/01
"All-Vapor Processing of P-Type Tellurium-Containing II-VI Semiconductor and Ohmic
Contacts Thereof"
Inventor: Brian E. McCandless
U. S. Patent no. 6,537,845 dated 03/25/03
“Chemical Surface Deposition of Ultra-Thin Semiconductors”
Inventors: Brian E. McCandless and William N. Shafarman
U. S. Patent no. 6,676,994 dated 01/13/04
"Method for Producing Thin Films"
Inventors: Robert W. Birkmire, Erten Eser, Gregory M. Hanket, Brian E. McCandless
U.S. Patent 2007/0151862 “Post Deposition Treatments of Electrodeposited CuInSe2based Thin Films,” Kevin D. Dobson, M. Estela Calixto, Brian E. McCandless and
Robert W. Birkmire.
ACTIVITIES
Editorial Board of Progress in Photovoltaics, Wiley, 2002-Present.
Team leader on National CdTe National R&D Team.
Member of Materials Research Society, Delaware Astronomical Society, American Association
of Variable Star Observers, Cecil County Historical Society, Classic Yacht Restoration Guild,
founder of An Ceilteach Muintir Ceol Cumann Folk Club and North American Lowland and
Border Bagpipers Association.
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