Chief Directorate: Infrastructure
and Technical Management
Directorate: Infrastructure Planning
Energy Efficiency in Public
Healthcare Facilities
10 November 2015
Presented by:
Andy Cunninghame
Background
The Energy Savings Initiative was launched to reduce the consumption and cost of
electricity used by Western Cape Government Health. The following initiatives are being
pursued:
•
Engineering interventions such as heat pumps, solar and PV
•
More efficient laundry equipment
•
Re-design of lighting in health care facilities
Whilst the above have the potential for large savings in consumption and cost, they
require large capital inputs and take time to implement. There is thus an urgent need to
accelerate quick win initiatives that require little capital and can be implemented in the
immediate future – the so called “low hanging fruits”
What has already
been achieved
Coal and Oil Fired Boilers
Coal and oil fired boilers serving hospitals have been
eliminated at all hospitals except GSH and TBH
Pay-back period
The following are some of the pay-back periods achieved:
Year
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1992
1992
1993
1994
1996
1998
1999
1999
1999
2000
Hospital
Galashewe
Paarl East
Mossel Bay
False Bay
Volks
Knysna
Princess Alice
Sutherland
Hartswater
Mowbray
Ceres
Caledon
Oudtshoorn
Riversdale
Karl Bremer
Conversion
Cost
Annual saving
10,000
80,000
80,000
120,000
60,000
120,000
70,000
120,000
50,000
50,000
100,000
120,000
130,000
150,000
30,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
300,000
200,000
200,000
250,000
180,000
120,000
300,000
150,000
150,000
250,000
300,000
240,000
The Triple Bottom Line
Planet
People
Prosperity
Heat Pumps and Direct Electrical heating
Heat pumps for hot water and
efficient point of use electrical
heating for cooking and autoclaves
Energy Efficient Lighting
Task orientated lighting using T5
fluorescent tubes, mini CFL’s and
LED lamps – combined with light
coloured walls
Efficient Laundries
Lentegeur Laundry: Total Savings:
Water: 19,600,000 litres p.a.
CO2:
557 tons p.a.
Cost: R835,000 p.a.
Electrical Energy
Data Base
Infrastructure Performance Measures
Classification
Nat Central
Tertiary
Nat Central
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
Regional
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
District
Psychiatric
Psychiatric
Psychiatric
Psychiatric
TB
TB
TB
TB
TB
TB
Facility
Groote Schuur Hospital
Red Cross Hospital
Tygerberg Hospital
George Hospital
Mowbray Maternity
Somerset Hospital
Paarl Hospital
Worcester Hospital
Beaufort West Hospital
Caledon Hospital
Ceres Hospital
Citrusdal Hospital
Clanwilliam Hospital
Eerste Rivier Hospital
False Bay Hospital
GF Jooste Hospital
Helderberg Hospital
Hermanus Hospital
Karl Bremer Hospital
Khayelitsha Hospital
Knysna Hospital
Ladismith Hospital
Laingsburg Hospital
LAPA Munnik Hospital
Mitchell's Plain Hospital
Montagu Hospital
Mossel Bay Hospital
Murraysburg Hospital
Otto Du Plessis Hospital
Oudtshoorn Hospital
Prins Albert Hospital
Radie Kotze Hospital (Est sqm)
Riversdal Hospital
Robertson Hospital
Stellenbosch Hospital
Swartland Hospital
Swellendam Hospital
Uniondale Hospital
Victoria Hospital
Vredenburg Hospital
Vredendal Hospital
Wesfleur Hospital
Alexandra Hospital
Lengtegeur Hospital
Stikland Hospital
Valkenberg Hospital
Brewelskloof Hospital
Brooklyn Chest Hospital
DP Marais Hospital
Harry Comay Hospital
Malmesbury ID Hospital
Sonstraal Hospital
Beds
945
290
1384
256
205
334
301
269
57
50
86
34
48
124
65
184
162
47
282
230
90
30
20
10
230
40
90
14
30
123
29
31
50
46
85
85
51
13
158
71
75
31
300
740
318
340
199
349
260
80
49
84
PDE/year
421 940
133 375
541 315
107 795
77 962
151 123
115 610
103 981
30 221
21 015
37 315
11 452
16 596
70 109
46 232
83 910
93 196
33 435
119 190
102 840
41 274
11 867
6 563
5 803
25 532
16 288
52 566
3 337
12 085
53 972
6 614
10 314
20 246
22 129
37 781
34 250
15 934
5 686
86 026
42 872
26 962
52 477
92 314
239 870
106 842
119 106
59 438
101 991
66 954
25 150
11 045
24 021
TOTAL
Net Total Hospital
Average Maximun KWh/m2 Average Average KWh/bed/ Hospital
KWh/ year
m2
m2
m2
KVA
KVA
/year
VA /m2 KVA/bed
day
m2/bed
430 156
338 214 365 210 31 686 914
5076
5776
94
15
5.4
92
386
58 132
48 085
49 249 8 600 000
1423
1600
179
30
4.9
81
170
351 998
293 151 268 643 33 360 000
5523
5971
114
19
4.0
66
194
32 941
28 000
28 230 4 403 591
756
778
157
27
3.0
47
110
18 934
16 094
17 494 2 640 000
416
445
164
26
2.0
35
85
44 589
35 204
28 547 3 821 916
643
778
109
18
1.9
31
85
35 452
30 134
31 853 9 163 474
2457
2603
304
82
8.2
83
106
39 872
33 172
29 464 6 019 887
1037
1204
181
31
3.9
61
110
7 950
6 450
5 456
960 000
220
240
149
34
3.9
46
96
8 924
7 358
5 815 1 146 066
233
276
156
32
4.7
63
116
8 182
6 779
6 572
765 684
159
213
113
23
1.8
24
76
3 493
2 768
2 353
444 094
91
105
160
33
2.7
36
69
3 314
2 627
2 731
215 810
84
110
82
32
1.8
12
57
9 320
6 986
8 179 1 670 456
334
394
239
48
2.7
37
66
8 213
6 903
6 406
729 995
106
31
99
14 511
11 805
13 888 1 581 642
364
398
134
31
2.0
24
75
8 142
6 570
7 246 1 130 433
241
309
172
37
1.5
19
45
10 215
8 449
7 665
445 812
135
180
53
16
2.9
26
163
46 139
37 941
26 315 3 995 407
880
1109
105
23
3.1
39
93
24 100
20 485
23 040 3 508 087
600
732
171
29
2.6
42
100
12 969
10 634
9 037
992 880
184
229
93
17
2.0
30
100
2 190
1 822
2 077
342 838
98
122
188
54
3.3
31
69
1 872
1 591
1 872
185 885
117
25
94
2 468
1 979
2 328
156 000
51
51
79
26
5.1
43
233
25 055
21 297
25 055
0
0.0
109
3 806
3 163
2 565
424 440
82
100
134
26
2.1
29
64
7 644
6 151
5 884
762 681124
23
65
1 222
1 039
1 105
113 839110
22
79
3 147
2 344
2 290
266 960
85
108
114
36
2.8
24
76
16 063
13 204
11 688 1 677 454
395
468
127
30
3.2
37
95
3 188
2 620
2 370
218 469
66
89
83
25
2.3
21
82
2 468
1 979
2 328
277 608
57
72
140
29
1.8
25
75
7 354
6 251
4 864
927 083
211
248
148
34
4.2
51
97
3 918
3 057
3 027
532 192174
32
66
10 099
8 519
8 691
864 103
175
273
101
21
2.1
28
102
11 820
9 593
7 571
957 800
229
264
100
24
2.7
31
89
4 714
3 812
3 236
485 181
140
179
127
37
2.7
26
63
1 372
1 137
1 338
0
0.0
103
12 125
10 306
11 985 1 732 981
345
389
168
33
2.2
30
76
9 253
7 865
8 034 1 450 246
227
304
184
29
3.2
56
113
5 600
4 151
3 789
661 504
179
211
159
43
2.4
24
51
3 992
3 393
3 579
602 267
131
164
177
39
4.2
53
115
54 652
46 454
35 224 3 656 000
733
998
79
16
2.4
33
117
120 737
102 626
88 500 8 844 000
2 208
2 988
86
22
3.0
33
120
53 042
45 086
38 308 3 354 000
768
1 084
74
17
2.4
29
120
41 388
34 775
40 389 3 315 000
816
1 547
95
23
2.4
27
119
17 919
14 396
9 358 1 702 726
463
566
118
32
2.3
23
47
17 009
14 285
14 857 1 879 757
386
451
132
27
1.1
15
43
11 139
9 254
9 782
722 469
78
8
38
5 259
4 417
5 196
344 867
80
109
78
18
1.0
12
65
1 096
932
1 096
149 756
161
0
0.0
8
22
2 413
2 051
2 413
361 000
89
141
176
43
1.1
12
29
Hospital
Water
PDE/m2/yr L/bed/day
1.2
1 512
2.7
503
2.0
1 105
3.8
198
4.5
343
5.3
578
3.6
653
3.5
154
5.5
682
3.6
832
5.7
417
4.9
578
6.1
490
8.6
318
7.2
114
6.0
235
12.9
296
4.4
240
4.5
621
4.5
66
4.6
455
5.7
1 324
3.5
221
2.5
154
1.0
6.4
102
8.9
351
3.0
2 323
5.3
436
4.6
386
2.8
490
4.4
69
4.2
284
7.3
421
4.3
487
4.5
1 303
4.9
334
4.2
258
7.2
417
5.3
159
7.1
194
14.7
146
2.6
708
2.7
730
2.8
497
2.9
220
6.4
612
6.9
597
6.8
185
4.8
309
10.1
377
10.0
118
This table is issued as a hand-out
Energy Data Base
A typical report
extracted from
the data base
Monitoring & Evaluation Instrument
Targets are set in the Annual Performance Plan
Monitoring & Evaluation Instrument
Targets are set in the Annual Performance Plan
Energy Efficiency
Comparisons
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Comparison of energy utilisation at Regional Hospitals
KWh/m2 /year
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
George Hospital
Mowbray
Maternity
Somerset Hospital
Paarl Hospital
Worcester
Hospital
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Average temperature comparison
35
30
25
20
Bantry Bay
Wellington
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
The performance difference between Somerset and Paarl
Hospitals cannot be attributed to differences in climate
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Maximum temperature comparison
35
30
25
20
Bantry Bay
Wellington
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
The performance difference between Somerset and Paarl
Hospitals cannot be attributed to differences in climate
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Minimum temperature comparison
35
30
25
20
Bantry Bay
Wellington
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
The performance difference between Somerset and Paarl
Hospitals cannot be attributed to differences in climate
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Comparison of energy utilisation at District Hospitals
KWh/m2 /year
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Khayelitsha: Heat pumps,
PV and wind power
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Comparison of electrical power demand at District Hospitals
KWh/m2 /year
SANS 204 Hotel
600
500
400
300
SANS 204 Office
200
100
0
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Comparison of energy utilisation at District Hospitals & Office Buildings
KWh/m2 /year
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Office Buildings
Energy Efficiency Comparisons
Comparison of electrical power demand at District Hospitals
Average VA /m2
SANS 204 Hotel
90
SANS 204 Office
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Why are “Green”
facilities using
more energy?
What makes a building “Green” and energy
efficient?
1. Narrow floor plate
2. Correct orientation – facing just East of North
3. Natural ventilation – open the windows!
4. Maximum use of natural light
5. Sun shielding for summer, but allowing sun ingress
in winter.
6. White roof with natural ventilation of roof space
What makes a building “Green” and energy
efficient?
Narrow floor plate = natural light and ventilation
What makes a building “Green” and energy
efficient?
Wide floor plate = deep internal spaces = artificial
lighting and mechanical ventilation
The inconvenient fact:
LESSON
You cannot rely on Engineering
solutions to make a bad building
design energy efficient.
The Big Challenge:
Behaviour Change
Identifying where large savings can be made
Target identification:
5%
2%
3%
Air
Conditioning
Lighting
8%
Equipment
12%
Hot water
70%
Ventilation
IT systems
Typical energy use spectrum for a Community Day Centre
Identifying where large savings can be made
Target identification:
6%
2%
Air
Conditioning
Lighting
8%
36%
Hot water
9%
Other
equipment
Ventilation
12%
CSSD
Kitchen
12%
15%
Typical energy use spectrum for a hospital
Identifying where large savings can be made
Looking at the two previous slides it is evident that:
•
Space heating and cooling (air conditioning)
•
Lighting
•
Equipment
Are the “low hanging fruits” simply because they use substantial amounts
of energy but can be switched off when not needed.
Behaviour Change
Behaviour change is seen as the first
priority in the energy savings initiative.
Input costs are negligible and the savings
potential is high. The present low key
initiative must be stepped up. The
intention is to identify Energy Champions
who will drive the initiative at facility
level.
Switch off when you go home
Engineering investigations have revealed that
millions of rands of electricity are wasted every
year because personnel leave air conditioning
and lights on when leaving the workplace. The
following are just two examples.
hundreds more.
There are
Behaviour Change – Switch-off and Save the Planet
30 KVA continuous power demand even when
clinic is closed = neglectful waste
Behaviour Change – Switch-off and Save the Planet
55 amps per phase continuous power draw
even when clinic is closed = neglectful waste
Behaviour Change – Switch-off and Save the Planet
Low energy consumption after-hours can be
achieved with just a little discipline
Saving energy on air conditioning & lighting
Wasteful!
Blinds closed.
Lights on.
Windows closed.
Air conditioner on.
Saving energy on air conditioning & lighting
Caring for our
Planet!
Blinds open.
Lights off.
Windows open.
Air conditioner off.
Bonus: much better
for your health!
Saving energy on lighting
If each of us who work in Western Cape Health, and
there are 30,000 of us, switch off just ONE twin tube
fluorescent light that would normally be on for the
duration of our shift, we could save over R6 million per
year. The energy saving is equivalent to that needed
to power Karl Bremer Hospital.
Saving energy on lighting
Use natural light
When the sun is shining
through
the
windows,
switch off the lights.
Comment:
Good - lights are off!
Saving energy on lighting
Waste!
When the sun is shining
through the windows,
switch off the lights.
Comment:
Bad - lights are on!
Saving energy on air conditioning
Use natural ventilation
When
the
weather
outside is pleasant, open
the windows for fresh air
and to cool or warm the
room.
Open doors and windows in
waiting and sub-waiting areas
Saving energy on air conditioning
Nice day outside.
Windows open – air
conditioner off!
Note: pity they did not
switch the lights off!
Saving energy on air conditioning
Counter Abuse!
Ensure that staff do not use
a stove to keep warm.
Install
a
small
inverted
controlled heat pump split
unit air conditioner.
750
watts
input
power
yields 2500 watts of heat.
Saving energy on equipment
Keep the autoclave door
closed when it is not in use
– saves energy used to
keep the autoclave warm
and energy needed to
keep the air in the room
cool.
Saving energy on equipment
A PC typically draws 35
Watts of power when on
standby. This amounts to a
waste of 236 KWh per year if
the PC is left on after hours
and over weekends.
If all 15000 PC’s are left on
after hours for a year we will
waste 3.5 million KWh
costing R3,9 million per year!
Engineering
Interventions
Engineering Interventions at Existing Facilities
There are a number of engineering interventions that are on-going as funding
and capacity permit. These include:
• Replacing the remaining direct water heating installations at hospitals with air
to water heat pumps.
• Replacing hot water heating at primary healthcare facilities with solar water
heating (in areas where vandalism is not a problem).
• A change of design approach from general lighting to task specific lighting – to
be done as part of general renovation projects.
• Replacing of older air conditioning systems with modern systems using inverter
controlled drives and heat pump technology.
• Installing timers to automatically switch off air conditioning and lighting afterhours.
• Installation of daylight sensing to automatically switch off lights when natural
light is adequate.
• Painting roofs white.
Heat Pumps and Direct Electrical heating
Heat pumps for hot water and
efficient point of use electrical
heating for cooking and autoclaves
Energy Efficient Lighting
Task orientated lighting using T5
fluorescent tubes, mini CFL’s and
LED lamps – combined with light
coloured walls
Solar Water Heating for Clinics
Clinics use a relatively small volume of hot water
and solar heating is ideal hot water provision.
Saving energy on air conditioning
Modern air conditioning systems use heat pump technology for both
cooling and heating the air. Typically, for every 1 kilowatt of
electrical power input 3,5 kilowatts of cooling or heating is provided.
Saving energy on air conditioning
When the roof is due for
re-painting, paint it
Dark colour roofs = heat gain in summer!
white
Saving energy on air conditioning
The table on the right is an
extract from the Plascon
Nuroof brochure. The
advantage of a white roof is
clearly demonstrated. No
other colour comes near in
terms of Total Solar
Reflectance (TSR)
The Way Forward
Influencing New Designs
There is a large amount of information available on the performance of
existing health care facilities. This needs to be applied to influence new
designs. Some of the major lessons learned that must be carried into new
designs are:
• Buildings must be designed from the outset for natural ventilation.
• Optimum building orientation and sun shielding must be non-negotiable.
• Lighting to be task orientated with minimum levels of general lighting.
• Energy control systems as an integral part of the building design.
• More emphasis on solar water heating.
• Increasing PV power generation – assuming cost of PV continues to
decline.
• Wind power – assuming the environmental concerns can be addressed.
The GGHH Challenge
The draft Western Cape Government Health action plan for participation in
the GGHH Challenge will be available as a hand-out. To summarise the plan
is as follows:
The following can be commenced immediately:
• The energy data-base will be programmed to convert electricity usage into
CO2e. Note that the data-base currently only covers hospitals.
• Establish base-lines and targets from available data.
• Report on progress.
The following will be implemented as resources permit:
• Investigate availability of data for more advanced emissions calculation.
• Assess resources required for reporting data as required by web survey.
• Determine full carbon footprint and on-going monitoring thereof .
There is no shortage of electricity in
South Africa – just too much waste!