CP Violation for the Heaven and the Earth
— Sighting the 4th Generation ?
April 30, 2009
Seminar @ 清華大學
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 1
Can all this be
understood
from my
vantage ?
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 2
Outline
I.
Intro: the Heavenly Attraction
II. D AKp Problem — Z Penguin and t’ Loop
b → s // b ↔ s CPV
III. DmBs Measurement ➙ Prediction for sin2FBs
IV. Soaring to the Heavens : Enough CPV for BAU ?
V.
Direct Sighting @ Tevatron vs LHC
VI. Conclusion: Know in 3-5 Years
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu,
PRL’05; PRD’05; PRD’07; PRD’08
Belle, Nature, 452, 20 (2008)
WSH, arXiv:0803.1234 [hep/ph]
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 3
I. Intro: the Heavenly Attraction
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 4
Matter (?)
Matter !
Antimatter:
0%
(1966)
CPV & BAU (& U): The Sakharov View
• Baryon Number V iolation
• CP Violation
• Deviation from Equilibrium
10-9 Matter left !
13Byr
Us
Equal Matter
-Antimatter
Pair
Annihilation
(  Cosmic Microwave
Background )
Sakharov Stimulated by ...
Discovery of CP Violation

Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 138 (1964)
1980 Nobel
2 103 : Too Small .... for Sakharov !
Complex Dynamics: KM Sector of SM
ui
JmW
g Vij
dj
3x3 “Rotation”
Unitary
CPV
W–
Wolfenstein parametrization
Need presence of all 3 generations
to exhibit CPV in Standard Model
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 8
KM CPV Confirmed ~ 2001
the MOMA plot
β  
“Nontrivial”
CPV
*
*
VudVub
 VcdVcb
 VtdVtb*  0
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 9
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008
"for the discovery of
the mechanism of
spontaneous broken
symmetry in
subatomic physics"
"for the discovery of the origin of the
broken symmetry which predicts the
existence of at least three families of
quarks in nature"
CP Violation
in SM
7 October 2008
Photo: Universtity of Chicago
Yoichiro Nambu
1/2 of the prize
CPV
Photo: KEK
Photo: Kyoto University
Makoto Kobayashi
Toshihide Maskawa
1/4 of the prize
1/4 of the prize
(BaBar & Belle)
USA
Japan
Japan
Enrico Fermi Institute,
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
High Energy Accelerator
Research Organization
(KEK)
Tsukuba, Japan
Kyoto Sangyo University;
Yukawa Institute for
Theoretical Physics (YITP),
Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
b. 1921
(in Tokyo, Japan)
b. 1944
b. 1940
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
B Factories
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 10
Wolfenstein Parametrization to O(5)
Unique CPV Phase: Common Area of Triangle
*
VudVub
 VcdVcb*  VtdVtb*  0
*
VusVub
 VcsVcb*  VtsVtb*  0
N.B. geometric picture
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 11
CPV so far only observed in KM ...
• Nontrivial CPV Phase: A
*
(area)
*
*
Nontrivial VudVub  VcdVcb  VtdVtb  0
• All like-charge quark pairs nondegenerate,
Otherwise  Back to 2-gen. and CPV vanish
Jarlskog Invariant (1985) for CPV
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 12
b  d transitions consistent with SM
b  s: the Current Frontier
the MOMA plot
β  
“Nontrivial”
CPV
*
*
VudVub
 VcdVcb
 VtdVtb*  0
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 13
A Real Hint ,! ... or Not !?
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 14
Belle 2008 Nature: Simple Bean Count
DA Kp = AK p 0  AK p  =  0.164  0.037
0.07  0.03
4.4s
vs 0.094  0.020
b → s CPV
Difference
Is
Large !
And Established
Belle + BaBar (+ CDF)
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 15
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 16
the experimentalist
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 17
The Lore/Lure that Despairs the Experimenter
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 18
The Abyss: CPV in KM and B.A.U.
The Lore
nB
n  0
nB
10

(
6
.
2

0
.
2
)

10
n
WMAP
KM ~ 10 20
Too Small in SM
Jarlskog Invariant in SM3
(need 3 generation in KM)
Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV
Masses too Small !
EW Phase Transition Temperature
~ v.e.v.
A ~ 3 10

in SM
is common (unique) area of triangle
CPV Phase
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
Small, but not Too small
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 19
(u, d,) s, c, b
quarks too light
v.e.v.
Why Repeat ? “Flavor Problem”
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 20
Wisdom from Peskin on DA Kp
“hadronic”
C
PEW
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr
30, 2009 21
, SLAC
M. Peskin (private communication)
“I must say that I am very skeptical that the new Belle result is new
physics -- a larger than expected color suppressed amplitude is an
explanation that is ready at hand. On the other hand, I felt that it was
necessary to push the new physics interpretation when writing for the
Nature audience, people outside of high energy physics, because this
is why the result is potentially newsworthy.”
Ya, ya!
Need 00
anyway !
Me keep crawlin’...
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
color suppressed
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 22
Mixing-dep. CPV in Bd and Bs in SM

VudVub

VusVub
O
b→d

VcsVcb
VtsVtb

- Vcd Vcb
sin2   sin2 β
S
b→s
sin2FBs ≃ – 0.04
in SM3
Measure in Bs  J/y 
Measured by Belle/BaBar
in Bd  J/yKS
“possible only at LHCb”
• Recent Hint @ Tevatron
sin2FBs < 0 !!
( ≲ 3s)
• Consistent with 4th generation
Prediction from DA Kp
• BSM w/o hadronic uncertainty
iff true.
• So what !? The 00 Abyss ...
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 23
II. D AKp Problem — Z Penguin and t’ Loop
the Experimentalist
Just when D S  K “disappeared”...
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 24
Saga Towards Belle Nature Paper ...
ACP(B  Kp0 )
Sakai
275M BB
New
Kp0 : 728 53
ACP(Kp0 ) = 0.04  0.05  0.02
hint that ACP(Kp )  ACP(Kp0 ) ? (2.4s)
Large EW penguin
New Physics ?
(Z0)
[also seen by BaBar]
d
_
d
?
B
b
s
u
u
p0
K
ICHEP 2004, Beijing
Belle 2004 PRL: Seed
Y. Chao, P. Chang et al.
PEW
Z’
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 26
The Crawlin’ of one Ant
d
_
d
B
b
s
u
u
p0
K
Going Up a Hill ...
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 27
My first B paper
WSH, Willey, Soni
dimensions

Z
 GF < GF2 m t2
nondecoupling
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 28
Nondecoupling
Decoupling Thm: Heavy Masses are decoupled in QED/QCD
∵ Appear in Propagator
Nondecoupling:
Yukawa Couplings Q Appear in Numerator
Subtlety of Spont. Broken Gauge Theory
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 29
The Crawlin’ of one Ant
d
_
d
B
b
u
,
t’
s
u
p0
K
Going Up a Hill ...
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 30
4th Generation Still?
- Nn counting? 4th “neutral lepton” heavy
Massive neutrinos call for new Physics
- Disfavored by EW Precision
(see e.g. J. Erler hep-ph/0604035; PDG06
• 4th generation not in such great conflict with EWPrT
Kribs, Plehn, Spannowsky, Tait, PRD’07
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 31
Coming Real Soon
Also, Chanowitz 0904
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 32
This is Still the Standard Model
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 33
t ➯ t, t’
, t’
d
_
d
B
b
u
, t’
Arhrib and WSH, EPJC’03
s
u
p0
Nondecoupling of t’
CPV Phase
K
M12  f B2s BBs {λc2 S0 (t , t )  2 λc λt' [ S0 (t , t )  S0 (t , t' )]
 λt2' [ S0 (t , t )  2S 0 (t , t' )  S 0 (t' , t' )]}
GIM Respecting
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 34
EWP/Box Sensitivity to 4th Gen.
, g less sensitive
(No New Operators)
EW penguin
QCD penguin
nondecoupling
DS0(1)  S0 (t , t' )  S0 (t , t )
DS0( 2)  S0 (t' , t' )  S0 (t , t )  2S0 (t , t' )
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 35
D A = AK p  AK p ~ 15%
+
LO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.
0
+

WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’
bs
and PEW
05
D A  12% vs 15% (data)
d
_
d
mt'  300 GeV
(illustrat ion)
B
b
, t’
s
u
u
p0
K
, t’
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 36
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 37
D A = AK p  AK p ~ 15%
+
LO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.
0
+

WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’
bs
and PEW
05
D A  12% vs 15% (data)
mt'  300 GeV
(illustrat ion)
NLO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.
DA  15%
B
b
t, t’
u
s
d
_ p0
d

K
u
WSH, Li, Mishima, Nagashima, PRL’07
Joining C & PEW
DS  0.11
Both DA and DS in Right Direction !
consistent
with data
SM3 input
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 38
4 x 4 Unitarity ➯ Z/K Constraints
“Typical” CKM Matrix
m t'  300 GeV
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’05
s  b
_
Z  bb
d  s
b  s

Vus
Vub
CPV
VtsVtb
✓
VtsVt b
Satisfy b  d:
Cannot tell triangle
from quadrangle

VudVub
Vtd Vtb
x ~ 0.22
Vcs Vcb

Vcd Vcb
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
bd
Vt d Vtb
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 39
Implication for
Nontrivial (phase) Vtd Vt s
Current E391A U.L.
Grossman-Nir
Very hard to measure
SM3
To be probed by KOTO @ J-PARC
Rate could be enhanced by up to almost two orders !!
enhanced to
In general larger than
or even higher !!
!!
∵ Large CPV Phase
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 40
b ↔ s CPV
III. DmBs Measurement ➙ Prediction for sin2FBs
the Experimentalist
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 41
Mixing-dep. CPV in Bd and Bs in SM

VudVub

VusVub
O
b→d

VcsVcb
VtsVtb

- Vcd Vcb
sin2   sin2 β
b→s
sin2FBs ≃ – 0.04
Measured by Belle/BaBar
in Bd  J/yKS
CPV
S
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
in SM3
Measure in Bs  J/y 
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 42
Prediction: Large CPV in Bs Mixing

VudVub

VusVub
b→d

- Vcd Vcb
O

VcsVcb
S
VtsVtb
b→s
t, t ’
Vt sVtb
Vt sVtb
VtsVtb
Vt sVtb
t, t ’
sin2FBs ~ 0.5 to 0.7
No Hadronic Uncertainty ...
Strength and Size of sin 2F B
CPV
0.04 SM
Q
Despite DmBs, B(bsll) SM-like
s
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07
PRL’05
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 43
Bs Mixing vs B  Xsℓℓ
different nondecoupl. functions
Large CPV in Bs Mixing
Large CPV in b ⇄ s
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
CDF/D0 4/12/07
44
Use nominal mt’ = 300 GeV
Change mt’ , Change parameter range
Effect the Same.
(Similar)
Large CPV in b ⇄ s
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
CDF/D0 4/12/07
45
(PRD’07)
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, hep-ph/0610385
rsb
SM
(high)
• Fixed rsb ➯ Narrow sb Range
0.01
CDF 2s range
0.02
0.03
destructive with top
• For rsb ~ 0.02 – 0.03,
[Vcb ~ 0.04
sb Range ~ 60 ° - 70 °
Finite CPV Phase
0.03
Consistent w/
0.02
0.01
B(bsll)
SM-like !
HFAG s range
Large CPV Possible !
Despite DmBs, B(bsll) SM-like
Large CPV in b ⇄ s
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
CDF/D0 4/12/07
46
(PRD’07)
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, hep-ph/0610385
rsb
SM
(high)
• Fixed rsb ➯ Narrow sb Range
0.01
CDF 2s range
0.02
0.03
destructive with top
• For rsb ~ 0.02 – 0.03,
[Vcb ~ 0.04
sb Range ~ 60 ° - 70 °
Finite CPV Phase
0.03
Consistent w/
0.02
0.01
B(bsll)
SM-like !
HFAG s range
Large CPV Possible !
Despite DmBs, B(bsll) SM-like
Large CPV in b ⇄ s
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
CDF/D0 4/12/07
47
Prediction: Large CPV in Bs Mixing
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07
SM
rsb
(high)
Bs rMixing
Measured
• Fixed
sb ➯ Narrow sb Range
@ Tevatron
4/2006
destructive
within
top
• For rsb ~ 0.02 – 0.03,
[Vcb ~ 0.04
0.01
CDF 2s range
0.02
sb Range ~ 60 ° - 70 °
0.03
Finite CPV Phase
0.01
0.02
0.03
?
sin2FBs ~ 0.5 - 0.7
0.04 SM
Despite DmBs, B(bsll) SM-like
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’05
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 49
Prediction: Large CPV in Bs Mixing
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07
SM
rsb
(high)
0.01
CDF 2s range
0.02
0.03
Can Large CPV in Bs Mixing
Be Measured @ Tevatron ?
Sign Predicted !
0.01
0.02
0.03
?
Sure thing by
LHCb ca. 2010 (?)
sin2FBs ~ 0.5 - 0.7
0.04 SM
Despite DmBs, B(bsll) SM-like
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’05
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 50
sin2FBs ~ 0.5 - 0.7
PRL’08
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07
(already in 05)
PRL’08
arXiv:0712.2397 [hep.ex]
arXiv:0802.2255 [hep.ex]
3.7
s
~2.8s
 0.16
±?
sin2FBs  0.64  0.14
UTfit
arXiv:0803.0659 [hep.ph]
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
Incredible
!!!
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 51
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 52
sin2FBs = sinbs = sins
(Conservative) outlook
Assumptions
 ΔΓs = 0.1 ps-1
 Constant data-taking efficiency
 No analysis improvements.
 No external constraints (ASL,
lifetimes) used.
CDF future will probably be better
than that.
And DØ will contribute too.
CKM2008 - September 11, 2008
Probability of 5σ observation
% of CDF ‘clones’ that would observe a 5σ-effect, as a function of βs
βs
--- 8/fb (~2010)
--- 6/fb (~2009)
D. Tonelli- Fermilab
AFB(B  K*l+l) and Other Predictions
sent to Backup
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 54
Instead flipped C7 ...
W.-S. Hou, A. Hovhannisyan, and N.
Mahajan, PRD 77, 014016 (2008)
Belle 657M
0904.0770
arXiv:0810.0335
complex wilson coefficients
SM
4th generation (SM4)
2fb-1 MC study of LHCb
(~7000 K*ll events)
BABAR, arXiv:0804.4412
(=s/mB2=q2/mB2)
J.-T. Wei
2008/07/31 ICHEP2008
386M
IV. Soaring to the Heavens : Enough CPV for BAU?
If ... KM4
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 56
B.A.U. from CPV in KM ?
nB
n  0
nB
10

(
6
.
2

0
.
2
)

10
n
WMAP
KM ~ 10 20
Too Small in SM
Why? Jarlskog Invariant in SM3
(need 3 generation in KM)
Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV
masses too small !
A ~ 3 10

in SM
is common (unique) area of triangle
CPV Phase
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 57
B.A.U. from CPV in KM ?
nB
n  0
nB
10

(
6
.
2

0
.
2
)

10
n
WMAP
KM ~ 10 20
Too Small in SM
If shift by One Generation in SM4
(need 3 generation in KM)
Providence
WSH, arXiv:0803.1234 [hep/ph]
15 Gain
~
10
in SM
CPV Phase
Order 1 ~ 30
Gain mostly in Large Yukawa Couplings !
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
Nature would
likely use this !?
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 58
The Abyss between CPV in SM3 vs BAU
bridged in SM4 by Heaviness of t ’ and b ’
Why wasn’t this clearly
pointed out in past 20 years ?
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 59
4th Generation Still?
- Nn counting? 4th “neutrino” heavy
Massive neutrinos call for new Physics
- Disfavored by EW Precision
(see e.g. J. Erler hep-ph/0604035; PDG06
• 4th generation not in such great conflict with EWPrT
Kribs, Plehn, Spannowsky, Tait, PRD’07
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 60
Gain mostly in Large Yukawa Couplings !

VudVub

VusVub
O
b→d

VcsVcb
S

- Vcd Vcb
b→s
quadrangle from
comprehensive study
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD05
Vt sVtb
VtsVtb
~ 1015 Gain
mb  , mt   300 GeV 1013
~ 600 GeV 1015
CPV
Only fac. 30 in CPV per se
Q
This part will shrink a bit.
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 61
CPV for BAU: 2-3-4 Dominance
Jarlskog’85,
Jarlskog’87, n generations
3 generations
“3 cycles”
also Gronau, Kfir, Loewy ’87
4 generations: 3 indep. phases
long and short
d-s degenerate
(on v.e.v. scale)
2-3-4 generation only !
Effectively 3 generations
J (1,2,3) very small
suppressed by ms, mc
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 62
1st Order EW Phase Trans. for BAU ?
0803.1234 appeared in Chin. J. Phys., 4/2009
Ran out of time, and knowledge ...
(perturbative)
• Fok & Kribs: Not possible in 4th generation
• Conjecture: Could Strong Yukawa’s do it ?
PRD’08
Beyond Unitarity Limit
Not quite conclusive (?)
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 63
Thoughts on the other 1/2 Nobel Prize
SSB
"for the discovery of
the mechanism of
spontaneous broken
symmetry in
subatomic physics"
"for the discovery of the origin of the
broken symmetry which predicts the
existence of at least three families of
quarks in nature"
Q Q can Condense
by Large Yukawa !
Could EWSB be
due to b’ and t’
above unitarity bound ~ 500-600 GeV ?
Bob Holdom:
[Bardeen,
Photo: Hill,
KEK Lindner
Photo: Kyoto University
Photo: Universtity of Chicago
Yoichiro Nambu
1/2 of the prize
CPV
N–J-L
Makoto Kobayashi
Toshihide Maskawa
Gustavo Burdman:
“Holographic” 4th gen.
1/4 of the prize
1/4 of the prize
USA
Japan
Japan
Enrico Fermi Institute,
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
High Energy Accelerator
Research Organization
(KEK)
Tsukuba, Japan
Kyoto Sangyo University;
Yukawa Institute for
Theoretical Physics (YITP),
Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
b. 1921
(in Tokyo, Japan)
b. 1944
b. 1940
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 64
V. Direct Sighting @ Tevatron vs LHC
the Experimentalist
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 65
Tevatron/LHC Verification
Tevatron
• sin2FBs “Evidence” by 2009 ?
“Observe” by 2010 ?
• t’ Search Ongoing:
mt’ > 311 GeV @ 95% CL
Is there a hint ?
Could b’ → tW feed this ?
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 66
Tevatron/LHC Verification
Tevatron
• sin2FBs “Evidence” by 2009 ?
“Observe” by 2010 ?
• t’ Search Ongoing:
mt’ > 311 GeV @ 95% CL
LHC
• sin2FBs “Confirmation” — “Easy” for LHCb
But when ?
• b’, t’ Discovery — Straightforward/full terrain
Glimpse of agenda at CMS
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 68
Sighting
4th generation? —
Vision ~ Early ’06
The jury is out …
Arhrib&WSH, JHEP’06
In era of LHC, can Directly Search for b’, t’
Once and For All !
Find b’, t’, or Rule Out @ LHC
It’s a Duty.
Strategy Considerations (
)
• Well shielded training ground — All Tools
☞ Move on to Greener Pastures ~ in 2 years
• Publish early — Large Cross Section
- If “Limits”, then easy to publish
- If “Signal”, Lucked Out!
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 69
b’ Signatures
For mb’ < mt+MW = 255 GeV
b’  cW dominance
b’  tW* dominance
for sizable
for suppressed
Kinematic suppressed for mb’ ≲ 230 GeV
Initial discovery should consider
b’  cW ~ b’  bZ, bH ~ b’  tW*
cc(bar)WW; cWbZ; cWbH;
tc(bar)WW*;
tt(bar)W*W*; tW*bZ; tW*bH;
For mb’ > mt+MW = 255 GeV
Heavy Q related
To EWSB ?
b’  tW dominance; FCNC searchable
tt(bar)WW → bb(bar)WWWW
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
4 W’s + 2b’s
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 70
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 71
14 TeV
Limit to 480 GeV
w/
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 72
VI. Conclusion: Know in 3-5 Years
~ 1015 Gain
mb  , mt   300 GeV 1013
~ 600 GeV 1015
Even if O (1)
Enough CPV
for B.A.U.
Maybe there is a 4th Generation !
Will Really Know in ~ 3–5 years !
sin2FBs
@ Tevatron
by 2010
@ LHC
Heaven on Earth?
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 73
Universe (Genesis)
CPV
BAU
Earth (EW + KM4)
Backup
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 75
Matter (and More !!) Universe: No Antimatter
Dark
Energy:
~70%
Antimatter:
Dark
Matter:
~25%
0%
~25% !
~70% !
Heavenly TH
“Affleck-Dine”, SUSY etc.:
Extra Scalars
Scalars (strongly) coupled to H 0
More Scalars!
Let’s first find One Scalar.
Leptogenesis:
Heavy Majorana Neutrinos
⊕ LFV/CPV Decay
⊕ B/L Violation (“EW Baryogenesis”)
Popular ! Driving q3 study for neutrinos.
But, “Heavenly” — Could be(come) Metaphysics
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 77
i
in Dynamics: Source of CPV
ElectroMagnetism:
(everyone can feel
Charge e is
Real.
“We” Understand: Gauge Charge is Real.
Imagine a Complex Coupling :
True, or, Possible, for Yukawa (湯川) Coupling of
quarks/leptons to Higgs boson(s)...
Quantum Interference in Amplitude More Interesting
How CP Violation Appears
CP Violation Primer
Anti Particle Process
Particle Process
CP Asymmetry needs both CP Conserv/Violating Phase
iQM
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
idyn
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 79
0.0500.025 0.0970.012
DAKπ  ABK  π0  ABK  π   0
  0.147  0.028 > 5s
Why a Puzzle ?
World
Experiment is Firm
D AKp ~ 0 expected
?
A lot of (hadronic) finesse
Large C ?
Baek, London, PLB653, 249 (2007)
Large EWPenguin ?
B
b
u
CPV
t, ?
s
u
Need NP CPV Phase
d
_ p0
d
PEW has practically
no weak phase in SM
K
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 80
0.0500.025 0.0970.012
DAKπ  ABK  π0  ABK  π   0
  0.147  0.028 > 5s
Why a Puzzle ?
World
Experiment is Firm
D AKp ~ 0 expected
?
A lot of (hadronic) finesse
Large C ?
Baek, London, PLB653, 249 (2007)
Large EWPenguin ?
B
b
u
CPV
t, t’?
s
u
Need NP CPV Phase
d
_ p0
d
K
PEW has practically
no weak phase in SM
4th Gen. in EWP Natural
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
nondecouplin
NTHU Seminar,gApr 30, 2009
81
On Boxes and Z Penguins
GIM, charm,  K
small  ’/ , K  pnn (still waiting)
heavy top, sin2/b
Z dominance for heavy top
1986  2002
Most Flavor/CPV learned from these diagrams/processes
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 82
On Boxes and Z Penguins
Nondecoupling
∵ Large Yukawa !
GIM, charm,  K
small  ’/ , K  pnn (still waiting)
Bs
heavy top, sin2/b
Z dominance for heavy top
1986  2002
AFB
All w/ 3-generations,
Just wait if there’s a 4th
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
D!
b’, t’ @ LHC
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 83
4 x 4 Unitarity ➯ Constraints
SM3
We need to deal with mixing matrix in detail to keep Unitarity
bs
Kaon
Cross Check !
bd
impose
From b → s study
DmBs/DmD/AJ/yK
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
ICHEP’06, 7/29/06 84
Constrain s  d from K Physics
(shaded)
(E. Pallante et al.)
“Standard”
(J. Bijnens et al.)
No SM3 solution
Therefore….
well-satisfy
DmBs/DmD/AJ/yK
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
!
ICHEP’06, 7/29/06 85
well-satisfy
-i
vs Vub ~ 0.01 e
Disfavored
Hard to tell apart (non-trivial) with present precision
∵ stringent s  d
DmBs/DmD/AJ/yK
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
ICHEP’06, 7/29/06 86
Quoted by Tsybychev at FPCP08
Fourth Generation
PRD 77, 014016 (2008)
a: SM; b: 4 Gen.
better
data: LHCb MC (2 fb)
(FL and) AFB (and AI) favor the
7 model”
Ali,“opposite-sign
Mannel, Morozumi, C
PLB273,
505 (1991)
Eigen at FPCP08
386M
349 fb-1
229M
D Mixing (Short-distance Only)
PDG06
310
270
mb’ =
230 GeV
i db

Vt d Vt b  r dbe
From 4 x 4 Unitarity

Vub'Vcb'
x = Dm/G ~ 1 - 3 plausible
w/ Sizable (but not huge)
CPV in Mixing ~ 15%
N.B. SM LD could generate
y ~ 1%, x ≈ y
[Falk, Grossman, Ligeti, (Nir,) Petrov]
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 88
b → d “Triangle” and b → s Quadrangle


Vud Vub
 Vcd Vcb
 Vtd Vtb  Vt d Vtb  0

VudVub

VusVub
O
b→d
~ SM3

VcsVcb
S
VtsVtb

- Vcd Vcb


Vus Vub
 VcsVcb
 VtsVtb  Vt sVtb  0
b→s
negligible
Vt sVtb
VtsVtb
b → s Quadrangle (almost Triangle)
Area ~ ()30x b → d Triangle
Strength and Size of sin 2F B
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
s
Q
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 89
Consistency and b  s Predictions
PDG ’06
SM3
SM3
BR OK
ACP ~ 0 far away
beyond SuperB
Heavy t’ effect
decoupled
for b  s
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 90
The Eureka Moment
Large t,
ca. late summer 2007
t’ Yukawa
…
Large Yukawa !
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 91
4 generations: 3 indep. phases

VudVub
measured

VusVub
O
b→d

VcsVcb
S

- Vcd Vcb
4 generations: 3 indep. phases
emergent
b→s
If VusVub shrinks to a point
Difference in area
for b → s Small
Vt sVtb
VtsVtb
b → s Quadrangle (almost Triangle)
Area ~ ()30x b → d Triangle
Q
sb
2nd argument that J (2,3,4) is predominant CPV
CPV
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
NTHU Seminar, Apr 30, 2009 92