飛越小林‧益川 ─ 尋找四代夸克
Beyond Kobayashi-Maskawa
─ Search for 4th Generation Quarks
April 5, 2011, 兩岸 PP/Cosm Workshop @ NTHU
⊳
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 1
Outline
I.
Intro: 「Summit」 Project on 4G !?
II. Back to 2004: D AKp , PEW , t′
Surprise / FPCP4 / Bs → J/yf /「Nature」/ CPV4BAU
III. Strategizing NTUCMS
IV. The 2008 Nobel:
from KM to Nambu
_
Large Yukawa, ⟨QQ⟩, UB ↝ Lattice
V.
Money Matters & Summiteering
VI. “Summit” 3 + I Status
VII. Conclusion
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 2
「Summit」 Project on 4G !?
四代夸克的追尋
3
+
I
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 3
II. Back to 2004: D AKp , PEW , t′
Surprise / FPCP4 / Bs → J/yf /「Nature」/ CPV4BAU
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 4
the Thread that Lead ...
ACP(B  K+p0 )
Sakai
275M BB
New
Kp0 : 728 53
ACP(Kp0 ) = 0.04  0.05  0.02
hint that ACP(K+p- )  ACP(Kp0 ) ? (2.4s)
Large EW penguin
New Physics ?
(Z0)
[also seen by BaBar]
d
_
d
?
B-
b
s
u
u
p0
K-
ICHEP 2004, Beijing
My first B (and 4G :) paper
WSH, Willey, Soni
dimensions

Z
 GF < GF2 m t2
nondecoupling
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 6
Nondecoupling
Decoupling Thm: Heavy Masses are decoupled in QED/QCD
∵ Appear in Propagator
Nondecoupling:
Yukawa Couplings lQ Appear in Numerator
Subtlety of Spont. Broken Chiral Gauge Theory
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 7
Surprise: B → Kp DCPV Difference
• AK+p-  -10% observed 2004; AK+p0 not significant, but deviate by +3.8s
Not anticipated !
Difference
Is
Large !
• b → s Z-penguin: Nondecoupled t’ w/
- PQCD at LO
- PQCD at NLO
⇨
Vt'sVt' b
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL, 2005
WSH, Li, Mishima, Nagashima, PRL, 2007
b
Bu
t’
DAkp
 + 16%
_d
sd
p0
K
u
Can in principle generate DAkp
Can determine full 4  4 by facing all flavor constraints
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD, 2005
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 8
On Boxes and Z Penguins
Agenda for All Aspects of Flavor/CPV
Nondecoupling
∵ Large Yukawa !
GIM, charm,  K
small  ’/ , K  pnn (still waiting)
heavy top, sin2f1/b
Bs
AFB
Z  bb
Z dominance for heavy top
1986  2002
All w/ 3-generations,
Just wait if there’s a 4th
Beyond KM – 4G
D!
b’, t’ @ (Tevatron/)LHC
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 9
Can determine full 4  4 by facing all flavor constraints
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’05
WSH, Ma, PRD’10
⇨ CKM4
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 10
Surprise: B → Kp DCPV Difference
• AK+p-  -10% observed 2004; AK+p0 not significant, but deviate by +3.8s
Not anticipated !
Difference
Is
Large !
• b → s Z-penguin: Nondecoupled t’ w/
- PQCD at LO
- PQCD at NLO
⇨
Vt'sVt' b
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL, 2005
WSH, Li, Mishima, Nagashima, PRL, 2007
Can in principle generate DAkp
 + 16%
_d
sd
t’
b
Bu
DAkp
p0
K
u
t’
Predict sin2FBs = - 0.2 to -0.7
t’
Can determine full 4  4 by facing all flavor constraints
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD, 2005
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 11
Fermilab
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 12
sin2FBs ~ -0.5 - -0.7
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07
(already in 05)
sin2FBs ~ -0.33
Also, Soni et al., arXiv:1002.0595 [hep-ph]
WSH, Ma, arXiv:1004.2186 [hep-ph] PRD’10 Buras et al. arXiv:1002.2126 [hep-ph]
Lenz et al., arXiv:1005.3505 [hep-ph]
4th generation “prediction” still robust, but needs LHCb to verify
Summer ’10
bs seems smaller
comment: probably hadronic enhanced DGs
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 13
4G Rehabilitation
~ 100 citations
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 14
Surprise: B → Kp DCPV Difference
• AK+p-  -10% observed 2004; AK+p0 not significant, but deviate by +3.8s
Not anticipated !
• Belle Nature 2008:
Lin, Unno, WSH, Chang et al.
Difference
Is
Large !
4.4s
by single experiment
• b → s Z-penguin: Nondecoupled t’ w/
- PQCD at LO
- PQCD at NLO
⇨
Vt'sVt' b
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL, 2005
WSH, Li, Mishima, Nagashima, PRL, 2007
Can in principle generate DAkp
 + 16%
_d
sd
t’
b
Bu
DAkp
p0
K
u
t’
Predict sin2FBs = - 0.2 to -0.7
t’
Can determine full 4  4 by facing all flavor constraints
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD, 2005
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 15
the 4G Leap
One day late summer 2007,
it occurred to me …
If shift by One Generation in SM4
(need 3 generation in KM)
Some J-like Object Gains 10+15 w/ 4 Generations
Providence
Jarlskog invariant
WSH, arXiv:0803.1234 [hep/ph]
CJP’09
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 16
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 17
III. Strategizing NTUCMS
漢中策略 / Critical Mass / b’ → tW
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 18
Strategic Planning for CMS Physics Analysis
Vision ~ Early ’06
4th generation? —
The jury is out …
In era of LHC, can Directly Search for b’, t’
Once and For All !
Act II
Find b’, t’, or Rule Out @ LHC
It’s a Duty.
Strategy Considerations (
)
• Well shielded training ground — All Tools
☞ Move on to Greener Pastures ~ in 2 years
• Publish early — Large Cross Section
- If “Limits”, then easy to publish
- If “Signal”, Lucked Out!
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 19
Key: People @ CERN
$$$
0  5  9 people @ CERN
3/07 4/08 4/09
5 doctoral students
Taiwan
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 20
Analysis Status pre-“accident”: b’ → tW (PAS)
9/2008
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 21
IV. The 2008 Nobel: from KM to Nambu
_
Large Yukawa, ⟨QQ⟩, UB ↝ Lattice
Strategizing NCTS-North: LHC/Plasmonics/GPU
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 22
Thoughts on the other 1/2 Nobel Prize
SSB
"for the discovery of
the mechanism of
spontaneous broken
symmetry in
subatomic physics"
"for the discovery of the origin of the
broken symmetry which predicts the
existence of at least three families of
quarks in nature"
Q Q can Condense
by Large Yukawa !
Could EWSB be
due to b’ and t’
above unitarity bound ~ 500-600 GeV ?
Bob Holdom:
[Bardeen,
Photo: Hill,
KEK Lindner
Photo: Kyoto University
Photo: Universtity of Chicago
Yoichiro Nambu
1/2 of the prize
Beyond KM – 4G
N–J-L
Makoto Kobayashi
Toshihide Maskawa
Gustavo Burdman:
“Holographic” 4th gen.
1/4 of the prize
1/4 of the prize
USA
Japan
Japan
Enrico Fermi Institute,
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
High Energy Accelerator
Research Organization
(KEK)
Tsukuba, Japan
Kyoto Sangyo University;
Yukawa Institute for
Theoretical Physics (YITP),
Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
b. 1921
(in Tokyo, Japan)
b. 1944
Need Study Platform
Higgs-Yukawa on Lattice
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
b. 1940
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 23
59
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 24
V. Money Matters & Summiteering
「CHF Debt」/ Beyond “Conceptual” / Vulcanized: Pixel I
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 25
Money Matters & 攻頂之路
2009 年
密辛
 2008 年即從台大校長得知攻頂計劃方案，但表示不會申請，因覺得被認
為已拿太多錢，背上會挨滿箭
 2009 年春得知被 CERN 認定 7年來欠四十萬瑞郎，雖在半年内找到管道
還清，但認清參與 CERN 需要資源，開始認真考慮攻頂。
 2008-2009年粒子物理發展開始對四代夸克漸漸有利 …
 2009年12月提構想案，但硬體方案沒有著落 (rad. hard crystals?)。
 2010年4月構想案審查通過，但有意見強調實驗必須有強的硬體方案 …
… Iceland volcano
 2010年5月6日∶ 50 hour roundtrip to PSI near Zurich … Pixel I !
 5月15日 file proposal !
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 26
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 27
Money Matters & 攻頂之路
2009 年
密辛
 2008 年即從校長得知，但表示不會申請，因覺得被認為已拿太多錢，背
上會挨滿箭
 2009 年春得知被 CERN 認定 7年來欠四十萬瑞郎，雖在半年内找到管道
還清，但認清參與 CERN 需要資源，開始認真考慮攻頂。
 2008-2009年粒子物理發展開始對四代夸克漸漸有利 …
 2009年12月提構想案，但硬體方案沒有著落 (rad. hard crystals?)。
 2010年4月構想案審查通過，但有意見強調實驗必須有強的硬體方案 …
… Iceland volcano
 2010年5月6日∶ 50 hour roundtrip to PSI near Zurich … Pixel I !
 5月15日 file proposal !
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 28
VI. “Summit” 3 + I Status
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 29
• 4G Search
arXiv:1102.4746 [hep-ex], based on 2010 data
b’ heavier than 361 GeV
3
+
I
Beyond KM – 4G
• Collider Pheno
- Manpower at NTUHEP (jointly with Xiao-Gang)
- Prelim. results: + New Yukawa Bound States?
+ nEDM4 perhaps accessible to SNS
+ Can generate BAU if assume bubble wall
+ Other …
• Lattice Yukawa
- Contact with DESY-Zeuthen
- New Cluster ~ May; will run larger lattice
After > half year politics, Pixel Upgrade Phase-1 MB formed
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 30
~ same as CDF 1/2011 update
w/ 4.8 fb-1
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 31
• 4G Search
arXiv:1102.4746 [hep-ex], based on 2010 data
b’ heavier than 361 GeV
3
+
I
• Collider Pheno
- Manpower at NTUHEP (jointly with Xiao-Gang)
- Prelim. results: + New Yukawa Bound States?
+ nEDM4 perhaps accessible to SNS
+ Can generate BAU4 if assume bubble wall
+ Other …
• Lattice Yukawa
- Contact with DESY-Zeuthen; run smaller lattice
- New Cluster ~ May; will run larger lattice
After > 1/2 year politics, Pixel Upgrade Phase-1 MB formed
Will aim for new NTU「拔尖」Project
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 32
CMS Pixel Upgrade Phase 1 Management Board
Chair
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 33
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 34
VII. Conclusion: Collect Bets on 4G
> Last Chance for you to Bet Against 4G! <
It may appear in these two years
• Impact FP/CPV4 ↝ BAU4
• Turn EWSB4 Upside Down
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 35
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 36
Kobayashi’s Nobel slides
J seems short by at least 10-10
Jarlskog invariant
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 37
What about Strength of Phase Transition?
Tc  100 GeV
Higgs potential at T  0
T2  2
2
VT H  = m0 1 - 2  H - E (T ) H 3 + lT H 4
 Tc 
regulate transition
strength: bosons
W, Z
• For mH > 72 GeV transition is a crossover
― rules out BAU in SM.
• Typically invoke SUSY:
light stop
• With SM4, no new bosons
Caveats
Kajantie. Laine, Rummukainen, Shaposhnikov, 1996
e.g. Carena, Quiros, Seco, Wagner, 2000
 still insufficient
Fok and Kribs, 2008
perturbative
• “Nambu Q Q Pairing” or Condensate (Strong Yukawa !) could enter E(T)
• (Multi-)Higgs field likely composite in presence of Strong Yukawa
Could nonperturbative Yukawa save the day?
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
Lattice Higgs-Yukawa
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 38
PAMELA !
• PAMELA e+ could be due to (near by) Pulsars (so, Astrophysics);
see e.g. Hooper, Blasi and Serpico, JCAP01(2009)025
BUT THAT DIDN’T STOP DM PARTICLE SPECULATOR/THEORISTS
• B → Kp DCPV Difference could be due to “Enhanced Color-suppressed C”
AND THIS SEEMS TO STOP FURTHER THOUGHTS ACROSS ATLANTIC !?
N.B. QCDF did not predict AK+p-;
SCET got wrong sign for DAkp
but PQCD did predict (ca. 2001) sign and strength of AK+p-;
What Theorists Should Do ! (like “Blind Analysis”)
Beyond KM – 4G
George W.S. Hou (NTU)
兩岸 @ NTHU, Apr. ’11 39