Shake-and-Bake, Grid Computing, and
Visualization
Russ Miller
Center for Computational Research
Computer Science & Engineering
SUNY-Buffalo
Hauptman-Woodward Medical Inst
NSF, NIH, DOE
NIMA, NYS, HP
University at Buffalo
The State University of New York
Buffalo, New York
Two Seasons: Winter and July 4
„ The Queen City: 2nd Largest City in NYS
„ Waterfront City: on North Coast of U.S.
„ City of Lights
‰ First U.S. city to have electric street lights
‰ Pan American Exposition (1901)
Pres. McKinley Shot
„ Architecture
‰ Frederick Law Olmsted
‰ Frank Lloyd Wright
„ Underground Railroad: slaves escaped to freedom in Canada
„ Four straight Super Bowl appearances
„ Culinary Delights
‰ (Buffalo) Wings: Anchor Bar, 1964
‰ Beef on Weck
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Academia in the
„
„
„
st
21
Century
Embrace digital data-driven society
Empower students to compete in knowledge-based economy
Support research, scholarship, education, and outreach
‰ Computational Science & Engineering: Simulation & Modeling
 Complements Theory & Experimentation
 Can lead to generation of new knowledge
‰ High-Performance Computing & High-End Visualization
„
Deliver high-end cyberinfrastructure to enable efficient
‰ Collection of data
‰ Management/Organization of data
‰ Distribution of data
‰ Analysis of data
‰ Visualization of data
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Center for Computational Research
1998-2005 Overview
„ High-End Computing, Storage, Networking, and Visualization
‰ ~140 Research Groups in 37 Depts
Physical Sciences
Life Sciences
Engineering
Scientific Visualization, Medical Imaging, Virtual Reality
‰ 13 Local Companies
‰ 10 Local Institutions
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„
„
External Funding: $300M+
Total Leveraged WNY: $500M+
1100+ Publications
EOT, Economic Development, Software, Media,
Algorithms, Consulting, Training, CPU Cycles…
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
CCR by the Numbers (2005)
„ Current Technical Staff: 20→13
„ Initial 7-Year Funding Model
‰ Seven (7) Contracted & Univ Tech Staff
cut by Provost
‰ Associate Director
‰ Computational Scientist (3)
‰ Database Administrator
‰ Scientific Visualization
‰ System Administration (5)
‰ Storage Area Network Admin
‰ Multimedia
„
„ Support Staff: 3 FTE
‰ Financial/Contracts (2)
‰ Receptionist
„ Research Staff: 5 FTE
‰ SUNY-Buffalo Contribution: $1.3M
 Personnel: $1.2M
 Operating: $0.1M
‰ User’s Contributions: $0.4M
‰ Annual Expend: ~$2.4M
‰ Opportunistic Funding Model
 Equipment, Maintenance, Licenses
‰ ROI: $7M → $300M @ SUNY-B
New Administration’s Model
‰ Moved into Bioinformatics
‰ Move 30 mins from Main Campus
‰ 50% Additional Reduction in Personnel
& Operating in Addition to Current Cuts
‰ Maintain Opportunistic Funding
‰ Provost Rationale
 Will Increase Users Contributions
 “Provides Stability”
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Major Compute/Storage Resources
„ Dell Linux Cluster (10TF peak)
„ SGI Altix3700 (0.4TF peak)
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‰
‰
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1600 Xeon EM64T Processors (3.2 GHz) ‰ 64 Processors (1.3GHz ITF2)
2 TB RAM; 65 TB Disk
‰ 256 GB RAM
Myrinet / Force10
‰ 2.5 TB Disk
30 TB EMC SAN
„ Apex Bioinformatics System
„ Dell Linux Cluster (2.9TF peak)
‰ Sun V880 (3), Sun 6800
‰ Sun 280R (2)
‰ 600 P4 Processors (2.4 GHz)
‰ Intel PIIIs
‰ 600 GB RAM; 40 TB Disk; Myrinet
‰ Sun 3960: 7 TB Disk Storage
„ Dell Linux Cluster (6TF peak)
‰ 4036 Processors (PIII 1.2 GHz)
‰ 2TB RAM; 160TB Disk; 16TB SAN „ HP/Compaq SAN
„ IBM BladeCenter Cluster (3TF peak)
‰ 75 TB Disk; 190 TB Tape
‰ 64 Alpha Processors (400 MHz)
‰ 532 P4 Processors (2.8 GHz)
‰ 32 GB RAM; 400 GB Disk
‰ 5TB SAN
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
CCR Visualization Resources
„ Fakespace ImmersaDesk R2
‰ Portable 3D Device
‰ Onyx2: 6 R10000 @ 250MHz
‰ 2 IR2 Pipes; 3 64MB texture memory mgrs.
„ Tiled-Display Wall
‰ 20 NEC projectors: 15.7M pixels
‰ Screen is 11’×7’
‰ Dell PCs with Myrinet2000
„ Access Grid Nodes (2)
‰ Group-to-Group Communication
‰ Commodity components
„ SGI Reality Center 3300W
‰ Dual Barco’s on 8’×4’ screen
‰ Onyx300: 10 R14000 @ 500MHz
‰ 2 IR4 Pipes; 1 GB texture mem per pipe
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
CCR Research & Projects
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Archaeology
Bioinformatics/Protein Folding
Computational Chemistry
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Data Mining/Database
Earthquake Engineering
Environ Modeling & Simulation
Grid Computing
„ Videos: MTV
„ Urban Simulation and Viz
‰
‰
‰
‰
StreetScenes
I-90 Toll Barrier
Medical Campus
Peace Bridge
„ Accident Reconstruction
„ Scientific Viz
„ Molecular Structure Determination
„ Physics
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
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Dental
Surgery
MRI/CT Scan
Confocal Microscopy
Crystallization Wells
Collaboratories
Center for Computational Research
CCR
StreetScenes: Real-Time
3D Traffic Simulation
„Accurate local landmarks: Bridges, Street Signs, Business, Homes
„Can be viewed from driver’s perspective
„Real-Time Navigation
„Works with
„Corsim
„Synchro
„Generate AVI & MOV
„Multiple Simultaneous
„Traffic Loads
„Simulation
„Varying POV
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Peace Bridge Visualization:
Animation & Simulation
„ International Crossing
„ The Problem
‰ 75 year old bridge
‰ 3 lanes – poor capacity
‰ Existing US plaza: small
and poor design
„Proposed Options
‰Relocate US plaza
‰Build a 3-lane companion span
& rehab existing bridge
‰Build a six lane signature span
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Public Forum
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Song: I’m OK (I Promise)
Band: Chemical Romance
IBC Digital & CCR Gaming Environment: Death Jr.
MTV
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
3D Medical Visualization App
„ Collaboration with
Children’s Hospital
‰ Leading miniature
access surgery center
„ Application reads data
output from a CT Scan
„ Visualize multiple surfaces
and volumes
„ Export images, movies or
CAD representation of
model
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Recent Biomedical Advances
(Buffalo, NY)
„ PSA Test (screen for Prostate Cancer)
„ Avonex: Interferon Treatment for
Multiple Sclerosis
„ Artificial Blood
„ Nicorette Gum
„ Fetal Viability Test
„ Edible Vaccine for Hepatitis C
„ Timed-Release Insulin Therapy
„ Anti-Arrythmia Therapy
‰ Tarantula venom
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
„ Direct Methods Structure
Determination
‰ Listed on “Top Ten
Algorithms of the 20th
Century”
‰ Vancomycin & Gramacidin A
„ High Throughput
Crystallization Method
„ NIH National Genomics Center:
Northeast Consortium
„ HHMI: Center for Genomics &
Proteomics
„ NYSCOEBLS: $360M with
RPCI & HWI
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Groundwater Flow Modeling
„ Regional-scale modeling of groundwater
flow and contaminant transport (Great
Lakes Region)
„ Ability to include all hydrogeologic
features as independent objects
„ Current work is based on Analytic
Element Method
„ Key features:
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High precision
Highly parallel
Object-oriented programming
Intelligent user interface
GIS facilitates large-scale regional applications
„ Utilized 10,661 CPU days (32 CPU years) of
computing in past year on CCR’s commodity
clusters
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Geophysical Mass Flow Modeling
„ Modeling of Volcanic
Flows, Mud flows
(flash flooding), and
Avalanches
„ Integrate information
from several sources
‰ Simulation results
‰ Remote sensing
‰ GIS data
„ Develop realistic 3D
models of mass flows
„ Present information at
appropriate level
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
X-Ray Crystallography
„ Objective: Provide a 3-D mapping of the
atoms in a crystal.
„ Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
Isolate a single crystal.
Perform the X-Ray diffraction experiment.
Determine molecular structure that agrees
with diffration data.
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
X-Ray Data & Corresponding
Molecular Structure
Reciprocal or
“Phase” Space
„ Experiment yields reflections
and associated intensities.
„ Underlying atomic
arrangement is related to the
reflections by a 3-D Fourier
transform.
„ Phase angles are lost in
experiment.
„ Phase Problem: Determine the X-Ray Data
set of phases corresponding to
the reflections.
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Real Space
FFT
FFT-1
Molecular
Structure
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Overview of Direct Methods
„ Probability theory gives information about certain
linear combinations of phases.
‰ In particular, the triples φH+ φK+ φ-H-K=0 with high
probability.
„ Probabilistic estimates are expressed in terms of
normalized structure factor magnitudes (|E|).
„ Optimization methods are used to extract the
values of individual phases.
„ A multiple trial approach is used during the
optimization process.
„ A suitable figure-of-merit is used to determine the
trials that represent solutions.
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Cochran Distribution
•N=non-H atoms in unit cell
•Each triplet of phases or
structure invariant, ΦHK, has
an associated parameter
AHK=2|EHEKE-H-K|/N1/2
•AHK is large if
•|EH|, |EK|, |E-H-K| are
large
•N is small
ΦHK=φH+ φK + φ-H-K
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
•If AHK is large, ΦHK≈ 0
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Conventional Direct Methods
Tangent
Formula
Trial
Phases
FFT
Phase
Refinement
Density
Modification
(Peak Picking)
?
Solutions
Reciprocal Space
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Real Space
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Shake-and-Bake Method:
Dual-Space Refinement
Trial
Structures
Shake-and-Bake
Structure
Factors
Tangent
Formula
Trial
Phases
FFT
Phase
Refinement
Parameter
Shift
FFT-1
Density
Modification
(Peak Picking)
(LDE)
Reciprocal Space
Real Space
“Shake”
“Bake”
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
?
Solutions
Center for Computational Research
CCR
A Direct Methods Flowchart
Shake-and-Bake
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Generate Triplet Invariants
Reflections
Triplets
Rank
H
K
-H-K
A
4 4.65
1
1
4
45
3.90
7
30 3.67
2
1
3
165
3.52
5
1
1 3.67
3
3
5
17
3.37
4
8
8
5 3.26
4
1
3
289
3.16
5
6
0
1 3.15
5
1
28
40
3.09
10n=840
7
0
3 1.33
100n=840
19
259
734
0.71
841
2
4
30 1.33
8401 142 179
283
0.71
Rank
h
k
l
1
0
3
2
0
3
|E|
n = 84 unique atoms
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Getting Started: Random Atoms
Random Number
Generator
5
n = 10 atoms
(30 coordinates)
φ1 φ2
φ3 φ4
φ5 φ6
φ7 φ8
φ9 φ10
9
2
8
3
7
4
10
1
6
r
o
t
ac
F
e on
r
u
i
t
t
c
a
u cul
r
t
l
S
a
C
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Useful Relationships for
Multiple Trial Phasing
Tangent
Formula
tan φ H =
− ∑ | EK E− H − K | sin(φ K + φ − H − K )
K
∑| E
K
E− H − K | cos(φ K + φ − H − K )
K
Parameter Shift
Optimization
1
R(φ ) =
∑WHK
⎛
I1 (WHK ) ⎞
⎟⎟
WHK ⎜⎜ cos Φ HK −
∑
I 0 (WHK ) ⎠
H ,K
⎝
2
H ,K
where | EH | ∝ | FH | normalized in resolution shells
Invariants : Φ HK = φ H + φ K + φ − H − K ≈ 0
Weights : WHK = AHK = 2 N −1/ 2 | EH EK E− H − K |
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Peak Picking
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Sorted Trials
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Ph8755: SnB Histogram
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Minimal Function Traces
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Phasing and Structure Size
Se-Met with Shake-and-Bake
?
Se-Met
567 kDa (160 Se)
Multiple Isomorphous Replacement
?
Shake-and-Bake
Conventional Direct Methods
0
100
Vancomycin
1,000
10,000
100,000
Number of Atoms in Structure
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Shake-and-Bake Applications:
Structure Size and Data Resolution
„ Basic Data (Full Structure)
‰~750 unique non-H atoms (equal)
‰~2000 such atoms including 8 Fe’s
‰1.1-1.2Å data (equal atom)
‰1.3-1.4Å data (unequal atoms, sometimes)
„ SAS or SIR Difference Data (substructures)
‰160 Se (567 kDa / ASU)
‰3-4Å data
‰5Å truncated data have also worked
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Grid Computing
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Grid Computing Overview
Data Acquisition
Imaging Instruments
Advanced Visualization
LHC
Analysis
Computational
Resources
Large-Scale Databases
„ Coordinate Computing Resources, People, Instruments in Dynamic
Geographically-Distributed Multi-Institutional Environment
„ Treat Computing Resources like Commodities
‰ Compute cycles, data storage, instruments
‰ Human communication environments
„ No Central Control; No Trust
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC-Grid Collaborations
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„
High-Performance Networking Infrastructure
WNY/NYS Grid Initiative
Grid3+ Collaboration
iVDGL Member
‰ Only External Member
„ Open Science Grid Member
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
Organizational Committee
Blueprint Committee
Security Working Group
Data Working Group
GRASE VO
„ Grid-Lite: Campus Grid
‰ HP Labs Collaboration
„ Innovative Laboratory Prototype
‰ Dell Collaboration
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC Data Grid Overview
(Grid-Available Data Repositories)
182 GB Storage
Joplin: Compute Cluster
300 Dual Processor
2.4 GHz Intel Xeon
RedHat Linux 7.3
38.7 TB Scratch Space
Nash: Compute Cluster
75 Dual Processor
1 GHz Pentium III
RedHat Linux 7.3
1.8 TB Scratch Space
100 GB Storage
70 GB Storage
Mama: Compute Cluster
9 Dual Processor
1 GHz Pentium III
RedHat Linux 7.3
315 GB Scratch Space
ACDC: Grid Portal
56 GB Storage
Young: Compute Cluster
4 Processor Dell 6650
1.6 GHz Intel Xeon
RedHat Linux 9.0
66 GB Scratch Space
16 Dual Sun Blades
47 Sun Ultra5
Solaris 8
770 GB Scratch Space
CSE Multi-Store
40 TB
100 GB Storage
Crosby: Compute Cluster
136 GB Storage
SGI Origin 3800
64 - 400 MHz IP35
IRIX 6.5.14m
360 GB Scratch Space
Network Attached
Storage
1.2 TB
Storage Area Network
75 TB
Note: Network connections are 100 Mbps unless otherwise noted.
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC-Grid
Cyber-Infrastructure
„ Integrated Data Grid
‰ Automated Data File Migration based on profiling users.
„ Lightweight Grid Monitor (Dashboard)
„ Predictive Scheduler
‰ Define quality of service estimates of job completion, by
better estimating job runtimes by profiling users.
„ Dynamic Resource Allocation
‰ Develop automated procedures for dynamic computational
resource allocation.
„ High-Performance Grid-Enabled Data Repositories
‰ Develop automated procedures for dynamic data
repository creation and deletion.
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Data Grid
„ Motivation:
‰ Large data collections are emerging as important
community resources.
‰ Data Grids complement Computational Grids.
„ Definition: A data grid is a network of distributed
storage resources, including archival systems,
caches, and databases, which are linked logically to
create a sense of global persistence.
„ Goal: Design and implement transparent
management of data distributed across
heterogeneous resources.
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC-Grid Data Grid
Functionality
„ Basic file management functions are accessible via a
platform-independent web interface.
„ User-friendly menus/interface.
„ File Upload/Download to/from the Data Grid Portal.
„ Simple Web-based file editor.
„ Efficient search utility.
„ Logical display of files (user/ group/ public).
„ Ability to logically display files based on metadata
(file name, size, modification date, etc.)
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC-Grid Data Grid
Browser view of “miller”
group files published by
user “rappleye”
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Predictive Scheduler
„ Build profiles based on statistical analysis of logs
of past jobs
‰Per User/Group
‰Per Resource
„ Use these profiles to predict runtimes of new jobs
„ Make use of these predictions to determine
‰Resources to be utilized
‰Availability of Backfill
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
System Diagram
Resource 1
SQL
Database
Resource 2
Predictive
Scheduler
Maintain
Profiles and
Predict
• running time
• backfill on
resources
Resource n
User 1
User 2
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
User m
• grid load
and utilization
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Preliminary GA results
Percent of estimates
within 5% of actual values
Percent of estimates within
20% of actual values
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC-Grid Dynamic Resource
Allocation at SC03 with Grid3
„ Small number (40) of CPUs were dedicated
at night
„ An additional 400 CPUs were dynamically
allocated during the day
„ No human intervention was required
„ Grid applications were able to utilize the
resources and surpassed the Grid3 goals
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC-Grid Dynamic
Resource Allocation
4 node Dell 2650 PVFS server (1096 GB)
Node scratch space (120 GB)
Joplin Configuration
Diagram
Dell 6650 4-way
(ACDC)
Dell 2650 backup front-end
292 – Dell 2650
production nodes
Dell 6650 4-way
(GRID)
Dell 6650 4-way
front-end
Dell 6650 4-way
(EAGLES)
1 node Dell 2650 NFS server (342 GB)
GigE and Myrinet connection
GigE connection
73 GB hard drive
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
ACDC-Grid
Monitoring:
The ACDC-Grid
DASHBOARD
http://osg.ccr.buffalo.edu
ACDC-Grid Administration
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Grid-Enabling Application
Templates (GATs)
„ Structural Biology
‰ SnB and BnP for Molecular Structure Determination/Phasing
„ Groundwater Modeling
‰ Ostrich: Optimization and Parameter Estimation Tool
‰ POMGL: Princeton Ocean Model Great Lakes for Hydrodynamic
Circulation
‰ Split: Modeling Groundwater Flow with Analytic Element Method
„ Earthquake Engineering
‰ EADR: Evolutionary Aseismic Design and Retrofit; Passive Energy
Dissipation System for Designing Earthquake Resilient Structures
„ Computational Chemistry
‰ Q-Chem: Quantum Chemistry Package
„ Geographic Information Systems & BioHazards
‰ Titan: Computational Modeling of Hazardous Geophysical Mass
Flows
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Grid Enabled SnB
„ Problem Statement
‰ Use all available resources for determining a single structure
„ Grid Enabling Criteria
‰ Run on heterogeneous set of resources
‰ Store results in SnB database
‰ Mine database (and automagically deploy new jobs) to improve
parameter settings
„ Runtime Parameters Transparent to User
‰ Assembling Necessary Files
‰ Number of Processors
‰ Trials per Processor
‰ Appropriate Queue and Running Times
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Grid Services and Applications
Applications
Shake-and-Bake
ACDC-Grid
ACDC-Grid
Computational
Computational
Resources
Resources
Apache
High-level Services
and Tools
Globus
Toolkit
MPI
MPI-IO
C, C++, Fortran, PHP
Oracle
MySQL
NWS
globusrun
Core Services
Metacomputing
Directory
Service
Condor
LSF
Globus
Security
Interface
GRAM
Local Services
Stork
MPI
PBS
Maui Scheduler
TCP
RedHat Linux
UDP
GASS
ACDC-Grid
ACDC-Grid
Data
Data
Resources
Resources
WINNT
Irix
Solaris
Adapted from Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Startup Screen for ACDC-Grid Job Submission
Instructions and Description for Running a Job on ACDC-Grid
Software Package Selection
Full Structure / Substructure Template Selection
Default Parameters Based on Template
Default Parameters (cont’d)
Generating Reflections (Drear)
Invariant Generation
SnB Setup
SnB Setup (cont’d)
SnB Review (Grid job ID: 447)
Graphical Representation of Intermediate Job Status
Histogram of Completed Trial Structures
Status of Jobs
Heterogeneous Back-End Interactive Collaboratory
User starts up – default image of structure.
Molecule scaled, rotated, and labeled.
Current Grid Efforts
„ Grass Roots NYS Grid
‰ SUNY-Buffalo
‰ SUNY-Binghamton
‰ SUNY-Albany
‰ SUNY-Geneseo
‰ Hauptman-Woodward Inst.
‰ Columbia
‰ Niagara University
‰ Canisius College
„ GRASE VO: Grid
Resources for Advanced
Science and Engineering
Virtual Organization
„ Harden
‰ (Non-Physics Research)
‰ Structural Biology
‰ Groundwater Modeling
‰ Earthquake Engineering
‰ Computational Chemistry
‰ GIS/BioHazards
‰ Dashboard
‰ Predictive Scheduler
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Outreach
„ HS Summer Workshops in Computational Science
‰Chemistry, Visualization, Bioinformatics
‰10-14 HS Students Participate Each Summer for 2 weeks
‰Project-Based Program
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Outreach
„ Pilot HS Program in Computational Science
‰Year long extracurricular activity at Mount St. Mary’s,
City Honors, and Orchard Park HS
‰Produce next generation scientists and engineers
‰Students learn Perl, SQL, Bioinformatics
‰$50,000 startup funding from Verizon, PC’s from HP
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
Acknowledgments
„ Mark Green
„ Amin Ghadersohi
„ Naimesh Shah
„ Steve Gallo
„ Jason Rappleye
„ Jon Bednasz
„ Sam Guercio
„ Martins Innus
„ Cynthia Cornelius
„ George DeTitta
„ Herb Hauptman
„ Charles Weeks
„ Steve Potter
„ Bruce Holm
„ Janet Penksa
„ NSF, NIH, NYS,
NIMA, NTA, Oishei,
Wendt, DOE
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR
www.ccr.buffalo.edu
University at Buffalo The State University of New York
Center for Computational Research
CCR